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The mea
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ts,
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fe
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l
e
,
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d
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e
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e
n
ts.
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is
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y
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lso
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fied
25
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e
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train
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lay
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fin
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o
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y
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re
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n
ti
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e
rs
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n
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d
u
c
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ti
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S
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a
b
le
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v
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t
(ES
D)
i
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t
h
e
sc
h
o
o
l
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
lem
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
Geo
-
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ma
t Rah
im
i Y
u
s
o
f
Sch
o
o
l o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Un
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er
s
iti Utar
a
Ma
lay
s
ia
0
6
0
1
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,
UUM
Sin
to
k
,
Ked
a
h
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail:
r
ah
im
i@
g
u
r
u
m
alay
s
ia.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
wo
r
d
‘
Geo
’
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
Gr
ee
k
wo
r
d
m
ea
n
in
g
‘
ea
r
th
.
’
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
wo
r
d
also
r
ela
ted
to
th
e
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
g
lo
b
al,
o
r
an
y
th
in
g
r
elate
d
to
lan
d
.
No
wad
ay
s
,
th
e
Ge
o
co
n
ce
p
t
h
ad
wid
ely
b
ee
n
r
esear
ch
ed
as
in
Geo
-
h
er
itag
e;
Geo
-
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
;
Geo
-
s
ites
o
r
Geo
-
p
ar
k
s
;
Geo
-
Ma
n
ag
em
en
t;
Geo
-
Div
er
s
ity
;
Geo
-
T
o
u
r
is
m
;
an
d
Geo
-
E
d
u
c
atio
n
[
1
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Geo
-
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
is
a
g
lo
b
ally
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
at
g
iv
es
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
g
en
er
atio
n
a
b
asic
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
th
e
h
u
m
an
wo
r
ld
an
d
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
lo
ca
l,
r
eg
io
n
al,
a
n
d
g
lo
b
al
c
o
n
te
x
ts
[
2
]
.
Gen
er
ally
,
Geo
-
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
is
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
is
clo
s
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
d
ev
el
o
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
ab
ilit
ies,
attitu
d
es,
an
d
v
alu
es.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
ab
les
g
r
ea
ter
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
t
u
d
en
ts
at
th
e
lo
ca
l,
n
atio
n
al,
an
d
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
l
e
v
els.
I
t
h
elp
s
th
em
to
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
er
to
war
d
s
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
f
u
tu
r
e.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
elem
en
ts
as
a
k
ey
to
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
o
ciety
f
o
r
a
b
etter
co
m
m
u
n
ity
an
d
as
a
n
ess
en
tial
m
ed
iu
m
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
o
b
jecti
v
es st
ated
in
th
e
Su
s
tain
ab
le
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t G
o
al
[
3
]
–
[
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
R
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d
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c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
mea
s
u
r
eme
n
t m
o
d
el
o
f g
e
o
-
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
a
m
o
n
g
tr
a
in
ee
tea
ch
ers
in
Ma
la
ysia
(
Ma
t R
a
h
i
mi
Yu
s
o
f
)
715
I
n
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
co
n
tex
t,
Geo
-
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
r
esear
ch
is
s
till
s
ca
r
ce
in
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
Geo
-
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
o
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ly
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tr
o
d
u
ce
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an
d
ex
p
lain
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to
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
T
h
e
Geo
-
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
co
n
ce
p
t
h
a
d
a
s
im
ilar
ity
with
E
n
v
ir
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n
m
e
n
t
al
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
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d
it
n
ee
d
s
to
r
eb
r
a
n
d
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
t
o
t
h
e
Un
ited
Natio
n
s
Su
s
tain
ab
le
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
Go
a
ls
(
SDG,
2
0
1
9
)
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
id
ea
o
f
Geo
-
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
also
ap
p
lied
in
th
e
to
u
r
is
m
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
s
u
ch
as
L
an
g
k
awi
U
NE
SC
O
Glo
b
al
Geo
p
ar
k
,
wh
i
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
in
ter
n
ati
o
n
al
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u
s
tain
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ilit
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o
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th
e
f
o
r
eig
n
an
d
d
o
m
esti
c
to
u
r
is
m
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
2.
P
RO
B
L
E
M
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
I
n
Ma
lay
s
ia,
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
was
f
o
r
m
ally
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
well
-
p
lan
n
ed
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
in
1
9
8
3
with
th
e
New
E
lem
en
tar
y
Sch
o
o
l
C
u
r
r
i
cu
lu
m
(
KB
SR
)
.
T
h
en
,
t
h
e
ch
a
n
g
es
in
th
e
Prim
a
r
y
Sch
o
o
l
C
u
r
r
i
cu
lu
m
(
KSSR
)
in
2
0
1
2
h
a
d
s
h
ed
n
ew
lig
h
t
o
n
th
e
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
wh
er
e
it
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
as
C
r
o
s
s
-
C
u
r
r
icu
lar
E
lem
en
ts
(
E
MK
)
in
2
0
1
7
th
r
o
u
g
h
g
lo
b
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
H
o
wev
er
,
in
r
ea
lity
,
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
v
alu
es
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
f
u
l
ly
im
p
lem
en
ted
b
y
th
e
teac
h
e
r
s
in
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
also
h
av
e
n
o
t
f
u
lly
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
it
[
8
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
s
itu
atio
n
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
l
ac
k
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
u
id
elin
es
an
d
g
u
id
an
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ca
r
e
p
r
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f
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io
n
als
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o
u
t
th
e
r
i
g
h
t
way
to
p
r
o
tect
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
an
d
to
m
a
k
e
th
in
g
s
wo
r
s
e;
th
ey
n
eg
lecte
d
th
e
ec
o
lo
g
ic
al
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
[
3
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
As
a
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
,
th
e
m
is
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
t
h
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
h
a
d
ca
u
s
ed
a
lac
k
o
f
em
p
h
asis
o
n
t
h
is
co
n
ce
p
t
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
lack
o
f
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
t
h
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
life
also
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
Su
s
tain
ab
le
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
Go
als
(
SDGs
)
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
Geo
-
E
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
i
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
cr
u
cial
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
a
lack
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
h
o
w
it
s
h
o
u
l
d
im
p
lem
en
t in
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lea
r
n
in
g
in
s
ch
o
o
l
s
[
1
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
tex
t,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
co
n
tex
t,
th
er
e
ar
e
o
n
ly
a
f
ew
r
esear
ch
er
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
t
h
eir
r
esear
ch
[
6
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
a
r
ep
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
th
e
lack
o
f
clea
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
wh
y
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
talled
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
b
ased
o
n
th
ese
is
s
u
es
an
d
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
at
lo
ca
l r
esear
ch
er
s
u
n
d
e
r
tak
e
a
s
tu
d
y
o
n
Geo
-
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
3.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
Su
s
tain
ab
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
a
n
e
ed
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
its
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
in
lo
ca
l
a
n
d
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
a
l
in
ter
est.
UNE
SC
O
h
ad
tak
en
th
is
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
s
er
io
u
s
ly
.
It
is
in
v
o
lv
ed
cr
ea
tiv
ely
b
u
ilt,
h
an
d
lin
g
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
is
s
u
es
cr
ea
tiv
ely
,
an
d
b
e
a
b
le
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
r
esil
ien
t
s
o
ciety
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
en
ab
le
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
in
teg
r
ate
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
in
m
ak
in
g
m
o
r
e
wis
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
wo
r
ld
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
also
u
s
ed
th
e
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Su
s
tain
a
b
le
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
(
E
SD)
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
n
f
er
en
ce
o
f
T
h
e
W
o
r
ld
C
o
n
s
er
v
atio
n
Un
io
n
(
I
UC
N)
with
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
"e
d
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
liv
in
g
"
in
th
e
late
1
9
9
0
s
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
T
o
d
ay
,
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
ass
o
ciatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
Un
ited
Natio
n
s
co
n
tin
u
es
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
E
SD
im
p
lem
e
n
ta
tio
n
b
y
lau
n
ch
in
g
th
e
Un
ited
Natio
n
s
Dec
ad
e
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
Su
s
tain
ab
le
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
(
2
0
0
5
-
2
0
1
4
)
.
T
h
ey
em
p
h
asized
o
n
all
co
u
n
tr
ies
o
n
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
p
r
in
ci
p
les,
v
alu
es,
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tices
in
to
all
asp
ec
ts
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
[
2
1
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
f
ew
is
s
u
es a
r
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
th
is
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
s
u
ch
as is
s
u
es w
i
th
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
(
E
S
D)
.
T
h
e
E
SD
is
g
en
er
ally
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
ab
ilit
ies,
att
itu
d
es,
an
d
v
alu
es.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
ab
les
th
eir
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
in
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
lo
ca
lly
,
n
atio
n
ally
,
an
d
i
n
ter
n
a
tio
n
ally
an
d
h
elp
s
th
em
wo
r
k
t
o
g
eth
er
to
wa
r
d
s
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
f
u
tu
r
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
ac
t
as
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
to
o
l
to
r
eso
lv
e
all
th
ese
is
s
u
es
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
ce
r
n
s
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
ca
n
p
la
y
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
i
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
m
in
d
s
et
o
f
th
e
s
o
cie
ty
an
d
s
er
v
e
as
an
ess
en
tial m
ed
iu
m
in
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
4.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
q
u
an
titativ
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
l
o
y
ed
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
d
ee
m
s
r
ea
s
o
n
a
b
le
in
th
e
lar
g
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
an
d
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
[2
4
]
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
o
f
Geo
-
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
a
s
ed
o
n
f
iv
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
,
wh
ich
ar
e
p
r
im
er
,
is
s
u
es,
ec
o
s
y
s
t
em
,
life
s
ty
le
,
an
d
cu
r
r
icu
lar
cr
o
s
s
elem
en
t.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
es
ar
e
to
an
aly
s
es
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
Geo
-
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
th
e
f
iv
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
in
th
e
m
o
d
el
,
a
n
d
th
e
th
ir
d
o
b
jecti
v
es
ar
e
to
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
an
d
in
d
icato
r
s
(
b
eh
av
io
r
s
)
in
Geo
-
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Mo
d
u
le
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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is
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p
tab
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if
th
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e
g
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ess
io
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weig
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f
o
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f
ac
to
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lo
ad
in
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is
0
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[
2
5
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,
[
2
6
]
.
Acc
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g
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a
l.
[
2
5
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,
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4
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tr
ac
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AVE
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at
0
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o
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ab
o
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e,
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d
th
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liab
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R
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a
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o
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s
s
q
u
ar
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o
o
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m
u
s
t
b
e
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
t
h
e
in
ter
-
co
r
r
elatio
n
v
alu
es b
etwe
en
co
n
s
tr
u
cts o
r
i
tem
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
is
cr
im
in
a
n
t
[
2
7
]
–
[
2
9
]
T
h
e
f
itn
ess
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
test
e
d
u
s
in
g
s
ev
er
al
f
it
in
d
ices
s
u
c
h
as
C
h
i
Sq
u
ar
e
(
C
MI
N)
,
C
FI
,
R
MSE
A,
PNFI
an
d
PC
FI.
T
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
it
with
th
e
co
llected
d
ata
wh
e
n
th
e
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
v
al
u
es
o
f
C
h
i
Sq
u
ar
e
(
C
MI
N)
ex
ce
ed
i
n
g
0
.
0
5
.
T
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
m
o
d
e
l
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
it
wh
en
th
e
C
FI
is
ex
ce
ed
in
g
0
.
9
0
,
b
u
t
v
alu
es
b
etwe
en
0
.
8
0
an
d
0
.
8
9
ar
e
s
till
in
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
m
ar
g
in
.
T
h
e
R
MSE
A
ac
ce
p
tab
le
v
alu
e
is
lo
wer
th
an
0
.
0
8
,
b
u
t
it
is
s
till
ac
ce
p
tab
le
if
less
th
an
0
.
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
PC
FI
an
d
PNFI
in
d
ex
v
alu
es
m
u
s
t
ex
ce
ed
0
.
5
f
o
r
th
e
f
it
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
it
if
at
least
o
n
e
o
f
ea
ch
ca
te
g
o
r
y
o
f
ab
s
o
lu
te
r
elativ
e
an
d
p
ar
s
im
o
n
y
in
d
ex
es we
r
e
f
it.
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
S
S
I
O
N
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
i
n
T
a
b
le
1
in
d
icate
s
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
n
o
r
m
ality
,
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
v
alid
ity
,
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
I
t
also
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
Geo
-
E
d
u
c
atio
n
an
d
th
e
f
iv
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
wh
ich
ar
e
p
r
im
er
,
i
s
s
u
es,
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
,
life
s
ty
le,
an
d
cu
r
r
icu
lar
cr
o
s
s
elem
en
ts
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
all
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
r
ea
ch
ed
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
(
AVE
>0
.
5
)
,
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
>0
.
7
0
1
)
,
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
(
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t A
VE
>
co
r
r
elatio
n
v
alu
es b
etwe
en
v
ar
i
ab
les),
an
d
d
ata
n
o
r
m
ality
(
s
k
ewn
ess
an
d
k
u
r
to
s
is
v
alu
es
b
etwe
en
-
1
an
d
+1
)
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
s
h
o
wed
th
at
all
v
ar
iab
les
h
av
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
ea
ch
o
th
er
[
2
7
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Pre
lim
in
ar
y
r
esu
lts
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
s
M
e
a
n
S
D
S
k
e
w
K
u
r
t
1
2
3
4
5
P
r
i
mer
8
.
9
1
1
.
1
9
-
1
.
3
3
1
.
5
6
0
.
8
7
2
I
ssu
e
8
.
9
6
1
.
1
6
-
1
.
4
6
2
.
6
0
.
8
1
2
0
.
8
2
5
Ec
o
s
y
s
t
e
m
9
.
3
4
1
-
2
.
0
3
4
.
3
5
0
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9
6
0
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6
6
0
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8
8
2
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f
e
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t
y
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e
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3
2
1
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0
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2
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0
3
4
.
6
3
0
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8
9
6
0
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6
1
0
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6
4
0
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9
6
2
Co
-
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
a
r
C
r
o
ss
El
e
me
n
t
9
.
0
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1
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2
7
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1
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9
5
5
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2
7
0
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7
9
7
0
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8
2
8
0
.
9
4
0
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7
4
1
0
.
9
9
5
N
o
t
e
:
S
Q
R
T
A
V
E
v
a
l
u
e
(
b
o
l
d
)
sh
o
w
n
i
n
p
r
i
n
t
s.
T
ab
le
2
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
cr
itical
r
atio
(
C
.
R
.
)
o
f
th
e
Geo
-
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
th
at
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tes
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
o
n
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
L
if
e
s
ty
le
(
β=.0
5
7
,
C
.
R
=1
6
.
1
5
7
,
P=.
0
0
0
)
,
C
u
r
r
icu
lar
C
r
o
s
s
E
lem
en
t
(
β=.0
7
4
,
C
.
R
=1
5
.
0
9
4
,
P=.
0
0
0
,
E
co
s
y
s
tem
(
β=.0
4
9
,
C
.
R
=1
5
.
4
9
6
,
P=.
0
0
0
)
,
Prim
er
(
β=.0
6
9
,
C
.
R
=1
3
.
0
5
0
,
P=.
0
0
0
)
,
an
d
I
s
s
u
e
(
β=.0
7
5
,
C
.
R
=1
3
.
7
8
9
,
P=.
0
0
0
)
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
eg
r
ess
io
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t
r
esu
lt
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
s
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
Est
i
m
a
t
e
S
.
E.
C
.
R
.
P
La
b
e
l
Li
f
e
s
t
y
l
e
<
---
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e
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-
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
9
1
5
.
0
5
7
1
6
.
1
5
7
***
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
C
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
a
r
c
r
o
ss
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
<
---
G
e
o
-
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
1
.
1
1
2
.
0
7
4
1
5
.
0
9
4
***
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
Ec
o
s
y
s
t
e
m
<
---
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d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
7
5
9
.
0
4
9
1
5
.
4
9
6
***
S
i
g
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f
i
c
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n
t
P
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mer
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---
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a
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0
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0
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3
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5
0
***
S
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g
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f
i
c
a
n
t
I
ssu
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<
---
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c
a
t
i
o
n
1
.
0
3
7
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0
7
5
1
3
.
7
8
9
***
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
Geo
-
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
m
o
d
u
le
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
t
o
r
an
aly
s
is
.
I
t
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
was
at
th
e
ac
c
ep
ted
v
alu
e
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
(
FA)
,
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
r
e
liab
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
,
av
er
ag
e
v
a
r
ian
t
ex
tr
ac
to
r
(
AVE
)
,
a
n
d
s
q
u
a
r
e
r
o
o
t
AVE
(
√
AVE
)
f
o
r
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
wer
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
an
d
ac
ce
p
tab
le.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
a
n
s
wer
th
e
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
R
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2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
mea
s
u
r
eme
n
t m
o
d
el
o
f g
e
o
-
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
a
m
o
n
g
tr
a
in
ee
tea
ch
ers
in
Ma
la
ysia
(
Ma
t R
a
h
i
mi
Yu
s
o
f
)
717
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
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o
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u
s
es
t
h
is
is
n
o
t
g
iv
en
g
o
o
d
em
p
h
asis
[
3
3
]
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
wed
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
FL,
C
R
,
AVE
an
d
√
AVE
f
o
r
th
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p
r
im
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n
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tr
u
ct
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9
3
2
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R
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4
1
,
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.
7
6
1
,
SQR
T
AVE
=0
.
8
7
2
)
.
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
an
aly
s
i
s
f
o
r
p
r
im
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tr
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C
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st
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u
c
t
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d
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c
a
t
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r
s
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L
CR
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√
A
V
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r
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P1
Th
e
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n
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7
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
F
L
,
C
R
,
AVE
,
an
d
SQR
T
AVE
f
o
r
th
e
E
co
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
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th
at
th
e
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es
o
f
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0
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8
3
2
-
0
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9
2
2
,
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R
=0
.
7
7
8
,
SQR
T
AVE
=0
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8
8
2
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
4
.
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
FL,
C
R
,
AVE
,
an
d
SQR
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A
VE
f
o
r
th
e
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r
o
s
s
-
C
u
r
r
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lar
elem
en
ts
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
(
FL=
0
.
8
3
3
-
0
.
9
3
8
,
C
R
=0
.
9
0
0
,
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=0
.
8
0
9
,
SQR
T
AVE
=0
.
9
5
5
)
.
T
ab
le
6
s
h
o
we
d
th
e
v
alu
e
s
o
f
FL,
C
R
,
AV
E
an
d
SQR
T
AVE
f
o
r
L
if
e
St
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le
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
(
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0
.
8
8
4
0
.
9
5
1
,
C
R
=0
.
9
1
4
,
AVE
=0
.
8
3
5
,
S
QR
T
AVE
=0
.
9
6
2
)
.
T
ab
le
7
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
F
L
,
C
R
,
AVE
an
d
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.
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Z
.
S
a
n
u
si
,
T
.
F
.
F
a
rid
d
,
a
n
d
G
.
Je
g
a
tes
e
n
“
In
stit
u
ti
o
n
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
a
rtn
e
rsh
i
p
s
in
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
su
sta
i
n
a
b
le
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t:
Ca
se
stu
d
y
o
f
th
e
re
g
i
o
n
a
l
c
e
n
tre
o
f
e
x
p
e
rti
se
(RCE)
P
e
n
a
n
g
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
”
J
.
S
u
sta
in
.
De
v
.
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
0
8
–
1
1
7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
3
]
A.
Ha
z
u
ra
,
“
Hu
b
u
n
g
a
n
a
n
tara
p
e
n
g
h
a
y
a
tan
a
g
a
m
a
,
k
e
p
e
rc
a
y
a
a
n
e
p
istem
o
l
o
g
i
se
rta
p
e
n
g
e
tah
u
a
n
a
lam
se
k
it
a
r
p
e
laja
r
m
u
slim
d
e
n
g
a
n
si
k
a
p
d
a
n
ti
n
g
k
a
h
la
k
u
terh
a
d
a
p
a
lam
se
k
it
a
r,
”
Un
iv
e
rsiti
S
a
in
s
M
a
lay
sia
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
4
]
L.
Co
h
e
n
,
L.
M
a
n
io
n
,
P
.
Lec
tu
re
r,
K.
M
o
rriso
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
Lec
tu
re
r,
Res
e
a
rc
h
me
th
o
d
s
in
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
L
o
n
d
o
n
:
Ro
u
tl
e
d
g
e
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
5
]
J.
F
.
Ha
ir,
W.
C.
Blac
k
,
B.
J.
Ba
b
in
,
a
n
d
R.
E.
An
d
e
rso
n
,
M
u
l
ti
v
a
ria
te
Da
ta
A
n
a
lys
is
,
7
th
E
d
.
P
e
a
rso
n
P
re
n
ti
c
e
Ha
ll
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
6
]
M.
F
a
iz,
B.
M
o
h
d
,
J.
No
r
d
in
,
a
n
d
B.
Yu
n
u
s,
“
An
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
M
o
d
e
l
fo
r
M
a
lay
sia
n
Tea
c
h
e
r
Wo
rk
Co
m
p
e
ten
c
ies
:
T
h
e
C
o
n
firma
to
r
y
F
a
c
t
o
r
A
n
a
ly
sis
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Aca
d
e
m
ic
Res
e
a
rc
h
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n
Bu
sin
e
ss
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
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e
s
,
v
o
l
.
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,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
52
–
64
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
6
0
0
7
/IJARBS
S
/v
6
-
i1
1
/
2
3
7
3
.
[2
7
]
J.
F
.
Ha
ir,
M
.
S
a
rste
d
t,
T.
M
.
P
i
e
p
e
r,
a
n
d
C.
M
.
Ri
n
g
le
,
“
Th
e
U
se
o
f
P
a
rti
a
l
Lea
st
S
q
u
a
re
s
S
tru
c
tu
ra
l
Eq
u
a
ti
o
n
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
in
S
trate
g
ic
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
Re
se
a
rc
h
:
A
Re
v
iew
o
f
P
a
st
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
a
n
d
Re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
F
u
tu
re
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
L
o
n
g
R
a
n
g
e
Pl
a
n
n
.
,
v
o
l.
4
5
,
n
o
.
5
–
6
,
p
p
.
3
2
0
–
3
4
0
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
8
]
F
.
L.
Da
v
id
a
n
d
C.
F
o
r
n
e
ll
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
S
tru
c
t
u
ra
l
E
q
u
a
ti
o
n
M
o
d
e
ls
with
Un
o
b
se
rv
a
b
le
Va
riab
les
a
n
d
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
Err
o
r,
”
J
.
M
a
rk
.
Re
s.
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
9
–
5
0
,
1
9
8
1
.
[2
9
]
M
.
R.
Yu
so
f,
M
.
Y.
M
.
F
a
iz,
a
n
d
M
.
Y.
I
b
ra
h
im,
“
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
tea
c
h
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
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te
n
c
y
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f
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
sc
h
o
o
l
tea
c
h
e
rs i
n
M
a
lay
sia
,
”
I
n
t.
J
.
Eme
rg
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l.
L
e
a
rn
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
–
1
6
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
30
]
B.
M
.
By
r
n
e
,
S
tru
c
tu
r
a
l
E
q
u
a
ti
o
n
M
o
d
e
ll
in
g
wit
h
A
M
O
S
:
B
a
sic
Co
n
c
e
p
ts,
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
Pr
o
g
r
a
mm
in
g
,
2
n
d
e
d
.
Ne
w Yo
rk
:
Ro
u
tl
e
d
g
e
,
Tay
lo
r
a
n
d
F
ra
n
c
is G
ro
u
p
,
2
0
1
0
.
[
31
]
M
.
Y.
Ib
ra
h
im,
M
.
R.
Yu
so
f
,
M
.
F
.
M
.
Ya
a
k
o
b
,
a
n
d
Z.
Oth
m
a
n
,
“
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
k
il
ls:
T
o
p
P
ri
o
r
it
y
o
f
Tea
c
h
in
g
Co
m
p
e
ten
c
y
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
,
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
7
–
3
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
2
]
L.
S
.
M
e
y
e
rs,
G
.
Ga
m
st,
a
n
d
A.
J.
G
u
a
rin
o
,
A
p
p
li
e
d
mu
lt
iva
ria
t
e
re
se
a
rc
h
:
De
sig
n
a
n
d
in
ter
p
re
ta
ti
o
n
,
2
n
d
E
d
.
Lo
n
d
o
n
:
S
a
g
e
P
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
3
]
B.
Ba
lak
rish
n
a
n
,
F
.
T
o
c
h
i
n
a
i,
a
n
d
H.
Ka
n
e
m
it
su
,
“
P
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
t
o
wa
rd
s
su
sta
i
n
a
b
l
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
m
o
n
g
M
a
lay
sia
n
u
n
d
e
r
g
ra
d
u
a
tes
,
”
In
t.
J
.
Hig
h
.
E
d
u
c
.
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
4
–
5
1
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
5
4
3
0
/
ij
h
e
.
v
9
n
1
p
4
4
.
[3
4
]
S
.
Ke
e
ss
tra
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
o
il
-
re
late
d
s
u
sta
in
a
b
le
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
g
o
a
ls:
F
o
u
r
c
o
n
c
e
p
ts
t
o
m
a
k
e
lan
d
d
e
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
n
e
u
tralit
y
a
n
d
re
sto
ra
ti
o
n
w
o
rk
,
”
L
a
n
d
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/l
a
n
d
7
0
4
0
1
3
3
.
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