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io
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o
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f
E
v
a
lua
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io
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nd
Resea
rc
h in Ed
uca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2020
,
p
p
.
644
~
649
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8822
,
DOI
: 1
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1
1
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ttp
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ere.
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Bully
ing
behav
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dents
M
a
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Ulf
a
h
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rni G
us
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F
a
c
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Un
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A
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Da
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In
d
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Art
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it
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m
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les
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f
1
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y
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a
rs
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ld
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o
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p
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d
ict
t
o
t
h
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b
u
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ly
in
g
b
e
h
a
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in
a
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n
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o
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th
a
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w
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ter
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th
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h
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re
f
o
re
,
b
u
ll
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g
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terv
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ti
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n
p
ro
g
ra
m
s a
r
e
n
e
e
d
e
d
in
sc
h
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o
ls.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
d
o
lesce
n
t
B
u
ll
y
i
n
g
P
ee
r
s
’
in
f
l
u
en
ce
Sch
o
o
l
Gen
d
er
T
h
is i
s
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o
p
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n
a
c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
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SA
li
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.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
E
r
n
i G
u
s
ti
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a,
Facu
lt
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o
f
P
u
b
lic
Hea
lt
h
,
Un
i
v
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s
ita
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A
h
m
ad
Dah
lan
,
P
r
o
f
.
Dr
.
So
e
p
o
m
o
Stre
et,
J
an
t
u
r
an
,
Yo
g
y
a
k
ar
ta
(
5
5
1
6
4
)
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
E
m
ail:
er
n
i.g
u
s
t
in
a
@
i
k
m
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u
ad
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
B
u
ll
y
i
n
g
[1
-
4]
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
s
u
b
ca
te
g
o
r
y
o
f
in
ter
p
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s
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s
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ar
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b
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ee
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n
a
m
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l
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te
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tio
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it
y
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r
ep
etiti
o
n
,
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d
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m
b
alan
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o
f
p
o
w
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w
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th
e
ai
m
o
f
teas
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g
,
h
u
m
ilia
tin
g
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itti
n
g
,
s
o
cial
ex
clu
s
io
n
a
n
d
is
o
lati
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g
v
ic
ti
m
.
W
ith
th
e
s
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
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b
u
ll
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in
g
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s
o
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te
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d
ef
i
n
ed
as
t
h
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s
y
s
te
m
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tic
ab
u
s
e
o
f
p
o
w
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b
y
p
ee
r
s
.
T
h
is
is
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
g
lo
b
all
y
as
a
co
m
p
le
x
a
n
d
s
er
io
u
s
p
r
o
b
le
m
.
A
b
u
s
e
o
f
p
o
w
er
is
t
h
e
m
ai
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
b
u
ll
y
in
g
an
d
o
th
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
ag
g
r
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s
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n
an
d
s
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u
s
l
y
a
f
f
ec
ts
th
e
li
v
es
o
f
s
o
m
e
y
o
u
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
.
A
d
o
lescen
ts
ca
n
b
e
b
u
llie
s
,
v
icti
m
s
,
a
n
d
b
u
ll
y
-
v
ict
i
m
s
[
5
]
.
B
u
ll
y
i
n
g
is
a
s
er
io
u
s
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
b
lem
d
u
e
to
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
b
u
ll
y
in
g
f
e
lt
b
y
b
o
th
b
u
llie
s
an
d
v
icti
m
s
.
Ma
n
y
s
t
u
d
ies
o
n
b
u
ll
y
in
g
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
b
u
t
th
e
p
r
e
v
alen
ce
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
in
ea
ch
co
u
n
tr
y
is
d
if
f
er
en
t.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
b
u
ll
y
in
g
i
s
4
8
.
5
%
in
On
to
r
io
[
6
]
,
p
r
ev
alen
ce
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
i
n
Au
s
tr
alia
w
a
s
r
ep
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ted
th
at
3
4
%
o
f
b
o
y
s
h
ad
en
g
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g
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in
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u
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in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
an
d
5
8
%
o
f
g
ir
ls
[
7
]
,
in
C
h
in
a
w
a
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
e
in
cid
en
ce
s
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
,
b
u
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th
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s
an
d
w
it
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s
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b
u
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ar
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2
6
.
1
0
%
at
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m
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tar
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s
c
h
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9
.
0
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%
at
m
id
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s
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h
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d
2
8
.
9
0
%
at
h
ig
h
a
n
d
v
o
ca
tio
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al
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
[
9
]
s
tated
th
at
2
5
%
clai
m
ed
to
b
e
in
v
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lv
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,
1
3
%
w
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e
v
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ti
m
s
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f
b
u
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g
,
8
%
w
er
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b
u
llies
,
an
d
4
%
w
er
e
b
u
ll
y
-
v
ic
ti
m
s
.
Me
an
w
h
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i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia i
t is r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
4
9
% o
f
ad
o
lescen
ts
ar
e
v
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m
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
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g
[
1
0
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
th
i
n
k
in
g
n
o
w
r
e
f
lect
s
an
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
b
u
ll
y
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n
g
as
a
s
o
cial
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
r
elate
d
to
s
er
io
u
s
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
b
o
th
p
h
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s
icall
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an
d
p
s
y
c
h
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lo
g
icall
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f
o
r
b
u
llies
,
v
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m
s
,
a
n
d
b
u
ll
y
-
v
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m
s
[
1
1
]
.
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
h
a
s
b
ee
n
li
n
k
ed
to
an
x
iet
y
[
1
2
]
,
d
ep
r
e
s
s
io
n
[
1
0
,
13]
,
b
u
lly
-
v
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m
s
a
r
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at
in
cr
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ed
r
is
k
s
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m
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w
h
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s
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is
k
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p
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s
o
n
alit
y
d
is
o
r
d
er
f
o
r
b
u
l
lies
[
1
4
]
.
P
h
y
s
ica
l
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
is
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
s
u
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cid
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id
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tio
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an
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r
elatio
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b
u
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g
w
as
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
s
u
i
cid
e
atte
m
p
ts
[
1
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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v
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&
R
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s
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d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
B
u
llyin
g
b
eh
a
vio
r
a
mo
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
Ma
r
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Ulfa
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)
645
B
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B
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[
1
7
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.
T
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p
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[
1
7
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T
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f
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o
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tex
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n
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p
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f
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s
o
cializa
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d
p
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tectio
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[
1
8
]
.
P
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r
r
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r
e
s
s
i
v
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
[
1
9
]
.
W
h
ile
p
ar
en
tal
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
n
d
a
w
ar
e
n
es
s
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
g
r
ea
ter
p
r
o
tectio
n
f
o
r
a
d
o
lescen
ts
a
g
ai
n
s
t
t
h
e
r
is
k
o
f
o
n
li
n
e
h
ar
ass
m
e
n
t
[
2
0
]
.
P
a
r
en
tal
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
en
t
in
ad
o
lesc
en
t
s
o
cial
r
elatio
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
p
ar
en
ts
k
n
o
w
w
it
h
wh
o
m
t
h
eir
ch
ild
r
en
s
o
cial
ize
is
p
r
ed
icted
as
a
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
ad
o
lescen
t
s
n
o
t
to
b
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
v
icti
m
iz
atio
n
[
2
1
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
el
y
,
p
o
o
r
q
u
alit
y
ad
o
lesce
n
t
attac
h
m
e
n
t
t
o
p
ar
en
ts
an
d
p
ee
r
s
p
r
ed
icts
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
a
n
d
v
ict
i
m
iz
atio
n
[
2
2
]
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
ed
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
t
i
o
n
al
s
t
u
d
ies.
E
ac
h
clas
s
,
w
h
ic
h
w
as c
o
n
s
ic
ted
o
f
3
4
s
t
u
d
en
ts
g
r
ad
e
8
-
9
,
w
a
s
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
6
s
u
b
-
clas
s
es
.
S
a
m
p
le
w
as
ta
k
en
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
u
s
i
n
g
in
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
s
u
ch
a
s
ad
o
lescen
ts
l
iv
i
n
g
w
it
h
p
ar
en
ts
.
R
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
t
s
w
er
e
s
elec
ted
b
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
s
tr
ati
f
ied
r
an
d
o
m
s
a
m
p
lin
g
w
h
er
e
ea
c
h
s
u
b
-
clas
s
w
as
r
ep
r
ese
n
ted
b
y
1
6
s
t
u
d
en
ts
w
it
h
a
to
tal
o
f
1
9
3
s
tu
d
en
t
s
.
W
e
ad
o
p
ted
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
an
d
p
ar
en
tal
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
atter
n
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
[
2
3
,
2
4
]
.
Dat
a
an
al
y
s
is
i
n
cl
u
d
es
u
n
i
v
ar
iate
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
to
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
ea
c
h
v
ar
iab
le.
B
iv
ar
iate
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
w
a
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
C
h
i
s
q
u
ar
e
test
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
s
tu
d
ied
.
Var
iab
les
w
it
h
p
v
al
u
es
le
s
s
t
h
a
n
0
.
2
5
in
th
e
b
iv
ar
iate
an
al
y
s
i
s
w
er
e
i
n
clu
d
ed
in
t
h
e
m
u
ltiv
ar
i
ate
an
al
y
s
is
u
s
in
g
lo
g
i
s
t
ic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Respo
nd
e
nt
c
ha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
1
9
3
s
ch
o
o
l
teen
ag
er
s
.
O
f
t
h
e
1
9
3
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
,
th
er
e
w
er
e
3
8
b
o
y
s
(
4
8
.
7
2
%)
an
d
6
6
g
ir
l
s
(
5
7
.
3
9
%)
w
h
o
h
ad
1
4
y
ea
r
s
o
f
a
g
e
as ill
u
s
tr
ated
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
l
e
1
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t b
y
a
g
ed
o
f
ad
o
lescen
t
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
st
i
c
s
B
o
y
s (n
=
7
8
)
G
i
r
l
s (n
=
1
1
5
)
n
%
n
%
A
g
e
12
2
2
.
5
6
2
1
.
7
4
13
29
3
7
.
1
8
44
3
8
.
2
6
14
38
4
8
.
7
2
66
5
7
.
3
9
15
7
8
.
8
7
3
2
.
6
1
16
2
2
.
5
6
0
0
.
0
0
3
.
2
.
F
re
qu
ency
dis
t
ri
bu
t
io
n
o
f
v
a
ria
bles
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
u
n
i
v
ar
iate
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
ex
p
lai
n
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
e
ac
h
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
iab
le.
1
1
5
(
5
9
.
5
9
%)
w
er
e
g
ir
ls
.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
r
esu
lts
i
n
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
h
o
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
w
er
e
1
2
1
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
6
2
.
6
9
%)
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
h
o
h
a
v
e
poor
p
a
r
e
n
tal
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
p
atter
n
s
ar
e
1
0
5
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
5
4
.
4
0
%)
an
d
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
f
r
ien
d
s
w
h
o
p
la
y
a
n
eg
ati
v
e
r
o
le
ar
e
9
4
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
4
0
.
4
1
%)
.
B
o
y
s
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
li
k
el
y
to
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
i
n
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
u
llie
s
,
p
ar
en
tal
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
,
p
ee
r
’
s
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
an
d
g
en
d
er
V
a
r
i
b
a
l
e
s
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
n
=
1
9
3
)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
B
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
Y
e
s
1
2
1
6
2
.
6
9
No
72
3
7
.
3
1
P
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
P
o
o
r
1
0
5
5
4
.
4
0
G
o
o
d
88
4
5
.
6
0
P
e
e
r
s
’
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
94
4
8
.
7
0
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
99
5
1
.
3
0
G
e
n
d
e
r
B
o
y
s
78
4
0
.
4
1
G
i
r
l
s
1
1
5
5
9
.
5
9
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8822
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
6
4
4
-
649
646
T
ab
le
3
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
p
ar
en
tal
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
atter
n
s
an
d
p
ee
r
’
s
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
s
b
y
g
en
d
er
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
B
o
y
s (n
=
7
8
)
G
i
r
l
s (n
=
1
1
5
)
T
o
t
a
l
n
%
n
%
n
%
B
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
Y
e
s
62
7
9
.
4
9
59
5
1
.
3
0
1
2
1
6
2
.
6
9
No
16
2
0
.
5
1
56
4
8
.
7
0
72
3
7
.
3
1
P
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
P
o
o
r
62
5
7
.
6
9
60
5
2
.
1
7
88
4
5
.
6
0
G
o
o
d
16
4
2
.
3
1
55
4
7
.
8
3
1
0
5
5
4
.
4
0
P
e
e
r
s
’
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
47
6
0
.
2
6
47
4
0
.
8
7
94
4
8
.
7
0
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
31
3
9
.
7
4
68
5
9
.
1
3
94
5
1
.
3
0
3
.
3
.
B
iv
a
ria
t
e
a
na
ly
s
is
B
iv
ar
iate
an
a
l
y
s
is
w
as
co
n
d
u
c
ted
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
an
d
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
ee
r
s
w
it
h
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
C
h
i
s
q
u
ar
e
an
a
l
y
s
is
s
h
o
w
ed
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
p
ar
en
tal
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
atter
n
s
,
p
ee
r
s
’
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
d
an
g
e
n
d
er
w
it
h
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
(
T
ab
l
e
4)
.
T
ab
le
4
.
C
h
i
s
q
u
ar
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
an
d
p
ar
en
t
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
atter
n
,
p
ee
r
s
’
in
f
l
u
en
ce
a
n
d
g
e
n
d
er
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
B
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
T
o
t
a
l
P
V
a
l
u
e
Y
e
s
No
N
P
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
P
o
o
r
73
32
1
0
5
0
.
0
3
2
G
o
o
d
48
40
88
P
e
e
r
s
’
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
69
25
94
0
.
0
0
2
P
o
si
t
i
f
52
47
99
G
e
n
d
e
r
B
o
y
s
62
16
78
0
.
0
0
0
1
G
i
r
l
s
59
56
1
1
5
3
.
4
.
M
ultiv
a
ria
t
e
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
is
an
al
y
s
is
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
b
ased
o
n
p
ar
en
tal
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
atter
n
,
p
ee
r
s
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
a
n
d
g
e
n
d
er
.
P
o
o
r
p
a
r
en
tal
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
p
ar
en
ts
a
n
d
y
o
u
t
h
h
av
e
a
1
.
6
4
tim
es
c
h
an
ce
to
b
ec
o
m
e
a
b
u
ll
y
in
g
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
teen
s
w
h
o
h
a
v
e
g
o
o
d
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
p
atter
n
s
w
it
h
p
ar
en
t
s
b
u
t
ar
e
n
o
t
s
tat
is
t
icall
y
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t.
A
d
o
lesce
n
t
w
h
o
h
a
v
e
f
r
ien
d
s
w
it
h
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
o
les
ar
e
lik
el
y
to
p
r
o
tect
ad
o
lescen
ts
f
r
o
m
b
u
ll
y
in
g
a
n
d
ar
e
s
tatis
ticall
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
(
OR
=1
.
9
2
;
9
5
%C
I
=1
.
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m
en
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d
4
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w
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[
2
5
,
26]
.
B
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ar
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ted
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b
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s
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ls
[
2
7
]
.
B
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ar
e
m
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f
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v
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b
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[
2
8
]
.
I
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ca
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ta
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k
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eh
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b
j
ec
t o
f
d
an
g
er
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u
s
g
o
s
s
ip
[
2
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
R
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8822
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(
Ma
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T
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Me
an
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h
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ar
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t
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o
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p
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p
p
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d
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c
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ch
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r
en
to
h
av
e
b
u
ll
y
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
[
3
0
,
31]
.
Stu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
e
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
b
u
ll
y
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m
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co
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tex
t a
n
d
d
o
m
est
ic
v
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le
n
ce
[
3
2
]
.
P
ar
en
ts
w
h
o
o
f
ten
ap
p
l
y
n
e
g
ativ
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co
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m
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ec
tio
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r
eg
ar
d
in
g
p
o
s
iti
v
e
a
t
titu
d
es
[
3
3
]
.
P
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
l
v
e
m
en
t
[
3
4
]
an
d
h
ig
h
p
ar
en
tal
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
[
3
5
]
p
r
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v
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a
ten
d
en
c
y
to
d
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r
ea
s
e
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o
lescen
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in
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m
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t
in
b
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g
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d
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w
h
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v
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q
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alit
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ttach
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r
s
o
f
b
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ll
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in
g
a
n
d
v
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m
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n
[
2
2
]
.
P
ar
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tal
s
u
p
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t
an
d
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r
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y
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to
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t b
o
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s
to
b
ec
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m
e
b
u
l
lies
an
d
v
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m
s
[
1
7
]
.
P
ee
r
s
ca
n
h
a
v
e
b
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p
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s
it
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n
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lu
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lescen
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b
eh
a
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.
P
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r
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s
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id
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tit
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ev
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t
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s
.
T
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s
t
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d
y
in
d
icate
t
h
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p
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w
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a
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h
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e
g
ati
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r
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av
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A
d
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t
to
b
eh
av
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in
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a
m
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w
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tn
e
s
s
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e
ir
p
ee
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s
b
u
ll
y
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g
.
P
ee
r
s
w
h
o
h
a
v
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a
p
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o
r
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
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g
o
f
th
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ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
b
u
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y
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n
g
ca
n
h
av
e
a
n
e
g
ati
v
e
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
o
n
ad
o
lescen
ts
[
3
6
]
.
W
h
er
ea
s
g
o
o
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
w
it
h
teac
h
er
s
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
e
er
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
a
n
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
ar
e
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ac
to
r
s
[
8
]
.
C
h
ild
r
en
w
h
o
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
h
ig
h
p
ee
r
r
ej
ec
tio
n
r
ates,
in
ter
n
aliza
t
io
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
an
d
lo
w
er
q
u
alit
y
p
ar
en
t
-
c
h
ild
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
p
er
s
is
ten
t
v
icti
m
izat
io
n
[
3
7
]
.
A
d
o
lesce
n
ts
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
b
u
l
l
y
i
n
g
ac
tio
n
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
g
et
a
w
ar
d
s
f
r
o
m
f
r
ien
d
s
an
d
b
e
ac
ce
p
ted
in
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
.
P
eer
h
av
e
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
w
i
th
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
w
h
er
e
if
p
ee
r
in
f
l
u
en
ce
i
s
g
o
o
d
th
en
b
u
ll
y
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
is
lo
w
a
n
d
i
f
p
ee
r
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
t
h
e
less
g
o
o
d
p
ee
r
th
en
th
e
b
u
ll
y
i
n
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
th
at
o
cc
u
r
s
i
s
h
ig
h
[
3
8
]
.
Un
h
ea
l
th
y
p
ee
r
r
elatio
n
s
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4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
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m
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]
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M
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S
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lm
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ll
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]
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.
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]
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Eu
r
o
p
e
:
A
1
0
-
Co
u
n
try
S
tu
d
y
,
"
J
.
Ad
o
les
c
.
He
a
l
.
,
v
o
l
.
6
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
9
-
1
8
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
6
]
R.
T
a
k
iz
a
w
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
d
u
lt
h
e
a
lt
h
o
u
tco
m
e
s
o
f
c
h
il
d
h
o
o
d
b
u
l
ly
i
n
g
v
icti
m
iza
ti
o
n
:
Ev
id
e
n
c
e
f
ro
m
a
f
iv
e
-
d
e
c
a
d
e
lo
n
g
it
u
d
i
n
a
l
Brit
is
h
b
ir
th
c
o
h
o
rt,
"
Am.
J
.
Psy
c
h
i
a
try
,
v
o
l.
1
7
1
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
7
7
7
-
7
8
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
7
]
E.
Erg
in
o
z
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
T
h
e
ro
le
o
f
p
a
re
n
tal,
sc
h
o
o
l,
a
n
d
p
e
e
r
f
a
c
to
rs
i
n
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
b
u
ll
y
in
g
in
v
o
lv
e
m
e
n
t:
Re
su
l
ts
f
ro
m
th
e
T
u
rk
ish
HBSC
2
0
0
5
/
2
0
0
6
st
u
d
y
,
"
Asia
-
Pa
c
if
ic J.
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
l
.
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
9
1
-
1
6
0
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
8
]
M
.
A
.
I.
S
il
v
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
T
h
e
in
v
o
lv
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
g
irl
s
a
n
d
b
o
y
s
w
it
h
b
u
ll
y
in
g
:
A
n
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
g
e
n
d
e
r
d
if
f
e
re
n
c
e
s,"
In
t.
J
.
En
v
iro
n
.
Res
.
P
u
b
l
ic He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
6
8
2
0
-
6
8
3
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
9
]
A
.
Bo
ra
w
s
k
i,
El
a
in
e
,
E.
Ie
v
e
rs
-
Lan
d
is,
Ca
ro
ly
n
,
D.
L
o
v
e
rg
re
e
n
,
Lo
re
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
T
ra
p
l,
Eri
k
a
,
"
P
a
re
n
tal
M
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
,
Ne
g
o
ti
a
ted
Un
su
p
e
rv
ise
d
T
i
m
e
,
a
n
d
P
a
re
n
tal
T
ru
st:
T
h
e
Ro
le
o
f
P
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
P
a
re
n
ti
n
g
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
in
A
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
He
a
lt
h
Risk
Be
h
a
v
io
rs,"
J
Ad
o
les
c
He
a
l
.
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
0
-
7
0
,
2
0
0
3
.
[2
0
]
A
.
Kh
u
ra
n
a
,
A
.
Blea
k
le
y
,
A
.
B.
J
o
rd
a
n
,
a
n
d
D.
R
o
m
e
r,
"
T
h
e
P
ro
te
c
ti
v
e
E
ff
e
c
ts
o
f
P
a
re
n
tal
M
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
a
n
d
In
ter
n
e
t
Re
strictio
n
o
n
A
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts’
Risk
o
f
On
li
n
e
Ha
ra
ss
m
e
n
t,
"
J
.
Y
o
u
t
h
Ad
o
les
c
.
,
v
o
l
.
4
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
0
3
9
-
1
0
4
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
1
]
P
.
S
tav
rin
id
e
s,
M
.
Nik
if
o
ro
u
,
a
n
d
S
.
G
e
o
rg
io
u
,
"
Do
m
o
th
e
rs
k
n
o
w
?
L
o
n
g
it
u
d
i
n
a
l
a
ss
o
c
iatio
n
s
b
e
twe
e
n
p
a
re
n
tal
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
,
b
u
ll
y
in
g
,
a
n
d
v
ictim
i
z
a
ti
o
n
,
"
J
.
S
o
c
.
Per
s.
Rel
a
t
.
,
v
o
l.
3
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
0
-
1
9
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
2
]
M
.
Nik
if
o
ro
u
,
S
.
N
.
G
e
o
rg
io
u
,
a
n
d
P
.
S
tav
rin
i
d
e
s,
"
A
tt
a
c
h
m
e
n
t
to
P
a
re
n
ts
a
n
d
P
e
e
rs
a
s
a
P
a
ra
m
e
t
e
r
o
f
Bu
ll
y
in
g
a
n
d
V
ictim
iza
ti
o
n
,
"
J
.
Crimin
o
l
.
,
v
o
l.
2
0
1
3
,
S
p
e
c
ial
Iss
u
e
,
p
p
.
1
-
9
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
3
]
A
.
Ro
h
im
a
h
a
n
d
M
a
m
n
u
’a
h
,
"
T
h
e
Re
latio
n
s
h
ip
o
f
t
h
e
R
o
le
o
f
P
e
e
r
G
ro
u
p
s
w
it
h
Be
h
a
v
io
r
in
S
c
h
o
o
l
A
g
e
Ch
il
d
re
n
in
S
D
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
i
y
a
h
M
l
a
n
g
i
Ga
m
p
in
g
S
L
e
m
a
n
Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta,
"
Ai
sy
iya
h
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
4
]
M
e
g
a
w
a
ti
,
"
R
e
latio
n
sh
ip
o
f
F
a
m
il
y
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
P
a
t
tern
s
w
it
h
Bu
ll
y
in
g
Be
h
a
v
io
r
in
S
c
h
o
o
l
A
g
e
Ch
il
d
re
n
a
t
S
D
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
i
y
a
h
M
l
a
n
g
i
G
a
m
p
in
g
S
lem
a
n
Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta,"
Ai
sy
iya
h
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
5
]
He
r
m
a
li
nd
a
,
De
sw
it
a
,
a
n
d
E.
Ok
tarin
a
,
"
T
h
e
Re
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
tw
e
e
n
Yo
u
t
h
C
h
a
ra
c
teristics
a
n
d
Bu
ll
y
in
g
Be
h
a
v
io
r
i
n
Ju
n
io
r
Hig
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts i
n
P
a
d
a
n
g
Cit
y
,
"
J
.
Ke
p
e
ra
wa
ta
n
S
o
e
d
irma
n
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
6
]
A
.
K.
T
sitsik
a
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
Bu
ll
y
in
g
Be
h
a
v
io
rs
in
Ch
il
d
re
n
a
n
d
A
d
o
le
sc
e
n
ts:
A
n
On
g
o
in
g
S
to
ry
,
"
Fro
n
t.
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
l
.
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
7
]
A
.
C.
Ba
ld
r
y
,
D.
P
.
F
a
rrin
g
t
o
n
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
o
rre
n
ti
n
o
,
"
S
c
h
o
o
l
B
u
ll
y
in
g
a
n
d
Cy
b
e
rb
u
ll
y
in
g
Am
o
n
g
Bo
y
s
a
n
d
G
irl
s:
Ro
les
a
n
d
Ov
e
rlap
,
"
J
.
A
g
g
re
ss
.
M
a
lt
re
a
tme
n
t
T
r
a
u
ma
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
9
3
7
-
9
5
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
8
]
E.
G
u
stin
a
a
n
d
M
.
W
ib
o
w
o
,
"
S
e
x
,
F
rien
d
s
a
n
d
Bu
l
ly
in
g
Am
o
n
g
A
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts,"
In
t.
J
.
Pu
b
li
c
He
a
l.
S
c
i
.
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
8
0
-
1
8
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
9
]
M
.
V
.
Ca
rre
ra
F
e
rn
á
n
d
e
z
,
M
.
L
.
F
e
rn
á
n
d
e
z
,
Y.
R.
Ca
stro
,
J.
M
.
F
a
il
d
e
G
a
rrid
o
,
a
n
d
M
.
C
.
Ote
r
o
,
"
Bu
l
ly
in
g
in
S
p
a
n
ish
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
sc
h
o
o
ls:
G
e
n
d
e
r
-
b
a
se
d
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s,"
S
p
a
n
.
J
.
Ps
y
c
h
o
l
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
E
2
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
4
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
0
]
P
.
K.
S
m
it
h
,
Un
d
e
rs
ta
n
d
i
n
g
sc
h
o
o
l
b
u
l
lyin
g
:
I
ts
n
a
tu
re
a
n
d
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
str
a
teg
ies
,
L
o
n
d
o
n
:
S
A
G
E
P
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
L
td
.
, 2
0
1
4
.
[3
1
]
A
.
C
.
Ba
ld
r
y
a
n
d
D.
P
.
F
a
rrin
g
to
n
,
"
Bu
ll
ies
a
n
d
d
e
li
n
q
u
e
n
ts:
P
e
rso
n
a
l
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
a
n
d
p
a
re
n
tal
sty
l
e
s,"
J
.
Co
mm
u
n
i
ty A
p
p
l.
S
o
c
.
Psy
c
h
o
l
.
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
7
-
3
1
,
2
0
0
0
.
[3
2
]
W
.
A
.
d
e
Oliv
e
ira,
J.
L
.
d
a
S
il
v
a
,
J.
M
.
C
.
S
a
m
p
a
io
,
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
I.
S
il
v
a
,
"
S
tu
d
e
n
ts’
h
e
a
lt
h
:
a
n
in
teg
ra
ti
v
e
re
v
ie
w
o
n
f
a
m
il
y
a
n
d
b
u
ll
y
in
g
,
"
Cien
c
.
e
S
a
u
d
e
Co
letiva
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
5
5
3
-
1
5
6
4
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
3
]
I.
Us
m
a
n
,
"
P
e
rso
n
a
li
ty
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
p
e
e
r
g
ro
u
p
s,
sc
h
o
o
l
c
li
m
a
te
a
n
d
Bu
ll
y
in
g
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
r
(in
Ba
h
a
sa
)
,"
Hu
ma
n
it
a
s (
M
o
n
ter
e
y
.
N.
L
)
.
,
v
o
l.
X
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
9
-
5
9
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
4
]
H.
A
b
d
irah
m
a
n
,
L
.
C
.
F
lem
in
g
,
a
n
d
K
.
H.
Ja
c
o
b
se
n
,
"
P
a
re
n
tal
i
n
v
o
lv
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
b
u
ll
y
in
g
a
m
o
n
g
m
id
d
le
sc
h
o
o
l
stu
d
e
n
ts
in
N
o
rth
Af
rica
,
"
Ea
st.
M
e
d
it
e
rr
.
He
a
l.
J
.
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
2
7
-
2
3
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
5
]
D.
J.
M
e
ter
a
n
d
S
.
Ba
u
m
a
n
,
"
M
o
ra
l
Dise
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
A
b
o
u
t
C
y
b
e
rb
u
ll
y
in
g
a
n
d
P
a
re
n
tal
M
o
n
i
to
rin
g
:
Ef
f
e
c
ts
o
n
T
ra
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
B
u
ll
y
in
g
a
n
d
Vi
c
ti
m
iz
a
ti
o
n
v
ia
Cy
b
e
rb
u
ll
y
in
g
I
n
v
o
lv
e
m
e
n
t,
"
J
.
Ea
rly
Ad
o
les
c
.
,
v
o
l.
3
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
0
3
-
3
2
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
6
]
R.
F
a
taru
b
a
,
"
T
h
e
Ro
le
o
f
P
e
e
r
P
re
ss
u
re
o
n
Bu
ll
y
in
g
B
e
h
a
v
io
r
in
A
d
o
les
c
e
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