Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of E
valua
tio
n
an
d
Rese
arch
in
Educati
on (I
JE
RE)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
72
6
~
734
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8822
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ije
re
.
v8
i
4
.
20309
726
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJE
R
E
The eff
ectivene
ss of
the le
adership
transf
ormation p
rogram
me
amon
g off
-
camp
us stude
nts
Rohana
H
amz
ah
1
, Nur
ul Ai
n F
at
eh
ah Ba
ha
ru
ddin
2
, W
an
Ju
m
an
i
Fa
uz
i
3
,
Muham
ad
A
f
z
amiman Aripi
n
4
1
,2
Depa
rtment
of
Soft
Skil
ls
,
C
en
tre
for
Hum
an
Scie
n
c
es,
Univer
s
ity
Ma
lay
sia
Pah
ang
,
Ma
lay
si
a
3
Cent
re
of
Mode
rn
La
ngu
age
s,
U
nive
rsit
y
M
al
a
y
s
ia
Pah
ang, Ma
l
a
y
sia
4
Facul
t
y
of
Soci
al
Sc
ie
nc
e and
H
um
ani
ti
es,
Univ
ersit
i
Technol
og
y
M
al
a
y
si
a,
Mal
a
y
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
27
, 201
9
Re
vised
Oct
29
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Nov 2
8
, 201
9
The
soci
al
issue
s
invol
v
ing
of
f
-
ca
m
pus
student
s
ar
e
quite
serio
us
as
the
se
student
s
ar
e
m
ore
sus
ce
pt
ibl
e
to
nega
t
ive
infl
uen
ce
s
such
as
fri
e
nds
and
th
e
surrounding
env
ironment.
R
esul
ts
from
the
pre
l
iminar
y
stud
y
s
howed
tha
t
the
re
wer
e
four
m
aj
or
probl
ems
which
are
r
el
a
ti
o
nship
with
th
e
C
rea
tor
,
self
-
m
ana
gement,
so
ci
a
l
r
elati
onship
with
housem
ates,
as
w
el
l
as
h
ouseke
epi
n
g
m
ana
gement
an
d
upke
ep.
The
r
efo
re,
an
interv
ent
ion
progr
amm
e
named
Tra
nsform
at
ion
Le
ad
ership
Program
m
e
for
Off
-
Campus
St
udent
s
was
designe
d.
Th
e
stud
y
ai
m
ed
to
e
xamine
t
he
eff
e
ct
iv
ene
ss
of
th
e
l
ea
der
ship
tra
nsform
at
ion
p
ro
gra
m
m
e
among
off
-
c
ampus
st
udent
.
The
eff
ective
n
ess
of
the
interve
n
ti
o
n
progra
m
m
e
rep
o
rte
d
in
th
is
stud
y
is
base
d
onl
y
on
pre
-
and
post
-
te
sts
from
quant
itati
v
e
da
ta
col
l
ec
t
ed
from
30
responde
nts.
The
resul
ts
show
tha
t
the
re
is
no
sign
ifi
c
a
nt
diff
ere
n
ce
fo
r
the
var
i
able,
‘
responde
nts’
bel
i
ef
in
the
Cre
at
or’
although
th
e
m
ea
n
v
al
ue
in
c
rea
sed
in
th
e
pos
t
-
te
st
.
Apa
rt
from
tha
t
,
the
fi
ndings
al
so
show
signifi
c
ant
improvem
ent
s
in
th
e
oth
er
thr
e
e
var
ia
b
le
s
assess
ed,
(i.e.,
re
la
t
ionship
with
the
Cr
eator,
self
-
m
ana
ge
m
ent
,
soci
a
l
rel
a
ti
onship
wi
t
h
their
housem
at
es
and
house
kee
ping
m
ana
g
ement
and
upkee
p).
Da
ta
a
l
so
show
that
there
was
a
lso
posi
ti
ve
impac
t
on
o
ff
-
ca
m
pus
student
s’
ac
a
de
m
ic
a
chieve
m
e
nt
du
e
to
the
dec
re
ase
in
th
e
num
ber
o
f
responde
nts
wit
h
CGP
A
bel
ow
2.
5.
The
r
efo
re
,
t
his
m
ea
ns
th
e
pr
ogra
m
m
e
is
succ
essful
in
h
el
ping
off
-
c
ampus
student
s
to
under
stand
an
d
m
ake
a
conne
c
ti
on
be
twee
n
th
e
val
u
e
of
be
li
e
f
in
th
e
Cr
ea
tor
(spir
it
ua
l
i
nte
lligen
ce
)
with
th
e
ex
ercise
of
soc
ial
r
esponsibil
ity
as
a
l
ea
der
to
onese
lf
,
oth
ers
an
d
houseke
epi
ng
m
ana
gement
and
u
pkee
p.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
H
olist
ic
L
eader
sh
i
p
O
ff
-
cam
pu
s
stud
e
nts
S
ocial
inte
ll
ige
nce
S
piritual i
ntell
i
gen
ce
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Roh
a
na Ham
za
h,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f Sof
t
Sk
il
ls,
Ce
nter fo
r H
um
a
n
Scie
nces,
Un
i
ver
sit
i M
al
ay
sia
Pah
a
ng,
26600 Pe
kan,
Paha
ng, Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
: ro
ha
naha
m
zah@u
m
p.
e
du.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Nowa
days
the
so
ci
al
pro
blem
s
a
m
on
g
st
ude
nts
in
Hi
gh
e
r
E
du
cat
io
n
In
sti
tuti
ons
(
HEI)
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
are
qu
it
e
seri
ou
s
.
These
s
ocial
prob
le
m
s
inclu
de
stu
de
nts
bein
g
re
porte
d
t
o
ha
ve
en
ga
ged
in
br
i
ber
y
to
get
a
pass
from
their
le
ct
ur
e
rs
[
1],
an
d
to
ha
ve
ta
ke
n
dru
gs
to
sta
y
a
w
ake
so
t
hat
the
y
co
uld
st
ud
y
f
or
thei
r
e
xam
inati
ons
[2
]
.
T
hese
pro
blem
s
sh
ou
l
d
no
t
be
ig
nore
d
since
un
i
ver
sit
y
stud
e
nts
car
r
y
the
natio
n'
s
hope
for
the
c
ountry’
s
fu
t
ur
e.
If
t
here
is
no
i
nter
ven
ti
on,
it
will
wors
en
an
d
our
c
ou
ntry
will
suffe
r
,
pa
rtic
ularly
in
the
qual
it
y
of
hu
m
an
resou
rces.
The
refor
e
,
al
l
pa
rtie
s
nee
d
t
o
sc
rut
inize
this
issu
e
an
d
fo
c
us
t
he
ir
at
te
ntion
on
stud
e
nts
who
li
ve
of
f
ca
m
pu
s
a
s
t
hes
e
stu
den
ts
are
usual
l
y
beyo
nd
t
he
univer
sit
y
m
anag
em
ent’s
con
t
ro
l.
T
her
e
f
or
e
,
the
li
kelih
ood
of
them
b
ei
ng
a
ffec
te
d
by
n
e
gative in
flue
nces
a
nd enga
ging
in
r
isk
b
e
ha
viour
s
is
hi
gh
e
r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Th
e eff
ect
iv
ene
ss o
f t
he
le
ader
sh
ip
tra
ns
for
m
ation p
rogr
amme
amo
ng o
ff
-
camp
us
st
ud
e
nt
s
(
Roha
na Ha
mzah
)
727
In
orde
r
to
i
de
ntify
the
pro
ble
m
s
a
m
on
g
off
-
cam
pu
s
st
udents,
a
pr
el
im
i
nar
y
st
ud
y
wa
s
co
nducte
d
within a m
on
th
a
m
on
g UMP
off
-
cam
pu
s st
udents stay
in
g
in the Gam
ban
g area [
3
]
. Th
e
s
tud
y u
sed q
ualit
at
ive
m
et
ho
ds
a
nd
non
-
par
ti
ci
patio
n
obse
rv
at
io
n.
Seve
n
off
-
cam
pu
s
stu
den
ts
w
ere
ch
os
e
n
ra
ndom
ly
and
intervie
we
d
to
fi
nd
out
m
or
e
a
bout
thei
r
pro
blem
s.
No
n
-
p
a
rtic
ipati
on
ob
s
er
vation
w
a
s
do
ne
by
as
kin
g
the
pa
rtic
ip
ants
to
ta
ke
a
few
photo
s
in
th
ei
r
house
s
uc
h
as
the
li
ving
r
oo
m
,
kitche
n,
be
dr
oo
m
an
d
bat
hroo
m
to
obse
rve
thei
r
hous
e
kee
ping
m
anag
em
ent
and
upkee
p.
Fi
nd
i
ngs
s
howe
d
that
m
os
t
of
t
he
stu
den
ts
f
a
ced
pro
blem
s
in:
(
1)
relat
ion
s
hip
w
it
h
Creat
or;
(
2)
sel
f
-
m
anag
e
m
ent;
(3)
s
oc
ia
l
relat
ion
s
hi
p
with
t
heir
hous
em
at
es
and
(
4)
hous
e
kee
ping
m
anag
em
ent an
d u
pkeep
[
3
]
.
On
e
of
t
he
sel
f
-
m
anag
em
ent
pro
blem
s
identifie
d
was
rel
at
ed
to
tim
e
m
anag
em
ent.
The
st
ud
e
nts
adm
i
tt
e
d
to
bei
ng
la
te
to
cl
ass
,
subm
itti
ng
as
sign
m
ents
afte
r
the
due
date,
la
st
m
inu
te
stu
dying
f
or
e
xa
m
s
and
m
any
m
or
e.
P
roblem
s
al
so
aro
se
due
to
t
he
ir
wea
k
relat
ion
s
hi
p
with
th
e
Creat
or;
m
os
t
of
the
off
-
c
a
m
pu
s
stud
e
nts
a
dm
i
tted
that
t
hey
oft
en
f
org
ot
to
re
m
e
m
ber
Alla
h,
by
m
issi
ng
the
ir
so
l
at
(
i.e.
,
pray
ers)
es
pecial
ly
their
Fajr
or
day
br
ea
k
pr
ay
e
r,
t
hey
did
not
recit
e
t
he
Qura
n
a
nd
m
or
e.
I
n
order
to
de
vel
op
go
od
per
s
onal
it
y
and
sel
f
-
m
anag
em
ent,
on
e
nee
ds
a
str
ong
c
onnecti
on
with
the
Creat
or
as
the
co
nnect
ion
w
il
l
dev
el
op
one’
s
inter
na
l
sel
f
-
con
t
ro
l
[
4
]
.
A
strong
se
ns
e
of
co
nn
ect
io
n
wi
th
the
C
reato
r
al
so
dev
el
op
s
the
c
or
e
pote
nti
al
of
a
hu
m
an
bein
g
wh
ic
h
is
sp
irit
ual
intel
li
gen
c
e.
S
piritual
i
ntell
igence
is
de
fine
d
as
“a
hig
he
r
dim
ension
of
intel
li
gence
tha
t
act
i
vates
the
qual
it
ie
s
and
ca
pab
il
it
ie
s
of
th
e
authe
ntic
sel
f
(or
t
he
s
ou
l
),
i
n
the
f
or
m
of
wisdom
,
com
passion,
integrity
,
j
oy,
lov
e
,
c
reati
vity
,
an
d
peace.
Th
ese
in
nate
sp
i
ritual
qual
it
ie
s
are
usual
ly
dis
pl
ay
ed
thr
ough
on
e
’
s
thoughts,
at
ti
tu
des
an
d
behavi
our
s
[
5
]
.
Be
in
g
sp
irit
ual
m
eans
that
one’s
e
go
is
disso
lve
d,
le
adin
g
to
on
e
’s
virtu
e
bein
g
resto
re
d
to
c
har
act
er
or
in
oth
e
r
wor
ds
,
one’
s
virtu
e
be
com
es
m
or
e
posit
ive
a
nd
t
he
connecti
on
of
on
e
’s
sp
irit
ual
value
s
with
one
’s
i
nn
e
r
a
nd
ou
te
r
w
or
l
ds
tra
nsf
or
m
s
po
sit
ive
thoughts
i
nto
po
sit
ive
act
io
ns
as
a
kha
li
fa
h
(leade
r)
[
5
,
6
]
.
The
s
piti
tuali
t
y
and
reli
gion
m
ay
diff
er
in
form
of
assoc
ia
ti
on
s,
c
onnota
ti
on
s
a
nd
defi
niti
on
s
,
ye
t
connecte
d
a
nd
relat
ed
phen
om
ena
[
7
]
.
I
n
a
s
ocial
sci
entif
ic
stu
dy,
it
is
i
m
po
rtant
to
s
pe
ci
fy
the
m
eaning
of
sp
irit
ualil
ty
so
that
the
a
ppli
cat
ion
,
m
easurem
ent
and
de
f
init
ion
do
not
m
isl
ead
to
diff
e
ren
t
as
so
ci
a
ti
on
s,
conn
otati
on
s
a
nd
m
eaning
s
[
8
]
.
From
this
s
tud
y
,
s
piritual
intel
li
gen
ce
is
at
ta
ined
t
hroug
h
fait
h,
a
nd
w
or
s
hip
wh
ic
h
i
nf
l
uen
c
e
s
m
or
al
de
vel
op
m
ent
[
9
]
.
Th
is
il
lustrate
s
t
ha
t
stu
den
t’
s
ne
ed
sp
irit
ual
int
el
li
gen
ce
know
le
dg
e
in
their
li
fe
t
o
devel
op
a
go
od
pe
rsonali
ty
.
Kno
wled
ge,
s
pirituali
ty
and
ph
ysi
cal
ca
pa
bili
ty
are
a
m
on
g
t
he
i
m
po
rtant
el
em
ents
i
n
s
ha
ping
the
cha
racter
a
nd p
ers
on
al
it
y
of
stu
de
nts holist
ic
al
l
y
[
10
,
11
]
. A
s
su
c
h, reli
gion
is seen a
s the
e
ssentia
l el
em
en
t t
hat h
el
ps
in
a
ddressi
ng so
ci
a
l pro
blem
s a
m
ong
y
oung
people [
12
].
Anothe
r fi
nd
i
ng
was t
hat
off
-
ca
m
pu
s
stu
de
nt
s
al
so
hav
e
iss
ues wit
h t
heir
hous
em
at
es.
As off
-
cam
pu
s
stud
e
nts
s
pe
nd
a
lot
of
ti
m
e
with
their
fr
ie
nds
and
hous
em
at
e
s, t
hey
nee
d
to
unde
rstan
d a
nd
tolerat
e
ea
ch
ot
her
in
orde
r
t
o
ha
ve
a
go
od
relat
ion
s
hi
p
a
nd
li
ve
to
gethe
r
ha
rm
on
i
ously
.
Hous
e
m
at
e
confli
ct
was
al
so
ob
se
r
ved
t
o
be
ca
us
e
d
by
poor
upkee
p
a
nd
poor
ho
us
e
ke
epin
g
m
anag
e
m
ent.
From
the
obser
vatio
ns
m
ade
of
off
-
ca
m
pu
s
stud
e
nts’
re
nte
d
house
s
duri
ng
t
he
prel
im
inary
stu
dy,
the
researc
her
fou
nd
that
in
m
any
of
t
he
house
s,
t
he
conditi
on
was
unpleasa
nt,
m
e
ssy
and
dis
org
anized.
S
om
e
of
t
he
stu
de
nts
on
ly
cl
eane
d
th
ei
r
own
r
oo
m
s
rather
than
ot
her
plac
es
in
t
he
hous
e
f
or
the
e
xam
ple
the
li
vi
ng
r
oo
m
,
toil
et
or
the
kitche
n.
It
s
ho
ws
t
hat
the
stu
den
ts
hav
e
in
div
i
du
a
li
sti
c b
ehav
i
or.
Th
is
fin
ding s
hows
t
hat stu
de
nts lack
so
ci
al
r
es
pons
i
bili
ty
.
Ba
sed o
n t
hese
pr
ob
le
m
s,
the
researc
her i
niti
at
ed
a
leade
rs
hi
p
tra
nsfo
rm
at
i
on
pro
gr
am
m
e to
help
off
-
ca
m
pu
s
stu
dent
s
i
m
pr
ove
thei
r
per
s
onal
it
y
an
d
t
o
bette
r
t
heir
qual
it
y
of
li
fe
exp
e
rience
as
off
-
cam
pu
s
un
i
ve
rsity
stud
e
nts
.
T
he
involm
ent
of
stud
e
nts
in
a
ny
extra
le
isure
act
ivit
ie
s
su
ch
as
the
le
ade
rsh
i
p
tran
sf
orm
at
ion
pro
gr
am
m
e
the
w
ou
l
d
al
so
be
nef
it
them
in
te
rm
of
the
de
velop
m
ent
of
pr
osoci
al
sk
il
ls,
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
,
a
utono
m
y,
and
inc
reased
ind
e
pe
nd
e
nce,
per
s
onal
m
otivati
on
,
a
nd
respon
si
bili
ty
,
as
well
as
act
in
g
as
a
pr
otect
ive
fa
ct
or
against
ris
ky
beh
a
viors
[
13
]
.
T
her
e
fore
,
t
his
pro
gr
am
m
e
w
ould
hel
p
them
to
i
m
pr
ove
t
heir
li
fest
yl
e
by
integrati
ng
s
pi
ritual
intel
li
gen
ce
to
rein
for
ce
inn
e
r
stre
ngth
a
nd
create
awar
e
ness
on
so
ci
al
res
ponsi
bili
ty.
Hen
ce
,
the
ob
j
ect
ive
of
t
his
researc
h
i
s
t
o
inv
est
igate
t
he
eff
ect
ive
ness
of
t
he
le
ade
r
sh
ip
t
ran
s
f
or
m
at
ion
pro
gr
am
m
e
a
mo
ng
off
-
cam
pus
stud
e
nts
w
hi
ch
integ
rated
s
piritual
intel
li
gen
ce
to
stre
ngthen
i
nter
nal
str
eng
t
h
and
prom
ote
awar
e
ness
on
t
he
pr
act
ic
e
of
soc
ia
l
resp
onsi
bili
ty
.
So
ci
al
respon
si
b
il
it
y
is
m
e
asur
e
d
by
the
pract
ic
e
of
justi
ce
to
wa
rd
s
the
m
anag
e
m
ent
of
sel
f,
the
m
anag
em
ent
of
ot
her
s
(i.e
.
,
ho
us
em
at
es)
and
the
m
anage
m
ent
of one’
s e
nv
ir
onm
ent (
i.e.,
ho
us
e
keep
i
ng m
a
nag
em
ent and
upkee
p).
2.
METHO
D
2.1.
Part
ic
ip
ants
Fo
r
the
2016/201
7
aca
dem
i
c
sessio
n,
the
off
-
cam
pu
s
s
tud
e
nts
who
wer
e
re
gistere
d
with
t
he
Dep
a
rtm
ent
of
Stud
e
nt
A
ff
ai
r
s
and
UMP
Al
um
ni
total
26
6
stud
e
nts.
Sinc
e
it
was
a
chall
eng
e
t
o
get
stu
den
t
s
’
involvem
ent
as
res
ponde
nts,
the
resea
rch
e
rs
us
e
d
non
-
pr
obabi
li
sti
c
sam
pli
ng
m
et
ho
d
to
s
el
ect
30
st
ud
e
nt
s
f
ro
m
So
ft
Sk
il
l
I
I
cl
ass.
S
of
t
S
kill
s
II
cl
ass
is
a
c
om
pu
lsory
c
ou
rse
that
fo
c
us
e
s
on
crit
ic
al
th
ink
in
g
a
nd
pr
oblem
so
lvi
ng
base
d
on
real
pr
ob
le
m
s.
The
stud
e
nts
we
re
sel
ec
te
d
base
d
on
certai
n
cha
ract
erist
ic
s.
O
n
e
of
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
2019
:
726
-
734
728
char
act
e
risti
cs w
as that t
hey
wer
e sec
ond
y
ear stu
den
ts
of
Un
i
ver
sit
i M
al
ay
sia
Pah
an
g
s
ince fin
dings fr
om
the
pr
el
im
inary
stud
y
showe
d
that
stud
e
nts
usual
ly
sta
rt
li
vin
g
of
f
-
cam
pu
s
w
he
n
they
are
in
the
ir
seco
nd
ye
ar
.
The
seco
nd
cha
ract
erist
ic
was
that
they
sta
ye
d
wi
th
their
f
rien
ds,
an
d
not
thei
r
fam
i
ly
.
Of
t
he
30
stu
de
nts,
14
we
re
m
al
e stud
ents
and 16
we
re f
e
m
al
e.
2.2.
Int
er
venti
on p
rog
r
amme
The
Leade
rs
hip
T
ransf
or
m
at
i
on
f
or
O
ff
-
Ca
m
pu
s
Stu
den
ts
Pro
gr
am
m
e
is
an
inter
ven
ti
on
pro
gr
am
m
e
that
wa
s
s
pecif
i
cal
ly
design
e
d
to
im
pr
ov
e
th
e
cha
racteri
sti
cs
a
nd
per
s
onal
it
y
of
off
-
cam
pu
s
st
ud
e
nts
s
o
t
ha
t
their quali
ty
o
f
li
fe as
un
i
ver
s
it
y st
ud
ents is im
pr
ov
e
d.
T
his p
r
ogram
m
e
integrate
d
sp
i
ritu
al
intel
li
gen
ce wh
ic
h
is
belie
f a
nd
fa
it
h t
o t
he C
reat
or
in
orde
r t
o
r
ei
nfor
ce
st
ud
e
nt
s’ i
nn
e
r st
re
ng
th
an
d t
o c
reate
awar
e
ness
of
s
ocial
respo
ns
ibil
it
y
as
a
kh
alif
ah
or
in
ot
her
word
s
,
as
a
le
ade
r
t
ow
a
rd
on
e
s
el
f,
oth
e
rs
(
hous
em
at
es)
an
d
one
’s
env
i
ronm
ent
or
physi
cal
w
or
l
d
t
hro
ugh
ho
use
keep
i
ng
m
anag
em
ent
[
6
]
.
T
he
pr
ogram
m
e
was
co
nducte
d
f
ro
m
week
4
t
o
wee
k
14 dur
in
g
t
he
academ
ic
session
. I
t
re
quire
d
10
wee
ks
a
nd it
beg
a
n
with a
br
ie
fin
g
sessio
n
an
d
a
pre
-
te
st.
A
gro
up
of
stu
de
nt
s
we
re
as
sig
ne
d
as
off
-
cam
pu
s
c
omm
it
te
e
m
e
m
ber
s.
Ne
xt
is
t
he
know
le
dg
e
-
sh
ari
ng
sessi
on,
w
hich
to
ok
t
w
o
wee
ks.
T
he
n,
t
he
res
ponde
nts
wer
e
assig
ned
to
w
ork
i
n
gro
ups
a
nd
th
ey
had
to
pr
e
pa
re
a
pr
opos
al
ba
sed
on
their
hous
e
ke
epin
g
m
anag
em
ent
prob
le
m
s
.
Ne
xt,
they
ha
d
to
plan
a
nd
e
xecu
t
e
a
sim
ple
innova
ti
on
pro
j
ect
t
o
s
olv
e
the
pr
ob
l
e
m
tog
et
her
.
In
wee
k
9,
a
ho
use
keep
i
ng
m
anag
em
ent
co
ntest
w
a
s
carried
out. A
f
ew
le
ct
ur
e
rs
w
ere
assig
ne
d
as
judges
t
o
visit
an
d
eval
uate
th
e
par
ti
ci
pa
nts’
hous
es
.
Fin
al
ly
,
the
off
-
cam
pu
s
stu
den
ts
’
com
m
i
ttee
ar
ra
ng
e
d
an
a
ppreciat
ion
da
y
an
d
du
rin
g
the
e
ve
nt,
t
he
po
st
-
te
st
in
strum
ent
w
as
distrib
uted
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
i
nfor
m
at
ion
a
bout
t
heir
C
GPA
was
al
s
o
c
ol
le
ct
ed
after
the
ir
overall
res
ults
wer
e
release
d by th
e
ir r
es
pecti
ve fa
culti
es.
2.3.
Inst
ru
ment
The
m
et
ho
d
use
d
f
or
this
st
udy
is
qu
a
ntit
at
ive
researc
h
m
eth
od
[
14
]
.
T
herefo
re,
i
ns
tr
um
e
nt
u
se
d
wa
s
a
set
of
quest
ionnaire
that
w
as
de
velo
pe
d
base
d
on
the
va
riables
i
den
ti
f
ie
d
f
r
om
the
prel
i
m
inary
stu
dy
a
nd
pr
e
vious
stu
dy
[
15
,
16
]
.
It
wa
s
distrib
uted
be
fore
t
he
pr
ogra
m
m
e
and
after
the
pro
gr
am
m
e
as
a
pre
-
te
st
(
week
1)
a
nd
post
-
te
s
t
(w
ee
k
10)
.
T
he
quest
io
nnai
re
was
div
i
ded
into
2
par
ts:
Part
A
a
nd
Par
t
B.
Part
A
re
qu
i
re
d
respo
nd
e
nt
to
pro
vid
e
pe
rs
onal
inform
ation
includi
ng
t
heir
CGP
A.
Pa
rt
B
has
4
sect
io
ns
co
ns
ist
in
g
of
40
qu
e
sti
on
s
an
d
they
we
re
design
e
d
t
o
el
ic
it
feedbac
k
f
r
om
the
r
esp
onde
nts
ab
ou
t
the
eff
ect
ive
ness
of
t
he
le
ader
s
hip
tra
nsfo
rm
at
ion
pr
ogram
m
e
in
te
r
m
s
of
(1)
relat
ion
s
hip
with
th
e
Creat
or
,
(2)
sel
f
-
m
anag
em
e
nt
(3)
so
ci
al
le
ade
rs
hip
tran
sf
or
m
at
ion
with
t
hei
r
hous
em
at
es
and
(
4)
s
ocial
tran
sf
or
m
at
ion
for
house
ke
epin
g
m
anag
em
ent a
nd
upkee
p.
Dat
a from
the q
ue
sti
onnaire w
e
re
an
al
yse
d
in St
at
ist
ic
al
Pack
age for
S
ocial
S
ci
ence
(S
PS
S) 2
3.0 us
ing
c
om
par
at
iv
e analy
sis o
f
t
he
pre
-
a
nd
post
-
te
st m
ean d
at
a.
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
This
sect
io
n
will
discuss
th
e
find
i
ngs
to
m
easur
e
the
e
ff
ect
ive
ness
of
le
ader
s
hip
tra
ns
f
or
m
at
io
n
pro
gr
am
m
e
a
mo
ng
off
-
cam
pus
stu
den
ts
base
d
on
f
our
var
ia
bles
m
easur
ed
wh
ic
h
ar
e
(
1)
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p
with
t
he
Creat
or
(
2)
s
el
f
-
m
anag
em
e
nt,
(3)
s
ocial
le
adershi
p
tr
ansfo
rm
ation
with
hous
em
at
es
an
d
(4)
so
ci
al
trans
form
ation
f
or
hous
e
k
ee
pi
ng
m
anag
em
e
nt
a
nd
upkee
p.
F
ur
th
er
analy
s
is
was
al
so
ca
r
ried
out
t
o
st
udy
the
i
m
pact o
f
t
he p
rogr
am
m
e o
n
s
tud
e
nts’
aca
de
m
ic
achievem
e
nt.
Table
1
s
how
s
the
fin
dings
on
stud
e
nts’
per
c
eptions
of
their
relat
ion
s
hip
w
it
h
the
Creat
or
befor
e
a
nd
after they
we
nt
thro
ugh
t
he pr
ogram
m
e.
Table
1.
Re
la
ti
on
s
hi
p
wit
h
th
e
cr
eat
or
Ite
m
Mean Pr
e
Test
Level
(Pr
e
)
Mean
Po
st Test
Level
(Pos
t)
Believ
e in th
e Cre
ato
r
4
.73
Hig
h
4
.83
Hig
h
Believ
e that th
e Cr
eato
r
g
iv
es p
eace
4
.70
Hig
h
4
.83
Hig
h
Faith
f
u
l to th
e Crea
to
r
4
.60
Hig
h
4
.83
Hig
h
Stron
g
r
elatio
n
sh
ip
with th
e Cre
ato
r
4
.63
Hig
h
4
.83
Hig
h
Hav
in
g
con
f
i
d
en
ce in th
e Crea
to
r
to f
eel saf
e
4
.56
Hig
h
4
.83
Hig
h
Belief
in th
e Crea
t
o
r
to
f
eel no
t alon
e
4
.56
Hig
h
4
.90
Hig
h
I
n
eed to
kn
o
w the p
u
rpo
se o
f
lif
e be
caus
e I
do
n
o
t f
eel
g
o
o
d
3
.93
Hig
h
4
.06
Hig
h
Hav
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
th
e
ex
isten
ce
o
f
th
e
Creato
r
so
th
at
I
a
m
capab
le
o
f
con
trolling b
eh
a
v
io
r
4
.40
Hig
h
4
.63
Hig
h
W
ith
o
u
t r
elig
io
n
I
f
eel free
4
.53
Hig
h
4
.03
Hig
h
Ch
o
o
se g
o
o
d
n
ess
b
ecaus
e I
r
ealize
t
h
at it
is o
u
r
Cre
ato
r’
s co
m
m
an
d
4
.63
Hig
h
4
.63
Hig
h
Av
erage M
ean
4
.43
Hig
h
4
.64
Hig
h
Variable
t
df
Sig
Tr
u
st th
e Cre
ato
r
-
1
.08
0
29
.28
9
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Th
e eff
ect
iv
ene
ss o
f t
he
le
ader
sh
ip
tra
ns
for
m
ation p
rogr
amme
amo
ng o
ff
-
camp
us
st
ud
e
nt
s
(
Roha
na Ha
mzah
)
729
Table
1
s
hows
that
the
r
esp
onde
nts’
relat
io
ns
hi
p
with
t
he
Creat
or
has
inc
reased
from
4.43
(pre
-
te
st
)
to
4.6
4
(
po
st
-
te
st).
B
oth
m
ean
values
in
dicat
e
that
the
le
ve
l
of
res
ponde
nts’
relat
ion
s
hip
with
Creat
or
is
high.
The
t
-
te
st
s
ho
ws
that
t
her
e
is
no
sig
nific
a
nt
diff
e
re
nce
as
t
he
t
value
(
1.08)
is
al
read
y
si
gnific
ant
with
t
he
value
al
read
y
highe
r
than
0.0
5.
Des
pite
that,
the
pro
gr
am
m
e
sti
ll
m
anag
ed
to
ha
ve
a
n
im
pact
on
the
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
as
seen i
n
the
inc
r
ease i
n
t
he po
st
-
te
st value
whi
ch
il
lustrate
s i
m
pr
ov
e
d p
arti
c
ipants'
r
el
at
ion
with the
Creat
or.
Table
2
s
hows
the
res
ults
of
the
sec
ond
va
ri
able
w
hic
h
re
ve
al
the
ef
fecti
ve
ness
of
the
pr
ogram
m
e
on
stud
e
nts’
sel
f
-
m
anag
em
ent.
Table
2
re
veals
that
there
was
an
i
ncr
eas
e
i
n
t
he
a
ve
rag
e
m
e
an
f
or
tra
ns
f
orm
at
ion
of
sel
f
-
m
anag
e
m
ent
(leader
sh
i
p
re
spo
ns
ibil
it
ie
s
towa
r
d
on
es
el
f)
f
r
om
3.
62
(
pr
e
-
te
st)
to
4.2
4
(
post
-
te
st).
O
ver
al
l
,
the
m
ean
scor
e
i
m
pr
oved
fro
m
m
od
erate
(
pre
-
te
st)
t
o
hi
gh
le
vel
in
the
post
-
te
st.
T
her
e
are
seve
ral
it
em
s
that
wer
e
at
a
m
oderate
le
vel
duri
ng
the
p
re
-
te
st
bu
t
i
ncr
ea
sed
to
a
hi
gh
le
vel
durin
g
t
he
post
-
te
st.
T
hey
are:
t
i
m
e
m
anag
em
ent
;
b
e
able
to
deter
m
ine
a
bette
r way
of
li
fe
;
d
isl
ike
to
sta
y
up
la
te
and
wa
ke
up
la
te
in
the
m
or
nin
g
;
I
feel m
or
e
res
pons
i
ble to
ward aca
dem
ic
tas
ks
;
e
xcite
d
to
s
ucceed
.
Table
2.
T
ra
ns
f
or
m
at
ion
in s
el
f
-
m
anag
em
ent
Ite
m
Mean Pr
e
Test
Level
(Pr
e
)
Mean
Po
st Test
Level
(Pos
t)
Tod
ay
is bette
r
th
a
n
y
esterda
y
4
.46
Hig
h
4
.53
Hig
h
W
illin
g
to
learn
an
d
f
ace
ch
allen
g
e
as
o
ff
ca
m
p
u
s
stu
d
en
ts
4
.16
Hig
h
4
.40
Hig
h
Ti
m
e
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
3
.50
Mod
erate
4
.30
Hig
h
Be ab
le to d
eter
m
i
n
e a
b
etter
wa
y
of
lif
e
3
.53
Mod
erate
4
.00
Hig
h
Dislik
e to stay
up
late
an
d
wake up
la
te in th
e
m
o
rnin
g
3
.60
Mod
erate
3
.70
Hig
h
I
f
eel
m
o
re
resp
o
n
sib
le toward acad
e
m
i
c task
s
3
.40
Mod
erate
4
.10
Hig
h
More
self
-
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
an
d
resp
o
n
sib
le
f
o
r
self
-
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
4
.20
Hig
h
4
.50
Hig
h
Excited
to su
cceed
3
.66
Mod
erate
4
.40
Hig
h
Kn
o
wled
g
e
in
h
u
m
a
n
scien
ces
h
as
h
elp
ed
m
y
su
rviv
a
l
as an
of
f
-
ca
m
p
u
s s
tu
d
en
t
4
.03
Hig
h
4
.26
Hig
h
Av
erage M
ean
3
.62
Mod
erate
4
.24
Hig
h
Variable
t
df
Sig
Tr
an
sf
o
r
m
atio
n
in
Self
-
Manag
e
m
en
t
-
3
.84
5
29
.00
1
This
fi
nd
i
ng
s
hows
t
hat
the
pro
gr
am
m
e
has
su
ccee
de
d
in
helpi
ng
off
-
c
a
m
pu
s
stud
e
nts
to
tran
sf
or
m
their
sel
f
-
m
anag
em
ent
to
be
bette
r
.
The
pro
gr
am
m
e
has
al
so
im
pr
ove
d
t
he
determ
inati
on
of
off
-
ca
m
pu
s
stud
e
nts
t
o
be
m
or
e
su
ccess
f
ul.
T
he
m
ean
c
om
par
ison
der
i
ved
f
ro
m
the
t
-
te
st
sh
ows
that
there
is
a
sig
ni
ficant
diff
e
re
nce
bet
ween
pre
-
te
st
a
nd
post
-
te
st
(
t
=
-
3.8
45,
df
=
29,
p
<.
05)
.
The
re
fore,
the
pro
gr
a
m
m
e
has
con
tri
bu
te
d
sign
ific
a
ntly
to
im
pr
ov
e
sel
f
-
m
anag
em
ent
w
hich
is
re
spo
nsi
bili
ty
as
a
le
ad
er
to
wa
rd
ones
el
f
as
a
basic
s
kill
to
su
r
viv
e
as
off
-
ca
m
pu
s
stu
dent
s.
I
n
oth
e
r
w
ords,
the
pr
ogram
m
e
has
s
uc
ceeded
in
e
na
bling
stu
de
nt
s
w
ho
par
ti
ci
pated
i
n
the
pro
gr
am
m
e
to
m
anag
e
their
tim
e
bette
r
and
to
fe
el
m
or
e
respon
si
ble
towa
rd
t
hem
sel
ves
an
d
al
so
their
aca
dem
ic
achiev
em
ent.
Table
3
sho
ws
the
res
ults
of
th
e
eff
ect
ive
ness
of
t
he
pr
ogram
m
e
in
transfo
r
m
ing
off
-
cam
pu
s
stu
de
nts’
so
ci
al
r
es
pons
i
bili
ti
es tow
ar
ds t
heir h
ou
sem
at
es.
Table
3.
T
ra
ns
f
or
m
ing
s
ocial
leaders
hip wit
h
hous
em
at
es
Ite
m
Mean Pr
e
Test
Ph
ase (Pre)
Mean
Po
st Test
Ph
ase
(Pos
t)
Res
p
o
n
d
i
n
g
to h
o
u
se
m
ates p
o
sitiv
ely
wh
en
they
m
ak
e
m
istak
es
3
.56
Mod
erate
4
.13
Hig
h
Accept f
riend
’s co
m
m
en
ts
4
.10
Hig
h
4
.43
Hig
h
Un
af
f
ected b
y
the h
o
u
se
m
ates d
o
in
g
neg
ativ
e ac
tiv
ities
2
.16
Low
3
.90
Hig
h
Keep u
p
with f
riend
s ev
en
tho
u
g
h
y
o
u
'v
e go
t a
co
n
f
lict
4
.10
Hig
h
4
.00
Hig
h
Inf
lu
en
ce ho
u
sem
a
tes to
do
a
g
o
o
d
m
o
ral
activ
ity
3
.93
Hig
h
4
.13
Hig
h
Talk to
y
o
u
r
f
riend
s if
there is an
y
pr
o
b
le
m
3
.56
Mod
erate
3
.96
Hig
h
Alway
s
pra
y
tog
et
h
er
2
.96
Low
3
.43
Mod
erate
Alway
s
play/exe
rc
ise to
g
eth
er
3
.60
Mod
erate
3
.90
Hig
h
Of
f
-
ca
m
p
u
s lif
e
m
ak
es stu
d
en
ts clo
ser and
f
riend
lier
3
.86
Hig
h
4
.13
Hig
h
Sh
are
p
erso
n
al
m
at
ters with h
o
u
se
m
at
es
3
.50
Mod
erate
3
.53
Mod
erate
Av
erage M
ean
3
.53
Mod
erate
3
.96
Hig
h
Variable
t
df
Sig
Tr
an
sf
o
r
m
atio
n
Of
Social Relatio
n
sh
ip
W
ith
Hou
se
m
a
te
s
2
.94
10
.01
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
2019
:
726
-
734
730
Table
3
s
hows
the m
ean v
al
ue
of lead
ers
hip t
ran
s
f
or
m
at
ion
with
hous
em
ates
(s
ocial
intel
li
gen
ce
) ha
s
increase
d
f
ro
m
3.5
3
(
pre
-
te
st)
to
3.96
(post
-
t
est
).
The
m
ean
sc
or
e
inc
rease
d
from
low
a
nd
m
od
e
rate
t
o
high
le
vels
for
the
fo
ll
owin
g
it
em
s
:
r
espond
i
ng
to
hous
e
m
ates
wh
e
n
they
m
ake
m
ist
akes
;
u
na
ff
ect
e
d
by
the
hous
e
m
at
es
doing
neg
at
i
ve
ac
ti
vity
;
t
a
lk
to
your
f
rien
ds
if
y
ou
ha
ve
a
probl
e
m
;
a
lway
s
pr
ay
tog
et
he
r
;
a
lway
s
play
/e
xer
ci
se t
og
et
her
Find
i
ngs
f
r
om
t
-
te
st
sho
w
t
hat
the
re
is
a
sig
nificant
di
ff
e
ren
ce
bet
we
en
th
e
pr
e
-
a
nd
post
-
te
sts
achievem
ent
a
s
the
t
-
value
i
s
sig
nifica
nt
a
t
lo
wer
tha
n
0.0
5
(t
=
2.9
4,
df
=
10,
p
<
.05).
The
refore
,
t
his
pro
gr
am
m
e
has
co
ntri
bu
te
d
s
ign
ific
a
ntly
to
tran
s
form
the
s
ocial
le
ade
rsh
i
p
s
kill
s
am
on
g
off
-
cam
pu
s
stu
den
ts
.
The
pro
gr
am
m
e
has
s
ucce
eded
in
e
nhan
ci
ng
s
ocial
rel
at
ion
s
hip
s
am
ong
off
-
cam
pus
st
ud
e
nts
a
nd
thei
r
hous
em
at
es.
G
ood
so
ci
al
relat
ion
s
hip
s
am
ong
off
-
c
am
pu
s
s
tud
e
nts
will
de
finite
ly
de
velo
p
a
se
ns
e
of
l
ove
a
nd
tolerance
am
on
g
them
an
d fi
na
ll
y con
trib
ute
to a
bette
r qu
al
it
y of
li
fe i
n ge
ner
al
.
Nex
t,
Table
4
shows
fin
dings
on
t
he
ef
fe
ct
iveness
of
t
he
pr
ogram
m
e
on
the
tra
nsf
or
m
at
ion
of
hous
e
kee
ping
m
anag
em
ent an
d u
pkeep
.
Table
4
T
ran
s
f
or
m
at
ion
of
hous
e
keep
i
ng m
a
nag
em
ent and
upkee
p
Ite
m
Mean Pr
e
Test
Ph
ase
(Pr
e
)
Mean
Po
st Test
Ph
ase
(Pos
t)
Do
ho
u
se ch
o
res
3
.47
Mod
erate
4
.33
Hig
h
Take an actio
n
if
t
h
e ho
u
se is
m
ess
y
3
.16
Mod
erate
4
.20
Hig
h
Retu
rn th
in
g
s to
th
eir
p
lace
3
.26
Mod
erate
3
.83
Hig
h
Hav
e ti
m
e
to a
rr
an
g
e and
clean the h
o
u
se
3
.33
Mod
erate
3
.80
Hig
h
W
o
rk to
g
eth
er
to
c
lean
the h
o
u
se
3
.10
Mod
erate
3
.63
Mod
erate
Maintain
cleanlin
e
ss
is ou
r
resp
o
n
sib
ility
4
.43
Hig
h
4
.23
Hig
h
Do
no
t leave wate
r
tap o
n
when
bru
sh
in
g
teeth
3
.16
Mod
erate
4
.03
Hig
h
Ho
u
se
m
ates and
I
tak
e r
esp
o
n
sib
ility to
m
an
ag
e the h
o
u
se
3
.96
Hig
h
4
.06
Hig
h
Prov
id
e a
p
lace to
p
u
t so
m
e
ite
m
s
3
.86
Hig
h
4
.07
Hig
h
Like to
wash
the to
ilet at
h
o
m
e
3
.36
Mod
erate
3
.46
Mod
erate
Feel saf
e and
co
m
f
o
rtable staying
at
ho
m
e
3
.80
Hig
h
4
.26
Hig
h
Av
erage M
ean
3
.53
Mod
erate
3
.99
Hig
h
Variable
t
df
Sig
So
cial T
r
an
sf
o
r
m
a
tio
n
of
Hou
se Manag
e
m
en
t
3
.8
10
.00
3
Table
4
s
hows
that
the
re
is
a
n
inc
rease
in
the
m
ean
val
ue
f
or
overall
le
a
dership
f
or
t
ran
s
f
orm
ation
of
hous
e
kee
ping
m
anag
em
ent
a
nd
upkee
p
f
rom
3.
53
(
pr
e
-
te
s
t)
to
3.9
9
(
po
st
-
te
st).
T
he
m
ea
n
sco
re
im
pr
oved
f
ro
m
m
od
erate
to
hig
h
le
vels
for
the
f
ollow
i
ng
it
e
m
s:
d
o
hous
e
ch
ores
;
t
a
ke
a
n
a
ct
ion
if
the
hous
e
is
m
essy
;
h
a
ve
tim
e
to ar
ra
ng
e
and clea
n t
he
hous
e
;
d
o no
t l
eave
water ta
p on w
he
n
brus
hi
ng
teet
h
.
The
t
-
te
st
resu
l
ts
sho
w
t
hat
th
ere
is
a
sig
nifi
cant
differe
nce
bet
ween
t
he
pre
-
an
d
post
-
te
sts
(
t
=
3.9
8,
df
=
10,
p
<.
05).
T
he
refor
e
,
the
pr
ogram
m
e
has
su
ccee
ded
i
n
insti
ll
ing
sel
f
-
a
war
e
ne
ss
of
ho
us
ek
eepi
ng
m
anag
em
ent
and
upkee
p
a
nd
it
i
m
p
ro
ve
d
off
-
cam
pu
s
stu
de
nts’
se
ns
e
of
r
esp
on
si
bili
ty
t
ow
a
r
ds
kee
ping
their
hous
e
cl
ean
.
If
eve
ry
off
-
cam
pu
s
st
ud
e
nt
is
awar
e
of
their
respo
ns
ibil
it
ie
s
an
d
is
respo
nsi
ble
to
ward
ke
epin
g
their
hous
e
cl
ean,
t
heir
qual
it
y
of
li
fe
will
be
im
pr
oved
a
nd
this
will
s
uppo
rt
their
aca
dem
ic
achievem
ent
and
pe
rs
on
al
it
y
dev
el
op
m
ent
holi
sti
cal
ly
.
Table
5
s
hows
the
ov
e
rall
res
ul
ts
for
e
ver
y
va
riable
m
easure
d
in
this stu
dy.
Table
5.
O
ver
a
ll
m
ean co
m
par
iso
n
Ite
m
Mean Pr
e
Test
Ph
ase (Pre)
Mean Po
st
Test
Ph
ase
(Pos
t)
Relatio
n
sh
ip
with th
e Crea
to
r
4
.43
Hig
h
4
.64
Hig
h
Tr
an
sf
o
r
m
atio
n
of
Self
L
eadersh
ip
3
.62
Mod
erate
4
.24
Hig
h
So
cial L
eade
rsh
ip
(
Ho
u
se
m
ates)
3
.53
Mod
erate
3
.90
Hig
h
Tr
an
sf
o
r
m
atio
n
of
E
n
v
iron
m
en
t
(ho
u
sek
eepi
n
g
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t and
up
k
eep)
3
.53
Mod
erate
3
.99
Hig
h
Av
erage M
ean
3
.78
Hig
h
4
.20
Hig
h
Variable
t
d
f
Sig
Leadersh
ip
tr
an
sf
o
r
m
atio
n
4
.84
3
.01
7
The
overall
av
erag
e
m
ean
va
lue
s
how
n
in
T
able
5
i
ncr
ea
se
d
from
3.78
(pre
-
te
st)
to
4.20
(
post
-
te
st)
.
Find
i
ngs
f
ro
m
the
t
-
te
st
al
so
sh
ows
t
hat
the
re
is
a
sig
nific
ant
dif
fer
e
nce
betwee
n
the
pre
-
an
d
po
st
-
te
s
ts
(
t
=
4.84,
df
=
3,
p
<.05)
.
T
his
find
i
ng
pr
ov
es
that
after
the
re
sp
on
de
nts
at
te
nd
e
d
t
he
T
rans
form
ation
Lea
der
s
hi
p
Pr
og
ram
m
e,
there
was
a
sig
nificant
im
pact
on
sel
f
-
le
ade
rship,
s
ocial
le
ader
sh
i
p
with
ot
he
rs
(
hous
em
at
es)
a
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Th
e eff
ect
iv
ene
ss o
f t
he
le
ader
sh
ip
tra
ns
for
m
ation p
rogr
amme
amo
ng o
ff
-
camp
us
st
ud
e
nt
s
(
Roha
na Ha
mzah
)
731
so
ci
al
respo
ns
i
bili
ty
toward
t
heir
en
vir
onm
e
nt
(ho
us
ek
eepi
ng
m
anag
em
ent
an
d
up
keep).
In
oth
er
w
ords
,
this
pro
gr
am
m
e h
as co
ntribute
d si
gn
i
ficantl
y t
o
i
m
pr
ov
e t
he of
f
-
cam
pu
s stu
de
nts’ way
of li
fe.
Table
6
an
d
Fi
gure
3
both
s
how
that
in
te
r
m
s
of
aca
dem
i
c
achie
vem
ent,
the
re
was
an
increase
in
stud
e
nts’
CG
P
A
from
0%
at
pr
e
-
te
st
to
a
C
GPA
of
betwe
en
3.2
6
-
4.0
0
at
post
-
te
st
(
6.7%),
,
a
s
well
as
f
r
o
m
30.0%
at
pr
e
-
te
st
to
a
CGPA
of
betwee
n
2.
51
-
3.25
at
post
-
te
st
(60.0%)
.
Me
anwhil
e,
th
e
nu
m
ber
of
st
ud
e
nts
with
C
GPA
be
low
2.5
decr
ea
sed
f
ro
m
21
st
ud
e
nts
to
10
st
ud
e
nts
(
36.7%
).
This
is
an
in
direct
im
pact
of
the
Leader
sh
i
p
T
ra
ns
f
or
m
at
ion
P
r
ogram
m
e o
n
of
f
-
cam
pu
s st
ud
e
nts’
aca
dem
ic
achievem
ent.
Table
6.
A
ver
a
ge ov
e
rall
gra
de
v
al
uat
i
on
CGPA
Pre
Test
Po
st Test
Percent
Frequ
en
cy
(F)
Percentag
e
(%)
Frequ
en
cy
(F)
Percentag
e
(%)
1
.00
–
1
.75
0
0
0
0
1
.76
–
2
.50
21
7
0
.0
10
3
3
.3
Decr
ease
36
.7%
2
.51
–
3
.25
9
3
0
.0
18
6
0
.0
Increased
30%
3
.26
–
4
.00
0
0
2
6
.7
Increase
6
.7%
Total
30
1
0
0
.0
30
1
0
0
.0
Figure
3.
N
umber
of st
ud
e
nts
and
CGP
A be
f
or
e
and a
fter
program
m
e
The
fin
dings
s
how
t
hat
this
pro
gr
am
m
e
has
pro
ve
n
that
wh
il
e
dev
el
op
i
ng
so
ci
al
i
ntell
igence
i
s
po
s
sible,
it
is
i
nco
m
plete
without
the
integ
r
at
ion
of
sp
i
ritu
al
intel
li
gen
ce,
w
hich
de
velo
ps
in
stu
de
nts
a
stron
g
sense
of
re
spo
ns
ibil
it
y
as
a
l
eader
in
m
anag
in
g
on
e
sel
f
a
s
well
as
de
ve
lop
in
g
good
s
ocial
co
nnect
ion
or
relat
ion
s
hip
wi
th
ot
her
s
i
nclu
ding
on
e
’s
e
nviro
nm
ent.
The
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
soc
ia
l
intel
li
gen
ce
without
s
piritual
intel
li
gen
ce
as
it
s
fo
un
dation
will
cause
the
edu
cat
io
n
proc
ess
to
be
void
of
gu
i
da
nce
an
d
subse
quently
,
le
ad
t
o
the f
ai
lu
re
of de
velo
ping a
str
ong
s
ense
of
re
sp
onsi
bili
ty
a
m
ong h
um
an
being
s
[
17
,
18
]
.
It
has
bee
n
pr
oofe
d
by
m
any
resea
rch
es
t
hat
the
se
ns
e
of
bein
g
m
on
i
tore
d
b
y
a
tr
ust
worthy
a
nd
su
pp
or
ti
ve
e
ntit
y
will
help
pe
op
le
to
co
pe
wi
th
thei
r
risk
be
hav
i
or
[
19
]
.
T
he
fin
di
ng
s
of
th
is
stu
dy
in
dicat
e
that
the
off
-
cam
pu
s
stud
e
nts
who
wer
e
sel
ect
e
d
f
or
t
his
stu
dy
f
or
t
un
at
el
y
al
re
ady
ha
d
a
str
ong
belie
f
i
n
G
od
Al
-
Mi
gh
ty
, t
he
On
e
they
belie
ve
d
that
al
ways
m
on
it
ori
ng
t
heir
li
fe
. Ne
ve
rthel
ess,
a
fter
f
ollo
wing
t
he
pro
gra
m
m
e,
there
wa
s
sti
ll
a
sli
ght
i
ncr
eas
e
in
this
var
ia
bl
e
.
T
his
fin
ding
pro
ves
that
a
go
od
trai
ning
can
f
ur
t
her
im
pro
ve
and
inc
rease
s
pi
ritual
intel
li
ge
nce
[
20
].
Du
e
t
o
t
he
existi
ng
s
tro
ng
c
onnecti
on
with
the
Cre
at
or
that
t
hey
a
lready
hav
e
,
t
he
diff
e
ren
ce
s
how
n
be
tween
pre
-
an
d
post
-
te
sts
does
not
seem
th
at
sign
i
ficant.
Howe
ver,
this
fin
ding
was
c
onsist
ent
with
a
stu
dy
c
onduct
ed
by
a
researc
her
who
integ
rated
the
value
belie
vi
ng
i
n
God
in
te
a
chin
g
and
le
ar
ning
a
ct
ivit
ie
s
fo
r
Ma
la
ysi
an
pr
is
on
instr
ucto
rs.
T
he
researc
h
re
vealed
t
hat
Ma
la
ysi
an
pe
op
le
do
not
isolat
e them
selv
es
from
the sen
se
of h
a
ving a
conn
ect
io
n wi
th Go
d
in
their
li
fe [
21
,
22
].
Howe
ver,
ther
e
wer
e
si
gn
i
f
ic
ant
i
m
pr
ove
m
ents
and
c
ha
ng
e
s
in
the
ot
her
t
hr
ee
var
ia
bles
assesse
d
nam
ely
the
transfor
m
at
ion
of
sel
f
-
le
ade
rs
hip
,
the
t
ran
s
f
orm
at
ion
of
s
oci
al
le
ader
sh
i
p
(
hous
em
at
es)
and
t
he
trans
form
ation
of
en
vir
on
m
ent
le
ader
s
hi
p
(
hous
e
kee
pi
ng
m
anag
em
ent
an
d
upke
ep).
T
her
e
for
e,
the
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n o
f t
he Le
ade
r
sh
ip
T
ra
ns
f
or
m
at
ion
P
rogr
am
m
e
a
m
on
g o
ff
-
ca
m
pu
s
stu
de
nt
s
has hel
ped
t
hem
to
m
ake
a
stron
ge
r
co
nnect
ion
be
tween
t
he
val
ue
s
of
belie
f
i
n
God
(sp
i
ritual
intel
li
gen
ce)
an
d
to
dem
on
stra
te
that
value
bette
r
by
bei
ng
a
m
or
e
respo
ns
ible
le
ader
to
onesel
f
,
to
oth
e
rs
a
nd
t
o
t
heir
e
nvir
onm
ent
[
6
]
.
T
his
resu
l
t
pro
ved
that
s
pi
ritual
intel
li
ge
nce
has
a
po
sit
ive
ef
fect
on
e
thica
l
at
ti
tud
e
[
23
]
.
F
urt
he
rm
or
e
,
this
fi
nd
i
ng
al
s
o
sh
ows
t
hat
sp
i
ritual
intel
li
gen
ce
al
lows
it
s
associat
ion
with
rati
onal
thin
king
or
intel
le
ct
ual
intel
li
gence
an
d
helps
in
div
i
dual
s
to
m
ov
e
i
n
the
directi
on
to
play
t
heir
r
ole
as
a
le
a
der
m
or
e
eff
ect
ivel
y
[
20
,
23
]
.
M
oreo
ve
r
,
sp
irit
ual
intel
li
gen
ce
al
so
will
en
han
ce
the
li
ving
c
ondit
i
ons
as
the
i
nd
i
vidual
can
no
w
pl
ace
their
act
io
ns
a
nd
0
5
10
15
20
25
1.00
–
1.75
1.76
–
2.50
2.51
–
3.25
3.26
–
4.00
CGPA P
r
e
-Tes
t
CGPA P
o
s
t-t
e
st
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
2019
:
726
-
734
732
their
li
ves
in
a
wi
der
pe
rs
pec
ti
ve
an
d
m
eani
ng
[
24
]
as
t
hei
r
act
io
ns
no
l
onge
r
go
t
hroug
h
t
heir
‘e
go’
filt
er,
m
aking
t
hem
n
at
ur
al
ly
v
irt
uous
[
25
]
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
a
holi
sti
c
sel
f
-
tran
sform
at
ion
pro
cess
requires
t
he
awa
ren
e
ss
of
the
pur
pose
of
li
fe
as
a
sla
ve
t
o
C
reat
or
by
stre
ngth
enin
g
their
fait
h
us
i
ng
inte
grat
ed
knowle
dg
e
de
vel
op
m
ent
ap
proac
hes
a
nd
th
en
exer
ci
sin
g
t
his
res
pons
i
bili
ty
as
a
cal
ip
h
or
a
le
ade
r
that
dev
el
ops
po
sit
i
ve
c
hange
co
nt
inu
ously
to
onesel
f,
oth
e
rs
a
nd
in
the e
n
vir
on
m
ent where
they
li
ve [
26
,
27
]
. I
n othe
r w
ords, it
is o
ur
res
pons
i
bili
ty
to rear
ra
ng
e
ou
r
li
fe
acco
rd
i
ng
to
Alla
h’
s
c
omm
and
by
underst
and
i
ng
w
hat
do
e
s
God
wa
nt
m
e
to
do
[
28
]
.
Self
-
a
war
e
ness
ab
ou
t
God’s
c
ommand
will
de
velo
p
posit
ive
em
otion
al
an
d
rati
on
a
l
think
i
ng
a
bili
ty
in
fac
ing
a
ny
pro
blem
and
f
inall
y
i
m
pr
ov
e
our
act
i
on
t
o
be
m
or
e
posit
ive
as
a
pro
of
of
our
fait
h
and
grat
it
ud
e
to
th
e
Creat
or
[
29
,
30
]
.
He
nce,
de
vel
op
i
ng
le
ade
rs
hip
s
kill
s
by
inte
gr
at
in
g
sp
i
ritua
l
aware
ness
will
foste
r
a
high
s
ense
of
res
pons
i
bili
t
y [
28
,
31
]
.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
All
in
al
l,
t
he
fin
dings
sho
w
that
al
l
t
he
va
riables
a
re
interrelat
e
d.
Althou
gh
the
first
var
ia
ble
,
relat
ion
s
hip
wi
th
the
Creat
or
,
m
ay
no
t
hav
e
s
how
n
a
sig
nifi
cant
increa
se,
i
t
is
howev
e
r
th
e
fou
nd
at
io
n
f
or
al
l
the
o
the
r
va
ria
bles
(i.e.
,
sel
f
-
m
anag
em
ent,
so
ci
al
relat
ion
s
hi
p
with
hous
em
at
es
and,
house
keep
i
ng
m
anage
m
ent
and
upkee
p)
w
hich
are
act
ually
the
pract
ic
al
aspects
of
one
hav
i
ng
a
str
on
g
bond
with
t
he
Creat
or
.
T
he
r
efore,
al
tho
ug
h
the
find
i
ng
f
or
the
fi
rst v
a
riabl
e sho
wed
t
hat the
bond
was
al
rea
dy
stro
ng, it wa
s
n
ot
reall
y t
ransl
at
ed
in
the
act
io
ns
of
the
off
-
cam
pu
s
st
ud
e
nts.
T
his
m
eans
that
in
te
rm
s
of
kn
ow
le
dg
e
,
t
he
r
esp
onde
nts
ha
d
st
ron
g
awar
e
ness
,
bu
t
in
te
rm
s
of
pr
act
ic
e,
how
the
stu
den
ts
m
anag
ed
them
sel
ves,
m
anag
e
d
the
ir
s
ocial
relat
io
ns
hi
ps
with t
heir h
ou
s
e
m
at
es and m
a
nag
e
d an
d
m
ai
ntained
the
upkeep
of their
r
e
nted
ho
us
es
we
re s
ti
ll
lackin
g. A
fte
r
the
inter
ve
ntio
n
program
m
e,
the
res
ults
of
t
he
po
st
-
te
st
showe
d
t
hat
the
off
-
cam
pu
s
st
udents
im
pr
ove
d
in
all
the
var
ia
bles.
This
sho
ws
t
ha
t
the
res
ponde
nts’
kn
ow
le
dge
an
d
pr
act
ic
e
are
now
balanc
ed.
T
heir
str
ong
bo
nd
with thei
r
Crea
tor
is
now
d
em
on
st
rated i
n
t
he
ir act
ion
s
.
This
stu
dy
al
ig
ned
with
m
any
oth
e
r
fi
nd
i
ngs
as
discu
ssed
pr
evio
us
ly
.
T
he
involm
ent
of
st
ud
e
nts
i
n
a
le
ader
s
hip
tran
sform
at
ion
pro
gr
am
m
e
hav
e
ben
e
fite
d
t
hem
in
te
rm
of
the
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
a
holi
sti
c
bei
ng.
In
add
it
io
n,
the
s
ense
of
bei
ng
m
on
it
or
ed
by
God
as
a
tr
us
twort
hy
an
d
s
uppo
rtive
entit
y
has
hel
ped
t
he
stud
e
nts
to im
pr
ov
e
thei
r
sel
f
, th
ei
r
s
oc
ia
l skill
s and th
ei
r
en
vir
on
m
en
ta
l aware
ness.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
he
researc
her
recom
m
end
s
that
this
pro
gr
am
m
e
to
be
c
onti
nu
a
ll
y
i
m
ple
m
ente
d
i
n
f
utur
e
in
U
niv
e
rsiti
Ma
la
ysi
a
Pahan
g
to
de
velo
p
bette
r
in
div
i
dual
s,
re
gardless
if
they
are
on
or
off
-
cam
pu
s
stud
e
nts
.
This
will
create fu
t
ur
e
engine
ers
a
nd tech
no
l
og
ist
s
w
ho not
on
ly
hav
e
a str
ong b
ond wit
h t
he
Creat
or as
sta
te
d
in
UM
P
c
or
e
va
lues
bu
t
w
ho
will
al
so
ha
ve
a
str
onger
se
nse
of
res
pons
ibi
li
ty
as
a
le
ader
to
le
a
d
t
hem
s
el
ves
,
and
t
heir
so
ci
et
y
towa
rd
go
odness
as
wel
l
as
a
le
ader
who
care
s
f
or
the
env
i
ronm
ent.
Mo
reover
,
t
he
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n
of
t
he
Lea
de
r
sh
ip
Tra
ns
f
orm
at
ion
P
r
ogram
m
e
fo
r
off
-
cam
pu
s
stu
de
nts
wi
ll
al
so
m
ake
their
li
fe
exp
e
riences
as
un
i
ver
sit
y
st
udents
m
or
e
m
eanin
gful.
They
will
feel
t
hat
e
ven
as
off
-
cam
pu
s
st
ud
e
nts,
t
hey
a
re
no
t
ne
glect
ed
or
le
ft
beh
i
nd
by
the
m
anag
em
ent
of
t
he
unive
rsity
.
T
her
e
fore,
this
pro
gr
am
m
e
will
al
so
con
t
rib
ute in d
evelo
ping a m
or
e
holi
sti
c an
d
c
om
pr
ehe
ns
ive
un
i
ver
sit
y st
ud
e
nt m
anag
e
m
ent syst
e
m
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
utho
rs
would
li
ke
to
ex
pr
ess
their
grat
it
ude
to
U
ni
ver
sit
i
Ma
la
ysi
a
Paha
ng
f
or
pr
ov
i
ding
fina
ncial
assist
ance
unde
r
pr
oj
ect
no.
RDU
1603
145.
The
aut
hors
w
ou
l
d
al
so
li
ke
to
t
hank
al
l
the
stu
den
t
s
w
ho
par
ti
ci
pated
in t
his r
esea
rch.
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sc
hool
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t
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l
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nsform
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rnatio
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ie
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ison
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f
spirit
u
al
in
te
l
ligence
con
ce
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ts
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isla
m
ic
an
d
weste
rn
per
spe
ctives:
a
rev
ie
w
(i
n
Malay
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"in
Pr
oce
ed
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the
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Arabic
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ie
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Islami
c
Ci
vi
l
izat
ion
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-
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"F
ac
tor
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ua
l
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,
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Int
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on
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R
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arch
Jou
rnal
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ci
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y
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l
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In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
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N:
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e eff
ect
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ene
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he
le
ader
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ip
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ns
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m
ation p
rogr
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ff
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Roha
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ad
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uf
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m
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"Th
e
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spiri
tua
l
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Islamic
busin
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net
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Th
e c
ase
of
interna
t
io
nal
i
zi
ng
Turki
sh
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Es,
"
Journal
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e
ss
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202
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[8]
Phili
p
Cl
a
y
ton
a
nd
Zacha
r
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pson
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s.),
"
The
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Scienc
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,
"
O
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Oki
Derm
awa
n,
"Build
studen
ts’
cha
ra
cter
throug
h
fasti
ng
a
t
Mus
l
im school
,
"
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li
ty
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vo
l. 5(1), pp
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Nurul
Hae
ra
n
i
&
Ahm
ad,
"H
oli
stic
hum
an
c
a
pit
al
dev
el
opm
e
nt
through
po
l
yte
chn
ic
cur
ri
culum
ac
ti
vi
ties
(i
n
Malay
),
"
Published
by
Univ
ersit
y
Tun Hus
sien
O
nn
Malay
sia
,
20
13
[11]
S
y
ed
Muh
amm
ad
Naquib
al
-
Att
as,
"
Prolegomen
a
to
the
m
et
aph
y
sics
o
f
isl
am:
an
exposi
ti
on
of
the
fund
ament
a
l
el
ements
of
th
e wordview
of is
lam
,
" Kual
a Lum
pur:
ISTAC
,
2001.
[12]
Fauzi
ah
Ib
rah
im,
et
a
l
.
,
"Em
poweri
ng
religious
kn
owledge
among
adol
esc
ent
s
with
beha
vior
al
d
isorder
s:
towar
ds
t
h
e
form
at
ion
of
m
ora
l adol
es
ce
nts (
i
n
Malay
)
,
"
Publ
i
shed
by
Uni
ve
rs
i
ty
K
ebangsaan
Malay
sia
,
2012.
[13]
Cla
rke
S
,
All
erh
and
LA
and
Ber
k
MS
.
"Rec
en
t
a
dvanc
es
in
unde
rstandi
ng
and
m
ana
ging
s
el
f
-
har
m
in
adol
esc
ents
[ve
rsion
1;
pe
er revi
ew:
2
appr
ov
ed]
,
"
F1000R
es
e
arch,
pp
1
-
12,
2
019
.
[14]
Creswel
l
John
W
.
,
"
R
ese
arch
Design:
Qua
li
t
ative,
Qua
nt
itati
v
e
,
and
Mix
ed
Met
hods
Approac
he
s
(Thi
rd
Ed
it
ion
),
"
SAGE
Pub
li
ca
tions
:
Unit
ed
St
ate
of
Am
erica
,
20
09.
[15]
Rabi
a
Dasti
,
Aisha
Sitw
at
,
"D
ev
e
lopment
of
a
m
u
lt
idi
m
ensional
m
ea
sure
of
Islami
c
spir
it
ua
li
t
y
(M
MS
),
"
Journal
o
f
Muslim
Me
nta
l H
eal
th,
vol
.
8(2)
,
p
p
47
-
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2014
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[16]
Steve
n
Eri
c
Kra
uss
,
Azimi
Ham
za
h
and
Fa
zi
l
a
I
dris,
"A
daptati
o
n
of
a
Mus
li
m
r
el
igi
ousi
t
y
sc
al
e
for
use
with
fo
ur
diffe
ren
t
f
ai
th
co
m
m
unit
ie
s in
M
al
a
y
si
a,
"
Revie
w
of
R
el
ig
ious Research,
vo
l. 49(2)
,
pp
147
-
164,
20
07.
[17]
Mohd.
Janib
Joh
ari
,
"M
ora
ls
,
app
li
c
at
ion
the
or
y
&
issues
(in
Mal
a
y
)
,
"
Pubis
hed
b
y
Pe
rpus
tak
aan
Negara
Malay
sa
,
2001.
[18]
Ham
dan
Muhammad
&
Muham
m
ad
Najumuddin
‘Ulwan,
"Curr
ic
ulum
from
heaven
(in
Ma
lay
)
,
"
Kemil
au
Pub
lik
a
Sdn
Bhd. Selang
or
,
2013.
[19]
Alonso
Ruiz,
R.
A.
,
Va
lde
m
oro
s
San
Emete
r
i
o,
M.
Á.,
Sá
enz
d
e
Juber
a
Ocón,
M.,
&
Sanz
Ara
zur
i,
E.,
"F
ami
l
y
le
isure
,
se
lf
-
m
ana
gement, a
nd
sat
isfac
t
ion
in
span
ish
y
ou
th,
"
Fron
ti
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n
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chol
o
gy
,
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-
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2019
[20]
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y
am
Hos
seini
,
et
al
.
,
"A
rev
i
ew
stud
y
on
spir
i
tua
l
in
te
l
li
gen
ce,
ado
le
sce
n
ce
an
d
spirit
u
a
l
in
te
l
li
g
enc
e
,
factors
tha
t
m
a
y
con
tri
but
e
t
o
indi
vidual
diff
ere
nc
es
in
spirit
u
al
intel
li
gen
ce
an
d
the
re
la
t
ed
th
e
orie
s,
"
Journal
o
f
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al
Scienc
es
,
vol.
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[21]
M.
A.
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,
et
al
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,
"Content
reliab
ilit
y
m
ea
sur
e
m
ent
of
holi
sti
c
appr
oac
h
trainin
g
m
odule
,
"
I
nte
r
nati
onal
Journal
of
Pure
and
App
li
ed
Mathe
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ics
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,
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M.
A.
Arip
in,
"
Holisti
c
appr
oa
c
h
training
m
odule
for
prison
t
raining
skill
s
depar
tment
of
prison
Malay
s
ia
,
"
UT
M:
Thesis P
hd
,
201
7.
[23]
Putu
Indra
W
ig
una
and
Ke
tut
Yadn
y
ana
,
"The
role
of
work
in
g
expe
ri
ence
m
oder
ating
th
e
ef
fec
t
of
emotion
al
int
ellige
n
ce,
inte
ll
e
ct
ua
l
intellige
nce
and
spiri
tual
int
ellige
n
ce
on
t
he
et
hi
cal
decisi
on
of
t
ax
consultants
in
Bali
area,"
Inte
rnational
R
e
search
Jou
rnal
o
f
Manage
men
t, I
T
&
Soci
al
Scien
ce
s
,
vo
l. 6
(3)
,
p
p.
18
-
28
,
2019
.
[24]
Sheet
a
l
Deol
al
k
ar,
"S
piritual
intell
ig
ence
dev
el
o
ps
innova
tors,
"
Schol
arly
Re
sea
rch
Journal
For
Hum
anit
y
Scien
c
e
and
English Language
,
vo
l. 1, pp
.
572
-
578
,
2014
.
[25]
Mohd.
Suhardi
Mat
Jus
oh
et.al
.
,
"The
d
evelopm
ent
of
student
’s
spirit
ual
intel
li
g
enc
e
base
d
on
T
az
ki
y
a
h
a
l
-
Nafs
al
-
Ghaz
ali
Model
at
Univ
ersit
i
Malay
si
a
Pahang
(UM
P),"
Inte
rnational
Journal
of
Hum
anit
i
es
Technol
og
y
an
d
Civ
iliz
ati
on
(
IJH
TC
)
,
vol.
1(4)
,
p
p.
74
-
91
,
2018
.
[26]
Rohana
Ham
za
h
,
et
a
l
.
,
"D
eve
lo
pm
ent
of
educ
a
t
ed
souls
in
the
f
uture
of
edu
ca
to
rs
(in
Mal
a
y
),
"
J
urnal
Tekno
logi
,
vol.
61(1)
,
pp
.
2
7
-
31,
2013
.
[27]
Creswel
l
John
W
.
,
"
R
ese
arch
Design:
Qua
li
t
ative,
Quant
itati
v
e
,
and
Mix
ed
Met
hods
Approac
he
s
(Thi
rd
Ed
it
ion
),
"
SAGE
Pub
li
ca
tions
:
Unit
ed
St
ate
of
Am
erica
,
20
09.
[28]
Jac
obus
Kok
an
d
Steve
n
C
.
v
an
den
Heuv
el
,
"L
ea
ding
in
a
VU
CA
world:
integ
rat
ing
leade
rship
,
disc
ern
m
ent
an
d
spirit
ualit
y
,
"
Springer
:
Sw
itcer
l
a
nd,
2019
[29]
W
an
Mohd.
Nor
W
an
Daud,
"P
hilos
oph
y
and
pra
ctice
of
isl
amic
ed
uca
t
ion;
S
y
ed
M.
Naquib
Al
-
At
tas
:
A
desc
rip
ti
on
of
the ori
g
ina
l
c
once
pt
of is
la
m
i
za
t
ion
(in
Mal
a
y),
"
Kuala
Lum
pur: Univ
ersiti Ma
lay
a
,
2005.
[30]
Rohana
Ham
za
t
e
t
al
.
,
"Int
egr
ati
on
of
spiri
tua
l
i
nte
lligen
ce
in
m
oder
n
tool
s
for
cre
a
ti
vi
t
y
and
in
novat
iv
e
thi
nkin
g
using
the
or
y
of
i
nvent
iv
e
probl
e
m
solving
(TRIZ),"
Inte
rnat
ional
Journal
of
Hum
a
nit
ie
s
Te
chnol
og
y
and
Ci
vi
l
izati
o
n
(
IJHTC
)
,
vol.
1(
5),
pp
.
1
-
9
,
2019
.
[31]
Putu
Harr
y
Krisn
anda
and
Id
a
B
a
gus
Ketut
Sur
y
a,
"Im
pac
t
of
emoti
onal
and
spir
it
ua
l
in
te
l
li
gen
ce
on
tra
nsform
at
ional
le
ad
ership
and
e
m
plo
y
e
e
p
erf
or
m
anc
e,
"
Int
ernat
ional
Re
search
J
ournal
of
Mana
geme
nt,
IT
&
So
ci
al
Sc
ie
n
ce
s,
vo
l.
6(3),
pp
.
70
-
82
,
2019.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
2019
:
726
-
734
734
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Rohana
Binti
H
amza
h,
is
cur
ren
tly
a
He
ad
of
Soft
Skill
s
Depa
r
t
m
ent
and
senior
le
c
ture
r
at
th
e
Cent
re
for
Hum
a
n
Scie
n
ce
s,
Univ
ersit
i
M
al
a
y
si
a
P
aha
ng,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
.
She
obt
ai
ned
hi
m
PhD
in
Art
and
Design
f
ro
m
Unversiti
T
ek
nologi
Mara
(Ui
TM).
W
it
h
m
ore
th
an
19
y
e
a
rs
o
f
exp
erienc
e
as
ac
ad
emician,
she
has
supervise
d
m
ore
tha
n
15
stu
dent
s
at
Master
a
nd
PhD
le
vel
an
d
led
m
ore
than
5
rese
arc
h
gra
n
t
s
at
interna
l
and
nat
ion
al
le
v
el.
S
he
h
as
publ
ished
m
ore
tha
n
20
ar
ti
cles,
5
book
s
and a
few
ar
ti
c
les
in
newpa
p
er.
S
he al
so
invol
v
ed
in tra
in
ing
with
gover
nm
ent a
nd
priva
t
e
sec
tors
for
par
en
ti
ng
,
s
oft
skill
s
and
h
um
an
deve
lopm
ent
issues.
Her
rese
arc
h
intere
st
is
holi
st
ic
and
int
egr
at
ed
edu
c
at
ion
,
TVE
T
e
duca
t
ion,
spir
it
u
al
and
emotion
a
in
te
l
li
gen
ce,
soft
skill
s
and
instruc
ti
on
a
l
des
ign.
Nurul
Ain
Fa
tehah
bin
ti
Bahar
uddin
obt
ai
ned
her
Mast
er
in
th
e
fi
el
d
of
Hum
a
n
Perform
anc
e
S
y
stem
from
Univer
sit
y
Mal
a
y
s
i
a
Pah
ang
(UM
P).
H
er
rese
arc
h
in
te
rest
in
ho
li
sti
c
and
int
eg
rated
educ
a
ti
on,
spiritual
intel
li
gen
ce,
soft
skill
s
and
instruc
ti
on
al
d
esign.
She
has
pu
bli
shed
a
f
ew
art
i
cl
es
r
elate
d
with
her
rese
arch i
nt
ere
st
area.
W
an
Jum
ani
Fa
uzi
,
PhD
,
is
cur
ren
tly
a
senior
l
ec
tur
er
at
the
C
ent
re
for
Moder
n
La
ngu
age
s,
Univer
siti
Ma
lays
ia
Pahang
,
Mal
a
y
si
a.
W
it
h
m
ore
tha
n
18
y
e
ars
of
expe
r
ie
nc
e
in
te
a
chi
ng,
she
is
al
so
invol
v
ed
in
tra
ini
ngs
with
g
over
nm
ent
and
priva
t
e
sec
tors
t
ea
ch
ing
Eng
li
sh
comm
unic
at
ion
skill
s.
Her
r
ese
ar
ch
addr
esses
issues
in
applied
l
ing
uisti
cs,
soc
iopragm
at
ic
s
such
as
(
im
)
poli
te
n
ess
.
Her
email i
s
jumani@um
p.
edu
.
m
y
.
Muham
ad
Afza
m
iman
bin
Aripin
obta
in
ed
his
PhD
in
the
fiel
d
of
Te
chn
ical
and
Voca
t
iona
l
Educ
a
ti
on
from
Univer
siti
T
ekno
logi
M
al
a
y
si
a
(U
TM).
His
rese
arch
and
foc
us
of
in
te
rest
is
TVE
T
educ
a
ti
on,
cor
re
ct
ion
al
edu
catio
n,
m
odule
dev
elopm
ent
and
holis
ti
c and v
al
ues
e
duca
t
ion.
He h
as
aut
hore
d
m
ore
t
han
20
ar
ticle
pa
per
s
in
his
rese
a
rch
int
er
est
area,
publi
shed
a
boo
k
and
wrote
a
few
artic
le
s
in
n
ewspape
rs.
He
h
ad
work
in
seve
ral
educat
ion
ins
ti
tutions
as
administra
ti
on
and
ac
ad
emic
st
aff
a
nd
cur
ren
tly
wor
k
as
Senior
L
ect
ure
r
in
UTM
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