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I
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2
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8822
I
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Vo
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5
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4
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Dec
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b
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2
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:
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p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
in
u
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
e
x
a
m
i
n
atio
n
s
,
th
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
i
ties
h
a
v
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
P
o
s
t
-
U
n
i
f
ied
T
er
tiar
y
Ma
tr
icu
lat
io
n
E
x
a
m
i
n
a
tio
n
(
P
o
s
t
-
UT
ME
)
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
v
er
s
ies
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
th
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
s
u
s
ten
a
n
ce
o
f
P
o
s
t
-
UT
ME
b
y
Nig
er
ia
n
u
n
i
v
er
s
i
ties
,
t
h
o
u
g
h
w
e
ll
in
te
n
tio
n
ed
,
is
g
i
v
in
g
a
lo
t
o
f
co
n
ce
r
n
to
s
ta
k
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
as
it
m
ak
es
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
ec
u
r
i
n
g
ad
m
i
s
s
io
n
i
n
to
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
c
u
m
b
er
s
o
m
e
an
d
e
x
p
en
s
i
v
e.
Yet,
th
e
n
ee
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
co
m
p
ete
n
t
ca
n
d
id
ates
ar
e
ad
m
itted
i
n
to
u
n
i
v
er
s
i
ties
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
,
as
w
it
n
es
s
ed
p
r
io
r
to
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
P
o
s
t
-
UT
ME
.
1
.
1
.
P
o
s
t
-
Unifie
d T
er
t
ia
ry
M
a
t
ri
cula
t
io
n E
x
a
m
i
na
t
io
n (
P
o
s
t
-
UT
M
E
)
T
h
e
o
b
v
io
u
s
w
ea
k
n
e
s
s
e
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ad
m
i
ttin
g
en
tr
a
n
ts
i
n
to
Nig
er
ia
n
u
n
iv
er
s
itie
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
UT
ME
an
d
th
e
i
n
ce
s
s
an
t
d
ec
li
n
e
i
n
t
h
e
ex
p
ec
ted
r
o
les
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
th
e
Nig
er
i
a,
co
u
p
le
w
ith
th
e
s
ev
er
al
ca
lls
f
o
r
an
alter
n
ati
v
e
m
e
th
o
d
o
f
ad
m
is
s
io
n
i
n
to
Natio
n
‟
s
u
n
i
v
er
s
itie
s
.
E
x
a
m
p
l
e,
[
6
]
n
o
ted
th
at
f
o
r
m
an
y
y
ea
r
s
Nig
er
ia
n
u
n
i
v
er
s
i
ties
w
er
e
ab
le
to
ad
m
it
o
n
l
y
7
to
1
0
%
o
f
th
e
ap
p
lican
ts
.
T
h
is
lo
w
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
b
ei
n
g
o
f
f
er
ed
ad
m
i
s
s
io
n
an
n
u
al
l
y
r
es
u
lted
i
n
b
o
th
ap
p
lican
ts
an
d
t
h
eir
p
ar
en
ts
b
ein
g
v
er
y
d
esp
er
ate
in
th
e
ir
b
id
to
b
e
th
e
f
e
w
o
f
f
er
ed
ad
m
is
s
io
n
i
n
th
e
s
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
i
ties
.
T
h
is
u
s
h
er
ed
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
ex
a
m
in
at
io
n
m
alp
r
ac
tices i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
u
ct
o
f
UT
ME
.
T
h
ese
an
d
m
a
n
y
o
th
er
co
n
ce
r
n
s
b
y
s
ta
k
e
h
o
ld
er
s
r
es
u
lted
i
n
th
e
f
ed
er
al
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
o
f
Ni
g
er
ia
u
n
d
er
th
e
th
e
n
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
o
f
P
r
esid
en
t
Olu
s
eg
u
n
A
r
e
m
u
Ob
asa
n
j
o
r
eso
lv
e
to
g
r
an
t
p
o
w
er
to
u
n
i
v
er
s
i
ties
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
t
h
e
n
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
m
i
n
is
ter
Mr
s
.
C
h
i
n
w
e
A
b
aj
i
to
co
n
d
u
c
t
s
cr
ee
n
i
n
g
te
s
ts
(
P
o
s
t
-
UT
ME
)
f
o
r
ad
m
i
s
s
io
n
i
n
to
th
eir
v
ar
io
u
s
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
es
i
n
2
0
0
5
.
Un
d
er
th
is
p
o
licy
it
b
ec
a
m
e
m
a
n
d
ato
r
y
f
o
r
all
u
n
i
v
er
s
itie
s
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
to
o
r
g
an
is
e
a
s
cr
ee
n
test
f
o
r
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
c
an
d
id
ates
af
ter
p
ass
i
n
g
th
eir
UT
ME
an
d
b
ef
o
r
e
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
a
p
lace
in
to
th
e
i
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
ca
n
d
id
ates
w
h
o
s
co
r
ed
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
cu
t
-
o
f
f
m
ar
k
s
in
UT
ME
a
r
e
s
h
o
r
tlis
ted
b
y
J
AM
B
an
d
s
en
t
to
th
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
ies
o
f
th
eir
ch
o
ices.
T
h
er
ea
f
t
er
,
th
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
itie
s
w
o
u
ld
th
e
n
s
cr
ee
n
t
h
e
ca
n
d
id
a
tes u
s
in
g
o
r
al
in
ter
v
ie
w
s
,
ap
tit
u
d
e
test
,
o
r
ev
en
a
n
o
th
er
ex
a
m
in
atio
n
[
7
]
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
P
o
s
t
-
UT
ME
w
as i
n
t
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
to
Nig
er
ia
n
u
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
to
h
elp
a
m
el
io
r
ate
lo
ts
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
s
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
s
ev
er
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
w
er
e
id
en
ti
f
ied
b
y
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
e
r
s
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
‟
s
u
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
a
v
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
t
h
at,
th
e
co
n
te
n
ts
o
f
UT
ME
an
d
Po
s
t
-
UT
ME
ite
m
s
ar
e
n
o
t
th
e
s
a
m
e
a
n
d
th
at,
t
h
e
P
o
s
t
-
UT
ME
item
s
ar
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
th
an
t
h
e
UT
ME
.
Si
m
ilar
l
y
,
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
also
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
e
f
ai
lu
r
e
o
f
P
o
s
t
-
UT
ME
to
p
r
ed
ic
t th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
f
N
ig
er
ia
n
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
ities
[
7]
-
[
12]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
litt
le
atten
tio
n
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
aid
,
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
u
n
iv
er
s
itie
s
to
th
e
i
n
-
d
ep
th
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
ite
m
s
co
n
tai
n
ed
in
th
e
P
o
s
t
-
U
T
ME
.
I
t
is
n
o
t
s
u
r
p
r
is
i
n
g
t
h
at
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
ite
m
s
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
f
o
r
tak
i
n
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
o
n
s
t
u
d
en
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
g
o
o
d
.
A
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
w
h
ich
t
h
e
P
o
s
t
-
UT
ME
item
s
w
er
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
as
w
ell
as
t
h
ei
r
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
etr
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
ti
cs
m
a
y
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
w
a
y
s
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
‟
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
i
n
P
o
s
t
-
UT
ME
.
1
.
2
.
P
urpo
s
e
o
f
T
he
Study
T
h
e
m
ai
n
P
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
to
ev
al
u
ate
t
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
th
e
N
ig
er
ia
n
u
n
i
v
er
s
itie
s
‟
P
o
s
t
-
UT
ME
ec
o
n
o
m
ics te
s
t ite
m
s
.
I
t is o
r
g
an
is
ed
to
m
ee
t t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
esear
ch
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es:
i
T
o
E
x
am
i
n
e
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
f
it
o
f
t
h
e
No
r
th
w
est
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
(
NW
U)
P
o
s
t
-
UT
ME
E
co
n
o
m
ics
te
s
t
ite
m
s
to
I
R
T
m
o
d
els
ii
T
est f
o
r
v
io
latio
n
s
o
f
e
s
s
e
n
tial
I
R
T
b
asic a
s
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
o
f
u
n
i
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
al
it
y
a
n
d
lo
ca
l in
d
e
p
en
d
en
ce
iii
I
d
en
tify
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
it
e
m
d
is
cr
i
m
in
at
io
n
v
al
u
e
s
,
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
y
,
a
n
d
p
s
eu
d
o
-
g
u
e
s
s
i
n
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
NW
U
P
o
s
t
-
UT
ME
E
co
n
o
m
ic
s
test
ite
m
s
.
1
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h Q
ues
t
io
ns
i
T
o
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
ll
y
atta
in
t
h
e
s
e
t
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
o
f
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
est
io
n
s
w
ill
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
.
T
h
u
s
;
ii
Do
th
e
NW
U
P
o
s
t
-
UT
ME
E
co
n
o
m
ic
s
test
ite
m
s
f
i
t in
to
t
h
e
I
R
T
m
o
d
els
?
iii
Do
th
e
NW
U
P
o
s
t
-
UT
ME
E
co
n
o
m
ics
test
ite
m
s
s
ati
s
f
y
t
h
e
es
s
e
n
tial
I
R
T
b
asic
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
u
n
id
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
alit
y
an
d
lo
ca
l it
e
m
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
?
iv
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
ite
m
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
(
d
is
cr
i
m
i
n
atio
n
v
al
u
es,
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
y
,
an
d
p
s
e
u
d
o
-
g
u
e
s
s
i
n
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
)
o
f
th
e
NW
U
P
o
st
-
UT
ME
E
co
n
o
m
ics te
s
t ite
m
s
?
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f No
r
th
w
est Un
iv
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ity,
K
a
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o
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o
s
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263
2.
I
T
E
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RE
SPO
NSE
T
H
E
O
R
Y
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
3
]
I
te
m
r
esp
o
n
s
e
t
h
eo
r
y
(
I
R
T
)
is
a
s
et
o
f
late
n
t
v
ar
iab
le
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
esp
ec
iall
y
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
o
d
el
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
a
s
u
b
j
ec
t‟
s
“
ab
ilit
y
”
an
d
t
h
e
ite
m
lev
e
l
s
ti
m
u
li
(
d
i
f
f
icu
lt
y
,
g
u
e
s
s
i
n
g
,
etc.
)
.
T
h
e
f
o
c
u
s
is
o
n
th
e
p
atter
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
es
r
ath
er
t
h
an
o
n
co
m
p
o
s
ite
o
r
t
o
tal
s
co
r
e
v
ar
iab
le
s
an
d
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
t
h
eo
r
y
.
T
h
e
I
R
T
f
r
am
e
w
o
r
k
e
m
p
h
asize
s
h
o
w
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
ca
n
b
e
th
o
u
g
h
t
o
f
i
n
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
ter
m
s
.
I
n
I
R
T
th
e
ite
m
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
(
d
ep
en
d
en
t
)
v
ar
iab
les,
a
n
d
t
h
e
ex
a
m
in
ee
‟
s
ab
ili
t
y
a
n
d
th
e
ite
m
s
‟
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
t
h
e
late
n
t p
r
ed
icto
r
(
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t)
v
ar
i
ab
les [
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
I
te
m
R
esp
o
n
s
e
Mo
d
els,
as
s
u
m
m
ar
i
s
ed
b
y
[
1
5
]
ar
e,
f
ir
s
t,
a
n
I
R
T
m
o
d
el
m
u
s
t
s
p
ec
if
y
t
h
e
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
e
en
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
u
n
d
er
l
y
in
g
u
n
o
b
s
er
v
ab
le
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
Seco
n
d
l
y
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
m
u
s
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
w
a
y
to
esti
m
ate
s
co
r
es
o
n
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
ex
a
m
i
n
ee
‟
s
s
co
r
es
w
il
l
b
e
t
h
e
b
asis
f
o
r
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
d
er
l
y
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct.
Fi
n
all
y
,
an
I
R
T
m
o
d
el
ass
u
m
e
s
th
at
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
an
ex
a
m
in
e
e
ca
n
b
e
en
tire
l
y
p
r
ed
icted
o
r
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
ab
ilit
ies.
2
.
1
.
Ass
u
m
ptio
n
s
o
f
I
t
e
m
Re
s
po
n
s
e
T
heo
ry
I
n
u
s
i
n
g
I
R
T
Mo
d
el,
it
is
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
ass
e
s
s
t
h
e
ex
te
n
t
to
w
h
ic
h
th
e
I
R
T
m
o
d
el
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ar
e
v
alid
f
o
r
t
h
e
g
i
v
e
n
d
at
a
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
ass
u
m
p
t
io
n
s
co
m
m
o
n
to
all
I
R
T
m
o
d
els
is
u
n
id
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
alit
y
,
o
t
h
er
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
r
ela
tes
to
I
R
T
is
L
o
ca
l
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
.
T
h
e
test
d
ata
c
an
o
n
l
y
b
e
v
alid
f
o
r
laten
t tr
ait
m
o
d
el
e
s
ti
m
atio
n
o
n
l
y
i
f
t
h
ese
a
s
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ar
e
m
et.
2
.
1
.
1
.
Unid
i
m
ens
io
na
lity
Un
id
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
it
y
s
tate
s
t
h
at
th
e
ite
m
s
in
a
tes
t
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
i
n
g
le
u
n
id
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
a
l
ab
ilit
y
o
r
tr
ait
an
d
th
at
th
e
ite
m
s
f
o
r
m
a
u
n
id
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
s
ca
le
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t [
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
I
tem
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
m
o
d
els th
at
a
s
s
u
m
e
a
s
in
g
le
late
n
t
ab
ilit
y
is
r
e
f
er
r
ed
to
as
u
n
id
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al.
T
h
is
as
s
u
m
p
tio
n
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
ite
m
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
ar
ea
o
f
ab
ilit
y
o
r
k
n
o
w
led
g
e.
T
h
is
ass
u
m
p
t
io
n
i
s
e
m
p
ir
ica
ll
y
as
s
es
s
ed
b
y
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ati
n
g
w
h
et
h
er
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
f
ac
to
r
ex
is
ts
a
m
o
n
g
all
th
e
te
s
t
ite
m
s
[
1
8
]
.
2.1.2.
I
t
e
m
L
o
ca
l In
de
pen
dence
T
h
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
lo
ca
l
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
m
ea
n
s
th
a
t,
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
an
e
x
a
m
i
n
ee
g
e
ttin
g
ite
m
co
r
r
ec
tly
is
n
o
t
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
an
s
w
er
g
iv
e
n
to
o
th
er
ite
m
s
in
th
e
tes
t.
Fo
r
e
x
a
m
p
le,
i
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
o
n
e
ite
m
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
all
y
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
an
s
w
er
s
to
o
t
h
er
ite
m
s
,
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
ite
m
s
ar
e
n
o
t
lo
ca
ll
y
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t.
I
f
th
ese
as
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ar
e
m
e
t,
an
I
R
T
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
[
1
9
]
.
2
.
2
.
I
t
e
m
Respo
n
s
e
T
heo
ry
M
o
d
els
[
2
0
]
Su
m
m
ar
is
ed
th
e
m
o
d
el
s
w
h
e
n
h
e
s
aid
“
I
R
T
m
o
d
els
d
if
f
er
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
w
h
et
h
er
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
ite
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
o
n
e
-
,
t
w
o
-
o
r
th
r
ee
-
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
lo
g
is
tic
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
T
he
o
ne
-
pa
ra
m
et
er
lo
g
is
t
ic
m
o
de
l
T
h
e
1
-
p
ar
am
eter
m
o
d
el
ex
p
la
in
s
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
a
co
r
r
ec
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
n
t
h
e
ite
m
in
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
ite
m
d
i
f
f
icu
lt
y
.
An
i
t
e
m
‟
s
d
i
f
f
icu
l
t
y
p
ar
a
m
eter
(
b
)
is
t
h
e
p
o
in
t
o
n
th
e
ab
ilit
y
s
ca
le
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
n
th
e
ite
m
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
c
u
r
v
e
(
I
C
C
)
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
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y
o
f
a
co
r
r
ec
t r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
0
.
5
[
1
8
]
.
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
1
)
w
h
er
e:
P
(
θ)
=
ab
ilit
y
o
f
a
s
t
u
d
en
t
a(
θ)
=
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
y
le
v
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o
f
ite
m
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=2
.
7
3
=
d
is
cr
i
m
in
a
tio
n
i
n
d
ex
b
(
θ)
=
1
in
th
is
m
o
d
el.
2
.
2
.
2
.
T
he
t
w
o
–
pa
ra
m
et
er
lo
g
is
t
ic
m
o
de
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h
e
2
-
P
ar
am
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o
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m
a
k
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th
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b
p
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ter
(
ite
m
d
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f
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j
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s
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th
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1
P
L
M,
an
d
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n
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an
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n
t
t
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n
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icate
s
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m
s
ep
ar
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s
t
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to
d
if
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ab
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th
is
p
ar
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m
eter
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s
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l
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ite
m
d
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cr
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m
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a)
.
T
h
e
i
te
m
d
is
cr
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m
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atio
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(
a)
p
ar
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m
eter
u
s
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i
n
th
e
2
P
L
M
i
s
eq
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to
th
e
s
lo
p
e
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f
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e
i
te
m
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
cu
r
v
e
w
h
e
n
it i
s
at
its
s
teep
es
t [
1
8
]
.
(
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2
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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0
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2
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2
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3
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(
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3
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2
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3
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I
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I
t
e
m
Cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ic
Cu
rv
es
(
I
CC)
An
ite
m
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
c
u
r
v
e
p
lo
ts
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
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th
a
t
an
ex
a
m
i
n
ee
w
ill
r
esp
o
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d
co
r
r
ec
tly
to
an
ite
m
s
o
lel
y
a
s
a
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
te
s
t
‟
s
laten
t tr
ait
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
v
al
u
es
o
n
t
h
e
X
-
a
x
is
o
f
a
n
I
C
C
r
ep
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t
th
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t tr
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u
s
u
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r
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r
o
m
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3
to
+3
.
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Y
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s
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t
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th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
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o
f
an
ex
a
m
i
n
ee
‟
s
s
u
cc
ess
.
A
s
th
e
la
ten
t
tr
ait
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
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y
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
a
m
i
n
ee
r
esp
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d
in
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tl
y
w
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ll
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cr
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b
u
t
w
i
th
d
i
m
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n
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h
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g
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etu
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s
.
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h
e
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f
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t
r
esp
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s
e
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eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
th
e
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te
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s
d
if
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lt
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a
n
d
t
h
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a
m
in
ee
's
ab
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T
h
is
p
r
o
b
a
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ca
n
b
e
s
ee
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as illu
s
tr
ated
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s
in
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ite
m
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
cu
r
v
e
(
I
C
C
)
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
tem
C
h
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
C
u
r
v
e
[
22
]
Fro
m
th
is
I
C
C
w
e
ca
n
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
as
t
h
e
e
x
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m
in
ee
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ab
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cr
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s
es,
t
h
e
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ab
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y
o
f
a
co
r
r
ec
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
es;
t
h
is
is
w
h
at
y
o
u
w
o
u
ld
e
x
p
ec
t
i
n
p
r
ac
ti
ce
.
T
h
e
ea
r
lier
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
a
n
d
eq
u
atio
n
s
u
g
g
es
ts
th
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
e
n
d
o
r
s
in
g
a
n
ite
m
co
r
r
ec
tl
y
o
r
a
co
r
r
ec
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
0
.
5
f
o
r
a
n
y
e
x
a
m
i
n
ee
w
h
o
s
e
ab
ilit
y
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
i
te
m
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
y
.
2
.
4
.
I
t
e
m
Respo
n
s
e
T
heo
ry
I
t
e
m
Ana
ly
s
is
Sta
t
is
t
ics
T
est
item
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
in
v
o
l
v
ed
s
tatis
tic
s
th
a
t
h
elp
i
n
an
al
y
s
i
n
g
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
ite
m
s
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
test
ite
m
s
.
T
h
ese
s
tati
s
tic
s
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
u
s
ef
u
l
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
t
h
e
v
alid
it
y
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
a
n
ite
m
i
n
d
escr
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r
esp
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to
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ch
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f
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test
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T
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R
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b
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P
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c
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d
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h
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d
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a
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T
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o
f
th
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T
ite
m
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ter
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a
>
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3
0
;
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3
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0
<
b
<
3
.
0
[
2
3
]
.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
Desig
n o
f
T
he
Study
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
i
s
a
q
u
an
titati
v
e
a
n
d
s
u
r
v
e
y
d
esi
g
n
w
il
l
b
e
ad
o
p
ted
to
co
llect
th
e
r
elev
an
t
d
ata
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
I
R
T
m
o
d
els
g
u
id
e
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
.
T
h
e
I
R
T
is
u
s
ed
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
li
m
itati
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
C
las
s
ical
T
est
T
h
eo
r
y
(
C
T
T
)
[
2
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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R
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SS
N:
2252
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265
3
.
2
.
P
a
rt
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nts
T
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e
p
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ag
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th
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m
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ar
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3
.
3
.
I
ns
t
ru
m
ent
f
o
r
Da
t
a
Co
llect
i
o
n
T
h
e
No
r
th
w
est
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
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Kan
o
2
0
1
4
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0
1
5
an
d
2
0
1
5
/
2
0
1
6
Po
s
t
-
UT
ME
(
NW
U
Po
s
t
-
UT
ME
)
q
u
esti
o
n
s
w
h
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h
w
er
e
d
esi
g
n
e
d
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
f
o
r
as
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es
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i
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h
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u
itab
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o
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itted
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f
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e
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ep
licated
in
th
e
co
m
i
n
g
ad
m
is
s
io
n
e
x
er
cises
.
3
.
4
.
Da
t
a
Co
llect
io
n P
ro
ce
du
re
T
h
e
NW
U
P
o
s
t
-
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ME
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0
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
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ite
m
s
w
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ad
m
i
n
is
ter
ed
to
th
e
s
a
m
p
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af
te
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r
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in
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s
p
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if
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in
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tr
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tes
t
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esear
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elp
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f
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ch
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s
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n
t
h
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s
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m
p
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s
c
h
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
test
ite
m
s
w
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e
d
ic
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o
to
m
o
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s
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y
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co
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e
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d
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s
.
3
.
5
.
M
e
t
ho
d o
f
Da
t
a
Ana
ly
s
is
Data
co
llected
w
er
e
s
co
r
ed
d
ich
o
to
m
o
u
s
l
y
(
r
ig
h
t
=
1
,
w
r
o
n
g
=
0
)
,
th
e
d
ata
f
ile
w
a
s
p
r
ep
ar
ed
u
s
in
g
Mic
r
o
s
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t
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x
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l
2
0
1
0
.
T
h
e
I
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T
item
a
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s
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s
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etec
tio
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o
f
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s
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ca
r
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ied
o
u
t.
T
h
e
t
w
o
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s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
t
h
e
ite
m
s
w
er
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
.
T
w
o
s
p
ec
iali
s
ed
So
f
t
w
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es
(
i
.
e.
XC
AL
I
B
R
E
4
.
2
an
d
SP
SS
2
0
v
)
w
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u
s
ed
in
o
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to
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m
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cs
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t
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t
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.
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SS
2
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as
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ed
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th
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all
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m
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i.e
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P
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.
T
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esti
m
a
t
e
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tu
d
en
ts
‟
ab
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s
an
d
ite
m
d
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f
f
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n
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d
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cr
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m
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th
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e
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ess
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s
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I
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T
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XC
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4
.
2
s
o
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ar
e
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as
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s
ed
f
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th
e
an
al
y
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is
.
4.
P
RE
S
E
NT
AT
I
O
N
O
F
T
H
E
RE
S
E
ARCH
F
I
N
DIN
G
S
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
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s
s
t
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d
y
a
s
ex
p
lain
ed
in
th
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et
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o
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ata
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al
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s
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s
ab
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v
e
is
p
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ese
n
ted
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h
e
f
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r
m
o
f
I
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an
al
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is
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m
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y
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ll
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e
s
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lt
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er
e
p
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ese
n
ted
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n
d
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ch
r
esear
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h
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e
s
tio
n
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T
ab
le
1
p
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t
s
th
e
P
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s
t
-
UT
ME
E
co
n
o
m
ics
test
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te
m
s
s
u
m
m
ar
y
s
tati
s
tics
.
T
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ite
m
s
i
n
th
e
test
is
f
o
r
t
y
n
in
e
(
4
9
)
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d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
wh
o
s
at
f
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th
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s
6
0
0
as
p
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ted
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n
t
h
e
s
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n
d
co
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m
n
o
f
th
e
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le.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
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w
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ic
h
is
ca
lled
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ter
n
al
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n
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te
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elia
b
ilit
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ef
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icie
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t
o
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th
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t
a
s
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ea
s
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y
t
h
e
C
r
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ac
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s
A
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is
0
.
8
6
;
th
i
s
s
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o
w
s
t
h
at
th
e
tes
t
i
s
r
eliab
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s
in
ce
th
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f
icie
n
t
is
h
i
g
h
,
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
t
h
e
[
2
5
]
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
7
0
.
Si
m
ilar
l
y
th
e
ite
m
s
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
is
2
8
.
8
2
w
ith
th
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
3
.
5
9
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
i
te
m
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
y
(
b
-
v
al
u
es)
i
s
-
0
.
6
3
;
th
e
m
ea
n
ite
m
d
i
s
cr
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Su
m
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Stat
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I
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I
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h
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s
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ter
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ir
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.
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3
1
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ce
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n
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to
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th
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m
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lis
h
e
d
.
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h
e
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lt
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h
e
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en
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s
t p
r
o
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ce
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F
ig
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r
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2
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en
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e
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d
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en
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al
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e
o
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e
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ain
in
g
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to
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ar
e
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o
u
t th
e
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a
m
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Fig
u
r
e
2.
Scr
ee
p
lo
t f
o
r
eig
en
v
alu
es o
f
P
o
s
t
-
UT
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A
T
R
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ch
Qu
e
s
tio
n
3
:
W
h
at
a
r
e
th
e
ite
m
p
ar
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m
eter
s
(
d
is
cr
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m
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n
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al
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if
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ic
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d
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o
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f
t
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NW
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ite
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f
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ated
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3.
Fig
u
r
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3
d
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th
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est
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6
0
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
R
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
E
va
lu
a
tio
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267
T
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3.
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RE
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NC
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S
[1
]
S. P.
Kle
in
a
n
d
L
.
S
.
Ha
m
il
to
n
,
“
L
a
r
g
e
-
sc
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le
tes
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g
:
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s
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-
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)
,”
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a
n
ta
M
o
n
ica
,
CA
,
R
A
ND
,
1999
.
[2
]
L
.
F
.
G
u
rsk
i,
“
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
ry
T
e
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rs‟
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s
m
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ra
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ti
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in
In
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u
siv
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Clas
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o
m
s
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A
T
h
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sis
S
u
b
m
it
ted
to
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h
e
Co
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e
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n
,
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0
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.
[3
]
L
.
S
.
Ha
m
il
to
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
a
k
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se
o
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ti
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n
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S
a
n
ta
M
o
n
ica
,
”
CA
,
RAN
D
,
2
0
0
2
.
[4
]
N.
E.
G
ro
n
l
u
n
d
a
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d
R.
L
.
L
in
n
,
“
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e
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su
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n
t
a
n
d
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a
lu
a
ti
o
n
i
n
T
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c
h
in
g
(6
th
Ed
)
,”
M
a
c
M
il
lan
,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
1990.
[5
]
I.
K.
Ola
y
e
m
i
a
n
d
O.
S
.
Oy
e
le
k
a
n
,
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a
tri
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c
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.
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[6
]
J.
Ok
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je,
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s
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A
P
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o
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b
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ja
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2
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[7
]
M.
Am
a
tare
o
tu
b
o
,
“
P
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st
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UME
sc
re
e
n
in
g
:
M
a
tt
e
rs
a
risin
g
,
”
2006
.
P
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d
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W
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b
:
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c
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u
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tri
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1
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2
0
1
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f
ro
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we
b
site:
h
tt
p
:/
/w
ww
.
o
n
li
n
e
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ig
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ria.co
m
/article
s/
[8
]
U.
N.
Ak
a
n
wa
a
n
d
P
.
C
.
Nk
w
o
c
h
a
,
“
P
re
d
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o
f
S
o
u
th
Eas
tern
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e
rian
S
tu
d
e
n
ts‟
u
n
d
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ra
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it
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s
,”
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R
J
o
u
rn
a
l
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f
Res
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a
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&
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u
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n
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
5
(5
),
p
p
.
36
-
39
,
2
0
1
5
.
[9
]
A
.
I
k
o
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o
d
e
,
“
P
o
st
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UT
M
E
S
c
re
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in
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In
Nig
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rian
Un
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s:
Ho
w
Re
le
v
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n
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ter
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l
J
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f
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u
c
a
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:
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p
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.
1
0
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1
1
6
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2
0
1
5
.
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0
]
A
.
A
.
Bich
i,
“
An
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o
f
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a
n
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o
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th
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2
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5
.
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1
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u
n
b
a
d
e
n
iy
i,
“
T
h
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
M
a
tri
c
u
latio
n
Ex
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
a
s
a
P
re
d
ict
o
r
o
f
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
in
P
o
st
Un
iv
e
rsity
M
a
tri
c
u
latio
n
Ex
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
:
a
M
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
2
1
st
Ce
n
tu
ry
,”
Af
ric
a
Res
e
a
rc
h
Rev
iew
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
8
(1
)
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
2
]
K.
Eb
iri
,“
P
o
st JA
M
B
Ba
sis f
o
r
Ad
m
issio
n
sa
y
s Ob
a
sa
n
jo
,”
Gu
a
rd
i
a
n
,
pp
.
4
9
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
3
]
R.
P
.
Ch
a
lm
e
rs,
“
M
IRT
:
A
M
u
lt
id
i
m
e
n
sio
n
a
l
Item
Re
sp
o
n
se
T
h
e
o
r
y
P
a
c
k
a
g
e
f
o
r
th
e
R
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
ta
ti
st
ica
l
S
o
f
twa
re
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
4
8
(
6
),
pp.
1
-
29
,
2
0
1
2
.
h
tt
p
:
//
ww
w
.
jstatso
f
t.
o
rg
/v
4
8
/i
0
6
.
A
ss
e
ss
e
d
o
n
2
3
Ju
n
e
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
4
]
L
.
D
.
T
ra
n
g
,
“
A
p
p
ly
in
g
Ite
m
Re
sp
o
n
se
T
h
e
o
r
y
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
”
Gr
a
d
u
a
te
T
h
e
se
s
a
n
d
Diss
e
rtatio
n
s
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
5
]
R.
K.
Ha
m
b
leto
n
a
n
d
H.
S
w
a
m
in
a
th
a
n
,
“
Item
re
sp
o
n
se
th
e
o
ry
:
P
r
i
n
c
ip
les
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,”
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r,
v
o
l.
7
,
1
9
8
5
.
[1
6
]
X
.
F
a
n
,
“
Item
Re
sp
o
n
se
T
h
e
o
r
y
a
n
d
Clas
sic
a
l
Tes
t
T
h
e
o
ry
:
An
Em
p
iri
c
a
l
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
T
h
e
ir
Ite
m
/P
e
rso
n
S
tatisti
c
s
,”
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
M
e
a
su
re
me
n
t
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
5
8
(
3
),
pp.
3
5
7
-
3
8
1
,
1
9
9
8
.
[1
7
]
G
.
R.
Kia
n
y
a
n
d
S
.
Ja
lali,
“
T
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
a
n
d
P
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
Clas
sic
a
l
Tes
t
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
Item
-
R
e
sp
o
n
se
T
h
e
o
r
y
,”
Ira
n
ia
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
L
in
g
u
isti
c
s
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
1
(
12
),
2
0
0
9
.
[1
8
]
R.
K.
Ha
m
b
leto
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tals o
f
Item
Re
sp
o
n
se
T
h
e
o
ry
,”
Ne
w
b
u
r
y
P
a
rk
,
CA
,
S
a
g
e
,
1991
.
[1
9
]
T
.
G
.
Co
u
rv
il
le,
“
A
n
E
m
p
iri
c
a
l
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
Ite
m
Re
sp
o
n
se
T
h
e
o
r
y
a
n
d
Clas
sic
a
l
Tes
t
T
h
e
o
ry
Ite
m
/P
e
rso
n
S
tatisti
c
s
,
P
h
.
D Diss
e
rtatio
n
,
T
e
x
a
s A
&
M
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
2004
.
[2
0
]
R.
E.
S
c
h
u
m
a
c
k
e
r,
“
Ite
m
Re
sp
o
n
se
T
h
e
o
r
y
,
”
2
0
1
0
.
h
tt
p
:
//
a
p
p
li
e
d
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
tas
so
c
iate
s.co
m
/a
m
a
/as
s
e
ts/F
il
e
/IT
EM
_
RES
P
ON
S
E_
T
HEORY
.
p
d
f
.
Re
tri
e
v
e
d
o
n
1
3
A
u
g
u
s
t,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
1
]
L
.
Cro
c
k
e
r
a
n
d
J.
A
lg
in
a
,
“
In
tro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
to
Clas
sic
a
l
a
n
d
M
o
d
e
rn
T
e
st
T
h
e
o
r
y
,”
Ho
lt
,
Rin
e
h
a
rt
a
n
d
W
in
sto
n
,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
USA
,
pp.
5
2
7
,
1
9
8
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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4
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er
2
0
1
6
:
261
–
2
7
0
270
[2
2
]
X
.
An
a
n
d
Y.
F
.
Yu
n
g
,
“
Item
Res
p
o
n
se
T
h
e
o
ry
:
W
h
a
t
It
Is
a
n
d
H
o
w
Y
o
u
Ca
n
Us
e
th
e
I
RT
Pr
o
c
e
d
u
re
to
Ap
p
ly
It
,”
In
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
th
e
S
A
S
G
lo
b
a
l
F
o
r
u
m
2
0
1
4
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
2
0
1
4
.
h
tt
p
:
//
su
p
p
o
rt.
sa
s.Co
m
/res
o
u
rc
e
s/p
a
p
e
rs/p
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s1
4
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A
S
3
6
4
-
2
0
1
4
.
p
d
f
.
A
s
se
ss
e
d
o
n
J
u
n
e
9
2
0
1
4
.
[2
3
]
R.
G
u
y
e
r
a
n
d
N.
A
.
T
h
o
m
p
so
n
,
“
Us
e
r‟s
M
a
n
u
a
l
f
o
r
X
c
a
li
b
re
it
e
m
re
sp
o
n
se
th
e
o
ry
c
a
li
b
ra
ti
o
n
so
f
t
w
a
r
e
,
v
e
r
sio
n
4
.
2
,”
W
o
o
d
b
u
ry
M
N
,
A
ss
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
S
y
ste
m
s Co
rp
o
ra
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
4
]
R.
K.
Ha
m
b
leto
n
a
n
d
R.
W
.
Jo
n
e
s,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
Clas
si
c
a
l
T
e
st
T
h
e
o
r
y
a
n
d
Ite
m
Re
sp
o
n
se
Th
e
o
ry
a
n
d
th
e
ir
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
to
T
e
st
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
,”
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
M
e
a
su
re
me
n
t:
Iss
u
e
s
a
n
d
Pra
c
ti
c
e
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
1
2
(3
),
pp.
38
-
47
,
1
9
9
3
.
[2
5
]
J.
C.
Nu
n
n
a
ll
y
,
“
P
sy
c
h
o
m
e
tri
c
T
h
e
o
ry
,
2
n
d
E
d
n
.
,
”
M
c
G
ra
w
-
Hill
,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
US
A
.
,
pp.
7
0
1
,
1
9
7
8
.
[2
6
]
D.
M
.
Dim
it
ro
v
,
“
IRT
a
n
d
T
ru
e
-
S
c
o
re
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
th
e
NC
A
T
e
sts
f
o
r
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
S
k
il
ls
,
”
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Re
p
o
rt,
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Ce
n
tre f
o
r
A
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
in
Hig
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
7
]
S
.
S
.
P
a
n
d
e
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Co
rre
lati
o
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
Di
ff
icu
lt
y
&
Dis
c
ri
m
in
a
ti
o
n
I
n
d
ice
s
o
f
M
CQS
in
F
o
r
m
a
ti
v
e
Ex
a
m
in
P
h
y
sio
lo
g
y
,
”
S
o
u
t
h
‐
E
a
st A
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
e
d
ica
l
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
7
(1
)
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
8
]
S
u
ru
c
h
i
a
n
d
S
.
R.
Ra
n
a
,
“
T
e
st
Ite
m
A
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
Re
latio
n
sh
ip
Be
t
w
e
e
n
Diff
i
c
u
lt
y
Lev
e
l
a
n
d
Disc
rim
in
a
ti
o
n
In
d
e
x
o
f
T
e
st
Ite
m
s
in
a
n
A
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
T
e
st
in
Bio
lo
g
y
,”
Pa
rip
e
x
-
In
d
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
3
(6
)
,
p
p
.
56
-
58
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
9
]
A
.
A
.
Bich
i,
“
Item
a
n
a
l
y
sis
u
sin
g
a
d
e
riv
e
d
sc
ien
c
e
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
tes
t
d
a
ta
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
(
IJ
S
R),
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
4
(
5
)
,
pp.
1
6
5
6
-
1
6
6
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
0
]
M
.
R.
Hin
g
o
rjo
a
n
d
F.
Ja
lee
l,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
On
e
-
Be
st
M
u
lt
ip
le
Ch
o
ice
Qu
e
stio
n
s:
T
h
e
Diff
icu
lt
y
In
d
e
x
,
Disc
ri
m
in
a
ti
o
n
I
n
d
e
x
a
n
d
D
istrac
to
r
Ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,”
J
.
Pa
k
.
M
e
d
.
Asso
c
.,
v
o
l.
62
,
p
p
.
1
4
2
-
1
4
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
BI
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
A
d
o
A
b
d
u
BICHI
is
a
L
e
c
tu
re
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
A
rts
a
n
d
S
o
c
ial
S
c
ien
c
e
s
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
No
rth
w
e
st
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
Ka
n
o
,
Nig
e
ria.
He
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
M
.
Ed
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
A
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
(P
sy
c
h
o
m
e
tri
c
M
e
th
o
d
s)
a
n
d
C
u
rre
n
tl
y
u
n
d
e
rg
o
i
n
g
a
g
ra
d
u
a
te
stu
d
ies
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
g
re
e
o
f
Do
c
to
r
o
f
P
h
il
o
so
p
h
y
(P
h
.
D)
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
A
ss
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
(
Psy
c
h
o
me
tric
M
e
th
o
d
s
)
a
t
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsiti
S
u
l
tan
Zai
n
a
l
A
b
id
i
n
,
M
a
lay
sia
.
His
a
re
a
s
o
f
tea
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
a
re
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
P
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
T
e
st,
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
,
Item
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
u
sin
g
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
P
sy
c
h
o
m
e
tri
c
M
o
d
e
ls
(
C
la
ss
ica
l
T
e
st
T
h
e
o
ry
,
Item
Res
p
o
n
se
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
C
o
g
n
it
ive
Dia
g
n
o
stic
M
o
d
e
ls
),
Re
se
a
rc
h
M
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
tatisti
c
s.
He
is
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
P
sy
c
h
o
m
e
tri
c
S
o
c
iety
a
n
d
Am
e
rica
n
S
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