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m
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C
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ac
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id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
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p
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ev
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o
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s
s
tu
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was
f
o
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th
at
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ec
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ak
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d
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m
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o
cio
-
s
cien
tific
is
s
u
es
in
s
cien
ce
lea
r
n
in
g
[
1
]
.
Gen
e
r
ally
,
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
o
cc
u
r
s
ev
er
y
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t,
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-
m
ak
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ar
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f
a
p
e
r
s
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'
s
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asic
m
en
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p
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s
s
an
d
it
is
n
o
t
a
s
im
p
le
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as
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escr
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ed
.
I
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t
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s
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tu
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ee
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t
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k
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o
wled
g
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ab
o
u
t
th
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c
h
o
ices
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
to
av
o
id
u
n
s
cien
tific
d
ec
is
io
n
s
[
4
]
.
Dem
ir
al
an
d
T
ü
r
k
m
e
n
o
ğ
lu
[
5
]
s
tate
s
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
co
n
s
titu
en
ts
in
d
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m
ak
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g
,
n
am
el
y
:
d
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m
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s
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s
,
d
ec
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m
ak
er
s
,
an
d
d
ec
is
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-
m
a
k
in
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p
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o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
e
co
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n
itiv
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p
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s
es
i
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v
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lv
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d
d
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m
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ty
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Dec
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clo
s
ely
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elate
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p
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m
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in
v
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th
ese
p
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s
s
es
.
L
ied
er
,
et
a
l
.
[
6
]
ex
p
lain
th
at
d
ec
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n
m
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in
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is
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f
th
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m
ak
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t
ev
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p
r
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r
e
in
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v
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a
y
life
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T
h
e
co
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n
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ca
p
ac
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o
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d
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m
ak
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s
m
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h
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ch
ar
ac
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is
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d
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ec
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T
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es in
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h
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r
ai
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[7
]
-
[
9]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
R
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d
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I
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N:
2252
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8
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2
2
Dec
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-
ma
kin
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s
tyle
p
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o
files
o
f p
r
e
-
s
ervice
b
io
lo
g
y
tea
c
h
ers
in
s
o
cio
-
s
cien
tifi
c
…
(
Ma
r
lin
a
Umma
s
Gen
is
a
)
761
Dec
is
io
n
th
eo
r
y
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
two
p
ar
a
d
ig
m
s
:
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
n
o
r
m
ativ
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th
eo
r
y
.
Descr
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tiv
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d
ec
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m
a
k
in
g
is
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ased
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n
em
p
ir
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s
er
v
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s
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wh
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ea
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m
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well
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tain
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ac
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ak
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if
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t
d
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tr
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e
ch
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am
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ased
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ased
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q
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s
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task
s
th
at
h
a
v
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p
er
f
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m
ed
[
1
0
]
.
A
p
er
s
o
n
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s
d
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is
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m
ak
in
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ty
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ca
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d
eter
m
in
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o
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e.
So
m
e
ex
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ts
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al
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f
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ak
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T
h
e
an
aly
tical
d
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n
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m
ak
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ty
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ac
co
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to
C
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k
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[
1
1
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ten
d
s
to
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ak
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o
lled
th
i
n
k
in
g
,
f
u
ll
o
f
ef
f
o
r
t,
a
n
d
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
p
eten
cies
th
at
ar
e
tr
ad
itio
n
ally
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
co
g
n
itiv
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
an
d
n
o
r
m
ativ
e
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
aly
t
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
is
d
ir
ec
ted
at
b
r
ea
k
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
in
to
its
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t e
lem
en
ts
,
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
elem
e
n
ts
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
f
r
o
m
th
is
an
aly
s
is
is
o
b
tai
n
ed
:
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
ju
d
g
m
e
n
ts
,
d
ec
is
io
n
s
an
d
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
.
C
alab
r
etta,
Gem
s
er
,
an
d
W
ijn
b
er
g
[
1
2
]
also
d
esc
r
ib
ed
th
at
p
eo
p
le
ca
n
u
s
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
tr
ateg
ies
wh
en
m
ak
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
in
c
o
m
p
lex
task
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
is
d
ec
is
io
n
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
ten
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
itu
atio
n
its
elf
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
p
eo
p
le
t
en
d
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
o
r
e
in
tu
itiv
ely
an
d
an
aly
tically
.
Stu
d
en
ts
m
u
s
t
b
e
a
b
le
to
m
ak
e
th
e
r
ig
h
t
d
ec
is
io
n
s
a
n
d
t
h
en
r
ef
lect
o
n
th
em
as
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
s
in
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
Sak
s
ch
ewsk
iet,
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
ex
p
lain
e
d
th
at
th
e
s
elf
-
r
ef
lectio
n
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
t
to
s
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
ab
ilit
y
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
T
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
r
e
q
u
ir
es
s
elf
-
r
ef
lec
tio
n
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
in
o
r
d
er
to
av
o
id
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
d
o
u
b
ts
in
m
ak
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
h
ig
h
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
h
o
ld
in
g
th
eir
d
ec
is
io
n
s
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
g
en
d
er
,
ex
p
er
ien
ce
lev
el,
co
v
er
ag
e
a
r
ea
,
d
ep
t
h
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ar
e
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
th
in
g
s
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
I
t
is
k
n
o
wn
t
h
at
eq
u
a
l
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
u
s
es
im
b
alan
ce
s
in
d
ec
is
io
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
,
esp
ec
ially
in
s
cien
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
g
en
d
er
s
in
a
co
u
n
tr
y
an
d
cu
ltu
r
e
is
also
k
n
o
wn
to
g
r
ea
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
in
m
ak
in
g
th
e
r
ig
h
t
d
ec
is
io
n
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
es
p
r
o
v
ed
t
h
at
th
ese
elem
en
ts
cr
u
cial
e
s
p
ec
ially
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
[
1
6
]
-
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
ten
d
s
t
o
an
aly
ze
o
f
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
s
ty
le
b
ased
o
n
s
elf
-
r
ef
lectio
n
o
n
m
ak
i
n
g
d
ec
is
io
n
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ata
r
elate
d
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
g
e
n
d
er
,
g
r
a
d
e,
r
eg
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
u
n
iv
er
s
it
ies
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
will
s
er
v
e
as a
g
u
id
e
in
d
esig
n
in
g
a
ctiv
e,
v
ar
ied
,
c
r
ea
tiv
e,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
-
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
to
ex
p
lain
d
ata
o
b
tain
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
u
r
v
ey
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
was
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
s
am
p
les
wer
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
s
u
b
jects
b
ased
o
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
k
n
o
wn
p
o
p
u
latio
n
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
am
p
les
wer
e
5
1
4
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
f
o
u
r
r
eg
i
o
n
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
n
am
ely
Ma
k
ass
ar
,
Ma
n
o
k
war
i,
C
ir
eb
o
n
,
an
d
Palem
b
an
g
wh
o
wer
e
B
io
lo
g
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
em
ester
s
I
I
,
I
I
I
,
I
V,
VI
an
d
VI
I
I
.
Data
ca
t
eg
o
r
ies p
r
o
c
ess
in
g
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
Av
er
ag
e
(
M)
a
n
d
Stan
d
a
r
d
D
ev
iatio
n
(
D)
s
co
r
es
wh
ich
ar
e
d
iv
id
ed
i
n
to
5
s
ca
les
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
A
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
n
tain
i
n
g
1
4
s
tatem
en
ts
m
o
d
if
ied
f
r
o
m
Ny
g
r
en
[
2
5
]
was
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
g
r
o
u
p
s
f
o
r
p
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e
-
s
er
v
ice
b
io
lo
g
y
teac
h
er
s
as in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
a
b
ilit
y
c
ateg
o
r
ies
S
c
o
r
e
s
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
e
s
X
≥
M
+
1
.
5
S
D
V
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
A
+
0
.
5
D
≤
X
≤
A
+
1
.
5
D
H
i
g
h
A
–
0
.
5
D
≤
X
≤
A
+
0
.
5
D
M
e
d
i
u
m
A
–
1
.
5
D
≤
X
≤
A
-
0
.
5
D
Lo
w
X
≤
A
–
1
.
5
D
V
e
r
y
l
o
w
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
760
-
7
6
7
762
T
ab
le
2
.
Dec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
No
S
tate
m
e
n
ts
S
c
a
les
1
2
3
4
5
In
m
a
k
in
g
d
e
c
isio
n
s a
b
o
u
t
so
c
io
-
s
c
ien
ti
fic i
ss
u
e
s:
1
I
h
a
v
e
t
o
id
e
n
ti
f
y
th
e
imp
o
rta
n
t
fa
c
to
rs t
h
a
t
c
a
n
in
fl
u
e
n
c
e
it
2
I
h
a
v
e
t
o
c
h
o
o
se
th
e
m
o
st efficie
n
t
so
lu
ti
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
p
ro
b
lem
3
I
first
m
a
d
e
th
e
fa
c
to
rs t
h
a
t
h
a
d
a
n
imp
o
rtan
t
in
fl
u
e
n
c
e
o
n
m
y
d
e
c
isio
n
4
I
a
m
v
e
ry
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
wh
e
n
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
risk
y
o
p
ti
o
n
s
5
I
m
a
d
e
a
c
a
re
fu
l
e
stim
a
te o
f
th
e
si
tu
a
ti
o
n
first
6
I
a
lwa
y
s p
a
y
a
tt
e
n
ti
o
n
t
o
p
a
st i
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
i
n
m
a
k
in
g
n
e
w d
e
c
isio
n
s
7
I
e
v
a
lu
a
te t
h
e
we
ig
h
t
o
f
e
a
c
h
p
iec
e
o
f
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
8
I
a
lwa
y
s p
re
p
a
re
m
y
se
lf
a
s b
e
st I
c
a
n
b
e
fo
re
m
a
k
in
g
d
e
c
isio
n
9
I
try
t
o
o
b
se
rv
e
t
h
e
g
o
o
d
a
n
d
b
a
d
sid
e
s o
f
e
a
c
h
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
10
I
li
k
e
a
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
sy
ste
m
a
ti
c
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
t
o
m
a
k
i
n
g
d
e
c
isio
n
s
11
I
m
a
k
e
c
a
re
fu
l
c
o
n
sid
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
a
l
l
re
lev
a
n
t
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
12
I
u
su
a
ll
y
re
ly
o
n
c
a
re
fu
l
re
a
so
n
i
n
g
in
m
a
k
in
g
d
e
c
isio
n
s
13
I
m
a
k
e
it
stru
c
t
u
re
d
14
I
h
a
v
e
t
o
e
v
a
lu
a
te i
t
sy
ste
m
a
ti
c
a
ll
y
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Dec
is
io
n
-
ma
k
ing
s
t
y
le
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
to
d
escr
ib
e
s
tatis
tically
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
ty
le
o
f
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
b
io
lo
g
y
teac
h
er
s
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
b
ased
o
n
g
en
d
er
,
g
r
ad
e,
r
e
g
io
n
,
an
d
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
v
a
r
io
u
s
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
ty
le
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
,
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
a
s
ca
le
d
esig
n
ed
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
He
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
etwe
en
p
eo
p
le'
s
ten
d
en
cies
to
th
in
k
m
o
r
e
an
aly
tical
ly
o
r
in
tu
itiv
ely
.
T
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
e
d
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
to
g
en
er
all
y
id
en
tify
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
ty
les
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
s
o
ci
o
-
s
cien
tific
is
s
u
es (
SS
I
)
o
f
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
b
io
lo
g
y
teac
h
er
an
d
b
as
ed
o
n
f
o
u
r
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
,
n
am
ely
: g
en
d
er
,
g
r
ad
e
,
r
eg
io
n
,
a
n
d
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
a
n
aly
s
is
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Dec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
s
ty
le
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
ca
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ased
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ig
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ak
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ile
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k
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eg
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I
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o
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icate
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m
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en
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r
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k
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g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J E
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&
R
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N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dec
is
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n
-
ma
kin
g
s
tyle
p
r
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files
o
f p
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tea
c
h
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o
cio
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cien
tifi
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(
Ma
r
lin
a
Umma
s
Gen
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a
)
763
3.
2
.
Dec
is
io
n
-
ma
k
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s
t
y
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b
a
s
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o
n g
ender,
g
ra
de,
re
g
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a
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un
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it
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Dec
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ak
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ased
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d
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ities
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ts
in
two
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tr
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ely
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if
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if
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ak
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ased
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th
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ata,
m
ale'
s
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m
ak
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ab
i
liti
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h
ig
h
er
th
an
f
em
ale'
s
.
Ho
wev
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,
in
g
en
er
al,
b
o
th
s
till
h
av
e
lo
w
d
ec
is
io
n
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m
ak
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ty
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ab
ilit
ie
s
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d
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e
f
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ig
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ated
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m
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iu
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o
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.
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h
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es
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lts
s
u
g
g
est th
at
in
ter
m
s
o
f
m
a
k
in
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h
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b
est
d
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m
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le
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b
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iewin
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f
o
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m
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u
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n
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m
ak
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s
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d
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eg
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iate
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s
till
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ak
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n
s
tr
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n
t
h
e
p
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s
s
o
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m
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k
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in
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iv
id
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als
ten
d
to
g
o
t
h
r
o
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g
h
f
iv
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tag
es,
n
am
ely
:
p
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b
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u
n
d
e
r
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in
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s
ee
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o
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m
atio
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atin
g
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n
ativ
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m
ak
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g
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ec
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d
ev
alu
atin
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R
elate
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f
iv
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tag
es
ab
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r
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to
th
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
Ny
g
r
en
an
d
W
h
ite
[
2
6
]
,
an
an
aly
tic
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
s
ty
l
e
in
wh
ich
in
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id
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als
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f
ir
s
t
s
ee
k
as
m
u
ch
in
f
o
r
m
atio
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a
s
p
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ib
le,
ev
alu
ate
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d
weig
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ch
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n
ativ
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d
etail,
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en
m
ak
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ec
is
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s
ab
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th
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o
p
tio
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at
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n
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id
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o
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al.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
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elate
d
to
t
h
e
lo
w
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ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
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o
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en
ts
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u
e
to
t
h
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ac
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th
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o
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s
to
m
ed
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f
a
ce
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with
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ak
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g
p
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th
at
r
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q
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ir
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aly
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k
ills
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aly
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alu
ate
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ec
is
io
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.
I
n
g
en
er
al
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s
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en
ts
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ak
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g
g
en
e
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al
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e
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o
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s
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ased
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ee
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g
s
with
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t th
e
n
ee
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f
o
r
in
-
d
ep
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al
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d
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atio
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h
is
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ce
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tain
l
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af
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ec
t
th
e
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er
y
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ay
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r
o
b
lem
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en
c
o
u
n
ter
e
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
A
s
h
o
ws
th
at
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
(
DM
)
f
o
r
m
ale
is
id
en
tifie
d
as
h
av
i
n
g
th
e
ab
ilit
y
i
n
th
e
v
er
y
h
ig
h
to
v
er
y
lo
w
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
,
w
h
ile
DM
f
o
r
f
em
ale
is
class
if
ied
as
v
er
y
h
ig
h
to
lo
w
,
s
o
b
o
th
ar
e
in
th
e
Me
d
iu
m
ca
teg
o
r
y
(
Ma
le:
3
9
.
6
9
%,
an
d
Fem
ale:
5
0
.
7
9
%).
As
m
an
y
a
s
6
1
.
2
9
%
o
f
m
ale
h
av
e
a
s
ty
l
e
with
a
m
ed
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m
to
v
er
y
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w
ca
teg
o
r
y
an
d
3
1
.
7
1
%
in
a
h
ig
h
to
v
er
y
h
ig
h
ca
t
eg
o
r
y
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
r
esu
lts
wer
e
s
h
o
wn
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y
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em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
er
e
7
6
.
1
8
%
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e
in
th
e
m
e
d
iu
m
t
o
lo
w
s
ty
le
ca
teg
o
r
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a
n
d
2
3
.
8
2
%
f
o
r
th
e
h
ig
h
t
o
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
ca
teg
o
r
ies
.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
r
es
u
lts
,
m
ale
'
s
d
ec
i
s
io
n
-
m
ak
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g
ab
ilit
ies
ar
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
f
em
ale'
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ey
ar
e
g
en
er
ally
in
th
e
lo
w
ca
te
g
o
r
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
B
s
h
o
ws
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
s
em
ester
I
I
-
VI
g
en
er
all
y
h
av
e
a
d
ec
is
io
n
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m
a
k
in
g
s
ty
le
in
th
e
m
ed
iu
m
ca
teg
o
r
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an
d
it
is
h
i
g
h
er
th
an
o
th
e
r
ca
teg
o
r
ies
(
3
4
.
3
4
%
-
4
4
.
2
7
%),
wh
ile
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
s
em
e
s
ter
VI
I
I
h
av
e
a
d
ec
is
io
n
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m
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k
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g
s
ty
le
in
th
e
h
ig
h
ca
te
g
o
r
y
(
4
4
.
4
4
%)
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
o
th
er
ca
te
g
o
r
ies.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
in
s
em
ester
I
I
wh
o
h
av
e
a
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
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k
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g
s
ty
le
h
ig
h
-
v
er
y
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ig
h
(
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6
.
3
6
%),
m
ed
i
u
m
-
v
e
r
y
lo
w
(
6
3
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6
4
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w
h
o
h
av
e
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
-
v
er
y
h
ig
h
ca
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o
r
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in
th
e
t
h
ir
d
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em
e
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ter
is
3
1
.
5
8
%,
a
n
d
m
ed
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m
-
v
e
r
y
lo
w
at
6
8
.
4
2
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I
n
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
s
em
ester
it
is
i
n
th
e
ca
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o
r
y
h
ig
h
-
v
er
y
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ig
h
(
2
8
.
8
9
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m
e
d
iu
m
-
v
er
y
lo
w
(
7
1
.
1
1
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Stu
d
e
n
ts
in
s
em
ester
VI
h
av
e
th
e
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ig
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f
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7
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d
m
ed
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m
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w
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ch
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7
2
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Fu
r
t
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er
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o
r
e
,
f
o
r
s
em
ester
VI
I
I
,
th
e
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n
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m
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th
e
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ig
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ig
h
is
5
0
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an
d
m
ed
iu
m
-
v
er
y
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w
is
5
0
%.
T
h
is
d
ata
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
d
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ak
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e
b
ased
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I
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ased
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Fig
u
r
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ased
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
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I
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Dec
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2
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.
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.
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s
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p
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d
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alize
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ases
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ch
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p
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etwe
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s
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d
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.
T
h
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p
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o
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lem
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o
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e
ad
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u
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n
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t
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v
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h
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t
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ly
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ased
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ly
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s
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tex
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n
ad
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e
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e
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ass
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in
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illed
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ally
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t.
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p
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ailu
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in
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ir
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tin
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g
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n
g
s
tu
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ts
to
s
o
lv
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p
r
o
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lem
s
th
r
o
u
g
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d
ec
is
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ak
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g
.
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n
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itio
n
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m
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y
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o
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t
co
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s
id
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it
im
p
o
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tan
t
to
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o
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tu
d
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ts
'
m
o
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al
d
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is
io
n
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ak
in
g
.
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
k
n
o
wn
to
h
av
e
less
p
o
ten
tial
in
m
ak
in
g
d
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is
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n
s
esp
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ially
a
b
o
u
t
s
o
cio
-
s
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tific
m
atter
s
.
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h
e
d
ec
is
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n
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m
a
k
in
g
p
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ce
s
s
in
s
cien
tific
ca
s
es h
as n
o
t b
ee
n
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d
ely
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o
f
ar
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
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o
f
an
a
p
p
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a
ch
,
m
eth
o
d
o
r
s
tr
ateg
y
t
h
at
p
o
ten
tial
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
with
th
e
m
u
lticu
ltu
r
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ch
ar
ac
ter
is
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I
n
d
o
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esia,
g
en
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r
e
g
io
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as
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u
n
iv
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ity
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tex
t
ar
e
cr
u
cial
t
o
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u
ct.
Dec
is
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ak
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n
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k
ill
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n
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e
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h
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ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
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th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
cio
-
s
cien
tific
is
s
u
es
(
SS
I
)
in
th
e
b
io
l
o
g
y
cla
s
s
es
[
3
4
]
–
[
3
9
]
.
SS
I
i
n
v
o
lv
es
s
o
cial
an
d
s
cien
tific
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s
u
es
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ak
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o
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p
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tu
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m
e
m
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ev
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T
h
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co
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tr
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ial
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f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
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d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
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2
2
Dec
is
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ma
kin
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p
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f p
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765
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ased
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illed
[
4
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d
ev
el
o
p
ed
m
u
c
h
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
ten
tial
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
in
th
is
ca
s
e
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t to
b
e
ap
p
lied
in
s
cie
n
ce
.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
SS
I
p
o
ten
tial
to
ch
allen
g
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
r
atio
n
al,
s
o
cial,
an
d
em
o
t
io
n
al
s
k
ills
[
4
2
]
–
[
4
4
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
SS
I
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
a
u
s
ef
u
l
co
n
tex
t
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
cien
ce
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
s
cien
ce
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
4
5
]
–
[
50]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
h
a
v
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
llab
o
r
ativ
ely
wo
r
k
o
n
SS
I
ca
n
h
elp
th
em
lear
n
b
e
tter
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
g
n
itiv
e
in
ter
ac
ti
o
n
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
co
-
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
am
o
n
g
lear
n
e
r
o
f
d
i
v
er
s
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
a
n
d
p
r
io
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
wo
r
k
with
SS
I
p
u
ts
n
ew
d
em
an
d
s
o
n
teac
h
er
s
in
th
at
th
ey
m
u
s
t
o
r
g
a
n
ize
th
e
c
lass
r
o
o
m
wo
r
k
d
if
f
er
en
tly
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
v
alu
e
-
lad
en
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
wh
ich
m
ig
h
t
b
e
u
n
u
s
u
al
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
in
g
en
er
al
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
ty
le
r
elate
d
to
s
o
cio
-
s
cien
tific
is
s
u
es
(
SS
I
)
o
f
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
b
i
o
lo
g
y
teac
h
er
s
m
o
s
tly
h
as
l
o
w
an
aly
tic
d
ec
i
s
io
n
s
ty
le.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
t
h
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
g
en
d
er
,
g
r
ad
e,
r
eg
i
o
n
,
an
d
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
i
n
d
esig
n
i
n
g
a
s
u
itab
le
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
SS
I
in
te
g
r
atio
n
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Fin
an
ce
a
n
d
R
esear
ch
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
B
UDI
DN
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
ip
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
M
.
U.
G
e
n
isa
a
n
d
B.
S
u
b
a
li
,
“
S
o
c
io
-
S
c
ien
ti
fic
Iss
u
e
s
Im
p
lem
e
n
tat
io
n
a
s
S
c
ien
c
e
Lea
rn
in
g
M
a
teria
l
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Eva
l
u
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
311
-
3
1
7
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
]
P.
Vi
n
c
e
n
t
-
Ru
z
a
n
d
C.
D
.
S
c
h
u
n
n
,
“
T
h
e
n
a
t
u
re
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
i
d
e
n
ti
t
y
a
n
d
i
ts
r
o
le
a
s
t
h
e
d
riv
e
r
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
c
h
o
ice
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
T
E
M
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
48
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
]
D.
L.
Zeid
ler,
B.
C.
He
rm
a
n
,
a
n
d
T.
D.
S
a
d
ler,
“
Ne
w
d
irec
ti
o
n
s
in
so
c
i
o
sc
ien
ti
fic
issu
e
s
re
se
a
rc
h
,
”
Disc
ip
li
n
a
ry
a
n
d
In
ter
d
isc
ip
li
n
a
ry
S
c
ien
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
[4
]
S
.
C.
F
a
n
g
,
Y.
S
.
Hs
u
,
a
n
d
S. S.
L
in
,
“
Co
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
li
z
in
g
so
c
io
sc
ien
t
if
ic d
e
c
isio
n
m
a
k
in
g
fro
m
a
re
v
iew
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
in
sc
ien
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ie
n
c
e
a
n
d
M
a
th
e
ma
ti
c
s
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
17
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
2
7
-
4
4
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[5
]
Ü.
De
m
iral,
a
n
d
H.
Tü
rk
m
e
n
o
ğ
lu
,
“
Th
e
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
o
f
p
re
se
rv
ice
sc
ien
c
e
tea
c
h
e
rs’
d
e
c
isio
n
m
a
k
in
g
stra
teg
ies
a
n
d
c
o
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
i
n
so
c
io
-
sc
i
e
n
ti
fic
issu
e
s
,
”
Ulu
d
a
ğ
Ün
ive
rs
i
tes
i
Eğ
it
im
Fa
k
ü
lt
e
si
De
rg
isi
,
v
o
l.
31
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
0
9
-
340
,
2
0
1
8
.
[6
]
F.
L
ied
e
r,
T.
L.
G
riff
it
h
s,
a
n
d
M
.
Hs
u
,
“
Ov
e
rre
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
o
f
e
x
tr
e
m
e
e
v
e
n
ts
in
d
e
c
isio
n
m
a
k
in
g
r
e
flec
ts
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
u
se
o
f
c
o
g
n
i
ti
v
e
re
so
u
rc
e
s
,
”
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
ic
a
l
Rev
iew
,
v
o
l.
1
2
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
32
,
2
0
1
8
.
[7
]
K.
Ha
m
il
to
n
,
S
.
I
.
S
h
ih
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
,
“
Th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
in
t
u
it
iv
e
d
e
c
isio
n
sty
les
sc
a
le
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Per
so
n
a
l
it
y
Asse
ss
me
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
98
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
523
-
5
3
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[8
]
P
.
A.
Kla
c
z
y
n
sk
i
a
n
d
J.
M
.
C
o
tt
re
ll
,
“
A
d
u
a
l
-
p
r
o
c
e
ss
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
t
o
c
o
g
n
it
i
v
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t:
Th
e
c
a
se
o
f
c
h
il
d
re
n
'
s
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
su
n
k
c
o
st
d
e
c
isio
n
s
,
”
T
h
in
k
i
n
g
&
Rea
so
n
in
g
,
v
o
l
.
10
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
7
-
1
7
4
,
2
0
0
4
.
[9
]
E.
S
.
Lu
n
d
,
I.
Brå
ten
,
C.
Bra
n
d
m
o
,
E.
W.
Bra
n
te,
a
n
d
H.
I.
S
tr
ø
m
sø
,
“
Dire
c
t
a
n
d
in
d
irec
t
e
ffe
c
ts
o
f
tex
tu
a
l
a
n
d
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
l
fa
c
to
rs
o
n
s
o
u
rc
e
-
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
i
n
teg
ra
ti
o
n
w
h
e
n
re
a
d
in
g
a
b
o
u
t
a
s
o
c
io
-
sc
ien
ti
fic
issu
e
,
”
Rea
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
W
riti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
32
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
3
5
-
3
5
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
0
]
M
.
T.
Ho
ra
,
J.
Bo
u
wm
a
-
G
e
a
rh
a
rt,
a
n
d
H.
J.
P
a
rk
,
“
Da
ta
d
riv
e
n
d
e
c
isio
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
i
n
th
e
e
ra
o
f
a
c
c
o
u
n
tab
il
i
ty
:
F
o
ste
rin
g
fa
c
u
lt
y
d
a
ta cu
lt
u
re
s f
o
r
lea
rn
in
g
,
”
T
h
e
Rev
iew o
f
Hi
g
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
9
1
-
4
2
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
1
]
Y.
Co
s
k
u
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
st
u
d
y
o
n
u
n
iv
e
rsit
y
st
u
d
e
n
ts'
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
rien
ti
a
l
th
in
k
in
g
st
y
les
i
n
term
s
o
f
fa
c
u
l
ty
,
c
las
s lev
e
l
a
n
d
g
e
n
d
e
r
v
a
riab
les
,
”
Un
ive
rs
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
8
6
3
-
1
8
6
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
2
]
G
.
Ca
lab
re
tt
a
,
G
.
Ge
m
se
r,
a
n
d
N.
M
.
Wi
j
n
b
e
r
g
,
“
T
h
e
i
n
terp
lay
b
e
twe
e
n
i
n
t
u
it
i
o
n
a
n
d
ra
ti
o
n
a
li
ty
i
n
stra
te
g
ic
d
e
c
isio
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
:
A p
a
ra
d
o
x
p
e
rs
p
e
c
ti
v
e
,
”
Or
g
a
n
iza
t
io
n
S
t
u
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
3
8
,
n
o
.
3
-
4
,
p
p
.
3
6
5
-
4
0
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
3
]
M.
S
a
k
sc
h
e
ws
k
i,
S.
Eg
g
e
rt,
S
.
S
c
h
n
e
id
e
r,
a
n
d
S
.
Bö
g
e
h
o
lz,
“
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts’
S
o
c
io
sc
ien
t
ifi
c
Re
a
so
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
De
c
isio
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
o
n
E
n
e
rg
y
-
re
late
d
Iss
u
e
s
—
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
i
n
stru
m
e
n
t
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
36
,
n
o
.
1
4
,
p
p
.
2
2
9
1
-
2
3
1
3
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
4
]
H.
G
re
sc
h
,
M.
Ha
ss
e
lh
o
rn
,
a
n
d
S.
Bö
g
e
h
o
lz,
“
Train
i
n
g
in
d
e
c
isi
o
n
-
m
a
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ies
:
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a
p
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r
o
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to
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a
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e
stu
d
e
n
ts’
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
to
d
e
a
l
wi
th
so
c
i
o
-
sc
ien
ti
fic
issu
e
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
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.
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1
3
.
[1
5
]
A.
Ra
c
h
m
a
tu
ll
a
h
a
n
d
M.
Ha
,
“
E
x
a
m
in
in
g
h
i
g
h
-
sc
h
o
o
l
stu
d
e
n
ts’
o
v
e
rc
o
n
fi
d
e
n
c
e
b
ias
in
b
i
o
lo
g
y
e
x
a
m
:
a
fo
c
u
s
o
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th
e
e
ffe
c
ts o
f
c
o
u
n
tr
y
a
n
d
g
e
n
d
e
r
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
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e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
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n
,
v
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l
.
41
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
5
2
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6
7
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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[1
6
]
H.
S
.
Ch
a
n
g
a
n
d
H.
J.
Lee
,
“
Co
l
leg
e
stu
d
e
n
ts'
d
e
c
isio
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
ten
d
e
n
c
ies
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
s
o
c
io
s
c
ien
ti
fic
issu
e
s
(S
S
I)
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
th
e
K
o
re
a
n
Asso
c
ia
ti
o
n
fo
r
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
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l.
30
,
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o
.
7
,
p
p
.
8
8
7
-
9
0
0
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
7
]
H.
P
.
Riza
l,
P
.
S
iah
a
a
n
,
a
n
d
G
.
Yu
li
a
n
i,
“
Im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
s
o
c
io
-
sc
ien
ti
fic
issu
e
s
in
stru
c
ti
o
n
to
f
o
s
terin
g
st
u
d
e
n
ts’
d
e
c
isio
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
b
a
se
d
g
e
n
d
e
r
o
n
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
p
o
ll
u
ti
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ph
y
sic
s:
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
e
rie
s
,
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l.
8
1
2
,
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.
0
1
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
8
]
H.
P
.
Riza
l,
G
.
Yu
li
a
n
i,
a
n
d
P
.
S
iah
a
a
n
,
“
Th
e
re
lati
o
n
s
h
ip
o
f
sc
i
e
n
c
e
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
a
n
d
d
e
c
isio
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
b
a
se
d
o
n
g
e
n
d
e
r
o
n
so
c
io
sc
ien
ti
f
ic
issu
e
s
,
”
1
st
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
M
u
lt
i
d
isc
ip
l
in
a
ry
Res
e
a
rc
h
(ICAM
R
2
0
1
8
)
.
Atlan
ti
s
P
re
ss
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
9
]
A.
Alm
u
k
h
a
m
b
e
to
v
a
a
n
d
A.
K
u
z
h
a
b
e
k
o
v
a
,
“
F
a
c
to
rs
a
ffe
c
ti
n
g
th
e
d
e
c
isio
n
o
f
fe
m
a
le
stu
d
e
n
ts
to
e
n
r
o
l
i
n
u
n
d
e
r
g
ra
d
u
a
te
sc
ien
c
e
,
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
e
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
m
a
jo
rs
in
Ka
z
a
k
h
sta
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
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e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
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6
,
p
p
.
9
3
4
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5
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
0
]
K.
J.
S
a
u
n
d
e
rs
a
n
d
L.
J.
Re
n
n
ie,
“
A
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ica
l
m
o
d
e
l
fo
r
e
t
h
ica
l
in
q
u
iry
in
t
o
so
c
io
sc
ien
ti
fic
issu
e
s
in
sc
ien
c
e
,
”
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
43
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
5
3
-
2
7
4
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
1
]
S
.
Y.
Li
u
,
C.
S
.
Li
n
,
a
n
d
C
.
C.
Tsa
i,
“
Co
ll
e
g
e
stu
d
e
n
ts'
sc
ien
ti
fi
c
e
p
istem
o
lo
g
ica
l
v
iew
s
a
n
d
th
i
n
k
in
g
p
a
tt
e
rn
s
i
n
so
c
io
sc
ien
ti
fic
d
e
c
isio
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
,
”
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
95
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
9
7
-
5
1
7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
2
]
K.
P
iate
k
-
Jim
e
n
e
z
,
J.
Crib
b
s,
a
n
d
N.
G
il
l,
“
Co
ll
e
g
e
stu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
o
f
g
e
n
d
e
r
ste
re
o
ty
p
e
s:
m
a
k
i
n
g
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
s
to
t
h
e
u
n
d
e
rre
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
o
f
w
o
m
e
n
in
S
TE
M
field
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
40
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
3
2
-
1
4
5
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
3
]
Y.
C.
Lee
,
M
.
G
ra
c
e
,
W.
Riet
d
ij
k
,
a
n
d
Y.
C.
Lu
i
,
“
A
c
ro
ss
-
c
u
lt
u
ra
l,
c
ro
ss
-
a
g
e
,
a
n
d
c
ro
ss
-
g
e
n
d
e
r
stu
d
y
o
f
Ho
n
g
Ko
n
g
a
n
d
UK
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
stu
d
e
n
ts
'
d
e
c
isio
n
m
a
k
in
g
a
b
o
u
t
a
b
i
o
lo
g
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
iss
u
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
41
,
n
o
.
1
8
,
p
p
.
2
6
9
6
-
2
7
1
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
4
]
C.
Ottan
d
e
r
a
n
d
M.
Ek
b
o
r
g
,
“
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts’
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
o
f
wo
r
k
i
n
g
w
it
h
so
c
i
o
sc
ien
ti
fic
issu
e
s
-
a
q
u
a
n
ti
tativ
e
stu
d
y
i
n
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
,
”
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
42
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
1
4
7
-
1
1
6
3
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
5
]
T.
E.
Ny
g
re
n
a
n
d
R.
J.
W
h
it
e
,
“
As
se
ss
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
a
l
d
iffere
n
c
e
s
in
d
e
c
isio
n
m
a
k
in
g
sty
les
:
An
a
ly
ti
c
a
l
v
s
.
in
tu
i
ti
v
e
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
Hu
ma
n
F
a
c
to
rs
a
n
d
Erg
o
n
o
mic
s
S
o
c
iety
An
n
u
a
l
M
e
e
ti
n
g
,
2
0
0
2
,
Vo
l.
4
6
,
No
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
9
5
3
-
9
5
7
.
[2
6
]
T.
E.
Ny
g
re
n
a
n
d
R.
J.
W
h
it
e
,
“
Re
latin
g
d
e
c
isio
n
m
a
k
in
g
sty
le
s
to
p
re
d
icti
n
g
se
lf
e
ffica
c
y
a
n
d
a
g
e
n
e
ra
li
z
e
d
e
x
p
e
c
tatio
n
o
f
su
c
c
e
ss
a
n
d
fa
il
u
r
e
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
Hu
ma
n
F
a
c
to
rs
a
n
d
Erg
o
n
o
mic
s
S
o
c
iety
A
n
n
u
a
l
M
e
e
ti
n
g
,
2
0
0
5
,
V
o
l.
4
9
,
No
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
3
2
-
4
3
4
.
[2
7
]
F.,
Bö
tt
c
h
e
r
a
n
d
A.
M
e
ise
rt,
“
Eff
e
c
ts
o
f
d
irec
t
a
n
d
in
d
irec
t
in
str
u
c
t
io
n
o
n
f
o
ste
rin
g
d
e
c
isi
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
in
so
c
io
sc
ien
ti
fic i
ss
u
e
s
,
”
Res
e
a
rc
h
i
n
S
c
ien
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
43
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
7
9
-
5
0
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
8
]
M.
Lu
n
d
str
ö
m
,
“
De
c
isio
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
in
h
e
a
lt
h
issu
e
s
:
Tee
n
a
g
e
rs’
u
se
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
a
n
d
o
th
e
r
d
isc
o
u
r
se
s
,
”
Do
c
to
ra
l
Diss
e
rtatio
n
,
M
a
lmö
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
9
]
J.
L.
Eas
two
o
d
,
T.
D.
S
a
d
ler,
D.
L.
Zeid
ler,
A.
Lew
is,
L.
Am
iri
,
a
n
d
S.
Ap
p
leb
a
u
m
,
“
Co
n
tex
tu
a
l
izin
g
n
a
t
u
re
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
in
stru
c
ti
o
n
in
s
o
c
io
sc
ie
n
ti
fic
issu
e
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
34
,
n
o
.
1
5
,
p
p
.
2
2
8
9
-
2
3
1
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
0
]
H.
Jh
o
,
H.
G
.
Yo
o
n
,
a
n
d
M.
Kim
,
“
Th
e
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
,
a
tt
it
u
d
e
a
n
d
d
e
c
isio
n
m
a
k
in
g
o
n
so
c
i
o
-
sc
ien
ti
fic
issu
e
s:
Th
e
c
a
se
stu
d
y
o
f
stu
d
e
n
ts’
d
e
b
a
tes
o
n
a
n
u
c
lea
r
p
o
we
r
p
lan
t
in
K
o
re
a
,
”
S
c
ien
c
e
&
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
23
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
1
3
1
-
1
1
5
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
1
]
N.
G
.
Led
e
rm
a
n
,
A.
An
ti
n
k
,
a
n
d
S
Ba
rto
s,
“
Na
tu
re
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
,
sc
ien
ti
fic
in
q
u
ir
y
,
a
n
d
so
c
i
o
-
sc
ien
ti
fi
c
issu
e
s
a
risin
g
fro
m
g
e
n
e
ti
c
s:
A
p
a
t
h
wa
y
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
a
sc
ien
ti
fica
ll
y
l
it
e
ra
te
c
it
ize
n
ry
,
”
S
c
ien
c
e
&
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
23
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
8
5
-
302
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
2
]
T.
D.
S
a
d
ler
a
n
d
D.
L.
Zei
d
le
r,
“
Th
e
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
c
e
o
f
c
o
n
te
n
t
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
fo
r
in
f
o
rm
a
l
re
a
so
n
in
g
re
g
a
rd
i
n
g
so
c
io
sc
ien
ti
fic
issu
e
s:
Ap
p
ly
in
g
g
e
n
e
ti
c
s
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
to
g
e
n
e
ti
c
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
issu
e
s
,
”
S
c
ien
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
89
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
71
-
93
,
2
0
0
5
.
[3
3
]
T.
D.
S
a
d
ler,
W
.
L.
R
o
m
in
e
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
To
p
ç
u
,
“
Lea
rn
in
g
sc
ien
c
e
c
o
n
ten
t
t
h
ro
u
g
h
s
o
c
io
-
sc
ien
ti
f
ic
issu
e
s
-
b
a
se
d
in
stru
c
ti
o
n
:
A
m
u
lt
i
-
lev
e
l
a
ss
e
s
sm
e
n
t
stu
d
y
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
38
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
6
2
2
-
1
6
3
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
4
]
S
.
B.
G
u
ti
e
re
z
,
“
In
teg
ra
ti
n
g
S
o
c
io
-
S
c
ien
ti
f
ic
Iss
u
e
s
to
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
Bio
e
th
ica
l
De
c
isio
n
-
M
a
k
i
n
g
S
k
il
ls
o
f
Hig
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
S
t
u
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
4
2
-
1
5
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
5
]
T.
Tal
a
n
d
Y.
Ke
d
m
i
,
“
Tea
c
h
in
g
so
c
io
sc
ien
ti
fic
issu
e
s:
Clas
sro
o
m
c
u
lt
u
re
a
n
d
st
u
d
e
n
ts’
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
s
,
”
Cu
lt
u
ra
l
S
tu
d
ies
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
1
5
-
6
4
4
,
2
0
0
6
.
[3
6
]
P.
Re
is
a
n
d
C
.
G
a
lv
ã
o
,
“
Tea
c
h
in
g
c
o
n
tr
o
v
e
rsia
l
so
c
i
o
-
sc
ien
ti
fic
issu
e
s
in
b
io
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
g
e
o
lo
g
y
c
las
se
s:
A
c
a
s
e
stu
d
y
,
”
El
e
c
tro
n
ic Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
2
,
2
0
0
9
.
[3
7
]
S
.
D.
Ko
lstø
,
“
S
c
ien
ti
fic
li
tera
c
y
fo
r
c
it
ize
n
sh
ip
:
To
o
ls
fo
r
d
e
a
li
n
g
wit
h
th
e
sc
ien
c
e
d
ime
n
sio
n
o
f
c
o
n
tro
v
e
rsia
l
so
c
io
sc
ien
ti
fic i
ss
u
e
s
,
”
S
c
ien
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
85
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
9
1
-
3
1
0
,
2
0
0
1
.
[3
8
]
B.
Li
n
d
a
h
l,
M
.
Ro
sb
e
rg
,
M.
E
k
b
o
rg
,
M.
I
d
e
lan
d
,
C
.
M
a
lmb
e
rg
,
A.
Re
h
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
o
c
i
o
-
S
c
ien
ti
fic
Iss
u
e
s
--
A
Way
to
Im
p
ro
v
e
S
tu
d
e
n
ts'
In
tere
st an
d
Le
a
rn
in
g
?
”
US
-
C
h
in
a
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
Re
v
iew
,
p
p
.
3
4
2
-
3
4
7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[3
9
]
K.
A.
Wal
k
e
r
a
n
d
D.
L.
Zei
d
ler,
“
P
ro
m
o
ti
n
g
d
isc
o
u
rse
a
b
o
u
t
so
c
io
sc
ien
ti
fic
issu
e
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
sc
a
ffo
ld
e
d
i
n
q
u
ir
y
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
29
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
8
7
-
1
4
1
0
,
2
0
0
7
.
[4
0
]
M.
Ra
tcliffe,
“
P
u
p
i
l
d
e
c
isio
n
‐m
a
k
in
g
a
b
o
u
t
so
c
io
‐sc
ien
ti
fic
issu
e
s
with
in
t
h
e
sc
ien
c
e
c
u
rricu
lu
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
19
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
6
7
-
1
8
2
,
1
9
9
7
.
[4
1
]
T.
D.
S
a
d
ler,
F
.
W.
C
h
a
m
b
e
rs,
a
n
d
D.
L.
Zeid
ler,
“
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
c
o
n
c
e
p
tu
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
n
a
t
u
re
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
in
re
sp
o
n
s
e
to
a
so
c
i
o
sc
ien
ti
fic i
ss
u
e
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
26
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
8
7
-
4
0
9
,
2
0
0
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J E
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al
&
R
es E
d
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I
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N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dec
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tyle
p
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f p
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cien
tifi
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…
(
Ma
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Umma
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Gen
is
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)
767
[4
2
]
F.
Lan
g
,
Y.
Ka
m
m
e
re
r,
K.
Os
c
h
a
tz,
K.
S
tü
rm
e
r,
a
n
d
P
.
G
e
rjets,
“
Th
e
ro
le
o
f
b
e
li
e
fs
re
g
a
rd
in
g
th
e
u
n
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rtain
ty
o
f
k
n
o
wle
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g
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n
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m
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tal
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ffo
rt
a
s
in
d
ica
ted
b
y
p
u
p
il
d
il
a
ti
o
n
in
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
sc
ien
t
ifi
c
c
o
n
tr
o
v
e
rsie
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
vol
.
42
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
5
0
-
3
7
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[4
3
]
J.
W.
Li
n
,
T.
S
.
Ch
e
n
g
,
S
.
J.
Wan
g
,
a
n
d
C.
T.
Ch
u
n
g
,
“
Th
e
e
ffe
c
ts o
f
s
o
c
io
sc
ien
ti
fic
issu
e
s
we
b
se
a
rc
h
e
s
o
n
g
ra
d
e
6
stu
d
e
n
ts’
sc
ien
t
ifi
c
e
p
istem
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
b
e
li
e
fs:
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
p
o
sit
io
n
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
2
,
n
o
.
1
5
,
p
p
.
2
5
3
4
-
2
5
5
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
[4
4
]
H.
Cian
,
“
T
h
e
i
n
flu
e
n
c
e
o
f
c
o
n
te
x
t:
c
o
m
p
a
rin
g
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
stu
d
e
n
ts’
so
c
io
sc
ien
ti
fic
re
a
so
n
i
n
g
b
y
so
c
io
sc
ien
ti
fic
to
p
ic
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
4
2
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
5
0
3
-
1
5
2
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[4
5
]
T.
D.
S
a
d
ler,
F
.
W.
C
h
a
m
b
e
rs,
a
n
d
D.
L.
Zeid
ler,
“
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
c
o
n
c
e
p
tu
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
n
a
t
u
re
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
in
re
sp
o
n
s
e
to
a
so
c
i
o
sc
ien
ti
fic i
ss
u
e
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
26
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
8
7
-
4
0
9
,
2
0
0
4
.
[4
6
]
T.
D.
S
a
d
ler,
S
.
A.
Ba
ra
b
,
a
n
d
B.
S
c
o
tt
,
“
Wh
a
t
d
o
st
u
d
e
n
ts
g
a
in
b
y
e
n
g
a
g
in
g
in
s
o
c
io
sc
ien
ti
fic
i
n
q
u
iry
?
”
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
S
c
ien
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
37
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
7
1
-
3
9
1
,
2
0
0
7
.
[4
7
]
J.
M
.
Ya
h
a
y
a
,
A.
Nu
ru
laz
a
m
,
a
n
d
M.
Ka
rp
u
d
e
wa
n
,
“
Co
ll
e
g
e
stu
d
e
n
ts’
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
to
wa
rd
s
se
x
u
a
ll
y
t
h
e
m
e
d
sc
ien
c
e
c
o
n
ten
t:
a
so
c
i
o
sc
ien
ti
fic
issu
e
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
to
re
so
l
u
ti
o
n
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
38
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
1
7
4
-
1
1
9
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
8
]
H.
H.
Wan
g
,
H.
T.
Ch
e
n
,
H.
S
.
Li
n
,
Y.
N.
H
u
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
Z
.
R.
Ho
n
g
,
“
L
o
n
g
it
u
d
i
n
a
l
stu
d
y
o
f
a
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
-
d
riv
e
n
,
so
c
io
-
sc
ien
ti
fic
issu
e
in
ter
v
e
n
ti
o
n
o
n
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
ts’
c
rit
ica
l
th
in
k
in
g
a
n
d
se
lf
-
re
g
u
lati
o
n
i
n
lea
rn
in
g
sc
ien
c
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
39
,
n
o
.
1
5
,
p
p
.
2
0
0
2
-
2
0
2
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
9
]
S
.
R.
F
o
wle
r
a
n
d
D.
L.
Zei
d
ler,
“
Lac
k
o
f
e
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
a
c
c
e
p
tan
c
e
in
h
i
b
it
s
st
u
d
e
n
ts’
n
e
g
o
t
iatio
n
o
f
b
io
l
o
g
y
-
b
a
se
d
so
c
io
sc
ien
ti
fic i
ss
u
e
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Bi
o
l
o
g
ic
a
l
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
50
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
0
7
-
4
2
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[5
0
]
M
.
S
.
To
p
ç
u
,
J.
A.
F
o
u
lk
,
T.
D.
S
a
d
ler,
S
.
P
it
ip
o
rn
tap
in
,
a
n
d
N.
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b
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,
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.
3
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.
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