Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
E
v
al
ua
ti
o
n
and
Rese
arch in
Education (I
JE
RE)
V
o
l.4
,
No
.1
, Mar
c
h20
15
, pp
.
1
6
~
21
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
8
2
2
16
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJERE
Socio-Economic Background a
nd Access to Internet as
Correl
at
es of Stu
d
ents Achiev
ement in Agricultural Science
Sund
ay
P
a
ul Ade
g
oke, Modupe M.
Os
ok
oya
Institute
of
Educ
ation
,
Univ
ersit
y
of Ib
adan,
Nige
ria
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Nov 03, 2014
Rev
i
sed
D
ec 20
, 20
14
Accepte
d
Ja
n 26, 2015
This stud
y
inves
tigated access to
in
ternet and socio-economic background as
correlates of stu
d
ents’ ach
ievem
e
nt in
Agricu
ltu
ral Science
among selected
Senior Second
ar
y
Schoo
ls Tw
o Stude
nts in
Ogbomoso Sout
h and North
Local Governm
e
nt Areas. The st
ud
y
a
dopt
ed m
u
lti-stag
e sam
p
ling techniqu
e.
Sim
p
le random
sam
p
ling was u
s
ed to
select 30
students from
each of th
e
selected school
in the
two local gove
rnments. Stratifie
d rando
m sampling
techn
i
que was used to select
a samp
le of 300 students fro
m various strata
(school) chosen
in the two local
governme
nts. Five resear
ch questions were
answered.
Descr
i
ptive
Stat
istics
,
Pearson Mom
e
nt Corre
lat
i
on a
nd Multipl
e
regres
s
i
ons
were
us
ed to anal
ys
e
the
data gathered. The stud
y
obs
erved th
at,
67.7% of
the
stu
d
ents hav
e
a
c
c
e
ss to th
e in
tern
et
(two-third of
the
sam
p
le).
A
positive bu
t not
signific
a
nt r
e
la
ti
onship exists be
t
w
een a
ccess to
i
n
terne
t
and
students’ ach
iev
e
ment in Agricu
ltural Scien
ce (r
= 0.110 and p
>
0
.
05). Th
er
e
is a positive and
significant rel
a
ti
ons
hip
between socio-econom
ic background
and students’ achievement in A
g
ricu
ltu
ral Scien
ce (r = 0.515 and p<0.01).
Furthermore, relationship between so
cio-economic background
an
d access to
intern
et is not s
i
gnificant (r
=
0.040
and p>0
.
05). Access to intern
et and
soc
i
o
-
economic
background ar
e jointly
r
e
late
d to students’ achievement in
Agricultur
a
l Science. F (3
,296)
= 37.082
, p<0
.
0
5
, R value of .5
23ª, R
² of
2.73 and
ad
justed R square of
.2
66.
Keyword:
Agricu
ltural scien
ce
Back
gr
oun
d
Inter
n
et
Perform
a
nce
Socio-ec
onom
ic
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Su
nday
Paul
A
d
eg
o
k
e,
In
stitu
te o
f
Edu
catio
n,
Uni
v
ersity of
Ibada
n
,
Nige
ria.
Em
a
il: g
r
eatspau
l@g
m
ai
l.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
Soci
o
-
ec
on
om
ic back
gr
o
u
n
d
i
s
m
easured
wi
t
h
age, se
x,
occ
upat
i
o
n,
resi
de
nt
s an
d resi
de
n
t
i
a
l
l
e
vel
as
well as th
e so
cial statu
s
in
th
e co
mm
u
n
i
t
y
[1
]. Fa
m
i
l
i
es th
at
fall with
in
h
i
gh
so
ci
o
-
eco
nomic sta
t
u
s
o
f
ten
h
a
v
e
m
o
re access to
a wide range of res
o
urces to prom
ot
e and
support young childre
n’
s de
velopm
ent. Cole
m
a
n
(
196
6)
, cited i
n
[
2
] asser
t
ed th
at th
e i
n
f
l
u
e
nce of
stud
en
ts
b
ackgr
oun
d was gr
eater
t
h
an an
yth
i
ng
t
h
at
g
o
e
s
on
with
in schoo
ls. Research
ers
also
b
e
liev
e
t
h
at th
e so
ci
o
-
ec
on
om
i
c
back
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
t
h
e s
t
ude
nt
s
has a
great
effect on their
perform
a
nces. Educati
on
of t
h
e pa
rent
has
a great
im
pact
on t
h
e l
e
v
e
l
of
t
h
e perf
o
r
m
a
nces of
t
h
e st
u
d
e
n
t
s
[
3
]
.
T
h
e e
x
i
s
t
e
nce
of
a
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
bet
w
een
s
o
ci
o
-
ec
on
om
i
c
back
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
st
ude
nt
s
’
achievem
e
nt was indicated in
th
e wor
k
s of
[
4
] an
d [5
].
Pare
nts that a
r
e rich s
h
ow m
o
re
conce
r
n over th
ei
r c
h
ildre
n’s
academ
ic a
c
hievem
ent [6]
.
Howeve
r,
th
ere is little t
h
at p
a
ren
t
s
of
lo
w so
cio econ
o
m
ic statu
s
can
d
o
abo
u
t
t
h
eir ch
ildren
acad
em
ic ach
iev
e
m
e
n
t
.
Also, students
from
fa
m
i
lies
with hi
gh soc
i
o econom
ic
status tend to a
c
hieve s
u
ccess
in their e
d
uca
tiona
l
career m
u
ch
m
o
re than those from
fam
i
lies of l
o
w s
o
ci
o ec
o
nom
i
c
st
at
us
[7]
.
B
u
t
t
h
e st
ude
nt
s
fr
om
po
or
hom
e t
h
at
are
not
st
im
ul
at
i
ng o
r
c
o
n
d
u
ci
ve t
e
nd
to
p
e
rfo
r
m
po
orly in
all acad
em
ic areas.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ERE
I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
2
2
Soci
o
-Ec
o
no
mi
c Back
gr
ou
n
d
an
d
Access t
o
I
n
t
e
rnet
as C
o
r
r
el
at
es of
St
u
d
e
nt
s
...
. (
S
un
d
a
y P
a
ul
Ade
g
o
ke)
17
In
fo
rm
at
i
on
C
o
m
m
uni
cat
i
on Tech
nol
ogy
(I
C
T
)
e
nha
nces
t
h
e way
we
t
h
i
n
k
,
t
h
e way
w
e
l
i
v
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
en
v
i
ron
m
en
t in wh
ich we liv
e. In
d
e
v
e
lop
i
ng coun
tries,
IC
T
is available only on a
very li
mited scale, and t
h
is
raises
d
oub
ts ab
ou
t
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
ng
co
un
tries' abilit
y to
p
a
rticipate in
th
e curren
t ICT-indu
ced
g
l
ob
al
k
nowledg
e
econ
o
m
y
. In t
h
e l
a
t
e
19
9
0
s,
t
h
e
Int
e
rnet
c
ont
i
n
ue
d t
o
gr
ow
an
d m
a
ny
were
p
r
ocl
a
i
m
i
ng t
h
e
vast
b
e
ne
fi
ts
com
puters and Internet acces
s woul
d ha
ve
on
schools an
d academ
ic perform
a
nce. In
fact, som
e
suggeste
d
that com
puters
increas
ed learning in speci
fi
c academ
ic
areas such as m
a
them
atics and s
c
iences- Agricultural
Scien
ce in
p
a
rticu
l
ar [8
]. Howe
ve
r, ove
r
the years, research
fi
n
d
i
n
gs ha
ve bee
n
l
e
ss concl
u
si
ve ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
bene
fi
t
s
of
t
h
i
s
t
echn
o
l
o
gy
o
n
sch
ool
per
f
o
rm
ance [9]
.
Soci
o
-
ec
on
om
ic bac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
seem
s t
o
have
i
n
fl
ue
nce i
n
st
ude
nt
s’ ac
ce
ss (e
xp
os
ure
)
t
o
IC
T a
n
d
i
n
t
e
rnet
whi
c
h
i
s
sup
p
o
rt
e
d
b
y
researc
h
. S
o
ci
o-ec
on
om
i
c
back
g
r
o
u
nd
ha
s bee
n
p
r
o
p
o
se
d t
o
rel
a
t
e
t
o
am
ount
of
cu
rre
nt
c
o
m
put
er use
i
n
di
rect
l
y
, vi
a i
t
s rel
a
t
i
o
nshi
p
wi
t
h
c
o
m
put
er
ex
peri
e
n
ce a
n
d
com
put
er
a
nxi
et
y
,
wh
ich
was tested
with
qu
estio
nn
aire d
a
ta fro
m
a sa
m
p
le o
f
2
6
7
un
i
v
ersity stu
d
e
n
t
s [10
]
. Th
e resu
lts
su
ppo
rted
th
e p
r
op
o
s
ition
,
as th
ey in
d
i
cated a cau
sal p
a
th
m
o
d
e
l th
at co
n
t
ain
e
d
a p
o
sitiv
e in
d
i
rect relatio
n
s
h
i
p
of s
o
ci
o
-
eco
n
o
m
i
c backgr
o
u
n
d
wi
t
h
t
h
e am
ount
of cu
r
r
ent
com
put
er
use, vi
a com
put
e
r
ex
peri
e
n
ce and
co
m
p
u
t
er an
x
i
ety. So
cio-econ
o
m
ic b
ackg
r
ou
nd
h
a
d
a
d
i
rect p
o
s
itiv
e
relatio
n
s
h
i
p
with
co
m
p
u
t
er exp
e
rien
ce
and
an
i
n
di
rect
ne
gat
i
v
e
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
wi
t
h
c
o
m
put
er an
xi
ety.
T
h
e result of the
study
ca
rri
ed out
on
t
h
e
i
m
pac
t
o
f
i
n
tern
et brow
sing
o
n
stud
en
ts’
acad
e
m
i
c
p
e
rf
or
m
a
n
ce
at th
e tertiary lev
e
l of ed
u
c
ation
in Ni
g
e
ria sho
w
ed
that
m
o
st students are not us
ing the
interne
t
for academ
ic
purposes
, and
there was a significant diffe
r
e
n
ce in
the academ
ic perform
a
nce of
stude
nts
with
i
n
ternet access
and those
without
[11].
The al
a
r
m
i
ng rat
e
o
f
st
ude
nt
s’
po
o
r
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce i
n
sc
h
o
o
l
i
n
A
g
ri
c
u
l
t
u
ral
Sci
e
nce a
s
a sc
ho
ol
subject
des
p
ite the
fact that t
h
ere
are m
a
ny materials on t
h
e Net to s
u
pple
ment teachers
note
book, and othe
r
instructional
materials which can
f
acilitate
learn
necessitate the causes
of t
hose challenges. Students’ poor
attitu
d
e
to
in
tern
et h
a
s
b
een
attrib
u
t
ed
to
so
cio
-
eco
n
o
m
ic b
ack
gro
und
[12]. Research
es hav
e
sho
w
n
th
at
th
ere
ar
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
v
i
ew
s
o
f
p
a
r
e
n
t
s’
so
cio-
economic b
ackg
r
o
und
o
n
stud
en
ts’ ach
ievem
e
n
t
, also
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
facto
r
s
and techniques
in
othe
r c
o
unt
ries a
nd states. He
nce, re
plication t
o
Oyo
s
t
ate, and St
ude
nts’ ac
hie
v
em
e
n
t in
Agricultural sc
ience is neces
sary. T
h
is study aim
e
d at
findi
ng
out the
im
pact of
pare
nts’ s
o
cio-ec
onom
ic
background a
n
d students
’ ac
cess to internet on their
ac
hievem
ent in Agricultura
l Science at the Senior
Seco
nda
ry
Sch
ool
T
w
o l
e
vel
i
n
Og
bom
oso
Sout
h Local
Go
ve
rnm
e
nt
Area, Ni
geri
a.
Og
b
o
m
o
so So
ut
h a
n
d
Ogbom
o
so North Local Governm
e
nt Areas
are part of
th
e fiv
e
Lo
cal gov
ern
m
en
ts in
Ogbo
m
o
so
Metrop
o
lis
i
n
Oy
o St
at
e,
Ni
ge
ri
a. The s
t
udy
so
u
ght
t
o
i
nvest
i
g
at
e i
f
pare
nt
Soci
o-e
c
on
om
i
c
B
ack
gr
o
u
n
d
an
d St
ude
nt
s
’
Access t
o
the
Internet can det
e
rm
ine stude
nt
s’ ac
hievem
ent in
Agricultura
l Science.
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
Th
is is a co
rrelatio
n
stu
d
y
wh
ich
ad
op
ted
a su
rv
ey research
d
e
si
g
n
. The targ
et po
pu
latio
n
for th
is
st
udy
com
p
ri
s
e
s al
l
secon
d
ar
y
scho
ol
s i
n
O
g
b
o
m
o
so S
out
h an
d
Og
b
o
m
o
so N
o
rt
h L
o
cal
Go
ver
n
m
e
nt
Areas
,
in Oy
o State,
Nige
ria. T
h
e st
udy a
d
opte
d
a
m
u
lti-stage sa
m
p
ling technique.
Th
e
first st
ag
e
was stratificatio
n
o
f
th
irty th
ree
lo
cal g
o
v
e
rn
ment areas (L
GAS) i
n
the state into thr
ee se
natorial districts, while the s
econd
st
age was t
h
e
pu
r
posi
v
e sel
ect
i
on o
f
O
g
b
o
m
oso
m
e
t
r
opol
i
s
whi
c
h c
onsi
s
t
s
of fi
ve l
o
ca
l
gove
r
n
m
e
nt
s
whe
r
e
tw
o
l
o
cal
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
s (O
gbom
o
s
o
Sou
t
h and
O
gbo
m
o
so
No
r
t
h
)
w
e
r
e
ch
osen
f
o
r
t
h
e st
ud
y. Th
e t
h
ird
st
ag
e is
pu
r
posi
v
e sel
e
ct
i
on o
f
se
ni
o
r
seco
n
d
ary
sc
ho
ol
t
w
o st
u
d
e
nt
s’ t
h
at
a
r
e
of
feri
ng a
g
ri
c
u
l
t
u
ral
Sci
e
nc
e, fi
ve
senior sec
o
nda
r
y schools
we
re selected from each of
t
h
e
two local
governm
e
nts. The last stage was the
random
selec
t
ion
of t
h
irty (30) st
ude
nts from each of
the
selected school. The sam
p
le consiste
d of thre
e
hu
n
d
re
d st
u
d
e
n
t
s
fr
om
t
e
n scho
ol
s. T
h
re
e i
n
st
rum
e
nt
s
w
e
re use
d
f
o
r t
h
e stu
d
y
.
T
h
e
first is Ag
ric
u
ltural
Ach
i
ev
em
en
t Test (AAT) con
t
ain
i
ng
fifty (5
0) m
u
ltip
le ch
o
i
ce item
s
. Th
e
v
a
lid
ity o
f
AAT was en
sure
b
y
dra
w
i
n
g ob
ject
i
v
es
an
d
t
a
bl
e of speci
fi
cation
for th
e test
based
o
n
th
e t
o
pics
i
ndi
cat
ed
i
n
t
h
e sc
ho
ol
sc
h
e
m
e
of
works and
diaries in Agricult
u
r
al Scien
ce. It was v
a
lid
ated with
fifty (5
0) stu
d
e
n
t
s fro
m
a sa
m
p
le si
m
i
lar to
th
e sam
p
le for
th
e stud
y.
Th
e
d
i
fficu
lty and
d
i
scrim
i
n
a
tin
g
in
d
i
ces
fo
r t
h
ese ite
m
s
were
d
e
term
in
ed
and
they
range
d
betwee
n 0.4 and 0.6
for each item
.
The reliab
ility of the test result was dete
rm
ined using
KR-20
form
u
l
a; reliab
ilit
y in
d
e
x
o
f
0
.
8
5
was
o
b
t
ai
n
e
d. Th
e
s
econ
d
is an
In
ternet Browsing
Pattern
Qu
estion
n
a
i
r
e
(IB
P
Q
)
.
Thi
s
c
onsi
s
t
of t
w
o
sect
i
ons:
Sect
i
on
A com
p
ri
s
e
s of st
ude
nt
s
dem
ograp
hi
c,
sect
i
on B
co
nsi
s
t
o
f
ite
m
s
th
at el
ic
ited
in
fo
rm
ati
o
n
on
in
tern
et
su
rfing
.
Th
is so
ugh
t to
investig
ate stu
d
e
nts’
kn
ow
ledg
e ab
ou
t
i
n
t
e
rnet
br
o
w
s
i
ng,
use
s
an
d
effect
on a
cad
em
i
c
achi
e
vem
e
nt
of st
ude
nt
s. T
h
e t
h
i
r
d
i
n
st
r
u
m
e
nt
i
s
Soci
o
-
econom
i
c Bac
k
ground Quest
i
onnaire
(S
EB
Q). Th
is also
co
m
p
rises of two
section
s
; Sectio
n
A co
m
p
ri
ses of
st
ude
nt
s dem
ogra
p
hi
c, sect
i
o
ns B
con
s
i
s
t
of i
t
e
m
s
t
h
at
el
i
c
i
t
e
d i
n
form
at
i
on o
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
’ s
o
ci
o-ec
o
nom
i
c
b
ackgr
oun
d. Th
e two in
strumen
t
s v
a
lid
ated
w
ith
f
i
f
t
y (50
)
stud
en
ts from
a sa
m
p
le si
milar to
th
e sam
p
le for
th
e stu
d
y
.
Th
e reliab
ility o
f
IBPQ is 0
.
80
5
wh
ile th
at of
SEBQ is 0
.
79
5
resp
ectiv
ely.
Data ob
tain
ed
in
th
i
s
stu
d
y
were analyzed
u
s
ing
d
e
scri
p
tiv
e statistics,
Pearson Product Moment Co
rrelati
on C
o
efficient
and
Mu
ltip
le Reg
r
essio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:2252
-88
22
IJER
E
V
o
l
.
4,
No
. 1,
M
a
rc
h 20
1
5
:
1
6
– 21
18
3.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
Table 1 s
h
ows
the desc
riptive statistics of stude
nts’
access
to the internet
. Fr
om
the table, 68.3%
of
the students re
prese
n
ting two-third of the sa
m
p
le have
access to the internet, while
31.7% of t
h
e stude
n
ts do
not
have acces
s. The
diffe
re
nce recorde
d
in
access to inte
rnet is confirm
e
d to be
si
gni
ficant with Chi-s
qua
re
analysis pe
rform
e
d (X² =
37.46,
df
=
1
,
p<0.05). T
h
is
im
plies that stude
nts’
acce
ss to i
n
ternet varies
si
gni
fi
ca
nt
l
y
.
Table 1. Perce
n
tage of
St
ude
nts’ Access
to Internet
Ite
m
s
N
Percen
t
Students with Access
205
68.
3
Students without
Access
95
31.7
T
o
tal 300
100
Table 2
docum
e
nts students
’
means
of acce
s
s
to the interne
t
. Stude
nt
s that
browse on m
obile phone
have
the
hi
ghest proportion of
33.7%
fol
l
owe
d
by
students that
ha
ve
no acces
s
with 31.6%
.
T
h
e
ne
xt
category is students that browse at cyber café ha
ving
17
.7
%. Lastly, stu
d
e
n
t
s th
at browse with
d
e
sk
top
/
l
a
pt
op
wi
t
h
m
odem
rep
r
ese
n
t
i
ng
17
%. T
h
e
res
u
l
t
s
o
f
C
h
i
-
sq
ua
re a
n
al
y
s
i
s
d
o
n
e
(
X
² =
2
9
.
6
2
,
df
=
3,
p
<
0.
05
)
shows t
h
at the
r
e is significant diffe
rence
in
m
eans of
acce
ss to internet a
m
ong stud
ents
.
This indicates
that
Stude
nts’ Mea
n
s
of accessing the
In
ternet di
ffe
rs
si
gnifica
ntly.
Tabl
e 2. St
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
M
e
a
n
s o
f
Access t
o
the
Internet
Ite
m
s
N
Percen
t
Students that br
owse on M
obile phon
e
101
33.
7
Students that br
owse at C
y
ber
café
53
17.
7
Students that br
owse with Desk
top/Laptop with M
odem
51
17
Students that have no Access
95
31.
6
Fro
m
th
e result d
o
c
u
m
en
ted
in
Tab
l
e
3
,
t
h
ere is
low po
sitiv
e
co
rrelatio
n
b
e
tween
p
a
ren
t
so
cio-
econom
i
c background a
n
d ac
ce
ss to
i
n
tern
et
(r = .0
40
, p
>
0.05
). Th
is result in
d
i
cates th
at as so
ci
o
-
eco
n
o
m
ic
b
ackgr
oun
d incr
eases, stud
en
ts’ u
s
e
o
f
i
n
t
e
rnet i
n
crea
ses
and
vice
vers
a. In ot
her words
stude
n
ts
whos
e
pare
nt
s a
r
e i
n
t
h
e hi
gh
soci
o-
econ
o
m
i
c run
g
/
l
e
vel
have
h
i
gh
er access to th
e in
tern
et
while th
o
s
e i
n
th
e low
Socio-ec
onom
ic have
low level of access t
o
internet.
Th
e c
o
rrelation is
howe
ve
r low and insi
gnifica
nt. This
i
m
plies that the positive relationship
betwee
n stude
n
ts’ soc
i
o-ec
onom
ic b
ackground and access
to inte
rnet is
not statistically significa
nt.
This c
oul
d be furthe
r
e
xplained
that
student
access to inte
rnet browsing is
not
det
e
rm
i
n
ed by
soci
o
-
eco
n
o
m
i
c back
gr
ou
n
d
ei
t
h
er fr
om
hi
gh or l
o
w soci
o-
econ
o
m
i
c st
at
us. St
ude
nt
fr
o
m
l
o
w
Socio-ec
onom
ic background
can surf t
h
e
N
e
t th
ro
ugh
th
eir
fr
iend
s
ph
on
e,
t
h
eir friends pay for t
h
em
at
cybercafé a
nd at-tim
es
they could a
f
ford to pay
at cyberca
f
é for the
m
selves and
through free
MB by
comm
unication se
rvice
provi
d
er.
Table
3. Res
u
lts of Correlation
Analysis
between
th
e
u
s
e of
in
tern
et and
so
cio
e
co
no
m
i
c b
ackgr
oun
d on
stude
nts’ Ac
hi
evem
ent in Agricultural
Science
Use o
f
In
tern
et
Par
e
nt socio-
econom
ic
Backgr
ound
Students’
Achieve
m
ent
Use o
f
In
tern
et
1
.
040
.
110
Par
e
nt Socio-
econ
o
m
ic Backgr
ound
.
040
1
.
515**
Students’
Achievem
ent
.
110
.
515**
1
** Cor
r
e
lation is significant at the 0.
01 level
Also
, t
h
ere is
a lo
w po
sitiv
e
co
rrelatio
n
b
e
tween
st
u
d
e
n
t
ach
i
ev
em
en
ts in
Agricu
ltural scien
ce and
u
s
e of
in
ter
n
et
(
r
= .1
10
,
p
>
.0
.0
5)
.
T
h
is indicates that as students
’
ach
i
e
vem
e
nt increases, use of internet
increases
while it decreases
as stude
nt a
c
hievem
en
t de
creases. T
h
is
correlation is
howe
ver low and
in
sign
ifican
t.
Use of in
tern
et
d
o
e
s
no
t con
t
rib
u
t
e sign
ific
an
tly to
stu
d
e
n
t
s’ ach
iev
e
m
e
n
t
d
e
sp
ite th
e
fact th
at a
con
s
i
d
era
b
l
e
p
r
o
p
o
rt
i
o
n o
f
st
ude
nt
s ha
ve ac
cess t
o
t
h
e i
n
t
e
rnet
(see Ta
bl
e
1). T
h
en
, i
t
coul
d be
de
duce
d
t
h
at
stude
nts level
of a
c
quainta
n
c
e
s or the
rate
at whic
h
they
access internet
facility does
not i
n
a
n
y wa
y affec
t
their aca
dem
i
c
achievem
e
nt.
This c
oul
d
be t
r
aced to t
h
e fa
ct that inform
ation
gathe
r
ed by the stude
n
ts
on the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ERE
I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
2
2
Soci
o
-Ec
o
no
mi
c Back
gr
ou
n
d
an
d
Access t
o
I
n
t
e
rnet
as C
o
r
r
el
at
es of
St
u
d
e
nt
s
...
. (
S
un
d
a
y P
a
ul
Ade
g
o
ke)
19
in
tern
et m
a
y n
o
t
d
i
rectly relates to
wh
at they were ta
u
g
h
t
and t
e
st
e
d
f
o
r
i
n
t
h
ei
r va
ri
o
u
s sc
ho
ol
s.
In
ot
h
e
r
words, stud
en
t
s
su
rfing
th
e Net co
n
c
en
trat
ed
m
o
re
o
n
no
n
ed
u
cativ
e
activ
ities (watch
ing
film
s, g
a
m
e
s
pornography and soci
o-networ
king sites
(Xanga, Facebo
ok, Friendstar, MySpace,
Tw
i
tter, hi
5,
Google plus
2g
o i
n
st
ant
m
e
ssagi
n
g
, c
h
at
r
oom
s and em
ai
l
s
et
c.) t
h
an
s
u
r
f
i
n
g f
o
r
i
n
f
o
rm
ati
on o
n
sc
h
ool
s
u
bject
t
h
a
t
can
b
o
o
s
t acad
e
mic p
e
rfo
rm
an
ce.Mo
reov
er, t
h
ere is a
h
i
gh
p
o
sitiv
e
correlatio
n b
e
tween
so
cio-econ
o
m
ic
back
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d st
ude
nt
s’
ach
i
e
vem
e
nt
i
n
A
g
ri
c
u
l
t
u
ral
Sci
e
nce
(r =
.
5
1
5
*
*
,
p<
0.
0
1
)
.
Th
e Tab
l
e 4
,
sh
ow
s th
at a mu
ltip
le regressi
o
n
R = .523ª
,
m
u
l
tip
le reg
r
essio
n
sq
u
a
re (R
²) =.273
and
ad
ju
sted
R=
.2
66
. Th
e M
u
ltip
le Co
rrelatio
n Co
effici
en
t
of R=.52
3
ª in
d
i
cates t
h
at t
h
ere was a
po
sitiv
e
relatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
tween
t
h
e co
m
b
in
ed
p
r
ed
icto
rs (Access to
i
n
ternet and
Soci
o-ec
onom
ic
b
ack
gro
und
are jo
in
tly
related
to
th
e p
r
ed
icted
(St
u
d
e
n
t
Ach
i
ev
emen
t in
Ag
ricu
ltu
ral Scien
c
e). Th
e two
v
a
ri
ab
les j
o
i
n
tly a
cco
un
ted
for 27
% of the v
a
rian
ce
ob
serv
ed
in
th
e st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
Ach
i
ev
em
en
t in
Ag
ricu
ltu
ral Science resu
lting
fro
m
th
e
in
d
e
p
e
nd
en
t
variab
le in
teractio
n
.
Tab
l
e, also
rev
ealed
th
at
th
e
o
b
serv
ed
Mu
ltip
le Co
rrelatio
n
R
(.5
23ª) an
d
ad
ju
sted
R squar
e
(
.
26
6)
,
F (3,29
6
)
=
3
7
.082, P < 0.05
w
e
r
e
statistical
ly Si
g
n
i
f
i
can
t. I
t
can
b
e
seen
f
r
o
m
tab
l
e
th
at F ratio
is 3
7
.082
; p
<
0.05
,
h
e
n
c
e, th
ere is a si
gni
fi
can
t
l
i
n
ear rel
a
t
i
onshi
p bet
w
een
use o
f
i
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
a
n
d
so
cio-
econo
m
i
c b
a
ck
gro
und
o
n
stude
n
ts’ ac
hievem
ent.
Tabl
e
4.
M
o
de
l
Sum
m
ary
and
A
n
o
v
a
o
f
Acc
e
ss t
o
t
h
e
Int
e
r
n
et
an
d
Soci
o-
Eco
nom
i
c
B
ackg
r
ou
n
d
on
St
ude
nt
Ach
i
ev
em
en
t
in
Agricu
ltural Scien
c
e
R
R squar
e
Adjusted R square
= .
523ª
= .
273
= .
266
M
odel
SS
Df
M
s
F
Sig.
P< 0.
05
Regr
ession
3834
0.
929
2
1278
0.
310
37.
082
0.
000ª
Residual 1020
15.
32
1
297
344.
64
6
T
o
tal 1403
56.
25
0
299
(
a
)
Pr
edictor
-
Access to I
n
ter
n
et and Socio-
E
c
ono
m
i
c Backgr
ound
(
b
)
Dependent -
S
tu
dents’
Achievem
ent
Table 5
pres
e
n
ts the coe
ffic
i
ents that indi
cate
the relations
hi
p betwee
n the access t
o
internet and
soci
o
-
eco
n
o
m
i
c back
gr
o
u
n
d
on St
ude
nt
s’
Ach
i
ev
em
en
t in
Agricu
ltural Scien
ce. The
relative effect could be
seen
t
h
at so
cio
-
econ
o
m
ic b
a
ck
gro
und
related
po
sitiv
ely an
d sign
ifican
t with ach
iev
e
men
t
in
Agricu
ltu
ral
Scien
ce with
=.5
1
1
;
t=10
.3
01
;
p
<
0.05
, access to in
ternet al
so
related po
sitiv
ely bu
t no
t sign
ificant with
ach
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
Ag
ricu
ltu
ral
Scien
ce with
=.09
0
;
t=1.801; p
>
0
.
05
. Th
is i
m
p
lies th
at, o
n
l
y so
ci
o
-
econ
o
m
i
c
b
ackgr
oun
d
was sig
n
i
f
i
can
t
. A
ccess to
i
n
ter
n
et w
a
s
no
t. H
e
n
ce, so
cio
-
econ
o
m
ic b
ack
gro
und
is a g
ood
det
e
rm
i
n
ant
of
st
ude
nt
s’
pe
rf
orm
a
nce i
n
A
g
ri
c
u
l
t
u
ral
Sci
e
nce. F
r
om
experi
e
n
ce, c
o
n
d
u
ci
ve e
n
vi
ro
n
m
ent
t
o
study, access
to study m
a
terials like te
xtbooks
,
m
a
g
azines, bulletins,
news le
tter that are educative
(opportunity to learn), a st
ude
n
t that is well fed, e
duc
ated
parents to
still t
each a
nd
guide
the students at
hom
e
or em
pl
oy
t
h
e servi
ce
of
pri
v
at
e l
e
sson t
eac
her
,
bei
ng
psy
c
hol
ogi
cal
an
d e
m
oti
onal
st
abl
e
, per
f
o
rm
bet
t
e
r t
h
an
th
o
s
e fro
m
lo
w so
ci
o
-
eco
n
o
m
i
c
b
a
ck
gro
und
t
h
at h
a
v
e
little o
r
no
th
i
n
g.
Table
5. Relative e
ffect
of Ac
cess to t
h
e inte
rnet a
n
d
so
cio-eco
no
m
i
c b
ackg
r
ou
nd
on
studen
t
ach
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
ag
ricu
ltu
ral sci
e
n
c
e
M
odel
Unstandardized Coef
f
i
cient
Standardized Coef
f
i
cient
Sig.
B Std.
Error
Beta
T
Constant
-
44.
640
11.
196
-
3
.
987
.
000
Use of I
n
ter
n
et
.
389
.
216
.
090
1.
801
.
073
Socio-
econo
m
i
c backgr
ound
2.
032
.
197
.
511
10.
301
.
000*
Dependent Var
i
able: st
udents’
Achievem
ent
4.
DIS
C
USSI
ON
The finding of this study reveal
ed the correlation betwee
n access to
internet and soci
o-ec
onom
ic
b
ackgr
oun
d on stud
en
ts’
ach
i
ev
em
en
t in
Ag
r
i
cu
ltu
r
a
l
Scie
nce.
It was revealed
that
there is
no si
gni
ficant
relationship between
st
udents’ soci
o-economic back
ground and access to internet.
This study disagrees
with,
[13] and [14]
who stated tha
t
race and s
o
ci
o-ec
onom
ic status
(SE
S
), are
indicators of
une
qual access
to and
u
s
eo
f
ICT. It
h
a
s
b
een
ob
serv
ed
th
at st
u
d
en
ts’
p
oor attitu
d
e
to in
ternet u
s
e m
a
y b
e
attrib
u
t
ed
t
o
so
cio-
eco
no
m
i
c b
ackg
r
ou
nd
w
h
ich
may b
e
du
e t
o
soci
o
-
ec
on
om
i
c
di
ffe
re
nces i
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
ba
ckg
r
ou
n
d
[
1
2]
. Thi
s
coul
d
be
fu
rt
h
e
r e
xpl
ai
ne
d t
h
at
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
’ a
ccess t
o
i
n
t
e
r
n
et
br
o
w
si
n
g
i
s
n
o
t
det
e
rm
i
n
ed
by
s
o
ci
o
-
eco
nom
i
c
b
ackgr
oun
d
eit
h
er
f
r
o
m
h
i
g
h
o
r
l
o
w
so
ci
o
-
eco
n
o
m
ic statu
s
. Stud
en
t f
r
o
m
lo
w
So
ci
o
-
eco
n
o
m
ic b
ack
gro
und
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:2252
-88
22
IJER
E
V
o
l
.
4,
No
. 1,
M
a
rc
h 20
1
5
:
1
6
– 21
20
can
su
rf
th
e Net th
r
ough
th
ei
r
fr
iend
s
ph
one, th
eir
f
r
i
en
ds p
a
y fo
r th
em
at cyb
e
r
caf
é an
d at-
tim
es th
e
y
co
u
l
d
afford t
o
pay at cyberca
f
é
for t
h
em
selves.
The st
udy als
o
reveale
d
that
ther
e i
s
n
o
si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
rel
a
t
i
o
nshi
p
bet
w
ee
n
st
ude
nt
s’
achi
e
vem
e
nt
i
n
Agricultural science and acce
ss to intern
et.
This res
u
lt agrees with [11] wh
o asserts tha
t
m
o
st students
are not
using t
h
e inte
rnet for academic purpose
s
a
n
d the
r
e
was
no
significa
nt
rela
tions
hip be
twe
e
n the
use
of i
n
ternet
an
d
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
ach
iev
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
agricu
ltural scien
ce. In
o
t
her wo
rd
s, st
u
d
en
ts’ freq
u
e
n
c
y to
in
tern
et facility
cannot
be
use
d
to
defi
ne stude
n
ts’ ac
hievem
ent in
schoo
l sub
j
ects (Agricu
l
tu
ral Scien
ce i
n
clu
s
i
v
e).
M
o
re
ove
r, t
h
e
st
udy
est
a
bl
i
s
he
d t
h
at
t
h
er
e i
s
a si
gni
fi
c
a
nt
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p bet
w
een
Pa
rent
S
o
ci
o
-
econ
o
m
i
c B
a
ckg
r
ou
n
d
an
d S
t
ude
nt
s’
Ac
h
i
ev
em
en
t in
Agricu
ltu
ral Science. Th
is
resu
lt
ag
rees
with
[6
] who
fo
u
nd
o
u
t
t
h
at
pare
nt
s t
h
at
a
r
e ri
ch s
h
ow
m
o
re c
o
n
cern
over their c
h
ildre
n’s a
cadem
ic achievem
e
nt, be
cause
m
o
st of the
m
teach their c
h
ildre
n sc
hool subjects at hom
e
or em
ploy the
service(s
)
of
a lesson teacher for
t
h
em
. Al
so, [7
]
were of t
h
e opi
ni
o
n
t
h
at
st
ude
nt
s f
r
om
fam
i
li
es wi
t
h
h
i
gh s
o
ci
o ec
on
om
i
c
st
at
us t
e
nd
t
o
ach
iev
e
su
ccess in
t
h
eir edu
c
atio
n
a
l
career m
u
ch m
o
re th
an
th
o
s
e fro
m
families o
f
l
o
w so
cio
econo
m
i
c st
atu
s
,
because they have inte
rest in thei
r childre
n education, and they ha
ve
the fina
ncial ability
to send
their
childre
n to ve
ry good school with capa
b
le a
nd
qualifie
d
teachers they ha
ve the pote
n
tials to give orientation
to their childre
n concerning their ed
ucat
i
o
n
a
l
career ri
g
h
t
fr
om
ho
m
e
, and t
h
ey
pr
ovi
de
necessary
m
a
teri
al
s
n
eed
ed
b
y
th
e ch
ild
r
e
n
(
s
u
c
h
as, tex
t
book
s, m
a
g
azin
e
s
an
d n
e
w
s
p
a
p
e
rs etc.)
th
at tr
eated
schoo
l sub
j
ects,
Agricu
ltural Scien
ce in
p
a
rticu
l
ar.
The findings a
l
so reveale
d
that
when access
to internet and soci
o-ec
onomic backgr
ound com
b
ined,
th
ey h
a
v
e
significan
t con
t
ribu
tio
n to
st
ude
nts’ ac
hievem
ent in
Agricult
ural
Scie
nce.
This a
g
rees
wi
th [11]
who claim
e
d that the
m
o
re stude
nts use the
internet fo
r ac
adem
ic
purpos
e
, the better their perform
a
nce. The
m
o
re the stude
n
ts
use the
inte
rnet
for aca
de
mic purpose,
t
h
e
hi
g
h
er
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er o
f
st
ude
nt
s’
fr
om
hi
gh
soci
o
-
econom
i
c status, the
better t
h
e
i
r academ
ic
achievem
e
nt in
Agricultural Sc
ience.
It was als
o
re
vealed t
h
at when
va
riables
are
soug
h
t
on a r
e
lativ
e gro
und
on
ly so
cio
-
eco
n
o
m
ic
b
ackgroun
d con
t
ribu
ted sign
i
f
ican
tly to
st
ud
en
ts’ ach
i
ev
emen
t in
Agricu
ltu
ral
Scien
c
e wh
ile u
s
e of i
n
tern
et
h
a
v
e
no
sign
ifican
t con
t
ri
b
u
t
i
o
n to
stud
en
ts’
ach
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in agricu
ltu
ral scien
ce.
5.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
Twen
ty-sev
en
p
e
rcen
t of the to
tal v
a
rian
ce in
stud
en
t ach
i
ev
em
en
t in
ag
ricu
ltu
ral sci
e
n
ce can
be
explaine
d
by t
h
e c
o
m
b
ined c
ont
ribu
tion of
access to i
n
ternet and s
o
cio
-
eco
n
o
m
ic
b
ack
gr
oun
d.I
t
w
a
s ob
serv
ed
th
at
m
o
st o
f
th
e stud
en
ts v
i
sit so
cio
-
n
e
two
r
k
i
ng
sites
mo
re
o
f
ten
as t
h
ey u
s
e th
e intern
et rath
er th
an
for
academ
ic purposes.
It is therefore recom
m
ended t
h
at
stude
nts shoul
d be enc
o
ur
age
d
and m
onitored by
teachers a
n
d
pare
nts to
use
internet
for a
cadem
ic
purpose while Governm
e
nt
and
Pare
nts should m
a
ke
p
r
ov
isio
n fo
r in
tern
et facilities in
all seco
nd
ary schoo
ls an
d
h
o
m
es.
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BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUTH
ORS
Sunday
Paul
Adegoke is a
doctor
a
l Stude
nt of Educati
on at the in
stitute o
f
Educa
tion, U
n
ivers
i
t
y
of
Ibadan, Ib
adan. He i
s
an educa
tionis
t
and
educational evaluator
b
y
tr
aini
n
g
, He
als
o
s
e
rv
es
as
a
cons
ultant in
Project/p
r
ogramme
planning andanaly
s
i
s,
His
are
a
s of
inter
e
st in
clude vo
ca
tio
nal edu
c
a
tion
and edu
c
a
tiona
l
evalu
a
tion
.
Dr Modupe M Osokoy
a is a Senior resear
ch
fellow in
the institu
t
e
of Education
,
University of Ibad
an
and
an
educational evaluator b
y
training
.Her
are
a
s
o
f
int
e
res
t
includ
e
S
c
ien
c
e
educ
ation
,
v
o
cat
ional
education and ed
ucational
ev
aluation.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.