Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of E
valua
tio
n
an
d
Rese
arch
in
Educati
on (I
JE
RE)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
3
,
Septem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
549
~
556
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
,
DOI:
10
.11
591/
ije
r
e
.
v
8
i
3
.
20352
549
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJE
R
E
The pow
er of s
oc
i
al netw
orkin
g s
it
es:
Stu
d
ent inv
olvem
ent
toward e
du
ca
ti
on
M
.
N
orhail
awat
i
1
, Lin
a Ha
n
dayani
2
,
H
U Kalsum
3
, Z
ainuri S
aringa
t
4
, A
.
Aidaha
ni
5
, S
H
Ba
kri
6
, Rull
y
Charit
as
In
dr
a
Pr
ah
m
ana
7
1
,3,5,6
Facul
t
y
of C
om
pute
r
Scie
n
ce
and
Inform
a
tion T
e
chnol
og
y
,
Kolej
Pol
y
-
Te
ch
MA
RA
Bat
u
Pa
hat
,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
2
Facul
t
y
of
Publi
c
He
a
lt
h
,
Univ
er
sita
s Ahm
ad
Da
hla
n
,
Indone
si
a
4
Facul
t
y
of
Com
pute
r
Sc
ie
nc
es
a
nd
Inform
at
ion
Te
chno
log
y
,
Uni
ve
rsiti T
un
Hus
sein
On
n
Ma
lay
si
a
,
Ma
lay
si
a
7
Pos
tgra
duat
e
Pro
gra
m
,
Univer
si
t
as
Ahm
ad
Dahlan
,
Indone
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
9
, 2
01
9
Re
vised
Sep 1
0
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Se
p 25
, 201
9
Socia
l
n
et
worki
ng
web
site
s
is
not
a
n
ew
m
edium
for
users.
T
he
growth
of
thi
s
m
edi
a
he
lp
s
student
s
comm
unic
at
e
and
socialize
with
th
ei
r
fri
ends
or
foll
owers
and
u
sed
for
educ
a
ti
o
n.
The
r
et
en
ti
on
num
ber
of
student
s
is
an
issue
or
rea
l
pro
ble
m
in
highe
r
educ
a
ti
ona
l
insti
tut
ions
since
i
t
i
s
rel
at
ed
to
insti
tution
ove
r
al
l
per
form
ance
.
Th
is
rese
arc
h
foc
used
on
ho
w
student
s’
invol
vement
in
s
oci
a
l
net
work
w
eb
site
for
edu
cationa
l
purposes
ca
n
hav
e
a
positi
ve
eff
e
ct
t
o
the
ir
stud
ie
s
a
nd
ca
n
h
el
p
inst
it
uti
on
to
re
tain
num
ber
of
student
s
in
the
i
nstit
uti
on
.
Durin
g
the
rese
arc
h
s
t
ud
y
,
student
s
di
d
give
full
coope
ra
ti
on
and
invol
vement
in
t
he
group
tha
t
cr
ea
t
ed
and
dedica
te
d
to
their
col
l
abor
ative lea
rning.
Fa
ce
book
is t
he
soc
ia
l
netw
orking
website t
hat used
t
o
support
le
arn
in
g.
The
r
ese
arch
m
et
hod
applied
was
survey
and
th
e
questi
onnaires
distri
bute
d
to
4
0
student
s
who
got
proba
ti
ons
result
(th
e
Cum
ula
ti
ve
Gr
a
de
Point
Av
erage
(CGP
A)
was
bel
ow
2
.
00)
fr
om
var
ious
ac
ad
emic
progr
a
m
s.
The
r
esult
s
howed
that
soci
al
n
et
work
webs
it
e
play
s
an
important
rol
e
i
n
educ
a
ti
on.
Th
e
findi
ng
al
so
sh
owed
tha
t
th
e
proba
ti
on
student
s
improve
their
CGP
A
and
stat
us,
whi
le
th
e
insti
tut
io
n
abl
e
to
m
ai
nta
in
their
st
udent
r
et
en
ti
on
n
um
ber
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ed
ucati
on to
ols
So
ci
al
N
et
wor
k
Sit
e
(SNS)
Stud
e
nt in
volv
e
m
ent
Su
r
vey
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f
Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
M
.
N
orhail
awa
ti
,
Faculty
of Com
pu
te
r
Scie
nc
e an
d Inform
ation
Tech
nolo
gy
,
Ko
le
j
P
oly
-
Tec
h
MAR
A,
7/91, Ta
m
an
Sh
am
elin
Per
kas
a, 56
100 K
uala Lum
pu
r
, W
il
a
ya
h
Pe
rsekutua
n Ku
al
a
Lum
pu
r
, Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
: hail
a@g
ap
ps.k
ptm
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
A
so
ci
al
net
work
i
ng
we
bsi
te
is
a
platfor
m
that
enab
le
s
us
e
r
to
create
so
ci
al
relat
ion
s
a
nd
com
m
un
ic
at
e
betwee
n
t
hen.
They
a
re
s
har
i
ng
their
act
ivit
ie
s,
interest
s
’
backg
rou
nd
s
on
S
ocial
Netw
orkin
g
Sit
es
(S
NS)
s
uc
h
as
Faceb
oo
k,
I
ns
ta
gram
,
Twitt
er,
Wh
at
s
App,
Tel
e
gr
a
m
,
Yo
uT
ube,
and
oth
e
rs.
T
he
SN
S
def
i
ned
as
cat
egory
of
we
b
sit
es
con
ta
in
us
e
r
prof
il
es,
reac
ti
on
on
us
er
prof
il
e
and
publicl
y
br
oad
c
ast
so
ci
a
l
netw
orks
t
hat a
re
disp
la
ye
d
i
n conn
ect
io
n wit
h
the
pr
of
il
e [
1]
.
The
SNS
is
a
n
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
with
web
-
base
d
te
ch
nolo
gy
t
hat
is
c
on
sist
s
of
ric
h
te
xt,
s
ound,
vid
e
o,
i
m
age
that
m
a
ke
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
m
or
e
inter
act
ive
an
d
pleasant
[2
]
.
Tr
ough
SN
S
,
the
interact
ion
be
twee
n
us
ers
is
usi
ng
virtu
al
c
omm
un
it
ie
s
a
nd
ne
tworks
[
3].
It
m
akes
the
int
eracti
on
an
d
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
m
or
e
su
bst
antia
l an
d pe
rv
asi
ve between
the
us
e
rs, o
rg
a
nizat
ions,
and comm
un
it
ie
s [4].
Am
on
g
t
he
use
rs,
stu
den
ts
a
re
a
la
rg
e
gro
up
interest
e
d
i
n
S
NS.
T
he
n,
this
r
esearc
h
fo
c
us
in
g
on
academ
ic
ac
ti
viti
es
us
ing
S
N
S
since
SNS
was
de
fine
d
as
Faceboo
k,
YouT
ub
e
,
Bl
og
s
,
Twitt
er,
My
Spac
e
or
Link
e
dIn
[
5].
Owus
u
-
Ac
hea
w
[6
]
sta
te
d
th
at
SN
S
is
a
new
platfo
rm
fo
r
young
pe
ople
to
do
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
a
m
on
g
them
a
rou
nd
the
w
orl
d.
Re
search
t
hat
cond
uct
by
Ma
nca
a
nd
Ra
nieri
[7
]
an
d
Tess
[8
]
showe
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
3
,
Sept
e
m
ber
201
9
:
549
-
556
550
Faceb
ook
ha
d
bee
n
t
he
m
os
t
r
esearc
he
d
platf
or
m
for
te
achin
g
a
nd
le
arn
i
ng
f
ollow
e
d
by
Y
ouT
ub
e
and T
witt
er.
SN
S
a
re
us
e
d
for
so
ci
al
ly
and
aca
dem
icall
y
pu
rposes
.
Nowa
days,
s
tud
e
nts
co
ns
id
er
SNS
as
ben
e
fici
al
too
l
s
f
or
so
ci
a
l
gather
i
ng
s
.
T
he
c
r
it
ic
al
ph
ase
tha
t
stud
e
nts
m
us
t
go
th
rou
gh
is
in
their
first
ye
ar
at
the
colle
ge.
T
hu
s
,
they
nee
d
to
com
m
un
icate,
so
ci
al
iz
ing
with
oth
e
r
s
tud
e
nts,
getti
ng
en
ga
ged
with
thei
r
so
ci
et
y
and
ad
apting
new
e
nvir
on
m
ent
of
edu
cat
io
n
or
stud
ie
s
.
The
refo
re,
SNS
play
s
an
i
m
po
rta
nt
ro
le
in
bu
il
di
ng
a
rela
ti
on
s
hip
,
m
ai
nt
ai
n
so
ci
al
en
ga
gem
ent
and
to
i
m
pr
ove
thei
r
ed
ucati
on
le
a
rn
i
ng
s
kill
s
[9
]
.
For
instance,
s
om
e
stud
e
nts
us
e
d
SN
S
t
o
prese
nt
their
sel
f
,
to
update
their
s
ocial
li
ves,
but
so
m
e
stud
ents
us
e
d
SN
S
to
l
ook
at
fr
ie
nd a
nd to
buil
d netw
orkin
g
am
on
g s
ociet
y [10].
Tinto
[11]
m
e
ntion
e
d
t
hat
st
ud
e
nt
retenti
on
a
nd
gra
du
at
i
on
issue
are
im
po
rtant.
It
is
beca
us
e
t
he
gr
a
duat
ion
rates
in
univer
sit
ie
s
and
c
olleges
var
y
co
ns
i
der
a
bly.
The
n,
aca
dem
ic
per
form
an
ce
is
i
m
po
rt
ant
to
m
ai
ntain
retenti
on
st
ud
e
nts
in
an
insti
tuti
on.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
his
researc
h
f
oc
use
s
on
stu
den
t
i
nvolv
em
ent
in
SN
S
for
e
du
c
at
ion
pur
po
ses
.
T
he
academ
ic
perform
ances
eva
luate
d
by
c
ollec
ti
ng
a
sur
ve
y
from
stud
en
t
with
Cum
ulati
ve
Grade
P
oi
nt
A
ve
r
age
(CGPA
)
be
low
t
ha
n
2.00
an
d
a
pply
ing
SN
S
in
ed
ucati
on
f
or
re
spo
ndents
t
o
pro
ve
the
incre
asi
ng academ
ic
pe
rfor
m
ance.
The
usa
ge
of
so
ci
al
m
edia
as
te
aching
a
nd
le
arn
i
ng
t
ools
by
the
te
achers
a
nd
stude
nts
in
the
edu
cat
io
n
fiel
d
is
widely
im
pl
e
m
ented.
Si
n
ce
m
os
t
of
their
t
i
m
e
in
eng
a
ging
wit
h
so
ci
al
m
edia,
it
can
he
lp
in
stud
e
nts’ en
ga
gem
ent an
d
te
a
cher pe
da
gogic
al
p
racti
ces.
Higher e
duc
ati
on
us
age
of s
ocial ne
twor
king
si
tes
Stud
e
nts
of
higher
e
du
cat
io
n
us
e
d
an
d
par
ti
c
ipate
d
in
va
rio
us
so
ci
al
m
edi
a
too
ls.
They
c
hoos
e
to
us
e
Faceb
ook
gro
ups
(s
pecial
ty
/facult
y)
fr
e
qu
e
nt
ly
fo
r
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
,
sh
a
rin
g
inf
or
m
at
ion
,
con
te
nt
creati
on
an
d
add
it
io
nal
le
arn
in
g.
Wh
il
e
chat
-
based
a
pp
l
ic
at
ion
s
(Skyp
e,
Viber,
et
c.)
us
ed
w
he
n
com
m
un
ic
at
ing
with
their
colle
ag
ue
s,
an
d
f
or
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
with
te
ache
rs,
the
prefe
rab
le
channels
a
re
Em
a
il
and
E
-
l
earn
i
ng
platfo
rm
s [
12
]
.
Higher
e
du
cat
i
on
in
sti
tuti
on
needs
to
invol
ve
act
ively
in
so
ci
al
m
edia
platfor
m
fr
om
t
he
stu
den
t’
s
per
s
pecti
ve.
T
he
m
os
t
req
uir
ed
platf
or
m
s
are
e
m
ai
l,
Facebo
ok
a
nd
sea
rch
eng
in
e
G
oogl
e
since
it
al
so
widely
us
e
d
by
the
st
ud
e
nts
a
nd
di
d
ha
ve
a
high
i
m
pact
on
th
ei
r
stud
y
act
iv
it
ie
s
su
ch
as
cond
ucting
res
earch
,
discuss
i
on
in
gro
up,
c
om
ple
ti
ng
a
pro
j
ect
,
inter
ns
hi
p
a
nd
el
se.
Th
ese
platfo
rm
s
play
an
im
po
rta
nt
ro
le
i
n
hi
gher
educat
ion st
af
f
to
co
m
m
un
ic
at
e o
r
int
eract wit
h t
he s
tud
e
nt [1
3].
Higher
e
ducat
ion
pe
op
le
s
(a
dm
inist
rator
sta
ff
,
m
e
m
ber
s
of
fac
ulty
and
stud
e
nts)
ha
ve
form
al
l
y
acce
pted
s
ocial
netw
orkin
g
sit
es.
This due
to the
natu
re o
f
s
ocial
netw
orki
ng
sit
es
that
i
n
te
rcon
nected p
e
op
le
s
and
powe
red
by
la
te
st
te
chn
ol
og
ie
s
su
c
h
as
interact
ive
di
gital
and
m
ob
il
e
[8
,
14
-
16]
.
It
represe
nts
a
m
ajor
par
a
dig
m
sh
ift
in educat
io
n
t
oday
.
The
ev
olu
ti
on
of
e
du
cat
io
n
pract
ic
es
tod
ay
is
fo
c
us
sin
g
on
stud
e
nt
-
ce
nter
ed
ed
ucati
on
that
r
eq
uire
d
stud
e
nt
to p
la
y
act
ive
r
ole
in
t
he
stu
dy [
17, 18].
T
his
pe
da
gogy w
il
l
de
penden
t o
n
te
ch
no
log
y
that
a
vaila
ble
to
gain
ef
fecti
ve
le
arn
in
g
e
sp
ec
ia
ll
y
so
ci
al
ne
tworki
ng
sit
es
that
al
lo
w
le
arn
e
rs
t
o
gain
,
ex
plore,
sh
a
r
e
an
d
con
t
rib
ute
new
know
le
dg
e
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
re
al
ped
ag
ogy
pract
ic
es
no
w
sti
ll
far
fr
om
achieving
the
go
al
that
desig
n for st
udent
-
ce
ntere
d
e
ducat
ion.
Dun
n’
s
resea
rc
h
[
16]
sho
wn
t
hat
the
aca
de
m
ic
set
ti
ng
of
two
a
ppr
oache
d
in
ed
ucati
on
nee
ds
to
be
al
ign
ed
,
w
hic
h
is
no
t
f
oc
ussi
ng
on
ly
on
te
ac
hin
g
with
te
chn
ol
og
y
but
needs
to
cov
e
re
d
le
arn
i
ng
with
te
chnolo
gy
f
or
stud
e
nt’s
aca
dem
ic
ben
efit
.
Characte
risti
cs
of
the
Net
Ge
n
stu
de
nts
as
t
ho
s
e
w
ho;
not
pr
e
fer
tradit
ion
al
te
a
chin
g
a
nd
le
a
r
ning
pe
da
gogy
that
re
qu
ire
them
to
con
ce
ntrate
du
rin
g
long
hour
s
le
ct
ur
e
or
respo
nd
to
le
c
ture
dem
and
bu
t
this
ge
nerat
ion
pr
e
fe
rs
to
colla
borati
ve
le
arn
in
g
and
req
ui
re
inf
orm
at
ion
ta
il
or
ed
t
o
t
heir
need
s
a
nd
re
qu
i
re
read
il
y
a
vaila
ble
te
ch
nolo
gy.
In
w
ould
a
ppear
t
hat
f
or
hi
gh
e
r
e
duc
at
ion
insti
tuti
on
s
to
m
eet
the
need
s
of
the
Net
Ge
n
stu
den
ts,
a
ppro
ac
hes
m
us
t
c
hange
f
ro
m
the
tradit
ion
al
le
ct
ure
to
assig
nm
ent
s
and
e
ngage
m
ents
that
al
l
ow
for
disc
ussi
on
s
,
re
flect
ion
s,
gro
up
pro
je
ct
s
and
c
oope
rati
ve
pro
blem
so
lving
[19].
Impa
c
t of so
ci
al ne
tworkin
g si
tes on
educ
ati
on
-
system
Ther
e
are
no
ta
ble
tre
nds
in
usi
ng
soc
ia
l
m
e
dia
in
hi
gh
e
r
e
du
cat
io
n.
St
udents
proacti
vel
y
us
e
var
io
us
so
ci
al
m
edia
a
nd
c
ha
nnel
s
in
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
re
ga
rd
i
ng
t
he
educat
ion
al
process
[11].
S
oc
ia
l
network
i
ng
sit
es
pro
vid
e st
ud
e
nt
s w
it
h
t
he opp
or
t
un
it
y t
o
c
om
m
un
ic
at
e and co
ll
ab
or
at
e
wi
th o
t
her
s
in rea
l
-
tim
e [2
0].
Scie
nce
Dail
y,
June
21,
2008
[21]
co
nclu
ded
that
s
ocial
netw
orki
ng
sit
es
co
uld
be
be
nef
ic
ia
l
t
o
edu
cat
io
n.
St
udents
di
d
pro
f
ic
ie
ntly
with
s
ocial
networ
kin
g
te
ch
nolo
gy
that
been
ex
po
s
ed
to
them
since
childho
od
incl
ud
i
ng
the
lo
w
-
incom
e
stud
en
ts,
and
this
cre
at
es
tre
m
end
ous
ed
ucati
onal
po
te
ntial
.
G
re
enho
w
sai
d
that
s
ocial
netw
orkin
g
sit
es
not
only
us
e
d
f
or
so
ci
al
f
ul
fil
m
ent
bu
t
it
use
d
f
or
the
for
m
al
act
ivity,
and
it
i
m
plica
te
d
educat
or
s.
E
du
cat
or
s
to
day
thr
ough
s
ocial
network
i
ng
sit
es
can
sh
a
re
kn
owle
dge
an
d
m
on
it
or
or
su
pp
or
t st
udent
-
le
arn
i
ng p
e
rfo
rm
ance.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Th
e
powe
r
of s
ocial
networki
ng sit
es: Stu
de
nt inv
olveme
nt
towar
d
e
du
c
ation
(
M
.
N
or
hail
awa
ti
)
551
The
em
erg
ing
of
m
ob
il
e
so
ci
al
network
i
ng
as
a
“per
s
onal
web
”
helps
st
udents
to
c
omm
un
ic
at
e
with
virtu
al
c
omm
u
niti
es
and
orga
nize
inf
or
m
at
i
on.
It
pr
ov
i
des
ou
tsi
de
cl
assr
oo
m
wall
s
stud
y
en
vir
on
m
ent
wh
er
e
the
te
chnolo
gy
help
stu
den
ts
to
con
ti
nue
c
omm
un
ic
at
ed
with
stu
dy
gro
up
s
a
nd
help
t
he
te
acher
t
o
update
changes
s
uch
as
course
log
i
sti
cs
to
the
st
ud
e
nts.
It
is
un
de
niable
that
so
ci
al
networ
king
sit
es
are
popula
r
a
m
on
g hi
gh
e
r e
du
cat
io
n st
ud
ents.
H
ow
e
ver,
it
s posit
ive im
pact on lea
rn
i
ng sti
ll
n
ee
ds
further st
udie
s
[22].
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
The
m
et
ho
be
gin
s
with
a
t
heoreti
cal
fr
a
m
ewo
r
k
us
ed
for
the
resea
rch.
Fig
ur
e
1
i
s
co
ncep
t
ual
fr
am
ewo
r
k
f
or
analy
z
ing
stu
den
t
in
volvem
ent
towa
r
d
ed
ucati
on.
T
o
ap
ply
colla
borati
ve
le
ar
ning
in
so
ci
a
l
netw
orkin
g
sit
e,
the
m
ai
n
i
m
portant
el
em
ent
is
su
ggest
ed
bein
g
co
ns
i
dered
in
this resea
rch
a
re
en
ga
ge
m
ent
of
stud
e
nts
in
soc
ia
l
networ
king
sit
e.
S
ocial
Netw
orkin
g
Si
te
(S
N
S
)
is
a
n
a
pproach
t
ha
t
al
lows
gro
ups
of
stud
e
nts
w
ork
t
og
et
her
t
o
disc
us
s
the
le
a
rn
i
ng
m
at
erial
.
The
SN
S
ca
n
inc
re
ase
interact
io
n
a
m
on
g
stu
den
t
s
an
d
interact
ion am
ong
st
udents a
nd lect
ur
e
rs
as
well
[23
]
.
Figure
1. Co
nc
eptual
fr
am
ewo
r
k of S
NS
t
owar
d
e
ducat
ion.
Figure
1
s
how
s
that
the
re
a
re
f
our
el
em
ents
involve
d.
The
first
el
em
ent
is
en
gag
em
ent
with
S
NS
as
an
in
put
in
w
hich
stu
de
nts
m
us
t
hav
e
Face
book
acco
unts.
T
ho
s
e
stu
de
nts
do
no
t
ha
ve
Fac
eboo
k
acc
ount
ne
e
d
to
create
a
new
one.
T
hen,
Faceboo
k
wa
s
sel
ect
ed
as
SN
S
becau
s
e
the
capab
il
it
ie
s
of
Face
book
can
up
l
oad
/
dow
nloa
d
file
s,
disc
us
sio
n
on
li
ne
and
m
or
e.
T
he
S
NS
as
proces
s
to
ol
to
show
t
he
re
su
lt
ing
involvem
ent
of
stud
e
nts
a
nd
t
heir
perf
or
m
ances.
T
he
ou
t
put
is
fo
c
us
in
g
on
aca
dem
ic
per
form
ance
and
us
a
ge
SN
S
in
e
ducat
ion. T
he res
ult wil
l discus
s in
the to
pic Res
ults an
d Discussi
on.
2.1.
Rese
arch ap
p
roa
c
h
The
resea
rch
a
ppr
oach
ch
os
e
for
this
resea
rc
h
is
t
he
qu
a
ntit
at
ive
ap
proac
h,
w
hich
the
dat
a
is
in
t
he
form
of
sel
ect
ive
num
ber
s
[
24]
.
This
m
et
hod
able
t
o
re
a
d
per
s
on’s
be
havi
our.
Wh
e
n
the
per
s
on
fill
s
th
e
form
,
data
easi
ly
to
a
naly
ze
base
d
on v
al
ue,
an
d
it
w
il
l
be
us
ed
to g
et
the
s
olid
m
easur
em
ents. N
orm
al
l
y
research
e
rs
us
e
d
s
urvey a
nd
qu
e
sti
onnaire
s as tools i
n
th
e quantit
at
ive a
ppr
oach [
25
]
.
2.2.
Rese
arch desi
g
n
The
a
ppr
oach
us
e
d
to
desi
gn
the
re
searc
h
i
s
us
i
ng
desc
ri
ptive
researc
h.
He
nce,
t
his
m
et
hod
c
ho
s
e
qu
a
ntit
at
ive
re
search
,
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
gat
he
red
by
us
in
g
a
desc
riptive
a
ppr
oach.
T
he
descr
i
ptive
a
ppr
oac
h
involve
d
c
ollec
ti
ng
d
at
a
that exp
la
in
sit
uations
an
d
t
he
m
et
hod
will
orga
ni
ze,
de
picts,
ta
bu
la
te
a
nd
de
fi
nes
t
he
data
colle
ct
io
n
[
24
-
26
]
.
T
o
giv
e
be
tt
er
unde
rstan
ding
of
the
resear
ch’
s
fin
ding,
the
m
e
tho
d
ty
pical
ly
su
pp
or
te
d
with
visu
al
ai
ds
li
ke
gr
a
ph
s
a
nd
char
ts.
F
or
this
researc
h,
the
s
ources
of
li
te
rat
ur
e
we
re
ana
ly
ze
d
and colle
ct
ed
infor
m
at
ion
wh
ere the
u
sa
ge o
f
S
NS
a
nd t
he use
of S
NS
for
educat
ion p
ur
po
s
es.
2.3.
Pop
ul
at
i
on
and sam
pli
ng
Fo
r
this
resea
r
ch,
ab
out
40
r
esp
onde
nts
we
re
sel
ect
ed
an
d
involve
d.
T
he
res
pondents
wer
e
tho
se
stud
e
nts
w
ho
wer
e
the
CGP
A
was
bel
ow
2.00
f
r
om
var
iou
s
pro
gr
am
s,
and
th
os
e
w
ho
had
pro
batio
n
resu
lt
.
The
ta
r
get
gr
oup
f
ound
ba
se
d
on
res
ult
on
pr
e
vious
sem
est
er.
T
his
res
earch
was
fo
c
us
e
d
on
respo
nd
e
nts'
CGPA
belo
w
2.0
an
d
pro
bations
resu
lt
beca
us
e
it
will
con
vin
ce
the
facts
how
eff
ect
ive
ness
of
us
in
g
SN
S
t
o
get
bette
r
pe
rfor
m
ance
espe
c
ia
ll
y
in
acade
m
ic
fiel
ds
[
27
]
.
T
he
sam
pling
was
from
Ko
l
ej
P
oly
-
Tec
h
MARA
Ba
tu
Pahat
stud
e
nts.
T
he
program
s
fo
r
stud
e
nts
invol
ve
d
wer
e
f
r
om
Diplo
m
a
in
C
om
pu
te
r
Syst
em
s
and
Netw
orkin
g
a
nd
Diplo
m
a in
Com
pu
te
r
an
d Gr
a
phic
D
esi
gn.
Ther
e
were
se
ven
c
ourses
a
nd
le
ct
urer
s
se
le
ct
ed
to
par
ti
ci
pate
in
this
r
esearch
.
T
he
courses
wer
e
chosen
ba
se
on
res
pondents
involve
d
in
thi
s
researc
h,
an
d
the
le
ct
ur
ers
wer
e
c
ho
se
n
a
ccordin
g
to
the
course
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
3
,
Sept
e
m
ber
201
9
:
549
-
556
552
sel
ect
ed.
The
so
ci
al
netw
ork
ing
sit
e
ch
os
e
Faceb
ook.
Al
l
responde
nts
wer
e
in
vited
i
nto
the
gro
up
an
d
le
ct
ur
ers
will
post
le
arn
in
g
m
at
erial
to
the
si
te
gr
oup
nam
e
d
SN
S
Gro
up.
Wh
e
n
le
ct
ur
e
r
has
poste
d
le
ar
ning
m
at
erial
,
stud
e
nt
will
a
ble
to
view
t
he
m
at
erial
and
in
vo
l
ve
with
any
disc
us
sio
n
with
the
oth
e
r
stu
den
ts
in
t
he
sam
e g
ro
up.
2.4.
Surv
e
y an
d questio
nn
aires
The
s
urvey
w
as
co
nducte
d
t
hro
ugh
offli
ne.
The
instr
um
e
nt
use
d
is
que
sti
onnaires.
Th
e
set
of
th
e
qu
e
sti
onnaire
was
distrib
ute
d
to
th
os
e
stu
den
ts
t
hat
we
r
e
sel
ect
ed
ba
s
ed
on
their
C
GPA’s
res
ult.
These
su
r
veys
pro
vide
two
la
ngua
ge
s,
Ba
hasa
Ma
la
ysi
a
and
En
gl
ish.
Re
sponde
nts
able
to
sel
ect
cho
ic
e
m
or
e
than
on
e
ans
we
r.
D
at
a colle
ct
ed
f
r
om
these surv
e
ys.
Ther
e
are
thr
ee
pa
rts
sur
veys
in
these
quest
ionnaires
.
T
he
f
irst
pa
rt,
re
spo
nd
e
nt’s
ba
sic
inf
or
m
at
ion
:
age
an
d
gende
r
.
The
sec
ond
pa
rt
quest
ions
a
bout
in
form
at
i
on
a
nd
in
vo
l
ve
m
ent
responde
nts
ab
out
SN
S
.
They
wer
e
ask
e
d
a
bout
t
heir
know
le
dg
e
on
S
NS,
and
if
t
hey
ha
ve
an
SNS
acc
ount,
they
hav
e
to
pr
oceed
to
a
ll
the
qu
e
sti
on
s
.
H
oweve
r,
if
t
he
answer
is
no,
they
sh
ould
e
nd
the
s
urvey.
In
this
sect
io
n,
res
pondents
need
t
o
disclose
the
du
rati
on
th
ey
j
oi
ne
d
in
the
S
NS,
the
re
as
on
t
o
join,
hours
s
pend
daily
,
the
nu
m
ber
of
fr
ie
nd
s
they
hav
e
,
an
d
ho
w
lon
g
t
he
pe
rio
d
they
log
i
n
to
the
sit
es
daily
.
This
sect
ion
is
to
inv
est
iga
te
how
de
pth
t
hey
par
ti
ci
pate
in
the
SNS
an
d
th
e
responde
nts'
beh
a
viou
r
towa
rd
s
th
e
sit
e.
The
la
st
par
t
is
about
the
ed
uc
at
ion
a
l
of privacy
m
at
t
ers.
The
aw
a
re
ness of u
sin
g
S
NS
a
nd the
pu
r
po
s
es
wer
e
d
et
erm
ined
from
t
his
par
t.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
In
t
he
resea
rc
h,
we
disc
us
se
d
se
ver
al
m
at
t
ers
bet
ween
S
NS
a
nd
e
duca
ti
on
:
the
us
ag
e,
eff
ect
on
te
aching a
nd learn
i
ng acti
viti
es, a
nd ef
fects o
n gr
a
des pe
rform
ance as
well
.
3.1.
Use
s
ocial
net
w
ork
sites
to s
upp
ort
e
duc
ati
on
Re
sp
on
den
ts
been
a
sk
e
d
a
bout
their
e
xperie
nce
us
i
ng
so
ci
al
netw
orki
ng
sit
es
f
or
ed
ucati
onal
pur
po
ses
.
The
resu
lt
sh
owe
d
30%
of
re
s
pondents
oft
e
n
m
ake
us
e
of
so
ci
al
netw
orkin
g
sit
es
as
their
edu
cat
io
nal
suppo
rt
besides
t
he
cl
ass
act
ivit
ie
s.
Abo
ut
60%
of
the
res
po
nd
e
nts
ra
rely
us
ed
so
ci
al
net
work
i
ng
sit
es
for
e
du
ca
ti
on
al
pu
rpose
s,
an
d
10%
ne
ver
us
e
d
s
ocia
l
netw
orkin
g
s
it
es
to
sup
port
their
e
ducat
io
n.
T
he
resu
lt
is s
how
n i
n
Fi
gure
2.
Figure
2. Fr
e
quency
of
us
ed
SN
S
for ed
ucat
ion
3.2.
Effect
of
s
ocia
l networ
k site
s o
n
t
e
achin
g and l
earnin
g
Ther
e
is
a
su
r
vey
qu
est
io
n
a
bout
the
i
m
pact
of
so
ci
al
ne
tworki
ng
sit
es
on
their
ed
uc
at
ion
.
A
bout
92.5%
res
pondents
feel
that
so
ci
al
network
i
ng
sit
es
wi
ll
giv
e
ben
e
fits
for
their
e
ducat
ion
t
hat
can
be
seen i
n
Fi
gure
3.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Th
e
powe
r
of s
ocial
networki
ng sit
es: Stu
de
nt inv
olveme
nt
towar
d
e
du
c
ation
(
M
.
N
or
hail
awa
ti
)
553
Figure
3. Be
ne
fits o
f
s
ocial
n
e
tw
orki
ng sit
e f
or ed
ucati
on
Abo
ut
77.
5%
of
res
pondents
agr
ee
d
th
at
so
ci
al
netw
orki
ng
sit
es
w
ou
l
d
gi
ve
po
sit
iv
e
eff
ect
on
te
aching
a
nd
le
arn
i
ng
act
ivit
ie
s.
A
bout
10.
0%
of
re
spo
nd
e
nts
feel
that
soc
ia
l
netwo
r
king
sit
es
will
giv
e
them
no
ef
fect
on
th
ei
r
te
achi
ng
an
d
le
ar
ning.
Me
anwhil
e,
a
bout
12.
5%
of
res
ponde
nt
feel
tha
t
so
ci
al
netw
orkin
g
sit
es g
ive
ne
ga
ti
ve
i
m
pact. Fi
gure
4 has t
he result.
Figure
4. Ef
fec
ts of S
NS
i
n
te
achin
g
a
nd lear
ning acti
viti
es
3.3.
Effect
of s
ocia
l networ
k site
s o
n
g
r
ades pe
rfo
rm
an
ce
Be
sides
the
e
ffec
t
on
te
ac
hing
an
d
le
a
rn
i
ng,
respo
ndents
a
lso
bee
n
as
ke
d
ab
ou
t
the
ef
fe
ct
of
s
ocial
netw
orkin
g
sit
es on resp
onde
nts’ gr
a
des
or
perform
ance. Ab
out 5
2.5%
of them
ag
ree
d
t
hat the
us
a
ge o
f
s
ocial
netw
orkin
g
sit
es
w
ou
l
d
hel
p
them
i
m
pr
ove
their
gr
a
des
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
a
bout
27.5%
of
respo
nd
e
nts
sta
te
d
that
so
ci
al
net
work
i
ng
sit
es
would
not
a
ffec
t
their
gr
a
de
s
or
perf
or
m
ance.
The
re
s
ult
of
this
qu
est
ion
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 5
.
Figure
5. Ef
fec
t of SNS
on gr
ades
or p
e
rfo
r
m
ance stu
den
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
3
,
Sept
e
m
ber
201
9
:
549
-
556
554
3.4.
So
ci
al
netw
or
k
sites
t
o
disc
uss ed
ucati
onal w
ork
Re
sp
on
den
ts
ha
ve
al
s
o
bee
n
aske
d
ab
out
did
they
us
e
so
ci
al
net
wor
ki
ng
sit
es
to
di
scuss
their
edu
cat
io
nal
w
ork.
T
his
que
sti
on
is
to
identify
the
us
a
ge
of
so
ci
al
netw
orkin
g
sit
es
towards
e
ducat
ion
el
e
m
ents
by
th
e
res
pondents
.
Abo
ut
67.
5%
of
them
rar
el
y
use
d
S
NS
to
dis
cuss
t
heir
e
duc
at
ion
al
w
ork
.
F
igure
6 descri
bes
t
he
r
es
ult o
f
the
s
urvey a
bout thi
s m
atter.
Figure
6. S
NS
us
a
ge
to
d
isc
uss ed
ucati
onal
work
3.5.
So
ci
al
netw
or
k sites an
d ed
ucati
onal ins
titut
i
on
The
e
ducat
io
na
l
insti
tuti
on
al
so
play
s
i
m
po
rta
nt
ro
le
in
the
us
a
ge
of
s
ocial
netw
orking
sit
es
to
su
pp
or
t
e
du
cat
ion
.
Pr
act
ic
al
ly
,
ab
ou
t
87.5%
of
respo
ndents
agr
ee
d
that
e
ducat
ion
insti
tuti
on
s
well
us
e
S
NS
t
o
su
pp
or
t
e
ducat
ion
f
or
t
hem
.
The
rest
c
on
sidere
d
that
e
du
cat
io
nal
i
ns
ti
tuti
on
has
no
ro
le
i
n
s
upporti
ng
edu
cat
io
n sy
ste
m
w
it
h
so
ci
al
net
work
i
ng sit
es u
sa
ge.
Table
1
sho
ws
the
res
ult
of
a
sta
tem
ent
agr
eed
by
res
po
nd
e
nts
a
bout
SN
S
a
nd
e
du
c
at
ion
.
Abo
ut
80.0%
of
res
ponde
nts
cl
aime
d
SNS
hel
pe
d
them
to
keep
in
to
uch
with
cl
assm
at
es.
SN
S
al
s
o
help
s
52.5
%
respo
nd
e
nts
to
de
velo
p
their
so
ci
al
sk
il
ls
vi
rtuall
y.
Be
side
s,
ab
out
50.
0%
of
res
ponde
nts
al
so
a
gr
ee
d
t
hat
by
involvin
g
i
n
S
NS
,
it
wou
l
d n
ot d
ist
urb
them
w
it
h
t
heir
e
du
cat
ion
al
wo
rk.
Table
1.
SNS a
nd educat
io
n
A sta
te
m
en
t that
re
p
resents
so
cial netwo
rkin
g
sites an
d
edu
catio
n
Percentag
e
(%)
So
cial Network
Sit
es d
o
no
t help
m
e
k
eep in
tou
ch
with class
m
ates o
r
co
lle
ag
u
es.
0
So
cial Network
Sit
es d
o
no
t help
to d
ev
elo
p
m
y
so
cial
s
k
ills.
0
So
cial Network
Sit
es caus
e a
d
istr
acti
o
n
to
m
y
ed
u
catio
n
al work
1
2
.5
So
cial Network
Sit
es p
lay
no
r
o
le
in
m
y
ca
m
p
u
s lif
e
2
.5
So
cial Network
Sit
es p
lay
a
lar
g
e
r
o
le
in
m
y
ca
m
p
u
s lif
e
5
0
.0
So
cial Network
Sit
es h
elp
m
e ke
ep
in to
u
ch
with class
m
ates
8
0
.0
So
cial Network
Sit
es d
o
no
t di
stract
m
e
f
ro
m
m
y
ed
u
catio
n
al work
5
0
.0
So
cial Network
Sit
es are
ve
ry u
sef
u
l to
m
e a
cade
m
i
cally
3
2
.5
So
cial Network
Sit
es are
of
no
us
e to
m
e
a
cade
m
i
cally
7
.5
So
cial Network
Sit
es h
elp
to d
ev
elo
p
m
y
so
cial sk
ills
5
2
.5
3.6.
So
ci
al
netw
or
k sites an
d r
ol
e in
educ
ati
on
SN
S
pro
vid
es
sever
al
c
rite
ria
that
can
help
and
sup
port
ed
ucati
on.
Abo
ut
75.0%
of
the
m
agr
eed
tha
t
SN
S
h
as
im
po
r
ta
nt role i
n
t
he fut
ur
e
of e
du
ca
ti
on
. T
he
r
es
ult i
s d
esc
ribe
d
i
n Fi
gure
7.
Figure
7. Stu
de
nts a
gr
ee
d wit
h t
he
im
po
rtant
ro
le
of
S
NS
i
n fu
t
ur
e e
ducat
io
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Th
e
powe
r
of s
ocial
networki
ng sit
es: Stu
de
nt inv
olveme
nt
towar
d
e
du
c
ation
(
M
.
N
or
hail
awa
ti
)
555
The
re
su
lt
s
hows
that
a
bout
60%
of
the
res
pondents
rar
el
y
us
e
so
ci
al
ne
tworki
ng
sit
es
for
ed
ucati
on.
Abo
ut
87.5
%
of
res
ponde
nts
nev
er
a
nd
ra
re
ly
us
e
so
ci
al
network
i
ng
sit
es
to
discuss
ed
uc
at
ion
m
a
tt
ers.
Even
though
the
res
pondents
do
not
sh
ow
intere
st
in
us
ing
the
sit
es
fo
r
edu
c
at
ion
,
ab
out
92.5
%
of
them
b
el
ie
ve
d
that
so
ci
al
net
work
i
ng
sit
es
are
be
nef
ic
ia
l
and
ca
n
be
us
e
d
to
help
st
ud
e
nts
in
thei
r
stu
dy.
It
is
bec
au
se
m
os
t
of
them
agr
eed
that
inv
olv
i
ng
in
SN
S
will
help
them
to
keep
in
tou
c
h
with
their
cl
assm
a
te
s,
will
no
t
distract
them
f
ro
m
their e
du
cat
io
nal
work a
nd w
il
l
help
t
hem
to
de
velo
p
thei
r
s
oc
ia
l skill
s.
Su
r
vey
al
so
m
entione
d
that
about
77.
5%
of
res
pondents
agr
ee
d
that
th
e
sit
es
cou
ld
gi
ve
posit
ive
eff
ect
on
te
ach
ing
a
nd
le
ar
ning
process
(to
both
st
ud
e
nts
a
nd
le
ct
urers
).
T
hu
s
,
a
bout
52.5%
decid
ed
t
he
so
ci
al
netw
orkin
g
sit
es
al
so
would
giv
e
go
od
i
m
pact
on
thei
r
stu
dy
gra
des
an
d
ac
hieve
m
ent.
The
e
ducat
ion
al
insti
tuti
on
al
so
play
s
i
m
po
rtant
ro
le
in
m
aking
the
s
ocial
ne
tworki
ng
sit
e
as
te
aching
a
nd
le
arn
i
ng
m
e
diu
m
.
Re
sp
on
den
ts
be
en
aske
d
ab
out
the
facil
it
ie
s
and
co
ntri
bu
ti
on
of
e
du
cat
io
nal
insti
tuti
on
s
towards
the
usa
ge
of
the
sit
e.
Alm
os
t
87.5
%
of
th
e
m
agr
eed
that
the
insti
tute
would
us
e
so
c
ia
l
network
i
ng
sit
es
in
te
achi
ng
an
d
l
earn
in
g. S
ocial
n
et
w
orkin
g
si
te
s also hel
p
m
any stu
de
nts as
r
es
ources t
o
s
upport t
heir pr
oj
ect
s
[28
-
34
]
.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
re
spo
nd
e
nts
ra
rely
ei
ther
us
e
s
ocial
netw
orkin
g
sit
es
for
ed
ucati
on
al
pur
po
se
s
for
sup
port
edu
cat
io
n
or
discuss
ed
ucat
ion
al
w
ork
pe
rh
a
ps
for
s
om
e
reaso
n.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
they
belie
ved
that
so
ci
al
netw
orkin
g
sit
es
ha
ve
be
nef
i
ts
an
d
it
will
he
lp
them
achieve
good
gr
a
de
s.
T
hey
al
so
a
gr
ee
d
t
hat
the
so
ci
al
netw
orkin
g
sit
e
would
play
a
la
rg
e
ro
le
i
n
their
cam
pu
s
li
fe.
T
hey
al
so
t
hought
t
hat
wi
th
the
wide
usa
ge
of
web 2.0
, soci
al
n
et
w
orki
ng sit
es m
igh
t play
im
po
rtant role
s
in s
upportin
g
e
du
cat
io
n.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
wor
k
is s
ponso
red by M
ARA u
nd
e
r g
r
ant MAR
A/U
NI
:
1/33/0
5/07
/14
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
X
D.
Boy
d
,
"
Friends,
Friendste
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and
M
y
Spac
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Top
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rit
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art
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estr
e,
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Soci
al
m
edi
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et
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il
di
ng
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al
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edia,
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,
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T.
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aru
ah
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"
Eff
ective
n
ess
of
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l
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ia
a
s
a
tool
of
comm
unic
at
ion
and
it
s
pote
n
ti
a
l
for
te
chno
log
y
en
ab
le
d
conne
c
ti
ons:
A
m
ic
ro
-
le
ve
l
stud
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,
"
In
te
rnationa
l
Journal
of
Scie
nti
fic
and
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sea
rch
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ons
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[6]
M.
Ow
usu
-
Ache
aw
and
G.
L
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Agatha,
"
Us
e
of
social
m
edi
a
and
it
s
impact
on
a
ca
demic
p
erf
or
m
anc
e
of
terti
ar
y
insti
tution
stude
nts:
A
stud
y
of
s
tude
n
ts
of
Kofor
idua
Pol
y
techni
c
,
Ghana
,
"
Journal
of
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cat
ion
and
Pract
i
ce
,
vo
l.
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pp
.
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-
2
222
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2015
.
[7]
S.
Manc
a
and
M
Rani
eri,
"
Is
i
t
a
too
l
suit
abl
e
for
learni
ng
?
A
cri
t
ical
rev
ie
w
of
the
li
t
era
tur
e
on
Face
book
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