Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
E
v
al
ua
ti
o
n
and
Rese
arch in
Education (I
JE
RE)
V
o
l.2
,
No
.1
, Mar
c
h 201
3,
p
p
.
9
~
15
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
8
2
2
9
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJERE
University Belongingness Scal
e: Measurement and Construct
Verification in Indonesian Language
Tria
nto
r
o Sa
fa
ria
Faculty
of Ps
y
c
hology
,
Ahma
d D
a
hlan University (UAD)
Yog
y
ak
arta
, Ind
ones
i
a
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Oct 20, 2012
Rev
i
sed
Jan 20, 201
3
Accepte
d
Fe
b 5, 2013
Sense of belong
ing
is
the
ext
e
nt
to which p
e
rs
on feels
att
ached
,
rela
ted
and
belong in
organ
i
zation s
y
s
t
em.
If, a pe
rson feels accepted,
comfortable,
congruence and
get recognit
i
on
from
an
organ
i
zation, th
is condition will
m
o
tivate th
e per
s
on to share positive
contribu
tio
n to their organ
i
zat
ion. Th
e
problem with A
h
mad Dahlan U
n
iversity
is a
lo
w student sense
of belonging
to their univ
e
rsit
y
.
This condit
i
o
n
will cause neg
a
tiv
e effects for univers
i
t
y
in the
futur
e
, w
ith in
cre
a
sing severa
l
studen
t
s’ negative
behav
i
ors such as
apath
y
, unr
esponsiveness, until higher st
udents
drop out. It is needed to
evalu
a
te and un
derstand the stu
d
ent’s se
nse of
b
e
longings to
their university
,
in order
to
take preven
tive action rela
ted
to
a
low sense of b
e
longings of
students. The aim of this stu
d
y
is
to create and develop
a sense of
belongingn
ess measurement for Ahma
d Dahlan University
B
e
longingness
S
cale
(ADUBS),
that it will be used to ev
aluate how high the
student sense of
belonging
to
their univ
e
rsity
.
Th
e result
of
explo
r
ator
y
f
a
ctor
analy
s
is (
E
FA)
showed two dimensions the sens
e of be
long
ingn
ess constructs th
at repr
esent
the sense of b
e
longings of stu
d
ent
to th
eir u
n
iversity
namely
Univ
e
rsity
belongings
and
Community belo
ngings
. Th
e nex
t
result
from
co
nfirm
a
to
r
y
factor an
al
ys
is
(CF
A
) us
ing
s
t
ructur
al equation modeling (SEM) confirms
that measurement model of
ADUBs was
fitted with
empirical data (Ch
i
-
square = 39.054
, with
p > .001
, degr
ee of f
r
eed
om = 36, CMI
N
= 1.085
,
RM
S
E
A
=. 022
,
N
F
I = .918
,
TLI
= .989
, G
F
I=
.96
1
, and
CF
I=
.993
.
Keyword:
Ah
ma
d Da
hl
an
U
n
i
versi
t
y
Belo
ng
ing
s
scale
C
onf
i
r
m
a
t
o
ry f
a
ct
or
an
al
ysi
s
Expl
or
at
o
r
y f
a
ct
or
an
al
ysi
s
St
ruct
ural
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
del
i
n
g
Copyright ©
201
3 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Tri
a
nt
o
r
o Sa
far
i
a
Faculty of
Ps
y
c
holog
y
,
Ah
m
a
d
Dah
l
an Un
iv
ersity,
Jalan
K
a
p
a
s
no
9
Sem
a
k
i
,
Jogj
ak
ar
ta 5
516
6, I
ndo
n
e
sia
Em
a
il: safaria_d
i
y@yaho
o.com
1.
INTRODUCTION
On
e fact
o
r
th
at
co
n
t
ribu
ted
to
stu
d
e
n
t
s’ ach
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
po
sitiv
e b
e
hav
i
or is h
o
w
stron
g
th
eir sen
s
e
o
f
b
e
l
o
ng
ingness to un
iv
er
si
ty w
h
er
e t
h
ey
ar
e st
u
d
y
ing
(Lig
h
t
, 200
1
;
Ch
in
, Salisbur
y, Pearson
,
& Sto
llak
,
19
9
9
)
.
Acc
o
rd
i
ng t
o
B
eck a
nd M
a
l
l
e
y
(
1
9
9
8
)
psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
cal
atm
o
spher
e
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
pe
opl
e
feel
at
t
ache
d
,
connected a
nd accepted in the classroom
or cam
pus co
mmunity is
an im
portant
ant
ecedent for s
u
ccess
expe
ri
ence
i
n
s
t
ude
nt
s’
f
u
t
u
r
e
l
earni
ng
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g t
o
B
e
c
k
an
d M
a
l
l
e
y
(
1
99
8
)
a l
o
w
se
n
s
e o
f
bel
o
n
g
i
n
gs
o
f
st
ude
nt
s, es
pe
ci
al
l
y
for t
hos
e wh
o
are e
xperiencing em
oti
o
n
a
l pr
ob
lems (
d
ep
r
e
ssion
,
f
eelin
g
iso
l
ated
and
lo
n
e
ly)
will increase t
h
eir
risk
o
f
en
g
a
g
i
ng in
n
e
g
a
tiv
e activ
ities su
ch
as h
i
g
h
ab
sen
t
eeis
m
, d
r
op
-ou
t
, l
o
w
academ
ic score or involve
d
i
n
drug
a
buse
d
(Rost
o
skya, et
al., 2003).
A h
i
g
h
sen
s
e
o
f
b
e
lon
g
i
n
g
s
will also
d
i
rectly b
e
n
e
fit from u
n
i
v
e
rsity. Stu
d
e
n
t
s who
h
a
v
e
a
h
i
gh
sense of belongi
ngs will be
actively involved in a
n
y
activity spons
ored by unive
r
si
ties such as st
ude
nt
ex
ecu
tive bo
ard
an
d
acti
v
ely b
eco
m
e
a un
iversity a
m
b
a
ssad
o
r.
Th
ey
will also
tend
to evalu
a
te po
sitiv
ely th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
22
IJER
E
V
o
l
.
2,
No
. 1,
M
a
rc
h 20
1
3
:
9 – 1
5
10
u
n
i
v
e
rsity, m
o
re satisfied
wi
th
th
e u
n
i
v
e
rsi
t
y, an
d
th
ey also
sho
w
a h
i
g
h
m
o
tiv
atio
n to
b
e
activ
e i
n
an
y
ca
m
p
u
s
activ
ities (Li
g
h
t
, 200
1; Ch
in
, Sa
lisbury, Pearso
n,
& Sto
llak
,
19
99).
Seve
ral
p
r
evi
o
us st
u
d
i
e
s s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
hi
gh
sens
e o
f
bel
o
n
g
i
n
gs
o
f
st
u
d
ent
s
t
o
wa
r
d
t
h
ei
r
uni
versi
t
y
h
a
d
p
o
s
itiv
e co
rrelatio
n wit
h
attend
an
ce,
m
o
t
i
v
a
ti
o
n
,
and
acad
e
m
i
c ach
iev
e
m
e
n
t
(GPA) (And
erman
&
A
n
d
e
r
m
an
, 1
9
9
9
;
G
ood
enow, 19
93
a,
1
993b
; Go
od
en
ow
& G
r
ad
y,
1
993
; Fur
r
e
r
& Sk
inn
e
r, 20
03)
. O
t
h
e
r
researc
h
sugge
s
ts that
belongings
is positively
correlated with
aca
dem
i
c
self-e
fficacy,
intrinsic m
o
tivation,
the value of academ
ic
tasks, social accep
tanc
e and the quality of faculty-stude
nt relationships (F
reem
an et al.,
2
007
).
Presen
t stud
y
ad
ap
ted th
e th
eo
retical co
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
propose
d
by Prentice et al. (1994).
They
ope
rat
i
o
nal
i
zed se
nse o
f
bel
o
ngi
ng
bec
o
m
e
t
w
o
di
m
e
nsi
o
n
s
, nam
e
l
y
:
belon
g
t
o
t
h
e u
n
i
v
ersi
t
y
an
d bel
o
n
g
i
n
g
to
th
e
g
r
ou
p (stu
d
e
n
t
co
mm
u
n
ity) with
i
n
the un
iv
ersity. Pren
tice et al. (19
94) adop
ted
t
h
e th
eoretical co
n
c
ep
t
fr
om
Karasaw
a
(1
99
1
)
. Ka
ra
sawa (
1
99
1)
d
e
vel
o
ped si
x i
t
e
m
s
represe
n
t
i
ng
fo
u
r
i
t
e
m
s
for sc
h
ool
bel
o
ngi
ng
s
(schoo
l attach
men
t
) an
d
two
ite
m
s
in
th
e sen
s
e of b
e
long
in
g
s
to
t
h
e schoo
l co
mm
u
n
ity
(attach
m
e
n
t
to
p
e
op
le
at the sc
hool). The
six ite
ms we
re tested
on 192
voca
tio
n
a
l stud
en
ts in
Jap
a
n.
T
h
e
factor a
n
alysis with
v
a
rim
a
x
ro
tatio
n
led
to
two
facto
r
s.
Karasawa th
en
fix
th
e six
ite
m
s
b
eco
me sev
e
n
,
with o
n
e
ad
d
ition
a
l
ite
m
rel
a
t
e
d t
o
sc
ho
ol
bel
o
n
g
i
n
gs
.
R
e
vi
sed
scal
e
was t
h
en
t
e
st
ed
o
n
28
7 st
u
d
ent
s
at
t
h
e sam
e
scho
ol
.
The i
m
pl
em
entat
i
on a
n
d
t
e
st
i
n
g
o
f
se
nse
of
bel
o
ngi
ng
s
hav
e
n
o
t
bee
n
d
o
n
e
bef
o
re i
n
t
h
e
cont
e
x
t
a
n
d
si
t
u
at
i
on i
n
In
do
nesi
a. T
h
i
s
s
t
udy
i
s
a ne
w devel
opm
ent
t
h
at
pre
s
ent
s
c
o
ncept
a
nd m
easuri
ng i
n
st
r
u
m
e
nt
t
h
at
can
b
e
u
s
ed
as a g
u
i
d
e
fo
r th
e
u
n
i
v
e
rsity. Th
e resu
lts o
f
th
is stu
d
y
will also
b
e
a referen
ce
to
o
t
h
e
r
field
s
su
ch
as psy
c
h
o
l
o
gy
,
gui
dance a
n
d
cou
n
sel
i
n
g, a
n
d ed
ucat
i
o
n,
w
i
t
h
part
i
c
ul
a
r
r
e
gar
d
t
o
t
h
e ha
ndl
i
n
g
of a se
n
s
e of
bel
o
ngi
ng
ness
t
o
t
h
e st
u
d
e
n
t
.
As st
at
e
d
by
Freem
an
et al. (
2
007
)
t
h
at r
e
qu
ir
ed
fu
r
t
h
e
r
stud
y of
th
ese
b
e
lon
g
i
n
g
s at t
h
e Un
iv
ersity l
e
v
e
l. Freem
an
et al (2
0
0
7
)
sai
d
th
at'' l
ittle
is
k
nown
ab
ou
t th
e i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce o
f
the
sen
s
e
of
b
e
long
ing
n
e
ss
for co
lleg
e
-lev
el st
u
d
e
n
t
s
o
r
about th
e co
nd
itio
ns th
at m
i
g
h
t
sup
port th
e
p
e
rcep
tio
ns
o
f
b
e
long
ing
s
''. A
c
co
rd
ing
t
o
Fr
eem
an
et al. (
200
7)
th
e
g
a
p
of
kno
w
l
ed
g
e
is
pr
ob
ab
ly d
u
e
t
o
a lack
of
o
p
e
ration
a
l m
e
asu
r
em
en
t qu
ality o
f
u
n
i
v
e
rsity b
e
lo
ng
ing
s
. Furth
e
rm
o
r
e,
Freem
an
et al. (200
7)
n
o
t
ed th
at
t
h
ere a
r
e f
u
n
d
a
m
e
nt
al
quest
i
ons
ab
o
u
t
'
'
t
h
e conce
p
t
u
al
de
fi
ni
t
i
on
o
f
sch
ool
(o
r u
n
i
v
ers
i
t
y
) bel
o
n
g
s a
nd t
h
e
ex
ten
t
t
o
wh
ich
it rep
r
esen
ts
a on
e-d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
a
l
or m
u
ltid
i
m
en
sio
n
a
l constru
c
t.'' So
th
is stud
y will contrib
u
t
e
to
th
e
d
e
v
e
lopmen
t o
f
science, p
a
r
ticu
l
ar
l
y
in
th
e
f
i
eld
s
o
f
psycho
logy an
d edu
catio
n fo
r d
e
v
e
lop
i
ng
and
veri
fy
i
n
g t
h
e
b
e
l
o
n
g
i
n
gs m
easurem
ent
co
nst
r
uct
i
n
I
n
do
nes
i
a cont
e
x
t
.
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
2.
1.
Pa
rticipa
n
ts
Part
i
c
i
p
ant
of
t
h
i
s
st
udy
wer
e
st
ude
nt
s o
f
t
h
e Fac
u
l
t
y
of
Psy
c
hol
o
g
y
,
A
h
m
a
d Dahl
an
Uni
v
ersi
t
y
(UAD). T
h
ey
are a re
prese
n
tation of all the existing
semester, in
o
r
der to
cap
ab
le
o
f
represen
ting
th
e
p
opu
latio
n
o
f
th
e Facu
lty o
f
Psych
o
l
o
g
y
. St
ud
en
ts
o
f
th
is st
u
d
y
h
a
v
e
th
e fo
llo
wi
n
g
ch
aracteristics, n
a
mely: a
t
least h
a
v
e
atten
d
e
d
co
lleg
e
fo
r
1
year, m
a
l
e
and
fem
a
le an
d still activ
e as a st
u
d
e
n
t
of UAD.
As m
a
n
y
as
32
.6
% or 5
9
r
e
sp
on
de
nt
s are
m
a
l
e
st
udent
s
and 6
7
.
4
% o
r
12
2 resp
o
nde
nt
s were fem
a
l
e
st
udent
s. O
f
t
h
i
s
am
ount
al
s
o
s
h
o
w
e
d
47%
o
r
8
5
res
p
on
de
nt
s we
re sec
o
n
d
sem
e
st
er st
ud
ent
,
t
h
e
n
1
3
.
3
% o
r
2
4
res
p
o
nde
nt
s
were
fo
u
r
se
m
e
st
er st
ude
nt
, t
h
e
next
24
.
9
%
or
4
5
res
p
o
n
d
ent
s
we
re
si
xt
h sem
e
st
er, t
h
e
n
11
%
or
2
0
resp
o
nde
nt
s
w
e
re ei
g
h
t
sem
e
st
ers, a
n
d l
a
st
num
ber
of
3
.
9
%
o
r
7
resp
o
n
d
e
nt
s
were t
e
n s
e
m
e
st
er st
ude
n
t
.
Fr
om
181
st
u
d
e
nt
s,
61
res
p
on
dent
s
,
o
r
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
at
el
y
33.7
%
st
at
ed t
h
at
h
e
/
s
he i
s
i
n
vol
v
e
d i
n
o
n
e
of
th
e fo
llo
wi
ng
stu
d
e
n
t
activ
ity u
n
its (SAU)
in
th
e
UAD, an
d 120
respo
n
d
e
n
t
s, or
6
6
.3% d
i
d no
t fo
llo
w any
u
n
it
o
f
st
ud
en
t
activ
ity (SAU).
In
add
itio
n,
fro
m
1
8
1
st
ud
en
ts,
6
4
respo
n
d
e
n
t
s, or
35
.4% said
at a commi
tte
e
o
r
a
me
mb
e
r
of
th
e S
t
ud
en
t Ex
e
c
u
tiv
e Bo
ard (
S
E
B
)
o
n
t
h
e
facul
t
y
. Whi
l
e
11
7 res
p
o
n
d
en
t
s
,
o
r
64
.6
% di
d not
becom
e
m
e
m
b
ers of
t
h
e SEB
.
Tabl
e 1
s
h
owe
d
dem
ogra
phi
c
dat
a
of
st
u
d
ent
s
.
2.
2.
Questi
onnaire
De
velopment
Devel
opm
ent
of
Ahm
a
d Da
hl
an
Uni
v
ersi
t
y
bel
o
n
g
i
n
gs
scal
e based
o
n
t
h
e t
h
e
o
ret
i
cal
const
r
uct
pr
o
pose
d
by
Prent
i
ce et
al
. (1
99
4
)
, t
h
ey
o
p
e
r
at
i
onal
i
zed t
w
o
di
m
e
nsi
ons
of se
nse o
f
b
e
l
o
n
g
i
n
gne
ss,
n
a
m
e
l
y
:
b
e
lon
g
to
th
e
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
ity an
d b
e
lo
ng
ingn
ess to
th
e g
r
oup (
s
tu
d
e
n
t
co
mm
u
n
ity)
.
Tab
l
e 2
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
bl
ue
pri
n
t
an
d c
onst
r
uct
o
f
A
h
m
a
d Da
hl
an
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
bel
o
n
g
i
n
gs scal
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ERE
I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
2
2
11
Un
iversity Bel
o
ng
ingn
ess
S
c
a
l
e: Mea
s
u
r
emen
t and
C
o
n
s
tru
c
t Verifica
tion
in … (Trian
t
o
ro Sa
f
a
ria
)
Tabl
e 1.
Pa
rt
i
c
i
p
ant
s
dem
ogr
aphi
c bac
k
g
r
ou
nd
Variable
Categories
Nu
m
b
e
r
Percent
Gender Male
Fema
le
59
122
32.
6%
67.
4%
Semester
I
I
IV
VI
VII
X
85
24
45
20
7
47%
13.
3%
24.
9%
11%
3.
9%
Involved in SAU
Y
e
s
No
61
120
33.
7%
66.
3%
Involved in SEB
Y
e
s
No
64
117
35.
4%
64.
6%
Tabl
e 2.
B
l
ue-
p
ri
nt
o
f
Ahm
a
d Dahl
a
n
Uni
v
ersi
t
y
Belo
ng
ing
n
e
ss
scale
No Di
m
e
nsion
Ite
m
s
1
University belongings
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
11
2
Community belong
ings
7,
8,
9,
10
Total
11
This scale contains eleven ite
m
s
that are divide
d i
n
t
o
t
w
o di
m
e
nsi
ons
.
Li
kert
scal
e was use
d
i
n
scori
ng
wi
t
h
r
a
nge
d f
r
o
m
1,
2, 3
,
4
,
an
d 5
.
The res
p
ons
e vari
es
depe
n
d
i
ng
on t
h
e t
y
pe of i
t
e
m
,
i
s
favora
b
l
e
i
t
e
m
or
not
.
S
e
ven
i
t
e
m
s
are pa
rt
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
bel
o
n
g
i
n
gs
di
m
e
nsi
o
n
an
d
f
o
u
r
i
t
em
s are
pa
rt
of
t
h
e
com
m
uni
t
y
bel
o
n
g
i
n
gs
di
m
e
nsi
o
n
.
3.
RESULTS
A
N
D
DI
SC
US
S
I
ON
Bartlett
's test o
f
Sp
h
e
ricity and
Kaiser-Meyer
-Olkin (KMO) m
easure of s
a
m
p
ling a
d
equacy (KM
O
)
was
used
prior to factors a
n
alysis. Bar
tlett
's
test o
f
sp
h
e
ricity is a ch
i-squ
a
re tests and
th
e d
e
term
in
an
ts o
f
t
h
e
cor
r
el
at
i
on m
a
t
r
i
x
t
o
t
e
st
wh
et
her t
h
e
vari
a
t
i
ons o
f
t
h
e s
a
m
e
gro
up a
n
d t
h
e de
pe
nde
nt
vari
a
b
l
e
s ar
e no
t
in
terconn
ected
, th
is th
en
indicates th
at th
e facto
r
m
o
d
e
l d
o
e
s
n
o
t
fit
(nu
ll h
ypo
th
esis assu
m
e
s th
at th
e
v
a
riab
les are
no
n-co
llin
ear). If th
e Bar
tlett's
test o
f
Sp
h
e
ricity rej
ected
th
e
n
u
ll h
y
p
o
t
h
e
sis, th
en
it m
ean
s th
at
th
e correlation m
a
trix
fo
rm
s a un
itary m
a
t
r
ix
,
and
t
h
is in
d
i
cates t
h
at a sig
n
i
fican
t correlatio
n is
p
r
esen
t
betwee
n s
o
m
e
varia
b
les (Hair et al.,
2005).
KMO
ratio
represents t
h
e s
quared correlation
betwee
n
vari
ables
t
o
wa
rd t
h
e s
q
u
a
red
part
i
a
l
co
r
r
el
at
i
on
bet
w
e
e
n va
ri
abl
e
s (Field
,
200
5). KMO
statistic
v
a
ries
b
e
tween
0
an
d
1
;
value of 0 i
n
dicates that the factor a
n
alysis is not ap
propriate, while values clos
e to
1 indicates tha
t
the
co
rrelatio
n
p
a
ttern
is relativ
ely co
m
p
act, th
is sh
ows th
at
the differe
n
ces
are value
d
a
nd indicate rel
i
able
fact
or
s (Fi
e
l
d
, 20
0
5
, p .
6
4
0
)
.
Kai
s
er (
H
ai
r e
t
al
, 200
5)
rec
o
mmends a standa
rd value
for factor analysis can
be done. T
h
e
values
of .50
as quite acceptable (ba
r
el
y acceptable), val
u
es
from
.
50 t
o
.70
being de
clared
acceptance (m
edioc
r
e),
while
values
from
.70 to. 80 is good (good), a
nd
values
betwee
n .80 and .90
is very
g
ood
(
g
r
eat)
,
lastly th
e v
a
lu
es
ab
ov
e
.90
is exp
r
essed as an
i
n
cr
ed
ib
le
(
s
u
p
e
r
b
)
(
F
ield
, 2005
).
Th
e
resu
lts
o
f
facto
r
an
alysis will sho
w
t
h
e
so
lu
tio
n
facto
r
s, b
a
sed
on
th
e cr
iteria of Cattell
's scree-
p
l
o
t
test. Items will b
e
retain
ed
if t
h
ey sho
w
ed
satisfact
o
r
y conv
erg
e
nt v
a
lid
ity an
d
d
i
scrim
i
n
a
n
t
v
a
lid
ity.
Co
nv
erg
e
n
t
v
a
lid
ity p
o
r
t
r
aits th
at ite
m
is stro
ng
ly lo
ad
ed t
o
co
rrelated
facto
r
s co
m
p
ared
with
o
t
h
e
r
facto
r
s.
Whi
l
e
a co
nst
r
uct
has
go
o
d
d
i
scrim
i
nant
val
i
di
t
y
i
f
th
e first h
i
gh
est lo
ad
ing
con
s
tru
c
t show greater th
an
≥
.15
fo
r seco
n
d
hi
ghe
st
const
r
uc
t
(Hai
r et
al
., 20
05
). S
o
m
e
expe
rt
s assert
, fact
or l
o
a
d
i
n
gs bel
o
w .
3
0 or .
4
0
exp
r
esse
d as l
o
w,
whi
l
e
t
h
e
fa
ct
or l
o
a
d
i
n
g
of
.4
0 o
r
m
o
re ex
press
e
d as
hi
g
h
(M
o
r
ga
n,
Gl
i
n
er, & R
obe
rt
,
2
0
0
5
;
Leech, Barrett, & Morgan, 2008).
Othe
r
opinions expresse
d on di
ffe
rent
crite
ria, which
the factor loa
d
ing
of
.5
0
or
m
o
re co
nsi
d
e
r
ed
hi
gh
(
H
ai
r et
al
.
,
20
0
5
)
.
Pri
o
r t
o
t
e
st
t
h
e const
r
uct
val
i
di
t
y
of AD
UB
S t
h
ro
u
gh fa
ct
or anal
y
s
i
s
an
d
st
ruct
ural
eq
u
a
t
i
on m
odel
,
th
e in
tern
al con
s
isten
c
y app
r
o
ach
u
s
ing
C
r
o
n
b
a
ch
’s
alpha test fo
r reliab
ility testin
g
was con
d
u
c
ted. Th
e
r
e
su
lts of
Cronb
ach
‘
a
lph
a
α
= .7
70
. Fr
om
these res
u
l
t
s
i
t
can be c
o
nc
luded that the
ADUB scale ha
ve
a high
reliab
ility v
a
lu
e. It is b
a
sed
on
th
e
op
in
ion
of so
m
e
ex
p
e
rts
th
at th
e reliab
i
l
ity o
f
Cronb
ach
'alp
h
a
m
u
st satisfy
t
h
e cri
t
e
ri
a above .
7
0 (Leec
h, B
a
rret
t
,
&
M
o
r
g
an
, 2
0
0
8
)
.
M
eanw
h
i
l
e
, t
h
e di
scri
m
i
nat
i
on i
n
de
x of t
h
e i
t
e
m
sh
ow
ed
co
rr
elatio
n
f
r
o
m
.3
30
to
.5
88
. I
t
also
sh
ow
s
th
at each
o
f
th
e
d
i
fferen
t ite
m
s
m
e
t satisfacto
r
y lev
e
l
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
22
IJER
E
V
o
l
.
2,
No
. 1,
M
a
rc
h 20
1
3
:
9 – 1
5
12
Pr
in
ci
p
a
l ax
is
f
acto
r
an
alysis w
ith v
a
r
i
m
a
x
ro
tatio
n
m
e
th
o
d
w
a
s co
nducted
to ex
am
i
n
e the
b
a
sic
structure
of eleven ite
m
s
Ahmad Da
hl
an
Un
iv
ersity b
e
long
ing
s
scale. R
e
su
lts fro
m
th
e Kaiser-Meyer-Ol
k
in
(KM
O
) wa
s .783, indicating
that each ite
m can be predic
ted by each fa
ctor and th
e B
a
rtlett test showed a
sig
n
i
fican
t
lev
e
l (p
= .0
00). Th
is
m
ean
s th
at th
e v
a
riab
les correlated high
enough to
pr
ov
i
d
e basi
c sat
i
s
fact
ory
for factor an
al
ysis testin
g
.
Usin
g
th
e Kaiser-Gu
ttm
an
re
ten
tio
n
criteria of eig
e
nv
alu
e
s
o
v
er 1
.
0
,
th
en
resu
ltin
g
two-factor so
lutio
n
for th
e ex
tractio
n.
The
fi
rst
fact
or
em
erged (ei
g
e
nval
u
e =
3.
5)
a
n
d
acco
u
n
t
e
d
f
o
r a
p
pr
o
x
i
m
at
el
y
31.
9%
of
t
h
e vari
a
n
ce.
Th
e fi
rst factor rep
r
esen
ts the u
n
i
v
e
rsity belo
ng
ing
s
co
nstru
c
t (item
1
, ite
m
2
, ite
m
3
, ite
m
4
, ite
m
5
, ite
m
6
,
i
t
e
m
7
and i
t
e
m
1
1
)
.
Whi
l
e
, t
h
e
seco
nd
fact
o
r
s
wi
t
h
ei
ge
nval
u
e = 1
.
5 a
n
d a
ccou
n
t
e
d
f
o
r a
p
p
r
oxi
m
a
t
e
ly
13.
4%
wh
ich
represen
ts th
e co
mm
u
n
ity b
e
lon
g
i
n
g
n
e
ss con
s
tru
c
t
(ite
m
8
, ite
m
9
an
d ite
m
1
0
)
. Tab
l
e 2 po
rt
rays ite
m
and l
o
adi
n
g fa
ct
or,
wi
t
h
l
o
a
d
i
ng
un
de
r l
e
ss
t
h
an .
3
0
om
it
ted t
o
i
m
pro
v
e
con
s
t
r
uct
cl
ari
t
y
.
C
o
n
v
er
ge
nc
e and
discrim
i
nant validity were ac
hieve
d
for all ite
m
s
, because
its have a
fact
or l
o
adi
n
g grea
ter than .30, and also
was l
o
ade
d
st
rongly on a
ssoc
i
ated
factor a
n
d
did
not corre
l
ate with f
act
ors th
at is no
t it’s co
nstru
c
t
(
≥
.15)
.
Table 3 po
rtra
y
s
the
re
sults o
f
fact
or analysi
s
and l
o
adi
n
g factors.
Table 3. Factor
loadi
n
g fo
r ro
tated
f
acto
r
s
Ite
m
s
Factor
Loading
Co
mm
unality
1
2
(
item
1
)
Seber
a
pa
ser
i
ng Anda
m
e
n
g
akui keny
ataan/fakta bahwa Anda
adalah
m
a
hasiswa
Universitas Ah
m
a
d Dahlan Yogyaka
r
ta (
UAD
)?
(
How often do you acknowledge the r
e
ality / fact that yo
u are a student of
A
h
mad Dahlan Un
iversity Jogjakarta
(
U
AD)
?
)
.
407
.
260
(
item
2
)
Seber
a
pa
akur
atkah
kepr
ibadian/per
ilaku And
a
untuk
m
e
nggam
b
ar
kan Anda sebagai
tipikal
m
a
hasiswa UAD?
(
How accurate is y
our personality / be
havior described
you as a typical of
UA
D student?
)
.
345
.
172
(
item
3
)
Seber
a
pa
pentingka
h
m
e
njadi
bagian dar
i
civitas akadem
ika
UAD
bagi anda
?
(
How important is an UA
D academic community for you?
)
.
479
.
267
(
item
4
)
Seber
a
pa
senangkah per
a
saan Anda jika Anda digam
b
ar
kan
sebagai tipikal se
orang
m
a
hasiswa
UAD?
(
How happy would
you feel if
you are
described as typical of UA
D
student?
)
.
748
.
538
(
item
5
)
Seber
a
pa
banggakah per
a
saan Anda jika Anda digam
b
ar
kan
sebagai typikal se
orang
m
a
hasiswa
UAD?
(
How proud woul
d
you feel if
you are
described as typical of UA
D
student?
)
.
922
.
633
(ite
m
6
)
K
e
tika an
da perta
m
a
kali
ber
t
em
u dengan or
an
g lain,
seber
a
pa
besar ke
m
ungkinan Anda
m
e
n
y
ebut
kan bahwa Anda
m
a
hasiswa
UAD?
(
W
h
en you first
meet with other peopl
e,
how likely
you mentioned that you
are a student of UA
D?
)
.
516
.
342
(
item
7
)
Bagai
m
an
a per
a
saan keter
i
ka
tan atau kelekatan
Anda sebagai
m
a
hasiswa
UA
D?
(
How deep are your belongin
g
feeling to UAD as a student?
)
.
472
.
299
(
A
ite
m
8)
Seber
a
p
a
dekat per
a
saan
Anda dengan kom
un
itas
m
a
hasiswa
UAD lainnya?
(
How close do you feel to the other UA
D student commu
nity?
)
.
491
.
215
(
item
9
)
Sejauh
m
a
na ko
m
unita
s
kawan-
kawan
m
a
hasiswa UAD
m
e
m
p
engar
uhi
pikir
a
n da
n per
ilaku Anda sehar
i
-
h
ar
i?
(
To what extent is
the student and th
e community of UA
D affect your mind
and your everyday
behavior?
)
.
634
.
248
(
item
10) Seberapa bany
ak te
m
a
n deka
t Anda ber
a
sal dar
i
atau
m
e
r
upakan
m
a
hasiswa UAD?
(
How many of your close friends are from or are studen
t
s of UA
D?
)
.
370
.
116
(
item
11) Seberapa besar
kebangaan
A
nda
m
e
njadi bagian dar
i
salah satu
Unit Kegiatan M
a
hasiswa di UA
D?
(
How big is your pride to be a part of one of the Studen
t
A
c
tivity Unit
(
S
AU)
in UA
D?
)
.
430
.
297
Eigenvalues
3
.
5
1
.
5
% of
variance
3
1
.
9
1
3
.
4
Ba
rtlett
’s tes
t
o
f
Sphericity
.
000
Kaiser-Meyer-
Ol
k
i
n
m
e
asure of
s
a
m
p
ling
.
783
Th
e resu
lts of
co
nfirm
a
to
ry facto
r
a
n
alysis (CFA) s
h
owe
d
a satisfact
ory result. It
can be
seen
fro
m
th
e resu
ltin
g of m
o
d
e
l fit, where all of
th
e criteria m
e
t a satisfacto
r
y sco
r
e.
Th
e confirmato
ry fact
o
r
analysis
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ERE
I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
2
2
13
Un
iversity Bel
o
ng
ingn
ess
S
c
a
l
e: Mea
s
u
r
emen
t and
C
o
n
s
tru
c
t Verifica
tion
in … (Trian
t
o
ro Sa
f
a
ria
)
pr
o
duce
d
a C
h
i
-
sq
ua
re = 39
0
5
4
,
wi
t
h
a val
u
e of p> .
0
01
, f
o
r
deg
r
ee o
f
fr
eedom
= 36, C
m
i
n
= 108
5 i
s
sm
al
l
e
r
th
an
2
,
RMSEA =
.022
ind
i
cate a go
od fit
m
o
d
e
l, NF
I =
.918, TL
I =
.
9
89,
GFI
=
.961, a
n
d CF
I =
.
9
93 all
score
s
are above the .90 crite
ria it indicates
the ADUB sc
a
l
e i
s
em
pi
ri
cally
fi
t
t
o
dat
a
. Tabl
e 4 desc
ri
be
s t
h
e
resu
lts
o
f
CFA
tests th
ro
ugh
st
ru
ct
u
r
al eq
uatio
n m
o
d
e
l.
Based on se
ve
ral tests that was
conducted previ
ously
ADUB scale shows a satis
f
actor
y r
e
su
lt. Th
e
Cron
b
a
ch
al
p
h
a reliab
ility v
a
lu
es
are
h
i
gh
. Th
e resu
lt
o
f
con
s
tru
c
t v
a
lid
ity th
ro
ugh
ex
p
l
orato
r
y
factor an
alysis
resulted in two di
m
e
nsions where it
accordance with the
theory of belongings from
Prentice et
al
(1994). The
result o
f
CFA
also sh
owe
d
th
at the ADUB
m
easurem
ent
m
ode
l theoretically
fits
with data. It co
uld b
e
arg
u
ed
that the
ADUB
scale m
eets the criteri
a as a
good
fit m
odel em
pirically.
In t
h
e prese
n
t s
t
udy,
we tested th
eo
ret
i
cal
co
nst
r
uct
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d by
P
r
e
n
t
i
ce et
al
. (1
99
4
)
. T
h
ey
di
vi
de
d
sen
s
e
of
b
e
long
ing
b
e
co
m
e
t
w
o d
i
m
e
n
s
io
ns,
n
a
m
e
l
y
: b
e
lo
ng
t
o
t
h
e
un
iv
er
sity an
d b
e
lo
ng
ing
t
o
th
e group
(stud
e
n
t
co
mmu
n
ity)
with
in
t
h
e un
iv
ersity. After
we
ex
amin
e Pren
tice’s
th
eory o
f
un
iversity b
e
lo
ng
ing
n
e
ss
using exploratory factor ana
l
ysis a
nd confirm
a
tory factor analysis, we
found that Prentice’s theory
was
e
m
p
i
rically fit
with
th
e d
a
ta.
Th
eir t
h
eory of un
iv
ersity b
e
lo
ng
ing
s
was ap
pro
p
riate wh
en
ap
p
lied in
Ind
o
n
e
sia
cont
e
x
t
.
The
prese
n
t
st
u
d
y
con
f
i
r
m
e
d i
t
and ha
s a concl
u
si
o
n
t
h
at
uni
ve
rsi
t
y
be
l
o
n
g
i
n
gs t
h
e
o
r
y
was
appropriate when a
pplied in Indonesia c
onte
x
t.
Tab
l
e
4
.
The resu
lt of C
F
A
test o
f
Ah
m
a
d
Dah
l
an
Un
iv
ersity Belo
ng
ing
n
e
ss Scale
Ite
m
s
Standardized Fact
or Loadi
ngs T
-
Values
Skewness
Kur
t
osis
item
1
.
3782
2.
378
-
.
723
-
.
274
item
2
.
821
2.
543
-
.
934
1.
995
item
3
.
465
2.
484
-
.
881
.
297
item
4
.
911
2.
683
-
.
923
2.
015
item
5
.
770
2.
638
-
.
920
1.
305
item
6
.
512
3.
011
-
1
.
380
.
953
item
7
.
492
3.
043
-
1
.
164
2.
807
item
8
.
523
2.
623
-
.
976
1.
310
item
9
.
604
2.
328
-
.
800
.
354
item
10 .
341
2.
523
-
.
495
.
521
item
11 .
417
2.
483
-
.
576
-
.
404
Fit
m
e
asur
em
ent
Chi-
squar
e
= 39.
054,
df=36
CM
I
N
= 1.
085,
p<. 001
RM
SE
A =. 022
NFI
= .
918
T
L
I
= .
989
GFI
=
.
961
CFI
=
.
993
*p>.
001
The next resea
r
ch objecti
v
e was
t
o
exam
i
n
e di
f
f
ere
n
ces i
n
t
h
e l
e
vel
o
f
uni
versi
t
y
bel
o
ngi
ng
s ba
sed
o
n
g
e
nd
er, semester
o
f
studyin
g
,
an
d p
a
r
t
icip
atio
n
i
n
th
e Stud
en
t
A
c
tivity U
n
it (
S
AU
) or
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
i
zatio
n
'
s
Stude
nt E
x
ecutive Board (SEB). T
h
e ANOVA test showed
t
h
at there
was no
diff
erence in the le
vel of
belongi
ngness
a
m
ong m
a
le a
nd
fem
a
le s
t
udent with an
F
(1.154) = 3706, p = .56,
pa
rtial eta
= .022. This
sug
g
est
s
t
h
at
g
e
nde
r
doe
s n
o
t
hav
e
a si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
i
n
fl
uenc
e
on t
h
e l
e
vel
of
uni
versi
t
y
bel
o
n
g
i
n
gs
. T
h
i
s
st
udy
r
e
su
lts co
nsisten
t
w
ith
An
d
e
rman
and
And
e
r
m
an
’
s
stud
y (1
999
), also
w
i
th
So
m
e
r
s
and
G
i
zzi’
s
stud
y (2
001
)
t
h
at
fo
un
d n
o
si
gni
fi
ca
nt
ge
n
d
er
di
ffe
rence
s
based
on
sc
ho
ol
bel
o
ngi
ng
s.
Ho
we
ver
,
seve
ral
pre
v
i
o
us st
udi
es
fo
u
nd
gen
d
e
r
h
a
d a si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
effect
o
n
sc
ho
ol
bel
o
n
g
i
n
g (
M
acNeel
y
,
No
nnem
a
ker,
& B
l
um
, 2002;
S
a
nch
e
z
,
C
o
l
o
n, & Es
pa
rza, 2
0
05;
Gal
l
i
h
er, R
o
st
os
ky
,
Hu
ghe
s, 2
0
0
4
)
. It
can be c
o
ncl
u
ded t
h
at
t
h
e effect
of
gen
d
er
on
scho
o
l
o
r
un
iversity b
e
lon
g
i
ng
is in
con
c
lu
siv
e
, an
d th
is
resu
lts n
e
ed
a fu
rth
e
r i
n
v
e
sti
g
atio
n.
Mean
wh
ile, the ANOVA test also
sh
owed th
at stud
en
ts
who
p
a
rticip
at
ed
in th
e St
uden
t
Activ
ity
Un
it (SAU)
h
a
s h
i
gh
er lev
e
l
o
f
u
n
i
v
e
rsity belo
ng
ing
s
th
an stu
d
e
n
t
s wh
o
d
o
n
o
t
fo
llow th
e activ
ities in
SAU
wi
t
h
F (1
.1
7
9
)
= 13 4
3
3
, p = .
0
0
0
,
part
i
a
l
et
a = .07
0
. T
h
i
s
i
s
reaso
n
abl
e
,
be
cause t
h
e i
n
vol
vem
e
nt
of st
ud
ent
s
in
SAU is an
in
d
i
cation
o
f
the h
i
gh
lev
e
l
o
f
th
eir attach
m
e
n
t
to
th
e
un
iv
ersity. So
th
e st
ud
en
ts t
h
at are activ
ely
in
vo
lv
ed
i
n
th
e SAU, will
h
a
ve a
h
i
gh
lev
e
l
o
f
b
e
l
o
ng
ing
s
co
m
p
ared
t
o
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
wh
o do no
t fo
llow any SAU
activ
ities. Oth
e
r resu
lts sh
owed
th
at t
h
ere
were sign
ifican
t differen
ces
b
e
tween
stud
en
ts that is in
vo
lv
ed
i
n
the
Stu
d
e
n
t
Ex
ecutiv
e Bo
ard
(SEB) with
a stud
en
t
who
is
no
t activ
ely in
vo
lv
ed
in
t
h
e SEB, with
F (1
.1
79) =
.97
2
, p
= .0
02
,
p
a
rtial eta = .05
2
. Th
ese resu
lts ind
i
cate th
at in
vo
lv
emen
t in
th
e SEB o
r
g
a
n
i
zatio
n
will
increase t
h
e attachm
e
nt of students t
o
th
e
univ
e
rsity. Just as th
e inv
o
l
v
e
men
t
of SAU, the in
vo
lv
em
en
t in
the
SEB
or
ga
ni
zat
i
on i
s
al
so o
n
e i
ndi
cat
o
r
o
f
t
h
e
hi
gh l
e
vel
of s
t
ude
nt
s'
bel
o
n
g
i
ngs t
o
war
d
s t
h
ei
r u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
. Thi
s
results
accordance
with se
ve
ral pre
v
ious st
udies
, am
ong
othe
r study
by
Eccles a
n
d B
a
rbe
r
,
(1999),
Gerber
(199
6), also
with
Maho
n
e
y
an
d
Cairn
s
st
u
d
y
(19
97)
. Th
ey foun
d
ex
t
r
acurricu
lar activ
ity h
a
d
a po
sitiv
e
relatio
n
s
h
i
p with
schoo
l b
e
l
o
ng
ing
.
Th
e
hig
h
e
r t
h
e st
ud
en
t i
n
v
o
l
v
e
men
t
in ex
tracurricu
lar activ
it
y. Th
e
hi
g
h
er
t
h
e se
ns
e o
f
sc
ho
ol
bel
o
n
g
i
n
g t
h
ey
ha
ve.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
22
IJER
E
V
o
l
.
2,
No
. 1,
M
a
rc
h 20
1
3
:
9 – 1
5
14
W
h
ile, th
e
un
i
v
er
sity b
e
long
in
g
b
a
sed
o
n
semester
o
f
studyin
g
show
ed
a sig
n
i
f
i
can
t
r
e
su
lt. Second
sem
e
st
er st
ude
nt
s ha
ve a hi
g
h
er
de
gree
of
uni
versi
t
y
bel
o
ngi
ng
s com
p
ar
ed wi
t
h
t
h
e m
o
re ad
va
nced se
m
e
st
er
st
ude
nt
s (
f
o
u
r
,
si
x, ei
ght
a
n
d
t
e
n)
wi
t
h
F
(
4
.
1
7
6
)
= 4
1
6
9
,
p =
.0
0
3
, a
n
d p
a
rt
i
a
l
et
a = .0
87
. T
h
ese
r
e
sul
t
s
i
ndi
cat
e t
h
at
i
n
t
h
e be
gi
n
n
i
n
g
st
ude
nt
s h
a
ve
hi
g
h
er
bel
o
n
g
i
ngs
t
o
UA
D, c
o
m
p
ared
wi
t
h
seni
o
r
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
. The
r
e
is a p
o
ssib
ility th
at sen
i
o
r
stu
d
e
n
t
du
ri
n
g
stu
d
y
ing
in
co
ll
eg
e less g
o
t
max
i
m
u
m serv
ice, so
th
is m
a
k
e
s th
e
lev
e
l o
f
attachmen
t
to
UAD
h
a
s d
eclined
prog
ressiv
e
ly.
It
is p
r
ob
ab
ly
man
y
sen
i
or stud
en
ts
d
i
ssatisfy with
th
e serv
ices from facu
lty o
r
un
iv
ersity, an
d
i
t
d
i
rectly
d
ecli
n
es th
e sen
s
e of b
e
long
ing
n
e
ss to
th
e un
iv
ersity. If
th
ey still g
o
t
u
n
s
atisfactio
n
serv
ice
fro
m
t
h
e un
ivers
ity, th
en
m
o
st lik
ely th
ey will b
e
ap
ath
e
tic to
th
e
uni
versi
t
y
.
4.
C
O
N
C
L
U
S
ION
A
N
D
R
E
COMM
ENDATION
The res
u
lts indicated that the scale of Ahmad Da
hl
a
n
Uni
v
ersi
t
y
bel
o
n
g
i
n
gs m
eet
s hi
gh i
n
t
e
rnal
co
nsisten
c
y reliab
ility. It als
o
m
eets
th
e criteria fo
r
satisfacto
r
y co
nstru
c
t v
a
lid
ity. Th
rou
g
h
confirmato
r
y
an
alysis test it
f
oun
d
th
at th
e
measu
r
em
en
t m
o
d
e
l o
f
ADUB scale
m
eets t
h
e b
e
st f
it and
th
e m
o
d
e
l show
s th
at
th
e m
easu
r
em
e
n
t m
o
d
e
l fit th
e d
a
ta em
p
i
rically.
Seco
nd
, t
h
e st
udy
exam
i
n
ed
t
h
e l
e
vel
s
of bel
o
n
g
i
n
gs t
h
r
o
ug
h A
N
O
VA
based
on
part
i
c
i
p
ant
s
’
dem
ogra
phi
c
vari
a
b
l
e
, s
u
ch
as ge
nde
r, se
m
e
st
er of st
ud
y
i
ng, S
A
U i
n
vol
vem
e
nt
and
i
n
v
o
l
v
em
ent
i
n
SE
B
or
ga
ni
zat
i
on. F
i
rst
,
gen
d
er
has
no si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
di
ffe
re
nces eff
ect
on t
h
e l
e
ve
l
of uni
versi
t
y
bel
o
ngi
ng
s. I
n
ot
he
r
wo
rd
s, t
h
ere
w
a
s n
o
di
ffe
renc
e i
n
t
h
e l
e
vel
o
f
bel
o
n
g
i
n
g
n
es
s am
ong m
a
l
e
and
fem
a
l
e
st
udent
s
.
Sec
o
n
d
,
t
h
ere
i
s
a si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
di
ffe
re
nce
of
b
e
l
o
n
g
i
n
gs l
e
vel
am
ong t
h
e
j
u
n
i
or st
ude
nt
s
wi
t
h
seni
or
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
, sec
o
nd
se
m
e
st
er
st
ude
nt
ha
ve a hi
ghe
r bel
o
n
g
i
ngs l
e
vel
com
p
are
d
t
o
t
h
e se
ni
o
r
st
ude
nt
s (
f
o
u
r
,
si
x, ei
g
h
t
,
and t
e
n sem
e
st
ers).
Thi
r
d, i
t
was a
l
so f
o
un
d
di
f
f
e
r
ences
i
n
l
e
vel
s
o
f
bel
o
ngi
ng
ness am
on
g t
h
e st
u
d
ent
s
w
h
o
pa
rt
i
c
i
p
at
ed i
n
S
A
U
activ
ities
an
d
SEB,
wit
h
stud
en
ts wh
o
d
i
d
n
o
t
p
a
rticip
at
e. Stud
en
ts
wh
o
p
a
rticip
ate in
t
h
e activ
ities of SAU
and
SEB
ha
ve
a hi
g
h
e
r
bel
o
n
g
i
n
gs l
e
vel
t
h
a
n
st
ude
nt
s
wh
o
d
o
not
pa
rt
i
c
i
p
at
e.
B
a
sed
on
t
h
e
res
u
l
t
s
ab
o
v
e
,
t
h
e
r
e a
r
e t
w
o s
u
ggest
i
o
ns
t
h
at
m
a
y
be m
e
nt
i
oned
h
e
re.
Fi
rst
,
t
h
e
reliab
ility
test, facto
r
an
alysis an
d
stru
ct
ural eq
u
a
tion
m
o
d
e
l sh
o
w
ed
th
at Ah
m
a
d
Dah
l
an
Un
iversity
bel
o
ngi
ng
s sca
l
e i
s
a v
a
l
i
d
a
n
d
rel
i
a
bl
e m
easurem
ent
t
ool
,
t
o
be
use
d
i
n
m
easuri
n
g
t
h
e
se
nse
of
bel
o
ngi
ngs
of
st
ude
nt
s t
o
t
h
e
i
r u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
. F
u
rt
her
resea
r
ch
co
ul
d
de
vel
o
p
t
h
i
s
scal
e t
o
d
e
scri
be t
h
e se
n
s
e o
f
bel
o
n
g
i
n
gs
o
f
e
m
p
l
o
y
ees (
a
cad
e
m
i
c an
d
non
-
acad
e
m
i
c)
A
h
m
a
d
D
a
h
l
an
U
n
i
v
er
sity. Seco
nd
, b
a
sed
on AN
OV
A test,
it f
o
und
t
h
at
seni
o
r
psy
c
hol
ogy
st
ude
n
t
(4-
8
sem
e
st
er) sh
o
w
a l
o
wer
sense
of
bel
o
n
g
i
n
gs t
h
a
n
ju
ni
or st
ude
nt
s.
Th
i
s
i
s
pr
o
b
abl
y
due
t
o
t
h
e
se
ni
or
st
u
d
ent
s
di
d
not
g
e
t
sat
i
s
fact
ory
servi
ce
fr
om
t
h
e fac
u
l
t
y
, t
hus
i
t
causes t
h
ei
r
sens
e
o
f
b
e
l
o
ng
ingness d
eclin
e in p
r
ogr
essiv
e
ly. H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
th
i
s
in
ter
p
r
e
tation
sho
u
l
d
b
e
ex
am
in
ed
ag
ain, in
a
q
u
a
litativ
e stud
y fo
r v
e
rificatio
n
.
Th
ird
,
m
o
re research
n
e
ed
s to b
e
don
e t
o
invo
lv
e m
o
re sam
p
les o
f
st
ud
en
ts
from
various faculties at UAD. So it can be represe
n
te
d
and
will be able to portray
the real situation as a
wh
ol
e
fo
r st
ud
ent
s
UA
D. B
e
c
a
use
o
n
e
of t
h
e
wea
kne
sses
of
t
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
i
s
t
h
e use
o
f
a l
i
m
i
t
ed sam
p
l
e
.
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