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Intera
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b
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m
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o
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tera
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ies
imp
ro
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e
d
t
h
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lea
rn
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En
g
li
s
h
lan
g
u
a
g
e
sp
e
a
k
in
g
a
b
il
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y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
I
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
ac
ti
v
ities
I
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
i
n
g
Mo
tiv
atio
n
Self
-
co
n
f
id
en
ce
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sit
i Fatim
ah
Om
ar
,
Facu
lty
o
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
Vi
s
u
al
Ar
t a
n
d
C
o
m
p
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tin
g
,
Un
iv
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s
iti Selan
g
o
r
,
B
estar
i Jay
a
C
am
p
u
s
,
Selan
g
o
r
Dar
u
l E
h
s
an
,
Ma
la
y
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E
m
ail: c
tp
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@
u
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u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
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d
s
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
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r
o
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n
d
r
ec
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s
p
ec
ial
atten
tio
n
s
f
o
r
a
lear
n
er
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s
life
.
W
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liv
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in
d
ig
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,
wh
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e,
d
y
n
a
m
ic,
f
ast
a
n
d
in
ter
ac
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e
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
ter
m
‘
in
te
r
ac
tiv
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ap
p
ea
r
s
in
two
d
is
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d
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d
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in
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in
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k
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to
h
av
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an
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ec
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[
2
]
a
n
d
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f
f
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teac
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in
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a
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d
lea
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in
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ca
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lear
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ly
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alter
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I
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Atiy
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E
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Sh
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Gu
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[
3
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,
r
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at
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teac
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th
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m
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Fu
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lear
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s
o
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ly
ac
q
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ir
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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N:
2252
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8
8
2
2
I
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tera
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u
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in
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a
ctivities fo
r
lea
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mmu
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(
S
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a
tima
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Oma
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)
1011
k
n
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wled
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e
b
u
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d
o
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k
n
o
w
h
o
w
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ly
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in
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-
life
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it
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s
as
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d
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Mo
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Ma
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E
n
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lan
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Ma
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ev
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u
p
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in
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a
g
e.
L
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ex
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th
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d
ea
s
b
y
u
s
in
g
n
ativ
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lan
g
u
ag
e
[
4
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
it
af
f
ec
ts
th
eir
l
ev
el
o
f
co
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f
id
en
ce
to
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
in
E
n
g
lis
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lan
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u
ag
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I
f
s
itu
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to
th
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lik
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o
f
th
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ab
o
v
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p
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s
is
ted
,
lear
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’
s
elf
-
co
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f
id
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will
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eter
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ate,
a
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d
m
an
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will
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co
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u
n
icatin
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in
E
n
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lis
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lan
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u
ag
e
[
5
]
.
I
n
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d
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th
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lear
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s
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v
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y
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e
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to
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af
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ec
t
th
e
lear
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s
’
co
n
f
id
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n
ce
lev
el
[
6
]
.
W
h
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lear
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in
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d
teac
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tak
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p
lace
,
wid
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a
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s
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B
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n
ee
d
to
h
av
e
s
im
ilar
ities
in
wo
r
d
s
s
o
th
at
th
ey
th
e
s
am
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
a
co
n
v
er
s
a
tio
n
.
L
ea
r
n
e
r
s
h
esit
ated
to
in
v
o
lv
e
th
em
s
elv
es
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
an
d
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
as
th
ey
ar
e
n
o
t
co
n
f
id
en
t
to
s
h
ar
e
th
eir
id
ea
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
lack
o
f
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
[
7
]
.
Du
e
to
th
is
,
l
ess
o
n
s
will
b
e
af
f
ec
ted
an
d
lim
ited
ex
ch
an
g
e
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
t
o
tak
e
p
lace
b
etwe
en
lear
n
er
s
an
d
teac
h
er
s
.
I
n
o
v
er
c
o
m
in
g
th
e
u
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
class
r
o
o
m
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
an
d
p
ass
iv
e
lear
n
er
s
,
I
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
L
an
g
u
ag
e
L
ea
r
n
in
g
Activ
ities
(
I
L
L
A)
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
cu
r
r
en
t
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
in
g
as
it
h
elp
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
lear
n
e
r
s
’
E
n
g
lis
h
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
ab
ilit
y
.
Sp
e
ak
in
g
s
k
ills
n
ee
d
to
b
e
en
h
an
ce
d
with
lan
g
u
ag
e
ac
tiv
ities
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
as
in
te
r
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
ies
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
[
8
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
en
co
u
r
ag
e
l
ea
r
n
er
s
to
s
p
ea
k
th
eir
th
o
u
g
h
ts
an
d
id
ea
s
in
m
a
n
y
way
s
.
L
ea
r
n
er
s
h
av
e
th
e
ch
an
ce
to
lear
n
f
r
o
m
th
eir
teac
h
er
s
an
d
p
ee
r
s
,
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
lan
g
u
ag
e
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
as
well
as
g
ath
er
th
eir
th
o
u
g
h
ts
an
d
cr
ea
tin
g
lo
g
ical
th
o
u
g
h
ts
[
9
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
ea
ch
er
s
n
ee
d
to
im
p
lem
en
t
th
e
b
est
way
to
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
lear
n
er
s
’
E
n
g
lis
h
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
a
b
ilit
y
.
Sp
ec
if
i
ca
lly
,
teac
h
er
s
n
ee
d
to
f
u
lly
u
s
e
th
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
as
it
en
c
o
u
r
ag
es
lear
n
er
s
’
en
g
a
g
em
en
ts
a
n
d
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
i
n
th
e
less
o
n
th
at
lead
to
ac
ti
v
e
l
ea
r
n
er
s
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
.
Pu
ttin
g
in
m
in
d
th
at
in
ter
ac
t
iv
e
class
r
o
o
m
s
ar
e
n
o
t lim
ited
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ase
d
teac
h
in
g
s
p
ac
es a
lo
n
e.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
to
d
a
y
h
as
ch
an
g
ed
o
v
er
tim
e.
W
ith
th
e
ev
er
g
r
o
win
g
o
f
Gen
er
atio
n
Z
,
b
o
r
n
b
et
wee
n
1
9
9
5
a
n
d
2
0
1
2
,
ar
e
m
o
r
e
I
n
ter
n
et
s
av
v
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
eir
Gen
er
atio
n
Y
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
d
ir
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
n
ew
teac
h
in
g
an
d
le
ar
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
th
at
s
u
it
th
is
“D
ig
ital
Nativ
es”
y
et
p
e
n
u
r
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
s
k
ill
in
s
elf
-
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
an
d
g
ain
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
lear
n
er
s
’
s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
ab
ilit
y
[
1
0
]
.
T
o
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
p
ea
k
in
g
am
o
n
g
th
e
lear
n
er
s
,
teac
h
er
s
im
p
lem
en
t
a
s
er
ies
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
h
elp
to
en
g
ag
e
t
h
e
lear
n
er
s
an
d
en
c
o
u
r
ag
in
g
th
em
to
s
p
ea
k
b
etter
.
As
a
h
u
m
an
b
ein
g
,
co
m
m
u
n
i
c
atio
n
p
lay
s
a
v
ital
r
o
le
in
o
u
r
liv
es.
W
e
co
m
m
u
n
icate
to
d
eliv
er
m
ess
ag
es,
co
n
v
ey
an
d
c
h
an
g
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
s
well
as r
ep
o
r
tin
g
th
in
g
s
th
at
ar
e
h
ap
p
en
in
g
in
o
u
r
liv
es.
T
o
co
m
m
u
n
icate
,
it
i
s
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
to
s
p
ea
k
b
u
t
y
o
u
ca
n
h
av
e
it
in
ea
s
ier
b
y
s
en
d
in
g
m
ess
ag
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
p
eo
p
le
n
ee
d
to
m
aster
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
ills
in
o
r
d
er
to
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
ef
f
e
ctiv
ely
an
d
s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
is
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
ted
as
th
e
m
ajo
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
in
f
u
lf
illi
n
g
th
e
tar
g
et
in
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
7
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
p
ea
k
in
g
is
s
aid
t
o
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ill
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
life
[
1
0
]
.
Sp
ea
k
in
g
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
in
v
o
lv
e
s
th
e
th
o
u
g
h
ts
an
d
ex
p
r
e
s
s
in
g
it
v
er
b
ally
.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
,
th
e
th
o
u
g
h
ts
will f
ir
s
t a
p
p
ea
r
in
o
u
r
b
r
ain
t
h
en
o
n
ly
we
ar
ticu
late
wh
at
we
th
in
k
[
9
]
.
I
n
Ma
lay
s
ia,
it
is
s
ee
n
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lear
n
er
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
an
d
ter
tiar
y
lev
el
wh
o
ar
e
n
o
t
p
r
o
f
icien
t
in
s
p
ea
k
in
g
r
e
g
ar
d
less
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
[
1
1
]
.
W
h
en
th
e
lear
n
er
s
ca
n
n
o
t
g
r
asp
th
e
b
asic
s
k
ills
o
f
s
p
ea
k
in
g
at
ea
r
ly
ag
e,
it
af
f
ec
ts
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
m
an
y
way
s
.
I
n
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
s
tated
,
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
lea
r
n
er
s
h
av
e
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
d
u
e
to
its
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
u
s
ag
e
in
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
u
s
e
an
d
s
p
ea
k
a
wo
r
ld
-
wid
e
la
n
g
u
ag
e
g
iv
es
t
h
em
n
o
th
in
g
b
u
t
b
e
n
ef
its
as
th
ey
c
an
in
d
i
r
ec
tly
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
s
k
ills
as
well
as
as
s
is
t
th
em
in
ter
m
s
o
f
jo
b
-
wis
e;
h
av
i
n
g
s
aid
th
at
,
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
ills
n
ee
d
t
o
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
am
o
n
g
th
e
lear
n
er
s
.
As
lear
n
er
s
s
p
en
d
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
eir
tim
es
in
s
ch
o
o
l
a
cq
u
ir
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
e
n
h
an
ce
th
eir
s
k
ills
,
teac
h
er
s
an
d
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
p
lay
a
v
ital
r
o
le.
A
v
ar
y
lea
r
n
er
-
ce
n
t
r
ed
a
n
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
teac
h
in
g
n
ee
d
to
b
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
in
o
r
d
er
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
lear
n
er
s
’
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
ills
[
9
]
.
B
esid
es,
h
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
t
h
at
s
p
ea
k
in
g
is
a
lear
n
er
-
ce
n
tr
ed
a
ctiv
ity
d
u
e
to
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ac
tiv
ities
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
an
d
h
ad
,
th
u
s
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
en
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
i
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
lear
n
er
s
’
s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
wh
ich
th
e
f
o
cu
s
is
o
n
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
lan
g
u
ag
e.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
t
h
er
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
ills
,
s
p
ea
k
in
g
is
em
p
h
asized
as
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
in
ac
h
i
ev
in
g
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
8
,
1
2
-
1
5
]
.
W
ith
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
,
teac
h
er
s
ev
en
tu
ally
will
co
n
d
u
ct
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
le
ar
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
to
co
m
p
lem
en
t th
ei
r
m
eth
o
d
o
f
teac
h
in
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
1
0
1
0
-
1
0
1
6
1012
Su
f
f
icien
t
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
o
f
a
class
r
o
o
m
h
elp
th
e
lear
n
er
s
to
lear
n
b
etter
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
b
e
p
r
o
f
icien
t
in
a
l
an
g
u
ag
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
teac
h
e
r
s
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
lear
n
er
s
’
au
t
o
n
o
m
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
ac
tiv
ities
ass
is
t
th
e
lear
n
er
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
[
8
]
.
Su
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
s
tatem
en
t,
Ma
r
zu
k
i,
et
a
l.
[
4
]
an
al
y
s
ed
th
at
lea
r
n
er
s
ar
e
h
ar
d
ly
s
h
ar
in
g
th
eir
o
p
in
io
n
s
an
d
th
o
u
g
h
t
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
s
p
ea
k
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
lear
n
er
s
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
ills
o
n
ce
th
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
s
p
e
ak
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
is
ex
ec
u
ted
.
T
h
e
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
ca
n
b
e
v
ar
ied
b
u
t
th
e
e
n
d
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ct
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
lear
n
er
s
’
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
As
f
o
r
th
at,
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
aid
th
e
lear
n
er
s
in
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
an
d
u
s
e
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
at
th
eir
m
ax
im
u
m
lev
el.
I
n
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
class
r
o
o
m
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
it
en
a
b
les
lear
n
er
s
to
m
o
v
e
a
r
o
u
n
d
with
o
u
t g
ettin
g
f
i
x
in
a
ce
r
tain
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t w
h
er
e
th
ey
ca
n
m
ax
im
ize
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
s
p
ac
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
lear
n
er
s
ar
e
s
aid
to
h
av
e
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
with
th
eir
p
ee
r
s
d
i
r
ec
tly
an
d
tak
in
g
ac
c
o
u
n
t
t
h
eir
f
ee
lin
g
s
an
d
em
o
tio
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
Owin
g
to
th
e
in
te
r
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
le
ar
n
i
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
th
er
e
ar
e
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
ac
tiv
ities
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
in
class
r
o
o
m
s
u
ch
as c
r
ea
tiv
e
d
r
am
a,
r
o
le
-
p
lay
i
n
g
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
ese
ac
tiv
ities
h
elp
th
e
lea
r
n
er
s
to
s
h
ar
e
t
h
eir
em
o
tio
n
s
an
d
t
h
o
u
g
h
ts
wh
ich
will
b
e
s
h
if
ted
t
o
th
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
as
it
allo
ws
th
e
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
teac
h
in
g
.
T
h
er
eu
p
o
n
,
a
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
to
p
r
o
v
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
s
tated
ac
tiv
ities
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
lear
n
er
s
’
s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
E
n
g
lis
h
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
er
s
’
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
ills
as
well
a
s
th
eir
clas
s
r
o
o
m
ac
tiv
ities
[
4
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
lis
ten
in
g
to
an
d
tellin
g
th
e
s
to
r
y
d
o
n
o
t
en
d
th
er
e.
I
t
co
n
t
in
u
es
with
th
e
lear
n
er
s
wo
r
k
as
s
to
r
y
teller
s
.
T
h
ey
n
ee
d
to
ex
p
r
ess
an
d
tell
th
e
s
ele
cted
s
to
r
y
b
y
u
s
in
g
t
h
ei
r
o
wn
w
o
r
d
s
.
Hen
ce
,
lear
n
e
r
s
ar
e
th
en
ab
le
to
p
o
lis
h
an
d
en
h
an
ce
t
h
eir
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
ies
as
th
e
y
n
ee
d
s
elec
t
th
e
b
est
wo
r
d
s
th
at
f
it
th
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
eir
s
to
r
y
[
4
]
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
m
o
tiv
ates
lear
n
er
s
in
s
p
ea
k
in
g
[
1
7
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
lear
n
er
s
’
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
.
I
t
is
b
ec
au
s
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
teac
h
e
r
s
an
d
lear
n
er
s
n
atu
r
ally
g
r
o
w
s
tr
o
n
g
er
[
4
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
eir
r
esear
ch
,
th
eir
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
n
o
t o
n
ly
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
in
ter
m
s
o
f
g
en
e
r
atin
g
a
n
d
e
x
p
lo
r
i
n
g
cr
it
ical
q
u
es
tio
n
s
,
b
u
t
th
ey
ar
e
ab
le
to
e
n
h
an
ce
th
eir
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
ies
as
well
as
d
ev
el
o
p
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
in
r
etellin
g
th
e
s
to
r
y
an
d
ch
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
wo
r
d
s
wis
ely
.
E
q
u
ally
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
h
elp
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
c
lass
r
o
o
m
ac
tiv
ities
lear
n
er
s
’
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
d
r
am
a
-
b
a
s
ed
ac
tiv
ities
lik
e
im
p
r
o
v
is
atio
n
,
p
lay
wr
itin
g
an
d
r
eh
ea
r
s
al
s
h
elp
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
au
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
u
s
e
o
f
s
p
o
n
tan
e
o
u
s
s
p
o
k
en
lan
g
u
ag
e
i
n
an
i
n
f
o
r
m
al
s
ettin
g
th
at
en
co
u
r
a
g
es
in
d
iv
id
u
ality
[
1
8
]
.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
ac
tiv
ities
ca
n
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
p
ea
k
in
g
if
it
is
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
lear
n
er
s
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
wh
e
r
e
ea
ch
o
f
lear
n
e
r
s
ca
n
ex
p
er
ien
ce
it.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
ese
ac
tiv
ities
ev
en
tu
ally
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
lear
n
e
r
s
’
f
lu
en
cy
a
n
d
clar
ity
o
f
s
p
ee
ch
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
er
e
a
r
e
g
r
am
m
atica
l
er
r
o
r
s
p
lu
s
s
en
ten
ce
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
in
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
T
h
e
o
r
al
in
p
u
t
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
lear
n
er
s
ar
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
b
o
th
ex
p
er
ien
tial
an
d
ac
tiv
ity
o
r
ie
n
ted
.
L
ea
r
n
er
s
ar
e
k
ee
n
to
s
p
ea
k
if
th
ey
ca
n
r
elate
th
e
ac
ti
v
ities
to
war
d
s
th
eir
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
r
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
1
8
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
lear
n
er
s
’
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
c
o
n
f
id
en
t
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
-
willed
as
we
ll
as
b
r
av
e
to
s
h
ar
e
th
eir
o
p
in
io
n
s
an
d
th
o
u
g
h
ts
v
o
lu
n
tar
ily
.
As
a
wh
o
le,
lear
n
er
s
’
E
n
g
lis
h
s
p
ea
k
in
g
ca
n
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
Ho
wev
er
,
teac
h
er
s
n
ee
d
to
im
p
lem
en
t
th
is
m
eth
o
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
lear
n
er
s
’
lev
el
o
f
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
teac
h
er
s
n
ee
d
to
f
ig
u
r
e
o
u
t
th
e
lear
n
er
s
’
wea
k
n
ess
es in
o
r
d
er
to
ex
ec
u
te
th
e
m
o
s
t su
itab
le
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ac
tiv
ities
f
o
r
th
e
less
o
n
.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
f
ig
u
r
e
o
u
t
t
h
e
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t
th
e
lear
n
er
s
’
E
n
g
lis
h
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
ab
ilit
y
an
d
I
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
L
an
g
u
a
g
e
L
ea
r
n
in
g
Activ
ities
(
I
L
L
A)
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
m
eth
o
d
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
in
th
e
tar
g
et
lan
g
u
ag
e
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
to
an
aly
s
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
o
f
th
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
in
m
o
tiv
atin
g
lear
n
er
s
to
s
p
ea
k
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
class
r
o
o
m
.
T
is
m
eth
o
d
s
h
o
ws
a
ca
u
s
e
an
d
ef
f
ec
t
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
with
n
u
m
e
r
ical
d
ata
an
d
h
ar
d
f
ac
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ca
n
b
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
s
tatis
tics
,
tab
les,
g
r
ap
h
s
a
s
well
as
ch
ar
ts
.
Qu
an
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
is
a
m
eth
o
d
th
at
u
s
es
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
v
ar
iab
l
es
an
d
s
tatis
tical
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
an
al
y
s
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
ed
d
ata
in
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
[
1
9
]
.
Hen
ce
,
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
f
its
th
is
s
tu
d
y
th
e
m
o
s
t
as
it
aid
s
th
e
s
tu
d
y
with
clea
r
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
a
b
le
d
ata.
3
.
1
.
Sa
m
pli
ng
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ad
o
p
ted
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
R
a
n
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
is
wh
er
e
p
ar
ti
cip
an
ts
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
ly
[
1
9
]
b
y
ch
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
s
am
p
les
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
wh
o
le
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
lo
c
al
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
ev
er
y
lear
n
e
r
u
n
d
er
tak
in
g
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
a
s
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
n
ee
d
t
o
h
av
e
th
e
g
iv
en
c
r
iter
ia
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
eir
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
i
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
v
alid
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
m
ain
aim
s
ar
e
to
a
n
aly
s
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
in
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
lear
n
er
s
’
E
n
g
lis
h
s
p
ea
k
in
g
an
d
to
id
en
tify
th
e
lear
n
er
s
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
lev
el
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
tera
ctive
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
lea
r
n
in
g
a
ctivities fo
r
lea
r
n
er
s
’
co
mmu
n
ica
tive
a
b
ilit
y
(
S
iti F
a
tima
h
Oma
r
)
1013
s
p
ea
k
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
as
th
e
tar
g
et
la
n
g
u
a
g
e.
T
h
e
r
e
wer
e
5
0
lea
r
n
er
s
r
a
n
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
as
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
to
tal
o
f
(
m
ale
=
2
0
,
f
em
ale
=
3
0
)
.
T
h
e
ag
e
o
f
th
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
,
at
th
e
tim
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
w
as
1
0
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
an
d
th
ey
wer
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
th
e
lo
c
al
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
s
im
ilar
to
all
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
a
r
ticip
ated
in
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
ar
e
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
.
3
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h
ins
t
rum
ent
s
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
w
as
u
s
ed
an
d
was
ad
a
p
ted
f
r
o
m
I
tay
em
[
2
0
]
.
As
f
o
r
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
I
tay
em
[
2
0
]
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
im
ilar
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
o
n
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
i
n
g
b
u
t
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
ac
tiv
ity
.
Similar
ly
,
L
ik
er
t
Scale
was
u
s
ed
as
a
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
to
g
et
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
e
L
ik
er
t
Scale
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
is
1
to
5
w
h
ich
is
1
(
Stro
n
g
ly
Ag
r
ee
)
,
2
(
Ag
r
ee
)
,
3
(
Neu
r
al)
,
4
(
Dis
ag
r
ee
)
a
n
d
last
ly
5
(
Stro
n
g
ly
Dis
ag
r
ee
)
.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
3
0
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
in
to
tal
f
o
r
a
s
e
t
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
h
as
two
s
ec
t
io
n
s
wh
ich
ar
e
Sectio
n
A
an
d
Sectio
n
B
.
I
t
b
e
g
an
with
th
e
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
in
Sectio
n
A
an
d
c
o
n
tin
u
e
d
with
Sectio
n
B
wh
ich
was
th
eir
p
er
c
ep
tio
n
s
t
o
war
d
s
th
e
ac
tiv
ities
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
B
,
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
e
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
s
u
b
-
to
p
ics
wh
ich
wer
e
1
)
Self
-
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
2
)
Mo
tiv
atio
n
an
d
3
)
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
E
ac
h
s
u
b
-
t
o
p
ic
co
n
tain
s
1
0
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
an
s
wer
ed
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
.
3
.
3
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
wer
e
an
aly
s
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
Statis
tical
Pack
ag
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
So
cial
Scien
ce
(
SP
SS
)
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
SP
SS
was
th
e
b
est
to
o
l
to
g
et
n
u
m
er
ical
d
ata
an
d
clea
r
e
r
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
B
y
u
s
in
g
SP
S
S
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
esu
lts
th
at
in
v
o
lv
e
b
o
th
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
r
o
f
ile
an
d
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
co
u
ld
b
e
s
h
o
wn
.
Hen
ce
,
SP
SS
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
e
b
est
an
s
wer
th
at
e
x
p
lain
ed
th
e
r
elati
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
I
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
L
an
g
u
ag
e
L
ea
r
n
in
g
Acti
v
ities
(
I
L
L
A)
an
d
lear
n
e
r
s
’
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
p
ea
k
in
g
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
d
ata
was
an
aly
s
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
wer
e
r
esu
lted
to
an
s
wer
two
r
esear
ch
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
.
T
wo
tab
les
wer
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
two
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
with
th
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
L
ik
e
r
t
Scale
an
d
th
e
m
ea
n
.
T
h
e
r
e
w
er
e
1
6
q
u
esti
o
n
s
d
ep
icted
an
d
wer
e
an
aly
s
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
3
0
q
u
esti
o
n
s
to
an
s
wer
th
e
two
r
esear
ch
q
u
es
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
=
n
an
d
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
=
%
in
th
e
two
tab
les
ex
p
lain
ed
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es f
o
r
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
o
an
s
wer
th
e
f
ir
s
t
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
,
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
t
o
s
h
ar
e
th
eir
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
to
war
d
s
s
elf
-
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
I
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
L
e
ar
n
in
g
Activ
ities
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
ab
ilit
y
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
esu
lts
ch
o
s
en
b
y
th
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
esu
lts
o
f
p
a
r
ticip
a
n
ts
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
to
war
d
s
s
elf
-
co
n
f
i
d
en
t
an
d
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
ab
ilit
y
wh
ich
a
r
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
an
d
m
ea
n
f
o
r
ea
ch
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
As
s
h
o
wn
i
n
th
e
tab
le,
‘
I
L
L
A
in
cr
ea
s
es
m
y
co
n
f
id
en
t
to
u
s
e
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
with
m
y
f
r
i
en
d
s
’
o
b
tain
ed
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ag
r
e
em
en
t
with
a
to
tal
o
f
8
2
%
an
d
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
is
4
.
2
2
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
s
t
ag
r
ee
d
s
tatem
en
t
b
y
th
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
is
‘
I
L
L
A
en
co
u
r
ag
es
m
e
to
s
h
a
r
e
m
y
id
ea
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
’
ac
q
u
ir
e
d
7
8
%
with
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
.
0
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
8
0
%
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ag
r
ee
d
with
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tatem
en
t
‘
I
L
L
A
en
ab
les
m
e
to
u
s
e
n
ew
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lea
r
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
’
b
y
h
av
in
g
3
.
9
6
o
f
t
h
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Per
ce
n
ta
g
e
an
d
m
ea
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
1
an
aly
s
is
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
(
s)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
M
e
a
n
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
D
i
sag
r
e
e
D
i
sag
r
e
e
S
o
me
t
i
m
e
A
g
r
e
e
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
A
g
r
e
e
1.
I
LLA
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
my
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
t
o
u
se
En
g
l
i
s
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
w
i
t
h
my
f
r
i
e
n
d
s
-
2
16
40
42
4
.
2
2
2.
I
LLA
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
s
me
t
o
s
h
a
r
e
my
i
d
e
a
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
2
-
20
54
24
4
.
0
3.
I
LLA
e
n
a
b
l
e
s
m
e
t
o
u
s
e
n
e
w
v
o
c
a
b
u
l
a
r
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
-
2
18
62
18
3
.
9
6
4.
I
d
o
n
o
t
e
n
j
o
y
s
p
e
a
k
i
n
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
I
LLA
b
e
c
a
u
se
I
a
m
n
o
t
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
m
y
E
n
g
l
i
sh
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
28
30
26
12
4
2
.
3
4
5.
I
LLA
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
a
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
t
o
s
p
e
a
k
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
-
-
14
56
30
4
.
1
6
6.
I
LLA
a
l
l
o
w
s me
t
o
a
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
e
i
n
t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
2
4
14
52
28
4
.
0
7.
I
f
i
n
d
i
t
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
I
LLA
12
34
40
12
2
2
.
5
8
8.
I
f
i
n
e
I
LLA
i
s
t
o
o
d
i
st
r
a
c
t
i
n
g
f
o
r
me
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
En
g
l
i
s
h
sp
e
a
k
i
n
g
18
50
18
12
2
2
.
3
0
9.
I
LLA
su
p
p
o
r
t
s
m
y
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
e
n
g
a
g
e
w
i
t
h
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
mu
l
t
i
p
l
e
w
a
y
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-
18
16
48
28
3
.
9
6
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Ho
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4
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ig
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8
6
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co
m
p
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ied
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m
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f
4
.
1
6
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
ey
ag
r
ee
d
th
at
I
L
L
A
allo
ws
th
em
to
ac
tiv
ely
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
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h
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s
tated
s
tatem
en
t
ac
q
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ir
ed
8
0
%
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r
ee
m
en
t
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o
m
th
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ticip
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ts
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d
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.
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r
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er
,
7
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f
th
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p
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ticip
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ts
with
t
h
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r
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9
6
ag
r
ee
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th
e
s
tatem
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‘
I
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s
u
p
p
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m
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ab
ilit
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to
en
g
a
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e
with
lear
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in
g
ac
tiv
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in
m
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ltip
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way
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i.e
p
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tatio
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s
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tellin
g
,
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r
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p
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etc)
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6
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ticip
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I
n
ter
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g
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ea
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g
Acti
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in
im
p
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v
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E
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g
li
s
h
-
s
p
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k
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g
ab
ilit
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ab
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2
s
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o
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lts
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f
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ticip
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ts
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p
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ce
p
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n
s
to
war
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m
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n
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u
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ter
ac
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lan
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in
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g
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g
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co
m
m
u
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icativ
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y
wh
ich
ar
e
r
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p
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esen
ted
b
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th
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h
ig
h
est p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
a
n
d
m
ea
n
f
o
r
ea
ch
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Per
ce
n
ta
g
e
an
d
m
ea
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
2
an
aly
s
is
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
(
s)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
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(
%)
M
e
a
n
S
t
r
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D
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sag
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D
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t
i
m
e
A
g
r
e
e
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
A
g
r
e
e
1.
I
LLA
mo
t
i
v
a
t
e
s
me
t
o
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
e
i
n
t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
4
-
12
54
30
4
.
0
6
2.
I
f
e
e
l
p
r
o
u
d
w
h
e
n
e
v
e
r
m
y
c
l
a
ssm
a
t
e
s
su
p
p
o
r
t
my
i
d
e
a
s
a
n
d
su
g
g
e
st
i
o
n
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
10
20
32
24
14
3
.
1
2
3.
I
LLA
mak
e
s
me
u
n
c
o
mf
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
t
o
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
e
w
i
t
h
m
y
c
l
a
ss
mat
e
s
2
2
24
46
26
3
.
9
2
4.
I
f
i
n
d
i
t
e
n
j
o
y
a
b
l
e
t
o
s
p
e
a
k
i
n
En
g
l
i
s
h
l
a
n
g
e
u
a
g
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
24
38
22
12
4
2
.
3
4
5.
I
t
d
e
mo
t
i
v
a
t
e
s
m
e
i
f
my
c
l
a
ssm
a
t
e
s
d
o
n
o
t
l
i
s
t
e
n
t
o
m
y
i
d
e
a
s
a
n
d
s
u
g
g
e
st
i
o
n
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
2
-
18
58
22
3
.
9
8
6.
I
a
m
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
l
y
n
e
r
v
o
u
s
i
f
I
sp
e
a
k
i
n
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
-
2
16
44
38
4
.
1
8
7.
I
Li
k
e
t
o
s
p
e
a
k
d
u
r
i
n
g
I
LLA
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
I
c
a
n
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
o
n
m
y
En
g
l
i
sh
sp
e
a
k
i
n
g
6
22
22
42
8
3
.
2
4
Fro
m
th
e
T
a
b
le
2
ab
o
v
e,
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
h
ig
h
ly
a
g
r
ee
d
o
n
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
‘
I
L
L
A
m
o
tiv
ates
m
e
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
I
t
o
b
tain
e
d
8
4
%
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
b
y
th
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
with
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
.
0
6
.
Ad
d
in
g
to
th
at,
5
0
%
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
lace
d
‘
I
lik
e
t
o
s
p
ea
k
d
u
r
in
g
I
L
L
A
b
ec
au
s
e
I
ca
n
p
r
ac
tice
o
n
m
y
E
n
g
lis
h
s
p
ea
k
in
g
’
as
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
s
t
a
g
r
ee
d
s
tatem
en
t
wit
h
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
.
2
4
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
with
a
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
.
1
2
a
n
d
8
%
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ag
r
ee
d
th
at
th
e
y
f
e
el
p
r
o
u
d
w
h
en
ev
er
th
eir
class
m
ates
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
eir
id
ea
s
an
d
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
On
th
e
co
n
tr
ar
y
,
th
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
s
tatem
en
t
‘
I
am
g
en
er
ally
n
er
v
o
u
s
if
I
s
p
ea
k
in
co
r
r
ec
tly
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t’
o
b
tain
ed
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
m
ea
n
wh
ich
is
4
.
1
8
an
d
th
e
m
o
s
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ag
r
e
em
e
n
t
am
o
n
g
th
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
with
8
2
%.
B
esid
es,
8
0
%
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
an
d
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
.
9
8
ag
r
ee
d
th
at
I
L
L
A
d
em
o
tiv
ates
th
em
if
th
eir
class
m
ates
d
o
n
o
t
lis
ten
to
th
eir
id
ea
s
an
d
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
Ap
ar
t f
r
o
m
th
at,
7
2
%
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
r
tic
ip
an
ts
d
id
n
o
t
f
in
d
it
e
n
jo
y
a
b
le
to
s
p
ea
k
in
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
ta
b
le,
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
ed
th
is
s
tatem
en
t secu
r
ed
2
.
3
4
.
Fin
ally
,
2
4
% o
f
th
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
th
at
I
L
L
A
m
ak
es t
h
em
co
m
f
o
r
tab
le
o
r
n
o
t to
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
with
th
ei
r
class
m
ates b
y
h
av
in
g
3
.
9
2
o
f
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e.
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
to
war
d
s
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
t
iv
ities
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
an
d
th
u
s
an
s
wer
in
g
two
s
p
e
cif
ic
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
is
ap
p
lied
.
A
test
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
an
aly
s
e
th
e
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
an
d
th
e
m
ea
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
an
s
wer
ed
b
y
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esu
lt
th
at
aid
to
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
s
p
ea
k
in
g
.
I
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
s
p
ea
k
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
ly
,
th
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
im
p
o
r
tan
t
item
s
wh
ich
ar
e
an
a
ly
s
ed
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
ly
in
clu
d
in
g
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
As
f
o
r
an
s
wer
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
,
h
o
w
d
o
es
th
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
aid
lear
n
er
s
in
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
eir
E
n
g
lis
h
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
th
e
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
ca
m
e
to
an
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t
f
o
r
ce
r
tai
n
q
u
esti
o
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
wh
ich
was
r
esu
lted
i
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
an
s
wer
s
wer
e
d
iv
i
d
ed
in
t
o
two
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
wh
ich
ar
e
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
an
d
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ea
n
s
h
o
wed
th
at
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
eir
c
o
n
f
id
en
t
to
u
s
e
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
with
th
eir
f
r
ien
d
s
.
I
t
was
b
ec
a
u
s
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
tera
ctive
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
lea
r
n
in
g
a
ctivities fo
r
lea
r
n
er
s
’
co
mmu
n
ica
tive
a
b
ilit
y
(
S
iti F
a
tima
h
Oma
r
)
1015
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
p
r
o
v
id
e
lea
r
n
er
s
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
to
s
p
ea
k
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e.
T
h
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
r
esu
lt
r
ef
lecte
d
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Ma
r
zu
k
i,
Pra
y
o
g
o
an
d
W
ah
y
u
d
i
[
4
]
,
wh
ich
s
tatin
g
th
at
t
h
e
lear
n
er
s
’
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
as
th
ey
ar
e
p
a
r
ticip
atin
g
in
i
n
ter
a
ctiv
e
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
g
en
er
atin
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
th
at
in
itially
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
s
elf
-
c
o
n
f
id
en
ce
.
T
h
ey
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
eir
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
as
th
ey
wer
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
t
o
f
o
r
m
u
lat
e
th
eir
o
wn
q
u
esti
o
n
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
wer
e
h
ig
h
l
y
ag
r
ee
d
t
h
at
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
en
co
u
r
a
g
ed
th
em
to
s
h
a
r
e
th
e
ir
id
ea
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
lea
r
n
in
g
a
ctiv
ities
an
d
en
ab
le
th
em
to
u
s
e
n
ew
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
B
ased
o
n
th
eir
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
it
co
u
ld
b
e
s
aid
th
at
b
y
s
h
ar
in
g
id
ea
s
,
th
ey
n
atu
r
ally
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
u
s
a
g
e
as
th
e
y
n
ee
d
to
f
it
in
with
th
eir
class
m
ates
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
also
in
lin
e
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Ma
r
zu
k
i,
Pra
y
o
g
o
an
d
W
ah
y
u
d
i
[
4
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
h
av
i
n
g
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
v
o
ca
b
u
la
r
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ac
ti
v
ities
h
elp
s
th
e
lear
n
er
s
to
ac
tiv
ely
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
L
ea
r
n
e
r
s
wer
e
also
s
ee
n
to
b
e
ab
le
t
o
en
g
ag
e
with
th
e
lear
n
in
g
a
ctiv
ities
in
v
ar
io
u
s
way
s
wh
ich
lead
to
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
th
eir
E
n
g
lis
h
s
p
ea
k
in
g
.
W
ith
th
e
ac
tiv
ities
f
o
cu
s
o
n
lear
n
er
s
’
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
with
co
u
r
s
e
co
n
te
n
t
an
d
lear
n
er
-
lear
n
er
in
t
e
r
ac
tiv
ity
,
h
en
ce
,
lear
n
in
g
co
u
ld
b
e
o
p
tim
ized
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wn
t
h
at
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
lik
e
an
d
n
o
t
r
elu
ctan
t
to
s
p
ea
k
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
n
o
t
all
o
f
t
h
em
m
ay
h
av
e
th
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
to
s
p
e
ak
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
lear
n
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
y
f
elt
at
ea
s
e
an
d
r
elax
to
s
p
ea
k
d
u
r
in
g
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
le
ar
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
as
th
ey
wer
e
n
o
t
b
o
u
n
d
e
d
to
an
y
r
u
le
th
at
th
ey
n
ee
d
e
d
to
f
o
llo
w
s
tr
ictly
[
2
2
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
v
alu
ab
le
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
task
s
is
th
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
wh
ich
f
ea
tu
r
es
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
[
2
3
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ag
r
ee
d
th
at
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
ti
v
ities
is
th
e
b
est
way
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
E
n
g
lis
h
s
p
ea
k
in
g
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
em
f
elt
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
u
s
ed
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
ac
tiv
ities
wer
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
wh
ich
ca
n
lead
to
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
less
o
n
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ca
n
th
en
b
e
v
iewe
d
as
a
v
eh
icle
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
lear
n
er
o
u
t
co
m
es [
2
4
]
.
I
n
r
eg
a
r
d
to
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
,
i
n
te
r
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
ti
v
ities
m
o
tiv
ate
th
e
lear
n
e
r
s
to
s
p
ea
k
in
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
.
As
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
to
th
e
lear
n
er
s
,
th
ey
f
elt
m
o
tiv
ated
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
th
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
ed
t
h
eir
E
n
g
lis
h
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
ab
il
ity
.
B
esid
es,
g
ettin
g
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
b
y
th
e
class
m
ates
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
h
ad
also
m
o
tiv
ated
lear
n
er
s
to
s
p
ea
k
.
I
t
was
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
f
elt
p
r
o
u
d
wh
en
th
ei
r
id
ea
s
an
d
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
ac
ce
p
ted
,
an
d
it
was
b
en
ef
icial
f
o
r
th
em
to
p
a
r
ticip
ate
in
th
e
lea
r
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
ey
co
n
ti
n
u
ed
to
s
h
ar
e
th
eir
i
d
ea
s
an
d
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
eir
E
n
g
lis
h
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
ely
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
lear
n
e
r
s
en
jo
y
ed
s
p
ea
k
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
as it a
llo
wed
th
em
to
p
r
ac
tice
s
p
ea
k
in
g
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
lear
n
er
s
ac
q
u
ir
e
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
in
g
s
wer
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
an
d
in
te
r
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
p
r
o
v
id
ed
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
th
e
lear
n
e
r
s
to
p
u
t
ev
er
y
t
h
in
g
t
h
at
th
ey
h
ad
lear
n
t
in
wr
itten
f
o
r
m
to
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
n
ee
d
to
k
n
o
w
an
d
r
eso
lv
e
th
e
lear
n
er
s
’
is
s
u
es
an
d
to
m
ak
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
en
g
ag
in
g
p
lace
s
[
2
5
,
2
6
]
,
th
e
n
th
ey
ac
tu
ally
h
av
e
t
o
lis
ten
to
wh
at
lear
n
er
s
ar
e
s
ay
in
g
ab
o
u
t
th
eir
cl
ass
es a
n
d
teac
h
er
s
[
2
7
-
3
0
]
.
B
y
p
r
ac
ticin
g
,
th
ey
co
u
ld
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
to
war
d
s
th
e
less
o
n
lear
n
t.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
co
u
ld
b
e
d
em
o
tiv
ati
n
g
if
th
e
lear
n
er
s
’
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
w
er
e
b
ein
g
n
eg
lecte
d
b
y
th
eir
c
lass
m
ates.
W
h
en
th
e
lear
n
er
s
p
a
r
ticip
ated
in
th
e
le
ar
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
th
e
y
wer
e
h
o
p
in
g
to
ass
is
t
th
eir
class
m
ates
in
co
m
p
letin
g
th
eir
task
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
if
th
eir
id
e
as
wer
e
r
ejec
ted
,
th
ey
f
elt
e
m
b
ar
r
ass
ed
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
f
o
r
t
h
em
n
o
t
to
s
p
ea
k
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
a
g
a
in
was
h
ig
h
w
h
ich
was
n
o
t
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
eir
E
n
g
lis
h
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t.
Stu
d
y
b
y
R
u
s
li,
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
s
tated
th
at
lear
n
er
s
wer
e
af
r
aid
o
f
p
ee
r
s
’
ju
d
g
em
en
t.
I
t
was
s
aid
th
at
le
ar
n
er
s
wer
e
u
n
lik
ely
to
s
p
ea
k
as
th
ey
wan
ted
to
av
o
id
f
r
o
m
s
h
o
wi
n
g
th
eir
f
laws
wh
er
e
th
ey
co
u
ld
r
ec
eiv
e
n
eg
ativ
e
v
iews
f
r
o
m
th
eir
class
m
ates.
E
q
u
ally
im
p
o
r
tan
t,
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
lear
n
er
s
h
ad
lo
w
m
o
tiv
atio
n
in
s
p
ea
k
in
g
as
th
ey
wer
e
af
r
ai
d
to
s
p
ea
k
in
co
r
r
ec
tly
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
As
a
wh
o
le,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
im
p
r
o
v
e
lear
n
er
s
’
E
n
g
lis
h
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
ab
ilit
y
.
I
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ag
r
ee
d
t
h
at
b
y
h
av
in
g
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
s
u
itab
le
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
eir
E
n
g
lis
h
s
p
ea
k
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
ely
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
ese
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
t
er
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
way
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
E
n
g
lis
h
s
p
ea
k
in
g
as
lear
n
er
s
wer
e
ab
l
e
to
ex
p
er
ien
ce
r
ea
l
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
wh
en
t
h
ey
wer
e
in
ter
ac
tin
g
with
th
eir
class
m
ates
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
o
m
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
n
ee
d
ed
tim
e
to
s
p
ea
k
as
th
ey
h
av
e
h
ad
lo
w
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
en
ce
a
n
d
it
led
to
l
o
w
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
s
p
ea
k
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e.
T
ea
ch
er
s
’
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
u
itab
l
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
d
u
r
i
n
g
E
n
g
lis
h
less
o
n
is
p
r
o
v
ed
to
b
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
lea
r
n
er
s
’
E
n
g
lis
h
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
ab
ilit
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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RE
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E
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E
NC
E
S
[1
]
F
.
Da
ğ
,
E.
Ş
u
m
u
e
r,
a
n
d
L
.
Du
r
d
u
,
“
P
re
-
S
e
r
v
ice
Tea
c
h
e
rs’
P
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
E
x
p
e
rien
c
e
s:
Co
u
rse
s
Ba
se
d
o
n
th
e
Ac
ti
v
e
Lea
rn
in
g
M
o
d
e
l
a
n
d
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
S
p
a
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
1
-
5
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
]
S
.
P
ra
d
o
n
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A M
e
th
o
d
fo
r
In
tera
c
ti
v
e
Lea
rn
in
g
,”
C
o
mm
IT
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
6
-
4
8
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
]
J.
Atiy
a
h
,
e
t
a
l.
, “
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
o
n
E
-
lea
rn
in
g
p
ro
g
ra
m
v
e
rsu
s
Trad
it
io
n
a
l
In
stru
c
ti
o
n
fo
r
Un
d
e
rg
ra
d
u
a
te
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
S
c
ien
c
e
,
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
7
7
6
-
7
8
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
M
a
rz
u
k
i,
J.
A
.
P
ra
y
o
g
o
,
a
n
d
A.
Wah
y
u
d
i
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
in
g
t
h
e
E
F
L
Lea
rn
e
rs’
S
p
e
a
k
in
g
A
b
il
it
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
I
n
tera
c
ti
v
e
S
to
ry
telli
n
g
,”
Di
n
a
mik
a
I
lmu
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
-
3
4
.
2
0
1
6
.
[5
]
Ju
h
a
n
a
,
“
P
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
ica
l
fa
c
to
rs
th
a
t
h
in
d
e
r
stu
d
e
n
ts
fro
m
sp
e
a
k
i
n
g
in
En
g
li
sh
c
las
s
(A
Ca
se
stu
d
y
in
a
se
n
io
r
h
ig
h
sc
h
o
o
l
in
S
o
u
th
Tan
g
e
ra
n
g
,
Ba
n
ten
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
)
,”
J
.
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Pra
c
ti
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
0
-
1
1
0
,
2
0
1
2
.
[6
]
R.
Da
v
i
d
,
S
.
M
.
T
h
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
H.
A
z
m
a
n
,
“
Ac
c
o
m
m
o
d
a
ti
n
g
L
o
w
P
r
o
ficie
n
c
y
E
S
L
S
tu
d
e
n
ts'
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
Lea
rn
in
g
Ne
e
d
s
Th
ro
u
g
h
a
n
O
n
li
n
e
Wr
it
i
n
g
S
u
p
p
o
rt
S
y
ste
m
,”
e
-
Ba
n
g
i
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
1
1
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
R
.
S
.
De
wi,
U
.
K
u
lt
su
m
a
n
d
A
.
Arm
a
d
i
,
“
Us
in
g
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
v
e
G
a
m
e
s
in
Im
p
ro
v
in
g
S
tu
d
e
n
ts’
S
p
e
a
k
in
g
S
k
il
ls
,”
En
g
li
s
h
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
3
-
7
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[8
]
G
o
c
e
r
,
T
u
rk
ish
sp
e
c
ia
l
tea
c
h
in
g
me
th
o
d
s
,
(2
n
d
E
d
it
i
o
n
)
.
An
k
a
ra
:
P
e
g
e
m
Ac
a
d
e
m
y
P
u
b
l
ish
i
n
g
,
2
0
1
7
.
[9
]
T.
Tü
r
k
b
e
n
,
“
Th
e
Eff
e
c
ts
o
f
In
ter
a
c
ti
v
e
Tea
c
h
in
g
S
trate
g
ies
o
n
S
p
e
a
k
in
g
S
k
il
ls
o
f
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
Lea
rn
i
n
g
Tu
r
k
ish
a
s
a
S
e
c
o
n
d
Lan
g
u
a
g
e
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
L
in
g
u
isti
c
S
t
u
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
0
1
1
-
1
0
3
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
0
]
H.
Ak
y
o
l
,
T
u
rk
ish
te
a
c
h
i
n
g
me
t
h
o
d
s
,
(
7
th
Ed
it
io
n
)
.
A
n
k
a
ra
:
P
e
g
e
m
Ac
a
d
e
m
y
P
u
b
li
s
h
in
g
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
1
]
R.
Ru
sli,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Lo
w
S
p
e
a
k
i
n
g
P
ro
ficie
n
c
y
Am
o
n
g
th
e
M
a
la
y
sia
n
Un
d
e
rg
ra
d
u
a
tes
:
W
h
y
a
n
d
H
o
w?
”
e
-
Pro
sid
in
g
Per
sid
a
n
g
a
n
A
n
ta
r
a
b
a
n
g
sa
S
a
i
n
s
S
o
si
a
l
&
Ke
ma
n
u
si
a
a
n
2
0
1
8
(PA
S
AK3
),
p
p
.
6
7
8
-
6
8
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
2
]
G
.
Ari
,
“
S
p
e
e
c
h
train
in
g
.
M
.
D
u
rm
u
s
a
n
d
A.
O
k
u
r
(Ed
s.)
,
I
n
t
h
e
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
T
u
rk
ish
a
s
a
F
o
re
ig
n
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
.
A
n
k
a
ra
:
G
ra
fik
e
r
P
u
b
l
ish
in
g
,
p
p
.
2
7
7
-
2
9
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
3
]
O.
De
m
irel
,
Fo
re
ig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
te
a
c
h
in
g
,
(
9
t
h
Ed
it
io
n
)
.
A
n
k
a
ra
:
P
e
g
e
m
Ac
a
d
e
m
y
P
u
b
l
ish
i
n
g
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
4
]
K.
U.
Isisa
g
,
a
n
d
Ö.
De
m
irel
,
“
Th
e
u
se
o
f
th
e
Co
m
m
o
n
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
F
ra
m
e
wo
rk
o
f
Re
fe
re
n
c
e
fo
r
Lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
o
n
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
t
h
e
sp
e
a
k
in
g
s
k
il
ls
,”
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
3
5
,
n
o
.
1
5
6
,
p
p
.
1
9
0
-
2
0
4
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
5
]
G
.
Tu
m
,
“
P
h
o
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
p
ro
b
lem
s
e
n
c
o
u
n
tere
d
i
n
m
u
l
t
in
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
las
sro
o
m
s
in
tea
c
h
in
g
Tu
r
k
i
sh
a
s
a
f
o
re
ig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
,”
H.
U.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
5
-
2
6
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
6
]
N.
Ay
k
a
c
,
Pri
n
c
ip
les
a
n
d
me
th
o
d
s o
f
tea
c
h
in
g
.
A
n
k
a
ra
:
P
e
g
e
m
Ac
a
d
e
m
y
P
u
b
li
sh
i
n
g
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
7
]
Ak
h
y
a
k
a
n
d
A
.
I
n
d
ra
m
a
wa
n
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
in
g
t
h
e
S
tu
d
e
n
ts’
En
g
li
sh
S
p
e
a
k
in
g
Co
m
p
e
ten
c
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
S
t
o
r
y
telli
n
g
:
S
t
u
d
y
in
P
a
n
g
e
ra
n
Di
p
o
n
e
g
o
ro
Isla
m
ic
Co
ll
e
g
e
(S
TAI)
o
f
Ng
a
n
ju
k
,
Eas
t
Ja
v
a
,
a
n
d
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
L
i
ter
a
tu
re
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
-
2
4
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
8
]
C.
G
il
l
,
“
Ora
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
i
n
ES
L
th
r
o
u
g
h
Im
p
ro
v
isa
ti
o
n
s,
P
la
y
writi
n
g
a
n
d
Re
h
e
a
rsa
ls
,”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
L
it
e
ra
c
y
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tu
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
5
-
4
0
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
9
]
J.
W.
Cre
sw
e
ll
,
Res
e
a
rc
h
De
sig
n
:
Qu
a
li
t
a
ti
v
e
,
Q
u
a
n
ti
t
a
ti
v
e
a
n
d
M
ixe
d
M
e
th
o
d
s
Ap
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
,
(
4
t
h
e
d
.
)
.
T
h
o
u
sa
n
d
Oa
k
s,
CA:
S
a
g
e
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
0
]
G
.
Itay
e
m
,
“
Us
in
g
th
e
iP
a
d
i
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
lea
rn
i
n
g
:
P
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
o
f
c
o
ll
e
g
e
stu
d
e
n
ts
,”
Do
c
to
ra
l
d
i
ss
e
rtatio
n
,
Th
e
U
n
iv
e
rsity
o
f
To
led
o
,
To
led
o
,
O
H
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
1
]
K.
S
wa
rtwe
ld
e
r,
J.
M
u
rp
h
y
,
a
n
d
G
.
M
u
rp
h
y
,
“
Th
e
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
Tex
t
-
Ba
se
d
a
n
d
Vi
d
e
o
Disc
u
ss
i
o
n
s
o
n
S
tu
d
e
n
t
En
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
I
n
tera
c
ti
v
it
y
i
n
a
n
On
li
n
e
Co
u
rse
,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
to
rs
On
li
n
e
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
2
]
K.
P
o
n
g
,
“
Lea
rn
e
rs’
A
n
x
ieties
o
n
P
o
sti
n
g
Th
e
ir
Ow
n
S
p
e
e
c
h
e
s
o
n
Yo
u
tu
b
e
.
c
o
m
:
F
a
c
il
it
a
ti
v
e
o
r
De
b
il
it
a
ti
v
e
?
”
Co
ll
e
ğ
e
E
n
g
l
is
h
:
Iss
u
e
s a
n
d
T
re
n
d
s
,
v
o
l.
3
,
p
p
.
7
3
-
1
0
0
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
3
]
M
.
A.
Ch
r
isti
so
n
,
a
n
d
D.
E.
M
u
rr
a
y
,
W
h
a
t
En
g
li
sh
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
tea
c
h
e
rs
n
e
e
d
t
o
k
n
o
w
,
Vo
l.
I
II:
De
sig
n
in
g
c
u
rricu
l
u
m
.
Ne
w Yo
rk
,
NY
:
R
o
u
tl
e
d
g
e
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
4
]
B.
Law
re
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
S
.
Len
t
le
-
Ke
e
n
a
n
,
“
Tea
c
h
in
g
b
e
l
iefs
a
n
d
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
,
in
stit
u
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
tex
t,
a
n
d
t
h
e
u
p
tak
e
o
f
Web
-
b
a
se
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,”
Dist
a
n
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
3
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
–
2
0
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
5
]
E.
J.
M
e
y
e
r
,
“
Tran
sfo
rm
in
g
sc
h
o
o
l
c
u
lt
u
re
s
,”
in
Ge
n
d
e
r
a
n
d
S
e
x
u
a
l
Div
e
rs
it
y
in
S
c
h
o
o
ls
,
Exp
lo
ra
ti
o
n
s
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Pu
r
p
o
se
.
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r
N
a
tu
re
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
-
1
3
9
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
6
]
J.
S
m
y
t
h
,
a
n
d
P
.
M
c
I
n
e
rn
e
y
,
T
e
a
c
h
e
rs
in
th
e
mid
d
le:
Rec
la
imin
g
th
e
wa
ste
l
a
n
d
o
f
th
e
Ad
o
le
sc
e
n
t
y
e
a
rs
o
f
sc
h
o
o
li
n
g
.
Ne
w Yo
rk
,
USA:
P
e
te
r
Lan
g
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
7
]
D.
L.
M
it
ra
,
a
n
d
S
.
C.
S
e
rriere
,
“
S
tu
d
e
n
t
Vo
ice
in
El
e
m
e
n
tary
S
c
h
o
o
l
Re
fo
rm
E
x
a
m
i
n
in
g
Y
o
u
t
h
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
i
n
F
ift
h
G
ra
d
e
rs
,”
Ame
ric
a
n
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
4
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
4
3
-
7
7
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
8
]
P
.
O'
Brien
,
a
n
d
M
.
Lai
,
“
S
tu
d
e
n
t
V
o
ice
:
Ho
w
c
a
n
it
h
e
l
p
u
s
t
o
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
stu
d
e
n
ts'
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
s
o
f
sc
h
o
o
l?”
Asse
ss
me
n
t
S
y
mp
o
siu
m,
Ru
t
h
e
rf
o
rd
Ho
u
se
,
Welli
n
g
to
n
,
Ne
w Z
e
a
la
n
d
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
9
]
G
.
P
o
tt
e
r,
a
n
d
F
.
Bri
g
g
s
,
“
Ch
il
d
re
n
talk
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
ir
e
a
rly
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
s
a
t
sc
h
o
o
l
,”
A
u
str
a
li
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ea
rl
y
Ch
il
d
h
o
o
d
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
4
-
4
9
,
2
0
0
3
.
[3
0
]
D.
Zy
n
g
ier
,
“
(Re
)
c
o
n
c
e
p
tu
a
li
si
n
g
risk
:
left
n
u
m
b
a
n
d
u
n
e
n
g
a
g
e
d
a
n
d
lo
st
i
n
a
n
o
-
m
a
n
’s
-
lan
d
o
r
wh
a
t
(se
e
m
s
to
)
wo
rk
f
o
r
a
t
-
risk
stu
d
e
n
ts
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
In
c
lu
siv
e
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
1
1
-
2
3
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
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