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M
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K
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Ho
u
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tan
ts
Mo
r
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in
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Par
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Per
m
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p
ar
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T
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CC B
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C
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Dep
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Pro
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Un
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Neg
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Kelu
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co
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Mo
r
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in
tellig
en
ce
is
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
f
o
r
h
u
m
an
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
in
p
eo
p
le'
s
liv
es
[
1
]
.
At
p
r
e
s
en
t,
it
is
a
v
er
y
in
ter
esti
n
g
to
p
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b
ec
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u
s
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it
af
f
ec
ts
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
h
u
m
an
life
[
2
]
,
a
n
d
it
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
in
tellig
en
ce
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
R
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
by
J
an
s
s
en
s
an
d
Ma
ja
[
3
]
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
p
ar
en
tin
g
s
ty
les
an
d
m
o
r
al
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
is
co
n
s
tan
t
f
r
o
m
ch
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h
o
o
d
to
ad
u
lth
o
o
d
.
Oth
er
r
esear
ch
ex
am
i
n
in
g
th
e
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
o
f
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
Nig
e
r
ia
s
h
o
ws
th
at
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
is
r
elate
d
to
ac
ad
em
ic
i
n
teg
r
ity
[
4
]
.
Mo
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
is
th
e
ce
n
te
r
o
f
h
u
m
an
in
tellig
en
ce
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
h
as
a
g
r
ea
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
o
th
er
f
ield
s
an
d
s
er
v
es
as
a
co
m
m
o
n
th
r
e
ad
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
ac
tio
n
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
it
is
an
ac
t
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
ts
u
n
iv
er
s
al
p
r
in
cip
les
an
d
th
e
tr
u
th
s
o
f
h
u
m
an
b
eh
av
i
o
r
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
lim
ited
t
o
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
(
m
o
r
al
k
n
o
win
g
)
b
u
t
also
h
as
to
co
n
s
id
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th
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asp
ec
ts
,
s
u
ch
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f
ee
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d
ac
t
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[8
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
Mo
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r
ef
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s
to
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
th
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n
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al
g
o
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n
e
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s
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th
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ciety
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w
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r
elate
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v
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g
attitu
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an
d
a
d
h
er
in
g
to
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
k
in
d
n
ess
,
wh
ich
cr
ea
te
an
awa
r
en
es
s
f
o
r
m
o
r
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
[
1
1
]
.
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J
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Sev
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th
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p
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p
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p
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m
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[
1
2
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.
Par
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p
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r
tan
t
r
o
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in
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g
ch
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i
n
f
o
s
ter
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g
m
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tellig
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.
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h
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ly
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m
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[
1
3
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.
T
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R
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C
am
p
ae
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t,
An
n
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lau
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an
d
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s
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[
1
4
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s
h
o
ws
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p
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p
ar
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tin
g
h
as
an
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m
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ch
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s
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ar
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by
Au
g
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an
d
Sti
f
ter
[
1
5
]
s
h
o
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at
p
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s
itiv
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d
war
m
p
ar
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g
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f
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tiv
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d
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G
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h
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n
tag
e
o
f
co
n
s
tan
tly
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
m
o
r
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
eir
ch
ild
r
en
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
by
Kar
m
a
k
ar
[
1
6
]
s
h
o
ws
th
at
p
ar
en
tin
g
s
ty
les
th
at
en
f
o
r
ce
p
r
o
h
ib
itio
n
s
an
d
r
estrictio
n
s
m
ak
e
ch
ild
r
en
awa
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
u
les
an
d
n
o
r
m
s
th
at
a
p
p
ly
in
th
e
f
am
ily
an
d
s
o
ciety
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
p
ar
e
n
tin
g
s
ty
le
d
o
es
n
o
t
ap
p
l
y
to
a
d
o
lescen
ts
b
ec
au
s
e
p
ar
en
ts
th
at
ap
p
ly
to
o
m
an
y
y
o
u
t
h
r
estrictio
n
s
m
ay
in
f
l
u
en
ce
teen
a
g
er
s
'
b
eh
av
io
r
in
o
r
d
er
to
a
d
h
er
e
t
o
v
alu
es
an
d
r
u
les,
as
n
eg
ativ
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
ar
e
a
v
o
id
ed
.
R
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
by
Alh
ad
ab
i
,
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
,
s
h
o
ws
th
at
a
f
ath
er
'
s
u
p
b
r
in
g
in
g
is
d
ir
ec
tly
r
ela
ted
to
m
o
r
al
i
n
tellig
en
ce
,
b
u
t
a
m
o
th
er
'
s
u
p
b
r
in
g
i
n
g
is
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tly
r
elate
d
to
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
atel
y
,
n
o
t
all
ch
ild
r
e
n
r
ec
eiv
e
m
o
r
e
atten
tio
n
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
p
ar
e
n
ts
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
is
also
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
wo
r
k
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
r
ate
o
f
wo
m
en
o
v
er
1
5
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ag
e
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws an
in
cr
ea
s
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
y
e
ar
to
5
3
.
0
8
%
[
1
8
]
.
Par
en
ts
th
at
ca
n
n
o
t lo
o
k
af
ter
o
r
ca
r
e
f
o
r
t
h
eir
ch
ild
r
en
wh
ile
wo
r
k
in
g
will
tr
an
s
f
er
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
to
o
th
er
s
(
n
o
n
-
p
a
r
e
n
tal
ch
ild
ca
r
e
)
.
Par
e
n
ts
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
th
at
a
r
e
b
u
s
y
wo
r
k
in
g
u
s
u
all
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
th
eir
ch
ild
ca
r
e
t
o
o
th
e
r
p
e
o
p
le,
s
u
ch
as
clo
s
e
r
elativ
es
(
g
r
an
d
p
ar
en
ts
,
u
n
cles,
an
d
au
n
ts
)
,
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ass
is
tan
ts
,
o
r
d
ay
ca
r
e
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Sev
er
al
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
also
in
v
esti
g
ated
n
o
n
-
p
ar
en
tal
ca
r
e,
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
by
Ma
,
C
h
en
,
an
d
Li
[
2
1
]
n
o
n
-
p
ar
en
tal
h
o
m
e
ca
r
e
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ty
p
e
o
f
ch
ild
ca
r
e
th
at
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
s
o
cieties,
wh
ich
h
as
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ef
f
e
ct
o
n
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
m
o
r
e
o
n
th
e
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
d
o
m
esti
c
s
er
v
an
ts
in
n
o
n
-
p
ar
e
n
tal
ca
r
e
in
Ho
n
g
Ko
n
g
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Z
h
a
n
g
,
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
p
ar
e
n
ts
in
u
r
b
an
C
h
in
ese
with
a
1
4
-
m
o
n
t
h
-
o
ld
ch
ild
th
at
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
ab
o
u
t
c
ar
eg
iv
er
s
an
d
id
ea
ls
in
ca
r
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
ch
ild
r
e
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
p
ar
en
ts
in
u
r
b
an
T
i
o
n
g
h
o
a
em
p
lo
y
ca
r
eg
i
v
er
s
to
co
m
p
le
m
en
t
th
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
b
o
th
g
r
an
d
p
ar
en
ts
an
d
m
o
th
er
s
(
m
u
lticar
eg
iv
er
s
)
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
ch
ild
ca
r
e.
De
Mo
u
r
a
,
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
an
aly
z
ed
p
o
ten
tial
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
ca
r
e
g
iv
er
s
,
s
u
ch
as
m
o
th
er
s
,
g
r
an
d
m
o
th
e
r
s
,
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ass
is
tan
ts
,
an
d
d
a
y
c
ar
e
ass
is
tan
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
r
e
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
ca
r
eg
iv
er
s
,
wh
ic
h
in
clu
d
es
b
a
s
ic
ca
r
e,
b
o
d
y
s
tim
u
latio
n
,
a
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
atten
tio
n
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
c
h
f
o
cu
s
ed
m
o
r
e
o
n
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
n
o
n
-
p
ar
e
n
tal
u
p
b
r
in
g
in
g
,
th
an
o
n
th
ei
r
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
o
m
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
s
u
ch
as a
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
m
o
r
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
R
esear
ch
o
n
n
o
n
-
p
ar
e
n
tal
ca
r
e
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
wid
el
y
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t,
b
u
t
th
e
f
ac
ts
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
n
o
n
-
p
a
r
en
tal
ca
r
e
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
a
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
.
I
n
lig
h
t o
f
th
is
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
n
o
n
-
p
a
r
en
tal
ca
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
,
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
at
m
a
n
y
p
ar
en
ts
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
en
tr
u
s
t
ch
ild
ca
r
e
to
n
o
n
-
p
ar
en
tal
ca
r
e.
R
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
n
o
n
-
p
ar
en
tal
ca
r
eg
iv
er
s
i
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
r
al
in
te
llig
en
ce
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
p
ar
en
ts
ar
e
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
m
o
r
al
ag
en
ts
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
p
ar
tiall
y
ad
d
r
ess
n
o
n
-
p
a
r
en
tal
ca
r
e
an
d
n
o
o
n
e
h
as
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
non
-
p
ar
en
tal
ca
r
e
o
n
m
o
r
al
i
n
tellig
en
ce
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
n
o
n
-
p
ar
e
n
tal
ca
r
e
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
o
n
ea
r
ly
ch
i
ld
h
o
o
d
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
will
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
e
n
ce
wh
en
n
o
n
-
p
ar
en
tal
ca
r
e
is
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
c
h
ild
ca
r
e
r
o
u
tin
es
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
e
d
1
7
8
y
o
u
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
(
9
5
m
ales
an
d
8
3
f
e
m
ales
)
ag
ed
5
-
6
y
ea
r
s
in
Sem
ar
an
g
C
ity
,
C
en
tr
al
J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
(
M
ag
e=
5
.
6
0
,
SD=0
.
4
9
1
)
a
n
d
th
eir
ca
r
eg
iv
er
s
(
6
8
g
r
an
d
m
o
t
h
er
s
,
5
4
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ass
is
tan
ts
,
an
d
5
6
d
a
y
ca
r
e
ass
is
tan
ts
)
.
C
h
ild
r
en
p
ar
ticip
ated
v
o
lu
n
tar
ily
h
av
in
g
th
e
p
ar
en
ts
’
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
wer
e
f
r
o
m
1
1
k
in
d
er
g
a
r
ten
s
.
T
h
e
ca
r
eg
i
v
er
s
in
clu
d
e
g
r
a
n
d
m
o
th
er
s
,
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ass
is
tan
ts
,
an
d
d
ay
ca
r
e
ass
is
tan
ts
th
at
wer
e
f
em
ale.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
p
ermis
s
ive
n
o
n
-
p
a
r
en
ta
l c
h
ild
ca
r
e
a
n
d
mo
r
a
l in
tellig
en
c
e:
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
s
ettin
g
(
F
a
la
kh
u
l A
u
liya
)
571
2
.
2
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
s
2.
2
.
1
.
P
a
re
nting
Me
asu
r
em
en
t
o
f
p
ar
en
tin
g
p
atter
n
s
ap
p
lied
b
y
c
h
ild
ca
r
eg
iv
er
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
Par
en
tin
g
Scale
an
d
Dim
en
s
io
n
s
Qu
esti
o
n
n
air
e
(
P
SDQ)
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
PS
DQ
s
ca
le
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
6
2
item
s
with
f
iv
e
p
o
in
ts
(
1
=n
ev
e
r
to
5
=a
lway
s
)
.
PS
DQ
s
ca
le
tr
an
s
latio
n
u
s
es th
e
b
ac
k
-
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
alp
h
a
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was .
7
5
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
M
o
ra
l
inte
llig
ence
T
h
e
s
ca
le
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
B
o
r
b
a'
s
[
8
]
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
ev
en
m
o
r
al
v
ir
tu
es.
B
o
r
b
a'
s
[
8
]
m
o
r
al
v
ir
tu
es
ar
e
e
m
p
ath
y
,
co
n
s
cien
ce
,
s
elf
-
co
n
tr
o
l,
r
esp
ec
t,
k
in
d
n
ess
,
to
ler
an
ce
,
an
d
ju
s
tice.
T
h
is
s
c
ale
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
1
4
illu
s
tr
atio
n
s
with
th
r
ee
s
co
r
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies,
n
am
ely
(
lo
w
t
o
h
i
g
h
)
.
E
ac
h
illu
s
tr
atio
n
co
n
tain
s
th
r
ee
q
u
esti
o
n
item
s
(
th
in
k
,
f
ee
l,
d
o
)
,
an
d
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
alp
h
a
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was .
7
5
.
2
.
3
.
P
ro
ce
du
re
s
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
ac
tiv
ity
s
tar
ted
with
o
b
tain
in
g
p
ar
e
n
tal
co
n
s
en
t
as
ch
ild
r
e
n
an
d
ca
r
eg
iv
er
s
ar
e
to
p
ar
ticip
ate.
Af
ter
o
b
tain
in
g
th
e
co
n
s
en
t,
th
e
r
ep
o
r
ter
s
th
en
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
test
to
m
e
asu
r
e
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
u
s
in
g
a
s
c
ale.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
test
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
in
ter
v
iews
an
d
o
r
ally
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
r
e
n
ca
n
n
o
t
r
ea
d
f
lu
en
tly
.
T
h
e
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
test
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
lex
ib
ly
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ch
ed
u
le,
r
ea
d
in
ess
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
ch
ild
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al
,
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
test
is
±
1
0
-
3
0
m
i
n
u
tes,
b
u
t
s
o
m
e
ch
ild
r
en
n
ee
d
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
3
0
m
in
u
tes.
T
h
e
r
ep
o
r
ter
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
test
with
a
3
-
p
e
r
s
o
n
r
esear
ch
t
ea
m
.
Af
ter
c
o
llatin
g
t
h
e
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
an
s
wer
s
,
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
wer
e
g
r
ad
e
d
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
an
s
wer
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
ca
r
eg
iv
er
s
wer
e
ask
ed
to
f
ill in
t
h
e
p
ar
en
tin
g
s
ca
le
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
Descript
iv
e
d
a
t
a
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ea
n
a
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
ch
il
d
r
en
'
s
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
p
ar
en
tin
g
p
atter
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ca
r
e
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
ANOV
A
ca
lcu
latio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
it
also
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
p
ar
e
n
tin
g
s
ty
le
in
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
g
r
an
d
m
o
th
er
s
,
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ass
is
tan
ts
,
an
d
d
ay
ca
r
e
ca
r
eg
i
v
er
s
ar
e
in
th
e
m
ed
iu
m
ca
te
g
o
r
y
.
T
h
e
ANOV
A
ca
lcu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
au
th
o
r
itativ
e
c
h
ild
ca
r
e
in
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
g
r
an
d
m
o
th
er
s
a
n
d
d
ay
ca
r
e
ass
is
tan
ts
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Me
an
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
ia
tio
n
,
an
d
ANOV
A
G
r
a
n
d
mo
t
h
e
r
s (n
=
6
8
)
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
a
ssi
s
t
a
n
t
s (n
=
5
4
)
D
a
y
c
a
r
e
a
ssi
s
t
a
n
t
s
(
n
=
5
6
)
To
t
a
l
F
M
e
a
n
SD
M
e
a
n
SD
M
e
a
n
SD
M
e
a
n
SD
MI
2
9
.
4
8
5
6
.
9
9
2
9
.
7
4
0
6
.
3
7
3
1
.
0
1
6
.
5
7
3
0
.
0
4
6
.
6
7
.
8
8
9
*
AV
1
1
4
.
7
4
9
.
4
1
2
1
1
0
.
6
9
1
2
.
4
2
8
1
0
8
.
7
5
1
3
.
0
3
9
1
1
1
.
6
2
1
1
.
7
9
9
4
.
3
5
6
*
*
AN
8
5
.
7
4
6
.
8
3
6
8
5
.
9
8
6
.
5
0
3
8
4
.
5
7
5
.
9
6
9
8
5
.
4
4
6
.
4
6
4
.
7
6
4
*
PV
6
0
.
4
0
4
.
6
0
1
6
0
.
6
7
4
.
6
8
2
5
9
.
5
2
4
.
9
6
9
6
0
.
2
0
4
.
7
4
1
.
8
9
9
*
3
.
2
.
Child
ca
re
pred
ict
io
ns
o
f
m
o
ra
l int
ellig
ence
T
h
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
c
h
ild
ca
r
e
t
o
war
d
s
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
wa
s
test
ed
u
s
in
g
SP
S
S
2
0
.
0
s
o
f
t
war
e
with
s
im
p
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
a
n
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
es.
All
ty
p
es
o
f
c
h
ild
ca
r
e
p
r
ed
icte
d
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
e
n
ce
(
R
=.
3
0
4
,
R
2
=.
0
9
2
,
F=5
.
9
0
8
,
p
<.
0
1
)
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
au
th
o
r
it
ativ
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
m
o
r
al
i
n
tellig
en
ce
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
(
β=.2
5
8
,
t=
3
.
4
0
7
,
p
<.
0
1
)
.
Per
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
ty
p
es a
ls
o
h
a
v
e
a
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t e
f
f
ec
t o
n
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
(
β=.1
6
2
,
t=2
.
0
0
0
,
p
<.
0
5
)
.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
au
th
o
r
itar
ian
ch
ild
c
ar
e
h
as
n
o
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
(
β=
-
.
0
7
9
,
t=
-
0
.
9
4
5
,
p
>.
0
5
)
.
Pre
d
ictio
n
s
o
f
c
h
ild
ca
r
e
to
war
d
s
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
h
ild
ca
r
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
n
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
Th
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
R
R
2
F
β
t
M
o
d
e
l
.
3
0
4
.
0
9
2
5
.
9
0
8
*
*
*
AV
→
MI
.
2
5
8
3
.
4
0
7
*
*
*
AN
→
MI
-
.
0
7
9
-
0
.
9
4
5
*
P
V
→
MI
.
1
6
2
2
.
0
0
0
*
*
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
202
1
:
5
6
9
-
5
7
5
572
3
.
3
.
M
o
dera
t
o
r
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
no
n
-
pa
re
nta
l c
hil
dca
re
o
n c
hil
dca
re
pa
t
t
er
ns
a
nd
m
o
ra
l int
ellig
e
nce
T
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
test
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
au
th
o
r
itativ
e
an
d
p
er
m
i
s
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
a
m
o
d
er
atio
n
an
aly
s
is
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
er
ato
r
v
ar
i
ab
le
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
au
th
o
r
itativ
e
an
d
p
e
r
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
in
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
er
atin
g
v
ar
iab
les
wer
e
th
e
g
r
a
n
d
m
o
th
er
'
s
ch
ild
ca
r
e
g
r
o
u
p
,
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
a
s
s
is
tan
ts
’
ch
ild
ca
r
e,
an
d
d
ay
ca
r
e
ass
is
tan
ts
’
ch
ild
c
ar
e.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
was
test
ed
u
s
in
g
PR
O
C
E
S
S
Ma
cr
o
o
n
SP
SS
2
0
.
0
s
o
f
twar
e.
A
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
er
atio
n
an
aly
s
is
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
ab
le
3
.
B
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
e
d
co
n
d
itio
n
al
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
ch
ild
ca
r
e
o
n
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ca
r
e
b
etwe
en
‘
g
r
an
d
m
o
th
er
s
’
c
h
ild
ca
r
e,
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ass
is
tan
ts
’
ch
ild
ca
r
e,
an
d
d
ay
ca
r
e
ass
is
tan
ts
’
ch
ild
ca
r
e
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
m
o
d
e
r
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e
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t
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Est
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m
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t
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SE
B
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9
5
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w
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r
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p
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e
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p
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.
0
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0
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.
0
9
.
1
0
.
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8
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V
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3
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2
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5
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0
6
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0
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Th
e
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t
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l
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e
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c
a
r
e
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e
t
w
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n
g
r
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d
m
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t
h
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r
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o
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d
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s
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n
t
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a
n
d
d
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n
t
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G
r
a
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t
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5
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6
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5
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H
o
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l
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2
6
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n
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3
7
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2
6
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7
4
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
e
r
atio
n
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
er
e
is
a
m
o
d
er
atin
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
e
n
ce
(
β=
-
.
3
1
,
p
<.
0
5
)
.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
m
o
d
e
r
atin
g
ef
f
ec
t
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
a
u
th
o
r
ita
tiv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
(
β=.0
0
,
p
>.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
in
ter
ac
tio
n
ef
f
ec
t
in
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
o
n
m
o
r
al
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tellig
en
ce
is
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
e
g
r
an
d
m
o
th
er
s
’
ch
ild
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r
e
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
th
e
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ass
is
tan
ts
’
ch
ild
ca
r
e
g
r
o
u
p
.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
in
th
e
d
ay
ca
r
e
ass
is
tan
ts
’
ch
ild
ca
r
e
g
r
o
u
p
,
th
er
e
was
n
o
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
o
n
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
er
ato
r
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
n
o
n
-
p
ar
en
tal
c
h
ild
ca
r
e
u
p
b
r
in
g
in
g
o
n
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
al
i
n
tellig
en
ce
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
(
s
ca
tter
p
lo
t)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
at
in
th
e
g
r
an
d
m
o
t
h
er
'
s
ch
ild
ca
r
e,
th
er
e
was
an
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
to
war
d
s
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
.
L
ik
e
wis
e,
in
th
e
h
o
u
s
eh
o
l
d
ass
is
tan
ts
’
ch
ild
ca
r
e,
th
er
e
was
also
a
p
e
r
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
e
ar
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
ap
p
lied
b
y
g
r
an
d
m
o
th
e
r
s
’
ch
ild
ca
r
e
an
d
h
o
u
s
eh
o
l
d
ass
is
tan
t
s
’
c
h
ild
ca
r
e,
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
th
e
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
y
o
u
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
i
n
th
e
d
ay
ca
r
e
ass
is
tan
ts
’
ch
ild
ca
r
e,
th
e
r
e
w
as
n
o
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
ter
ac
tio
n
p
atter
n
g
r
ap
h
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
ed
n
o
n
-
p
a
r
en
tal
ch
ild
ca
r
e
o
n
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
in
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
,
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
at
cu
r
r
en
tly
m
an
y
ch
ild
r
e
n
ar
e
u
n
d
er
n
o
n
-
p
ar
en
tal
ch
ild
ca
r
e.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
p
ar
en
tin
g
o
n
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
e
n
ce
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
an
aly
ze
d
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
4
]
-
[
1
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
p
ar
en
ts
an
d
o
n
ly
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
o
n
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ty
p
e
o
f
c
h
ild
ca
r
e.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
n
aly
ze
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
n
o
n
-
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
L
o
w
Mo
d
er
ate
Hig
h
Mo
r
al
I
n
tellig
en
ce
Gr
an
d
m
o
th
er
s
Ho
u
s
eh
o
ld
ass
is
t
an
t
Day
C
ar
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
p
ermis
s
ive
n
o
n
-
p
a
r
en
ta
l c
h
ild
ca
r
e
a
n
d
mo
r
a
l in
tellig
en
c
e:
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
s
ettin
g
(
F
a
la
kh
u
l A
u
liya
)
573
p
ar
en
tal
ch
ild
ca
r
e
o
n
th
e
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
o
f
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
r
e
e
ty
p
es
o
f
c
h
ild
ca
r
e
(
au
th
o
r
itar
ian
,
au
th
o
r
itativ
e,
a
n
d
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e)
[2
7
]
im
p
lem
en
ted
by
th
e
n
o
n
-
p
ar
e
n
tal
ch
ild
ca
r
e
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
au
th
o
r
itativ
e
an
d
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
p
r
ac
tices
b
y
non
-
p
ar
en
tal
c
h
ild
ca
r
e
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
o
f
ea
r
l
y
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
it
also
in
d
icate
s
th
at
au
th
o
r
itativ
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
h
as
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
e
f
f
e
ct
o
n
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
in
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
wh
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
e
r
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
wed
th
at
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
af
f
ec
t
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
m
o
r
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
2
8
]
.
I
t
also
s
h
o
we
d
th
at
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
h
as
a
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
ch
ild
r
e
n
'
s
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
by
Ma
s
u
d
,
et
a
l
.
[
2
9
]
,
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
g
g
r
ess
iv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
in
c
h
ild
r
en
.
Ho
s
o
k
aw
a
an
d
Katsu
r
a
[
3
0
]
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
s
b
e
h
av
io
r
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
b
o
y
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
r
esear
ch
by
T
a
n
an
d
Yasin
[
3
1
]
,
Sh
a
h
s
av
ar
i
[
3
2
]
s
h
o
ws
t
h
at
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
a
r
e
n
o
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
en
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
c
h
ild
r
en
'
s
m
o
r
als.
I
n
ter
esti
n
g
ly
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
clar
i
f
y
in
g
th
at
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
alw
ay
s
h
av
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
.
Per
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
also
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
cu
ltu
r
e
in
wh
ich
th
e
c
h
ild
ca
r
e
is
ap
p
lied
,
f
o
r
a
c
o
llectiv
is
tic
cu
ltu
r
e
s
u
ch
as
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
ca
n
b
e
p
o
s
itiv
e.
Oth
er
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
o
n
m
o
r
al
h
as
a
p
o
in
t,
b
u
t
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t
o
f
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
p
er
m
i
s
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
o
n
c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
g
r
ea
ter
in
t
h
e
g
r
an
d
m
o
th
er
s
’
c
h
ild
ca
r
e
th
an
in
th
e
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ass
is
tan
ts
’
ch
ild
ca
r
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
p
er
m
i
s
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
h
as
an
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
in
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
m
o
r
al
in
t
ellig
en
ce
in
g
r
an
d
m
o
th
er
s
’
ch
ild
ca
r
e
an
d
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ass
is
tan
ts
’
ch
ild
ca
r
e.
As
it
i
s
k
n
o
wn
,
th
e
ca
r
e
o
f
g
r
an
d
m
o
th
er
s
an
d
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ass
is
tan
t
s
ten
d
s
to
b
e
p
er
s
o
n
al.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
p
er
s
o
n
al
c
h
ild
ca
r
e
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
es
ch
ild
r
en
to
ex
p
l
o
r
e
m
o
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
wh
ich
ch
ild
r
e
n
ca
n
d
ev
elo
p
r
ef
lectio
n
s
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
o
r
al
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
at
ar
is
e
in
p
er
m
i
s
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
ar
e
th
at
a
d
u
lts
co
m
m
u
n
icate
th
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
c
es
o
f
b
e
h
av
io
r
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
r
u
les
to
th
e
ch
il
d
r
en
,
an
d
n
o
t
ju
s
t
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
m
o
r
al
r
u
les
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
S
tatin
g
th
at
in
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e,
ad
u
lts
co
n
s
id
er
ch
i
ld
r
en
as
p
ar
tn
er
s
s
o
th
at
f
ew
er
r
estrictio
n
s
ar
e
im
p
o
s
ed
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
in
m
ass
p
ar
en
tin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
ch
ild
r
en
ca
n
lear
n
m
o
r
al
th
r
o
u
g
h
en
f
o
r
cin
g
r
u
les.
C
o
m
p
lian
ce
with
th
e
r
u
les f
o
r
m
ass
ch
ild
ca
r
e
in
ac
c
o
r
d
an
ce
with
Ko
h
lb
er
g
’
s
th
eo
r
y
o
f
m
o
r
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
at
th
e
p
r
e
-
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
tag
e,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
wh
ich
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
is
r
elate
d
to
s
o
ci
al
n
o
r
m
s
th
at
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
h
ild
r
en
'
s
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
with
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
m
o
r
al
e
n
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
o
n
ly
o
c
cu
r
s
wh
en
ch
ild
r
e
n
ar
e
with
o
th
er
p
eo
p
le
[
3
8
]
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
p
ar
en
tin
g
ch
ild
ca
r
e
af
f
ec
ts
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
.
Au
th
o
r
itativ
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
h
as
a
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
it
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
g
r
an
d
m
o
th
er
s
’
ch
ild
ca
r
e
a
n
d
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ass
is
tan
ts
’
ch
ild
ca
r
e
is
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
lead
to
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e,
wh
ich
is
m
o
r
e
f
lex
ib
le
a
n
d
e
n
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
f
r
ee
d
o
m
to
ap
p
ly
r
u
les
to
ch
ild
r
en
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
ey
o
n
ly
ca
r
e
f
o
r
a
f
ew
ch
ild
r
en
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
d
ay
ca
r
e
ass
is
tan
ts
’
ch
ild
ca
r
e
n
ee
d
s
to
u
s
e
f
ir
m
n
ess
in
ap
p
ly
in
g
r
u
les
to
ch
ild
r
en
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ca
r
e
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ch
ild
r
en
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
ev
er
al
lim
itati
o
n
s
.
First,
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
s
am
p
l
e,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
y
o
u
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
ag
ed
5
-
6
,
an
d
a
to
tal
o
f
1
7
8
ch
ild
r
en
f
r
o
m
1
1
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
is
tr
icts
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
lar
g
er
s
am
p
le
co
v
er
i
n
g
all
r
eg
io
n
s
is
n
ee
d
ed
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
o
r
e
r
e
p
r
esen
tativ
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
o
n
ly
ex
am
i
n
e
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
n
o
n
-
p
ar
en
tal
ch
ild
ca
r
e
u
p
b
r
i
n
g
in
g
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
ce
,
f
u
r
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
ca
n
f
o
cu
s
o
n
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
n
o
n
-
p
ar
en
tal
ch
ild
ca
r
e
u
p
b
r
in
g
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
an
o
th
er
in
t
ellig
en
ce
.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
r
elate
s
to
th
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
r
al
in
tellig
en
c
e
in
ea
r
l
y
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
b
y
n
o
n
-
p
a
r
en
tal
ch
ild
ca
r
e.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
th
e
ca
r
e
o
f
g
r
an
d
m
o
th
e
r
s
’
ch
ild
ca
r
e
an
d
h
o
u
s
eh
o
l
d
ass
is
tan
ts
’
ch
ild
ca
r
e
n
ee
d
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
p
e
r
m
is
s
iv
e
ch
ild
ca
r
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
m
o
r
e
f
lex
ib
le
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
r
ee
d
o
m
in
ap
p
ly
in
g
r
u
l
es
an
d
c
o
n
s
id
e
r
in
g
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
o
p
in
io
n
s
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
m
o
r
al
i
n
tellig
en
ce
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
d
ay
ca
r
e
ass
is
tan
ts
’
ch
ild
ca
r
e
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
f
ir
m
in
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
r
u
les
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ca
r
e
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ch
ild
r
en
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
c
h
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
am
i
n
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
n
o
n
-
p
ar
en
tal
ch
ild
c
ar
e
o
n
o
th
er
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
ex
am
in
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
m
o
r
al
in
tel
lig
en
ce
m
o
r
e
cl
o
s
ely
u
s
in
g
a
l
ar
g
er
s
am
p
le.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
f
u
n
d
ed
b
y
Dir
ek
to
r
a
t
R
is
et
d
a
n
P
e
n
g
a
b
d
ia
n
Ma
s
ya
r
a
ka
t
K
eme
n
r
is
tekd
ikti
f
u
n
d
in
g
i
n
2
0
2
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
2
5
2
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8
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2
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I
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t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
202
1
:
5
6
9
-
5
7
5
574
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
J.
G
.
S
m
e
tan
a
,
“
Be
c
o
m
in
g
m
o
ra
l:
In
tro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
to
th
e
s
p
e
c
ial
issu
e
o
n
e
a
rly
m
o
ra
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
”
Hu
m
.
De
v
.
,
v
o
l.
6
1
,
n
o
.
4
–
5
,
p
p
.
2
0
9
–
2
1
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
]
N.
Esk
a
n
d
a
ri
e
t
a
l.
,
“
E
x
p
lai
n
in
g
t
h
e
Re
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
twe
e
n
M
o
ra
l
In
telli
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
P
r
o
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
S
e
lf
-
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
wi
th
t
h
e
Co
m
p
e
ten
c
y
o
f
N
u
rsin
g
stu
d
e
n
t
s
in
P
ro
v
id
in
g
S
p
iri
tu
a
l
Ca
re
to
P
ro
m
o
te
Nu
rsi
n
g
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
J
.
Ed
u
c
.
He
a
lt
h
Pro
mo
t.
,
v
o
l.
8
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
]
J.
M
.
A.
M
.
Ja
n
ss
e
n
s
a
n
d
D.
M
a
j
a
,
“
P
a
re
n
ts’
Ch
il
d
-
Re
a
rin
g
S
ty
le
a
n
d
Ch
il
d
’
s
S
o
c
i
o
m
e
tri
c
S
tatu
s,”
De
v
.
Psy
c
h
o
l.
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
9
2
5
–
9
3
2
,
1
9
9
2
.
[4
]
O.
I.
Olu
so
la
a
n
d
A.
O.
S
a
m
so
n
,
“
M
o
ra
l
In
tell
ig
e
n
c
e
:
An
A
n
ti
d
o
te
t
o
Ex
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
M
a
lp
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
in
Ni
g
e
rian
S
c
h
o
o
ls,”
Un
ive
rs
.
J
.
Ed
u
c
.
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
2
–
3
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[5
]
M
.
Be
h
e
sh
ti
fa
r,
Z.
Esm
a
e
li
,
a
n
d
M
.
N
.
M
o
g
h
a
d
a
m
,
“
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
M
o
ra
l
In
telli
g
e
n
c
e
o
n
Lea
d
e
rsh
i
p
,
”
Eu
r.
J
.
Eco
n
.
Fi
n
a
n
c
.
A
d
m.
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l
.
4
3
,
n
o
.
4
3
,
p
p
.
6
–
1
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
[6
]
M
.
Ra
isi,
H.
A.
Teh
ra
n
,
S
.
Ba
k
o
u
e
i,
a
n
d
S
.
M
o
m
e
n
u
a
n
,
“
M
o
ra
l
In
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Ag
g
re
ss
io
n
i
n
S
tu
d
e
n
ts,”
J
.
Bi
o
sta
t.
Ep
id
e
mi
o
l.
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[7
]
M
.
To
p
ra
k
a
n
d
M
.
Ka
ra
k
u
s,
“
Tea
c
h
e
rs’
m
o
ra
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
:
A
sc
a
le
a
d
a
p
tatio
n
i
n
to
T
u
rk
ish
a
n
d
p
re
li
m
in
a
r
y
e
v
id
e
n
c
e
,
”
Eu
r.
J
.
E
d
u
c
.
Res
.
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
9
0
1
–
9
1
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[8
]
M
.
B
o
rb
a
,
Bu
i
ld
i
n
g
mo
ra
l
i
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
:
T
h
e
se
v
e
n
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l
v
irt
u
e
s t
h
a
t
tea
c
h
k
id
s
to
d
o
t
h
e
ri
g
h
t
th
in
g
.
J
o
ss
e
y
-
Ba
ss
,
200
2
.
[9
]
J.
W.
S
a
n
tro
c
k
,
Ch
il
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
,
(in
Ba
h
a
sa
)
.
Erl
a
n
g
g
a
:
Ja
k
a
rta
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
0
]
H.
M
.
Be
iß
e
rt
a
n
d
M
.
Ha
ss
e
lh
o
r
n
,
“
In
d
iv
i
d
u
a
l
d
iffere
n
c
e
s
in
m
o
ra
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
:
Do
e
s
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
re
a
ll
y
a
ffe
c
t
c
h
il
d
re
n
’s m
o
ra
l
re
a
so
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
m
o
ra
l
e
m
o
ti
o
n
s?
”
Fro
n
t
.
Psy
c
h
o
l.
,
v
o
l.
7
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
0
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
6
.
[1
1
]
L
.
F
ra
n
sisc
a
a
n
d
C.
R.
P
.
Ajis
u
k
s
m
o
,
“
Th
e
c
o
r
r
e
latio
n
s
a
m
o
n
g
m
o
r
a
l
k
n
o
win
g
,
m
o
ra
l
fe
e
li
n
g
,
a
n
d
m
o
ra
l
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
o
n
fo
u
r
b
a
sic
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
ies
o
f
tea
c
h
e
rs
,
”
(in
Ba
h
a
sa
),
J
.
Ke
p
e
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
Pen
e
li
t.
In
o
v
.
Pem
b
e
la
j
a
ra
n
,
v
o
l.
4
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
1
1
-
2
2
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
2
]
M
.
K
h
o
sra
v
a
n
i
,
M
.
Kh
o
sra
v
a
n
i,
F
.
Bo
r
h
a
n
i,
a
n
d
M
.
M
o
h
se
n
p
o
u
r,
“
Th
e
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
twe
e
n
m
o
ra
l
i
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
o
f
n
u
rse
s,”
Cli
n
.
Et
h
ics
,
v
o
l.
15
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
26
–
1
3
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
3
]
M
.
Ch
risten
a
n
d
D.
Na
rv
a
e
z
,
“
M
o
ra
l
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
in
Early
C
h
il
d
h
o
o
d
i
s
Ke
y
fo
r
M
o
ra
l
En
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t,
”
AJO
B
Ne
u
r
o
sc
i.
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
5
–
2
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
4
]
K.
Ca
m
p
a
e
rt,
N.
A
n
n
a
lau
ra
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ersil
ia,
“
Th
e
Ro
le
o
f
P
o
o
r
P
a
r
e
n
ti
n
g
a
n
d
P
a
re
n
tal
Ap
p
ro
v
a
l
f
o
r
Ch
il
d
re
n
’s
M
o
ra
l
Dise
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
”
J
.
Ch
i
ld
Fa
m.
S
tu
d
.
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
p
p
.
2
6
5
6
–
2
6
6
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
5
]
M
.
E
.
A
u
g
u
stin
e
a
n
d
C.
A.
S
ti
f
ter,
“
Tem
p
e
ra
m
e
n
t,
p
a
re
n
ti
n
g
,
a
n
d
m
o
ra
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t:
S
p
e
c
ifi
c
it
y
o
f
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
a
n
d
c
o
n
tex
t,
”
S
o
c
.
De
v
.
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
8
5
–
3
0
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
6
]
R.
Ka
rm
a
k
a
r,
“
Do
e
s
P
a
r
e
n
ti
n
g
S
t
y
le
In
flu
e
n
c
e
th
e
In
tern
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
M
o
ra
l
Va
lu
e
s
in
Ch
il
d
re
n
a
n
d
Ad
o
les
c
e
n
ts ?
”
Psy
c
h
o
l
S
t
u
d
,
v
o
l.
6
0
,
p
p
.
4
3
8
–
4
4
6
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
5
.
[1
7
]
A.
Alh
a
d
a
b
i,
S
.
Al
d
h
a
fri,
H.
Alk
h
a
ru
si,
I.
Al
-
Ha
rth
y
,
M
.
Alra
jh
i,
a
n
d
H.
AlBa
ra
sh
d
i,
“
M
o
d
e
ll
in
g
p
a
re
n
ti
n
g
sty
les
,
m
o
ra
l
in
tel
li
g
e
n
c
e
,
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
se
lf
-
e
ffica
c
y
a
n
d
lea
rn
in
g
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts
i
n
g
ra
d
e
s 7
–
1
1
,
”
Asi
a
P
a
c
if
ic
J
.
Ed
u
c
.
,
v
o
l.
3
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
3
–
1
5
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
8
]
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
La
b
o
u
r
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,
ILO
S
TAT
,
“
Lab
o
r
f
o
rc
e
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
ti
o
n
ra
te,
fe
m
a
le
(%
o
f
fe
m
a
le
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
a
g
e
s
1
5
+
)
(m
o
d
e
led
ILO
e
sti
m
a
te)
Da
ta,”
Th
e
Wo
rl
d
B
a
n
k
,
2
0
2
0
.
[On
l
in
e
]
.
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/d
a
ta.wo
rl
d
b
a
n
k
.
o
rg
/i
n
d
ica
to
r/S
L.
TL
F
.
CACT
.
F
E.
Z
S
.
[1
9
]
E.
W.
Latifah
,
K.
Dia
h
,
a
n
d
P
.
H
e
rien
,
“
Th
e
In
fl
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
M
o
t
h
e
r
s'
a
n
d
G
ra
n
d
m
o
th
e
r
s'
P
a
re
n
ti
n
g
o
n
th
e
P
re
sc
h
o
o
l
-
a
g
e
Ch
il
d
re
n
s'
In
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Co
g
n
it
iv
e
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
,
”
(in
Ba
h
a
sa
),
J
u
r.
Ilm.
Ke
l.
K
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
1
–
3
2
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
2
4
1
5
6
/j
i
k
k
.
2
0
1
6
.
9
.
1
.
2
1
.
[2
0
]
S
.
S
.
S
u
p
si
lo
a
n
i
,
P
u
sp
it
a
wa
ti
,
a
n
d
N.
Ha
sa
n
a
h
,
“
T
h
e
E
x
isten
c
e
o
f
C
h
il
d
re
n
'
s
Da
y
c
a
re
a
n
d
i
ts
Be
n
e
fit
s
to
t
h
e
W
o
r
k
in
g
Ho
u
se
wiv
e
s
(
A
Ca
se
S
t
u
d
y
a
t
Dh
a
rm
a
As
ih
Ch
i
ld
re
n
'
s
Da
y
c
a
re
i
n
M
e
d
a
n
Cit
y
),
”
(
in
Ba
h
a
sa
),
J
u
p
ii
s
J
.
Pen
d
id
ik
.
Ilmu
-
Ilmu
S
o
s
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
9
–
1
2
4
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
2
4
1
1
4
/
ju
p
i
is.v
7
i
2
.
3
1
1
7
.
[2
1
]
S
.
M
a
,
E
.
E
.
C
h
e
n
,
a
n
d
H.
Li
,
“
F
o
re
ig
n
Do
m
e
stic He
lp
e
rs’
I
n
v
o
lv
e
m
e
n
t
in
No
n
-
P
a
re
n
tal
Ch
i
ld
c
a
re
:
A M
u
l
ti
p
le
Ca
se
S
tu
d
y
i
n
Ho
n
g
Ko
n
g
,
”
J
.
Res
.
Ch
i
ld
.
E
d
u
c
.
,
v
o
l.
3
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
2
7
–
4
4
6
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
2
]
C.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
H
o
w
u
rb
a
n
Ch
in
e
se
p
a
re
n
ts
with
1
4
-
m
o
n
t
h
-
o
l
d
c
h
il
d
re
n
talk
a
b
o
u
t
n
a
n
n
y
c
a
re
a
n
d
c
h
il
d
re
a
rin
g
id
e
a
ls
,
”
J
.
Fa
m.
S
t
u
d
.
,
v
o
l.
26
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
61
1
–
62
7
,
2
0
20
.
[2
3
]
M
.
L.
S
.
De
M
o
u
ra
,
L.
F
.
P
e
ss
ô
a
,
D.
De
Oliv
e
ira Ram
o
s,
D.
M
.
L
.
F
.
M
e
n
d
e
s,
A.
C.
M
.
F
io
ra
v
a
n
ti
-
B
a
sto
s,
a
n
d
L.
B
.
T.
Dia
s,
“
Be
li
e
fs
o
f
m
o
th
e
rs,
n
a
n
n
ies
,
g
ra
n
d
m
o
t
h
e
rs
a
n
d
d
a
y
c
a
re
p
ro
v
i
d
e
rs
c
o
n
c
e
rn
i
n
g
c
h
il
d
c
a
re
,
”
Pa
id
e
i
a
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
n
o
.
5
9
,
p
p
.
3
4
1
–
3
4
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
24]
I.
Lo
u
d
o
v
á
a
n
d
J
.
Laš
e
k
,
“
P
a
re
n
ti
n
g
S
ty
le
a
n
d
it
s
I
n
flu
e
n
c
e
o
n
th
e
P
e
rso
n
a
l
a
n
d
M
o
ra
l
De
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
Ch
il
d
,
”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
-
S
o
c
.
Beh
a
v
.
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l.
1
7
4
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
7
–
1
2
5
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
5
]
S
.
M
.
S
h
a
d
m
a
n
fa
a
t,
J.
C
h
o
i
,
S
.
Ka
b
iri
,
a
n
d
I.
Yu
n
,
“
As
se
ss
in
g
th
e
Li
n
k
s
Be
twe
e
n
P
a
re
n
ti
n
g
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
s,
M
o
ra
l
Emo
ti
o
n
s,
a
n
d
C
y
b
e
rb
u
ll
y
in
g
P
e
rp
e
tratio
n
s
a
m
o
n
g
a
S
a
m
p
le
o
f
Ira
n
ian
S
p
o
rts
F
a
n
s
,
”
In
t
.
J
.
Offe
n
d
e
r
T
h
e
r.
C
o
mp
.
Crimin
o
l.
,
v
o
l.
64
,
n
o
.
16
,
p
p
.
1
674
–
1
6
9
5
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
6
]
C.
C.
Ro
b
i
n
so
n
,
M
.
Ba
rb
a
ra
,
F
.
O.
S
u
sa
n
n
e
,
a
n
d
H.
H.
Cra
ig
,
“
Au
t
h
o
rit
a
ti
v
e
,
A
u
th
o
rit
a
rian
,
a
n
d
P
e
rm
issiv
e
P
a
re
n
ti
n
g
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
s: De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
A Ne
w M
e
a
su
re
,
”
Psy
c
h
o
l.
Re
p
.
,
v
o
l
.
7
7
,
p
p
.
8
1
9
–
8
3
0
,
1
9
9
5
.
[2
7
]
D.
Ba
u
m
rin
d
,
“
Eff
e
c
ts
o
f
Au
th
o
r
it
a
ti
v
e
P
a
re
n
tal
C
o
n
tr
o
l
o
n
Ch
il
d
Be
h
a
v
io
r
,
”
Ch
il
d
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
3
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
8
8
7
–
9
0
7
1
9
6
6
.
[2
8
]
Z.
Ba
b
a
jan
z
a
d
e
h
a
n
d
A.
K.
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
i
Ota
g
h
sa
ra
,
“
In
v
e
stig
a
te
th
e
Re
latio
n
sh
ip
b
e
twe
e
n
P
a
re
n
ti
n
g
S
t
y
les
with
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
M
o
ra
l
J
u
d
g
m
e
n
t
in
C
h
il
d
re
n
4
-
6
Ye
a
rs
i
n
Ki
n
d
e
r
g
a
rten
s
o
f
t
h
e
Cit
y
o
f
Ba
b
o
l,
”
M
e
d
it
e
rr
.
J
.
S
o
c
.
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
2
–
9
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
R
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N:
2252
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8
8
2
2
Th
e
p
ermis
s
ive
n
o
n
-
p
a
r
en
ta
l c
h
ild
ca
r
e
a
n
d
mo
r
a
l in
tellig
en
c
e:
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
s
ettin
g
(
F
a
la
kh
u
l A
u
liya
)
575
[2
9
]
H.
M
a
su
d
,
M
.
S
.
Ah
m
a
d
,
K.
W.
Ch
o
,
a
n
d
Z.
F
a
k
h
r,
“
P
a
re
n
ti
n
g
S
t
y
les
a
n
d
Ag
g
re
ss
io
n
Am
o
n
g
Yo
u
n
g
Ad
o
les
c
e
n
ts:
A S
y
ste
m
a
ti
c
Re
v
iew
o
f
Li
tera
tu
r
e
,
”
Co
mm
u
n
it
y
M
e
n
t.
He
a
lt
h
J
.
,
v
o
l.
5
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
0
1
5
–
1
0
3
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
30
]
R.
Ho
so
k
a
wa
a
n
d
T.
Ka
tsu
ra
,
“
Ro
le o
f
p
a
re
n
ti
n
g
sty
le i
n
c
h
il
d
re
n
’
s b
e
h
a
v
io
ra
l
p
ro
b
lem
s th
ro
u
g
h
t
h
e
tran
siti
o
n
fr
o
m
p
re
sc
h
o
o
l
to
e
lem
e
n
tary
sc
h
o
o
l
a
c
c
o
rd
in
g
to
g
e
n
d
e
r
in
Ja
p
a
n
,
”
In
t
.
J
.
En
v
iro
n
.
Res
.
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
1
]
W.
N.
Tan
a
n
d
M
.
Ya
sin
,
“
P
a
re
n
ts
’
ro
les
a
n
d
p
a
re
n
ti
n
g
st
y
les
o
n
s
h
a
p
in
g
c
h
il
d
re
n
’s
m
o
ra
li
ty
,
”
Un
ive
rs
.
J
.
Ed
u
c
.
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
0
–
7
6
,
2
0
2
0
.
[3
2
]
M
.
S
h
a
h
sa
v
a
ri,
“
A
g
e
n
e
ra
l
o
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
o
n
p
a
re
n
ti
n
g
sty
les
a
n
d
it
s
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
fa
c
to
rs,”
Au
st
.
J
.
Ba
sic
A
p
p
l.
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
3
9
–
1
4
2
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
3
]
R.
F
o
re
h
a
n
d
a
n
d
B.
A.
Ko
tch
ick
,
“
Cu
lt
u
ra
l
d
iv
e
rsit
y
:
A
wa
k
e
-
u
p
c
a
ll
fo
r
p
a
re
n
t
train
i
n
g
,
”
Beh
a
v
.
T
h
e
r.
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
7
–
2
0
6
,
1
9
9
6
.
[3
4
]
R.
L.
S
e
lma
n
,
“
Th
e
re
latio
n
o
f
ro
le
tak
in
g
to
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
ra
l
ju
d
g
m
e
n
t
i
n
c
h
i
ld
re
n
,
”
C
h
i
ld
De
v
.
,
v
o
l.
4
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
9
–
9
1
,
1
9
7
1
.
[3
5
]
H.
Ko
tam
a
n
,
“
F
re
e
d
o
m
a
n
d
C
h
il
d
Re
a
rin
g
:
Crit
ic
o
f
P
a
re
n
t
in
g
P
r
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