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Studen
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sics
in
Nin
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sic
Educa
tion in
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nda
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k
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UR
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a
3
Ka
imo
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s U
n
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ticle
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21
Th
is
st
u
d
y
in
v
e
stig
a
te
d
stu
d
e
n
ts
’
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
t
o
wa
rd
s
p
h
y
sic
s
i
n
Nin
e
Ye
a
r
Ba
sic
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(9
YBE)
i
n
Rwa
n
d
a
.
Da
ta
we
re
c
o
ll
e
c
ted
fro
m
3
8
0
st
u
d
e
n
ts
fro
m
Ka
y
o
n
z
a
a
n
d
G
a
sa
b
o
Districts
u
sin
g
a
p
h
y
sic
s
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
tes
t.
F
in
d
in
g
s
il
lu
s
trate
d
th
a
t
m
o
re
t
h
a
n
a
q
u
a
rte
r
o
f
p
a
rti
c
i
p
a
n
ts
fe
lt
t
h
a
t
lea
rn
i
n
g
p
h
y
sic
s
is
b
o
ri
n
g
.
Ab
o
u
t
3
9
%
th
in
k
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
su
b
jec
t
o
f
p
h
y
sic
s
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
re
l
a
te
to
t
h
e
re
a
l
-
wo
rld
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
.
A
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
n
ts
h
a
d
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
t
o
wa
rd
s
p
h
y
sic
s
in
term
s
o
f
th
e
e
ffo
rt
re
q
u
ired
f
o
r
le
a
rn
in
g
.
Th
e
fin
d
i
n
g
s
a
ls
o
sh
o
w
ed
t
h
a
t
th
e
o
v
e
ra
ll
le
v
e
l
fo
r
p
a
rti
c
i
p
a
n
ts
in
p
h
y
sic
s
p
ro
b
lem
-
so
lv
i
n
g
sk
il
ls
wa
s
l
o
w
.
Th
e
it
e
m
-
by
-
it
e
m
a
n
a
l
y
sis
sh
o
w
ed
th
a
t
t
h
e
d
iffere
n
c
e
s
b
e
twe
e
n
re
sp
o
n
se
s
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
ts
fro
m
ru
ra
l
sc
h
o
o
ls
a
n
d
t
h
e
ir
c
o
u
n
ter
p
a
rt
s
fro
m
u
r
b
a
n
sc
h
o
o
ls
in
c
a
teg
o
ries
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
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so
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g
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d
p
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o
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e
p
ts
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o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
a
re
sta
ti
stica
ll
y
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
.
It
wa
s fo
u
n
d
th
a
t
m
a
n
y
stu
d
e
n
ts i
n
ru
ra
l
sc
h
o
o
ls n
e
e
d
to
k
n
o
w m
o
r
e
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
in
terp
re
tatio
n
o
f
a
n
e
w
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
to
b
e
a
b
le
t
o
a
p
p
ly
it
t
o
a
n
e
w
p
h
y
sic
s
p
ro
b
le
m.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ph
y
s
ics
co
n
ce
p
t u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
Ph
y
s
ics p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
R
u
r
al
s
ch
o
o
l
Stu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
Ur
b
an
s
ch
o
o
l
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ag
n
es M
b
o
n
y
i
r
y
iv
u
ze
Af
r
ican
C
en
tr
e
o
f
E
x
ce
llen
ce
f
o
r
I
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
T
ea
ch
in
g
an
d
L
ea
r
n
in
g
Ma
th
e
m
atics a
n
d
Scien
ce
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
R
wan
d
a
-
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
UR
-
C
E
)
R
u
k
ar
a
C
am
p
u
s
,
PO BOX 5
5
R
wam
ag
an
a,
R
wan
d
a
E
m
ail: m
b
o
n
y
i
r
y
iv
u
ze
a
g
n
es@
y
ah
o
o
.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
m
an
y
n
atio
n
s
,
t
h
er
e
is
a
p
r
ess
in
g
n
ee
d
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tu
d
y
i
n
g
s
cien
ce
s
u
b
jects.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
c
o
u
n
tr
ie
s
ar
e
s
cr
am
b
lin
g
to
m
ee
t
th
e
a
n
ticip
ated
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
s
cien
tis
ts
,
en
g
in
ee
r
s
,
an
d
d
o
cto
r
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
u
n
d
er
-
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
a
n
d
f
o
s
ter
eq
u
ality
[
1
]
.
I
n
r
aisi
n
g
q
u
alif
ied
m
an
p
o
wer
,
co
u
n
tr
ies
will
b
e
ab
le
to
co
m
p
ete
o
n
g
l
o
b
al
s
ca
le
an
d
k
ee
p
u
p
with
r
ap
id
ad
v
an
ce
s
in
s
cien
ce
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
Go
v
er
n
m
en
t
o
f
R
wan
d
a
is
p
u
ttin
g
ef
f
o
r
t
in
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
cien
ce
an
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
c
ap
ac
ity
to
d
ev
el
o
p
p
eo
p
le
with
in
a
p
r
o
s
p
er
o
u
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e
-
b
ased
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
led
ec
o
n
o
m
y
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
R
wan
d
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licy
f
o
s
ter
s
9
Y
B
E
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
s
ix
y
ea
r
s
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
lo
we
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
aim
s
at
r
aisi
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
’
s
g
en
er
al
lev
el
o
f
liter
ac
y
,
ex
p
e
r
tis
e,
an
d
s
k
il
ls
,
wh
ich
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
r
ed
u
ce
p
o
v
er
t
y
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
t
f
u
tu
r
e
ec
o
n
o
my
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
en
r
o
lm
e
n
t
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
letio
n
,
9
YB
E
will
r
esu
lt
in
u
n
iv
er
s
al
p
r
im
a
r
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
4
]
.
Ph
y
s
ics
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
u
ls
o
r
y
s
cien
ce
s
u
b
je
cts
at
th
e
R
wan
d
an
lo
wer
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
lev
el.
Af
ter
f
in
is
h
in
g
th
e
lo
wer
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
lev
el,
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
o
in
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
ield
s
in
clu
d
in
g
s
cien
ce
h
av
in
g
s
o
m
e
o
p
tio
n
s
with
p
h
y
s
ics.
T
h
o
s
e
o
p
tio
n
s
m
ay
f
u
r
th
e
r
lead
to
b
asic
s
cien
ce
s
u
b
jects
(
with
p
h
y
s
ics)
in
clu
d
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
m
e
d
icin
e,
a
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
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a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
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&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
tu
d
en
ts
’
a
ttit
u
d
es to
w
a
r
d
s
p
h
ysics
in
N
in
e
Yea
r
s
B
a
s
ic
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
R
w
a
n
d
a
(
A
g
n
es Mb
o
n
yiryivu
z
e
)
649
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
I
C
T
)
[
3
]
.
On
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
b
r
an
ch
o
f
s
cien
ce
is
p
h
y
s
ics
an
d
it
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ess
en
tial
to
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
a
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
-
b
ased
s
o
ciety
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
s
cien
ce
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ic
h
s
tu
d
en
ts
will n
ee
d
in
o
r
d
er
to
c
o
m
p
ete
i
n
g
lo
b
al
a
n
d
r
e
g
io
n
al
jo
b
m
ar
k
ets
[
3
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
h
y
s
ics
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t o
f
R
wan
d
a,
p
h
y
s
ics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
f
a
cin
g
s
o
m
e
ch
allen
g
es
in
clu
d
i
n
g
l
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
n
eg
ativ
e
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
th
e
s
u
b
jec
t
[
5
]
.
R
esear
ch
h
as
r
ep
o
r
ted
a
lo
w
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
ec
id
e
to
p
u
r
s
u
e
p
h
y
s
ics
as
non
-
co
m
p
u
ls
o
r
y
s
u
b
ject
in
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
an
d
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
[
5
]
.
Fo
r
b
o
th
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
t
ea
ch
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
h
y
s
i
cs
ab
s
tr
ac
t
co
n
ce
p
ts
m
ay
b
e
ch
allen
g
in
g
[
6
]
.
So
m
e
teac
h
er
s
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t
th
a
t
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ail
p
h
y
s
ics
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
p
ess
im
is
tic
att
itu
d
e
an
d
lack
o
f
in
ter
est
in
th
e
to
p
ic
[
7
]
.
S
tu
d
en
ts
’
n
eg
ativ
e
attit
u
d
es
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics
ar
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
s
u
b
ject
as
a
d
if
f
icu
lt,
u
n
attr
ac
tiv
e,
b
o
r
i
n
g
,
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
t
s
u
b
ject
[7
]
,
[
8]
.
Fem
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
eli
ev
e
th
at
th
at
p
h
y
s
ics
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
f
o
r
th
em
b
ec
au
s
e
it
fa
v
o
r
s
m
ale
-
d
o
m
i
n
ated
n
atu
r
al
s
cien
ce
s
u
b
jects
[
7
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
’
p
o
o
r
e
n
r
o
lm
e
n
t
in
p
h
y
s
ics
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
s
cien
ce
s
u
b
jects
an
d
th
eir
lo
w
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
t
h
e
s
u
b
jec
t
m
atter
wer
e
r
ep
o
r
te
d
at
th
e
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
Scien
ce
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
R
wan
d
a
to
b
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
eir
n
eg
ativ
e
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics
[
5
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
wer
e
in
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
with
r
esu
lts
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
is
li
n
k
ed
with
th
eir
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics
[
7
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ic
s
at
an
ea
r
ly
s
tag
e
in
o
r
d
er
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
o
f
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
attitu
d
es to
war
d
s
th
is
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
.
I
n
ter
est,
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
m
o
tiv
ati
o
n
,
s
elf
-
r
elate
d
v
alu
es,
em
o
tio
n
al
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
,
an
d
p
er
ce
i
v
e
d
ch
allen
g
e
ar
e
ju
s
t
a
f
ew
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
-
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
th
at
m
ak
e
u
p
attitu
d
e
[9
]
,
[
10]
.
Attitu
d
e
h
as
b
ee
n
r
e
p
o
r
ted
as
o
n
e
th
in
g
to
th
in
k
ab
o
u
t
wh
en
d
o
i
n
g
lear
n
in
g
ex
er
cises
[
1
1
]
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
with
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
e
ar
e
m
o
r
e
atten
tiv
e
in
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
ac
h
iev
e
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
r
esu
lts
,
wh
ile
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
a
n
e
g
ativ
e
attitu
d
e
ar
e
less
d
ilig
en
t
in
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
ac
h
iev
e
u
n
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
r
esu
lts
[
1
2
]
.
So
m
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
atti
tu
d
es
ar
e
th
o
u
g
h
t
t
o
b
e
cr
itical
in
lear
n
in
g
an
d
s
ep
ar
atin
g
n
o
v
ices
f
r
o
m
ex
p
er
ts
in
a
f
ield
.
So
m
e
e
x
p
e
r
t
-
attitu
d
in
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
v
iewin
g
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
as
a
co
n
ce
p
tu
ally
b
a
s
ed
q
u
est
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
b
ase
r
ath
er
th
an
a
h
u
n
t
f
o
r
eq
u
atio
n
s
,
an
d
p
h
y
s
ics
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
v
iewe
d
as
a
co
h
er
en
t,
lin
k
ed
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
to
p
ics
[
1
3
]
.
Stu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
attitu
d
es
in
clu
d
e
th
eir
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
co
h
e
r
en
ce
o
f
p
h
y
s
ics
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
p
h
y
s
ics
th
ey
s
tu
d
y
in
class
to
th
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
ld
,
an
d
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
m
ath
em
atica
l
eq
u
atio
n
s
an
d
p
h
y
s
ics
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
am
o
n
g
o
t
h
er
th
in
g
s
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
Ph
y
s
ics
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
p
lan
n
e
r
s
an
d
teac
h
er
s
ca
n
n
o
t
ig
n
o
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
as
o
n
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
t
f
o
r
a
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
to
b
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
is
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
at
titu
d
es
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics
[
1
6
]
.
R
esear
ch
in
d
icate
d
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
ess
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
co
g
n
itiv
e
a
b
i
liti
es
,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
7
]
a
n
d
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
a
n
d
c
o
n
ce
p
t
u
al
lear
n
in
g
g
ain
s
was
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
[
1
8
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
ar
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
[
1
8
]
an
d
ar
e
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
th
eir
cla
s
s
r
o
o
m
ex
p
er
ien
ce
[
1
9
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
'
n
eg
ativ
e
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
th
e
d
is
cip
lin
e
c
an
h
a
v
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
0
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
'
n
eg
ativ
e
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
p
h
y
s
ics
h
av
e
tr
an
s
lated
in
to
lo
w
en
r
o
lm
en
t
in
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
an
d
,
as
a
r
esu
lt,
in
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
p
h
y
s
ics
class
es,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
f
ewe
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
u
r
s
u
in
g
an
d
p
er
s
is
tin
g
in
p
h
y
s
ics
-
r
elate
d
ca
r
ee
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
d
eg
r
ee
[
2
0
]
.
Su
f
f
icien
t
p
iece
s
o
f
e
v
id
en
ce
s
h
o
w
th
at
wh
e
n
teac
h
er
p
ay
s
atten
tio
n
to
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
b
elief
s
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
r
in
g
to
lear
n
in
g
ass
i
g
n
m
en
t
an
d
u
s
e
th
is
as
th
e
s
tar
tin
g
p
o
i
n
t
f
o
r
n
ew
teac
h
in
g
,
th
ey
m
a
y
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
ch
an
g
e
[
2
1
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
r
esear
ch
,
co
u
r
s
es
th
at
u
s
e
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
tech
n
iq
u
es,
s
u
ch
as
Ph
y
s
ics
an
d
E
v
er
y
d
ay
T
h
in
k
in
g
[
2
2
]
,
Mo
d
el
in
g
I
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
1
3
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
Ph
y
s
ics
th
r
o
u
g
h
I
n
q
u
ir
y
[
1
5
]
,
an
d
Peer
I
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
2
4
]
,
r
esu
lt
in
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
tu
d
en
t
attitu
d
e
b
en
ef
it.
Peer
I
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
(
PI)
in
in
tr
o
d
u
cto
r
y
p
h
y
s
ics
class
es
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
b
elief
s
ab
o
u
t
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
as
well
as
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
a
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
C
h
in
a
[
2
4
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
r
a
p
id
ly
c
h
an
g
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
will
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
co
p
e
with
it
em
o
tio
n
ally
a
s
well
as
in
m
ater
ial
way
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
a
n
in
v
esti
g
a
tio
n
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
o
n
way
s
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
eir
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics,
en
r
o
lm
en
t
in
p
h
y
s
ics
an
d
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
.
Desp
ite
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
in
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
co
u
n
tr
ies
o
n
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
at
titu
d
es
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ated
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
atti
tu
d
es
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics
in
a
Su
b
-
S
ah
a
r
an
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
c
o
u
n
tr
y
.
I
t
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
ly
o
n
s
en
io
r
two
(
S2
)
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics
in
s
elec
ted
9
YB
E
s
ch
o
o
ls
f
r
o
m
R
wan
d
a
n
E
aste
r
n
Pro
v
in
ce
a
n
d
Kig
ali
city
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
in
v
esti
g
ated
wh
eth
er
av
er
ag
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
s
u
r
v
ey
item
s
d
if
f
er
ed
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
eir
g
en
d
er
a
n
d
s
ch
o
o
l lo
ca
tio
n
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
Stu
d
en
ts
'
at
titu
d
es
to
war
d
p
h
y
s
ics
in
s
elec
ted
R
wan
d
an
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
wer
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
u
s
in
g
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
u
r
v
ey
s
tu
d
y
d
esig
n
.
A
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
is
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
th
at
lo
o
k
s
at
th
e
s
itu
a
tio
n
as
it
is
r
ig
h
t
n
o
w.
I
t
en
tails
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
al
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
a
p
a
r
ticu
lar
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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&
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c
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Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
2
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J
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2
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2
1
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6
4
8
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6
5
9
650
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
o
r
th
e
in
v
esti
g
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
two
o
r
m
o
r
e
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
was
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
as
its
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
was
d
escr
ib
in
g
an
d
an
aly
s
in
g
th
e
ex
i
s
tin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics.
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h pa
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
8
0
1
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
all
s
en
io
r
two
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
eig
h
t
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
f
r
o
m
two
d
is
tr
icts
f
r
o
m
E
aster
n
Pro
v
in
ce
(
Kay
o
n
za
Dis
tr
ict)
an
d
Kig
ali
city
(
Gasab
o
Dis
tr
ict)
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
d
r
a
wn
f
r
o
m
th
o
s
e
eig
h
t
9
YB
E
an
d
s
elec
ted
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
s
o
m
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
with
th
e
n
ew
R
wan
d
an
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
p
h
y
s
ics
C
B
C
th
at
is
u
n
d
er
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
y
a
r
e
also
ex
p
ec
ted
t
o
h
av
e
an
id
ea
ab
o
u
t
th
e
o
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
eir
ch
o
ice
at
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
lev
el.
Sen
io
r
two
class
es
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
ely
b
ec
au
s
e,
at
th
is
l
ev
el,
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tar
t
to
th
in
k
a
b
o
u
t
wh
at
m
ajo
r
s
u
b
jects
th
e
y
will
ch
o
o
s
e
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
eir
s
en
i
o
r
t
h
r
ee
(
S3
)
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
icts
’
ch
o
ice
was
d
o
n
e
to
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics
b
etwe
en
r
u
r
al
an
d
u
r
b
an
9
YB
E
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
co
m
p
r
i
s
es
o
f
3
8
0
p
h
y
s
ics
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
g
en
d
er
,
it
co
m
p
r
is
es
o
f
2
0
8
(
5
4
.
7
%)
f
e
m
ales
an
d
1
7
2
(
4
5
.
3
%)
m
ales
.
Fr
o
m
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
in
t
o
f
v
iew,
1
7
9
(
4
7
.
1
%)
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
f
r
o
m
r
u
r
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
wh
ile
2
0
1
(
5
2
.
9
%)
f
r
o
m
u
r
b
an
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
Data
co
llectio
n
was
d
o
n
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
attitu
d
e
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
s
ca
le
ca
lled
th
e
Stu
d
e
n
ts
’
Ph
y
s
ic
s
Attitu
d
es
T
est
(
SP
AT
)
.
T
h
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
d
esig
n
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
e
x
is
tin
g
s
u
r
v
ey
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
C
o
lo
r
ad
o
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
Attitu
d
es
ab
o
u
t
Scien
ce
Su
r
v
ey
(
C
L
ASS)
[
1
9
]
,
th
e
Ma
r
y
lan
d
Ph
y
s
ics
E
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
s
u
r
v
ey
(
MPE
X)
[
2
6
]
,
an
d
th
e
Ph
y
s
ics
Attitu
d
e
Scale
(
P
AS)
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
aim
o
f
th
is
s
u
r
v
ey
was
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
elt
ab
o
u
t
p
h
y
s
ics
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
eir
in
ter
est an
d
lin
k
in
g
p
h
y
s
ic
s
to
th
e
r
ea
l w
o
r
ld
.
Q
u
esti
o
n
s
r
elate
d
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es to
war
d
s
th
e
ef
f
o
r
t
p
u
t
i
n
lear
n
in
g
p
h
y
s
ics,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
an
d
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
ar
e
als
o
in
clu
d
ed
.
A
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
p
o
i
n
t
1
=stro
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
(
SD)
,
2
=d
is
ag
r
ee
(
D)
,
3
=N
eu
tr
al
(
N
)
,
4
=a
g
r
ee
(
A)
to
5
=stro
n
g
l
y
ag
r
ee
(
SA)
.
T
h
r
ee
o
f
twen
ty
-
tw
o
item
s
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ter
est,
f
iv
e
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
m
ak
e
th
e
lin
k
b
etw
ee
n
p
h
y
s
ics
an
d
th
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
l
d
,
an
d
th
e
o
th
e
r
f
iv
e
ar
e
r
elat
ed
to
th
e
e
f
f
o
r
t
o
f
lear
n
in
g
p
h
y
s
ics.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
o
th
er
th
r
ee
o
f
twen
ty
-
tw
o
item
s
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
s
o
lv
in
g
an
d
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
s
ix
item
s
a
r
e
r
elat
ed
to
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
.
All
u
s
ed
i
t
em
s
f
o
r
th
ese
f
i
v
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
e
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
aly
s
is
f
r
o
m
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
a
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
e
f
o
r
e
ad
m
in
is
ter
in
g
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e.
T
h
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
c
h
o
s
en
S2
o
f
9
YB
E
was
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
p
il
o
t
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
it
was
n
o
t
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
p
ar
tici
p
ated
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
with
2
8
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
p
ilo
ted
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
h
ad
2
8
item
s
with
f
iv
e
ch
o
ices
ea
ch
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t'
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
wa
s
d
et
er
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
alp
h
a
m
eth
o
d
an
d
s
co
r
e
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
es
p
o
n
s
es
o
f
twen
ty
-
eig
h
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Fro
m
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
,
s
ix
item
s
th
at
wer
e
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
o
th
er
s
h
ad
b
ee
n
r
em
o
v
ed
an
d
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t
r
ea
ch
e
d
at
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
alp
h
a
o
f
0
.
7
2
3
.
T
h
e
u
s
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
n
tain
ed
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
in
clu
d
i
n
g
s
ch
o
o
l
lo
ca
tio
n
,
s
ex
,
an
d
ag
e.
Facto
r
an
aly
s
is
was
n
o
t
co
n
d
u
cted
as
o
u
r
s
am
p
le
was
s
m
all
[
2
8
]
.
An
item
'
s
m
in
im
u
m
s
co
r
e
is
o
n
e,
an
d
its
m
ax
im
u
m
s
co
r
e
is
f
iv
e.
E
x
p
er
ts
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
h
elp
e
d
test
th
e
2
2
-
item
atti
tu
d
e
s
ca
le
f
o
r
m
ate
r
ial
v
alid
ity
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Data
co
llected
v
ia
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
f
r
o
m
3
8
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
was
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
b
o
th
d
escr
i
p
tiv
e
an
d
in
f
er
en
tial
s
tatis
tic
s
in
Stati
s
ti
cs
Pack
ag
e
f
o
r
So
cial
Stu
d
ies
(
SP
SS
)
.
De
s
cr
ip
tiv
e
s
tati
s
tica
l
an
aly
s
is
wa
s
u
s
ed
to
d
is
p
lay
th
e
r
elativ
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
o
f
ea
c
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
with
ea
c
h
attitu
d
e
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
tab
les.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
an
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
T
-
test
was
u
s
ed
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
in
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
ased
o
n
g
en
d
er
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
lo
ca
tio
n
.
Sin
ce
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
alo
n
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
m
m
u
n
icate
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
d
was
ca
lcu
lated
.
C
o
h
en
'
s
d
was
ca
lcu
lated
f
o
r
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
am
p
les T
-
test
b
y
d
iv
id
in
g
th
e
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
b
y
th
e
p
o
o
led
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
.
C
ℎ
′
=
1
−
2
wh
er
e
=
√
(
(
1
2
+
2
2
)
/
2
)
M1
an
d
M2
ar
e
m
ea
n
s
o
f
tw
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
wh
ile
DS1
an
d
DS2
ar
e
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
f
o
r
m
u
la
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
b
y
C
o
h
e
n
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
s
izes
o
f
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
s
am
p
le
T
-
test
f
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
av
in
g
alm
o
s
t th
e
s
am
e
s
ize
[
2
9
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
d
escr
ip
ti
v
e
an
d
in
f
er
e
n
tial
s
tatis
t
ical
an
aly
s
es.
I
t
s
tar
t
s
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
t
o
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics
lear
n
in
g
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ter
est,
ap
p
ly
in
g
p
h
y
s
ics
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
tu
d
en
ts
’
a
ttit
u
d
es to
w
a
r
d
s
p
h
ysics
in
N
in
e
Yea
r
s
B
a
s
ic
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
R
w
a
n
d
a
(
A
g
n
es Mb
o
n
yiryivu
z
e
)
651
r
ea
l
-
life
s
itu
atio
n
to
b
e
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
b
y
th
e
tim
e
an
d
ef
f
o
r
t
tak
en
to
lear
n
p
h
y
s
ics
.
T
h
is
s
e
ctio
n
is
en
d
ed
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
in
p
h
y
s
ics
as
well
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics co
n
ce
p
tu
al
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
.
3
.
1
.
Student
s
’
perso
na
l
inte
re
s
t
t
o
wa
rds
ph
y
s
ics
Par
ticip
an
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
th
r
ee
s
tatem
en
ts
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
t
h
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ter
est
in
lear
n
i
n
g
p
h
y
s
ics
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
attitu
d
es
in
clu
d
e
h
o
w
en
jo
y
ab
le
lear
n
in
g
p
h
y
s
ic
s
is
,
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
p
h
y
s
ics
in
d
aily
life
,
as
well
as
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
p
h
y
s
ics
f
o
r
all
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
(
ab
o
u
t
9
4
%)
ag
r
ee
d
th
at
p
h
y
s
ics
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
in
ev
e
r
y
d
a
y
life
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
a
b
o
u
t
8
6
%
claim
ed
th
at
p
h
y
s
ics
is
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
ev
er
y
o
n
e
.
Desp
ite
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
p
h
y
s
ics
an
d
th
eir
in
te
r
est
in
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
,
a
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
le
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
at
th
e
r
ate
o
f
2
3
%
claim
ed
th
at
lear
n
in
g
p
h
y
s
ics
is
n
o
t
f
u
n
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
o
v
er
all
in
ter
est
was
n
o
t
h
ig
h
esp
ec
ially
o
n
th
e
item
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
lev
el
o
f
en
jo
y
m
en
t
in
lear
n
in
g
p
h
y
s
ics.
T
h
is
lo
w
i
n
ter
est in
p
h
y
s
ics m
ay
af
f
ec
t stu
d
en
ts
’
ef
f
o
r
t to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
lead
in
g
to
p
o
o
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
a
n
eg
ativ
e
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
.
I
t w
as f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
d
ev
o
te
m
o
r
e
tim
e
to
lear
n
in
g
p
h
y
s
ic
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
s
ee
p
h
y
s
ics
as
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
th
eir
o
wn
liv
es
[
1
9
]
.
R
esear
ch
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
alar
m
in
g
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
p
h
y
s
ics
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
was
m
ain
ly
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics
[
3
0
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
est
in
p
h
y
s
ics
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
am
o
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
th
em
to
p
u
r
s
u
e
a
d
eg
r
e
e
in
p
h
y
s
ics
[
3
1
]
.
An
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
s
am
p
le
T
-
test
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
s
ee
if
th
er
e
wer
e
an
y
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
i
n
av
e
r
ag
e
s
tu
d
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
i
tem
s
b
ased
u
p
o
n
th
e
g
e
n
d
er
a
n
d
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l.
T
h
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
in
th
e
test
is
th
at
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
s
in
ea
ch
ca
teg
o
r
y
ar
e
th
e
s
am
e
i.e
.
,
m
ales
an
d
f
em
ales
an
d
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
r
u
r
al
an
d
u
r
b
an
s
ch
o
o
l
s
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
s
et
to
α
=0
.
0
5
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
g
e
n
d
er
-
b
ased
r
esp
o
n
s
es
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
p
h
y
s
ics
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
te
r
ests
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
t
er
est to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics
I
t
e
m
n
o
S
P
A
T
i
t
e
ms
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
s
A
g
r
e
e
N
e
u
t
r
a
l
D
i
sag
r
e
e
1
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
h
y
si
c
s i
s fu
n
6
3
.
5
7
8
.
2
4
2
2
.
8
7
2
P
h
y
s
i
c
s
i
s
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
i
n
e
v
e
r
y
d
a
y
l
i
f
e
9
4
.
1
9
2
.
1
1
3
.
6
9
3
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
p
h
y
si
c
s
i
s
u
sef
u
l
f
o
r
e
v
e
r
y
o
n
e
8
6
.
4
9
6
.
7
6
1
0
.
2
7
T
ab
le
2
.
Gen
d
er
s
tatis
tics
an
d
t
-
test
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ter
est
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics
I
t
e
m
n
o
G
e
n
d
e
r
N
M
e
a
n
SD
T
df
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
o
h
e
n
’
s
d
1
M
a
l
e
1
7
1
3
.
4
4
1
.
3
8
9
1
.
3
0
9
3
7
4
0
.
1
9
1
0
.
1
4
F
e
mal
e
2
0
5
3
.
6
4
1
.
5
4
9
2
M
a
l
e
1
7
1
4
.
4
9
0
.
8
8
4
0
.
7
9
8
3
7
7
0
.
4
2
5
0
.
0
8
F
e
mal
e
2
0
8
4
.
5
6
0
.
8
4
9
3
M
a
l
e
1
6
8
4
.
3
3
0
.
9
1
2
0
.
4
1
8
3
6
8
0
.
6
7
6
0
.
0
4
F
e
mal
e
2
0
2
4
.
3
7
1
.
0
7
7
*
S
D
=
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
Sin
ce
ce
r
tain
q
u
esti
o
n
s
h
av
e
a
f
ew
b
la
n
k
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
th
e
t
o
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
N
v
ar
ies
f
r
o
m
q
u
esti
o
n
to
q
u
esti
o
n
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
th
er
e
was
n
o
d
is
ce
r
n
ib
le
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
g
e
n
d
er
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
clo
s
en
ess
o
f
m
ea
n
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
b
o
th
f
em
ale
an
d
m
ale
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
o
r
all
item
s
.
T
h
ese
r
e
s
u
lts
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
th
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
s
am
p
le
T
-
test
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
is
test
also
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ter
est.
T
h
e
p
-
v
alu
es
f
o
r
all
item
s
ar
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
e
l
(
α
=0
.
0
5
)
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
was
to
o
s
m
all
f
o
r
all
i
tem
s
(
d
<0
.
2
)
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tial
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
in
ter
est
in
p
h
y
s
ics
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ased
o
n
g
en
d
er
.
T
h
e
s
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
n
o
t
in
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
Velo
o
,
No
r
,
a
n
d
Kh
alid
[
7
]
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
Fo
r
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
er
e
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
di
f
f
er
en
ce
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
i
n
ter
est
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics
in
ter
m
s
o
f
g
en
d
er
wh
e
r
e
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
h
ig
h
er
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
f
e
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
7
]
.
I
n
th
e
Un
ited
States
o
f
Am
er
ica,
it wa
s
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
w
o
m
en
'
s
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ter
e
s
t
r
atin
g
s
ar
e
lo
wer
th
an
m
en
'
s
f
o
r
all
s
u
r
v
ey
e
d
c
o
u
r
s
es
[
1
9
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
d
is
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t b
etwe
en
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
an
d
th
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
Velo
o
,
No
r
,
an
d
K
h
alid
[
7
]
,
Per
k
in
s
,
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
,
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
ar
e
in
g
o
o
d
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t
with
th
o
s
e
f
o
u
n
d
b
y
Mu
s
h
in
zim
an
a
an
d
Sin
ar
u
g
u
liy
e
[
5
]
in
R
wan
d
a
.
W
h
ile
s
tu
d
y
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics
at
th
e
Co
lleg
e
o
f
Scien
ce
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
of
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
R
wan
d
a
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
g
en
d
er
d
id
n
o
t
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
tatis
tics
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
eir
s
ch
o
o
l lo
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
t
-
test
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
e
s
t to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
6
4
8
-
6
5
9
652
T
ab
le
3
.
Sch
o
o
l lo
ca
tio
n
s
tatis
tics
an
d
t
-
test
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ter
est to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics
I
t
e
m
n
o
D
i
st
r
i
c
t
N
M
e
a
n
SD
T
df
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
C
o
h
e
n
’
s
d
1
R
u
r
a
l
1
7
7
3
.
6
7
1
.
4
2
9
1
.
4
7
6
3
7
2
.
8
3
0
.
1
4
1
0
.
1
6
U
r
b
a
n
1
9
9
3
.
4
4
1
.
5
1
9
2
R
u
r
a
l
1
7
8
4
.
5
5
0
.
7
7
4
0
.
4
2
8
3
7
7
0
.
6
6
9
0
.
0
5
U
r
b
a
n
2
0
1
4
.
5
1
0
.
9
3
9
3
R
u
r
a
l
1
7
7
4
.
5
1
0
.
8
6
7
2
.
9
4
0
3
6
0
.
1
2
0
.
0
0
3
0
.
3
0
U
r
b
a
n
1
9
3
4
.
2
1
1
.
0
9
9
T
h
e
r
e
was
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
d
is
co
v
er
ed
f
o
r
th
e
t
h
ir
d
item
p
r
o
b
in
g
a
b
o
u
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
o
f
p
h
y
s
ics
f
o
r
ev
er
y
o
n
e.
A
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
r
u
r
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
u
r
b
an
s
ch
o
o
ls
with
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
p
-
v
a
lu
e
p
=0
.
0
0
3
a
n
d
s
m
all
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
d
=0
.
3
0
was
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
e
v
e
al
a
d
is
p
ar
ity
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
attit
u
d
es
to
war
d
p
h
y
s
ics
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ap
p
r
ec
iatin
g
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
h
y
s
ics
e
x
p
er
tis
e
f
o
r
all
.
Stu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
r
u
r
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
ap
p
r
ec
iate
m
o
r
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
k
n
o
win
g
p
h
y
s
ics
f
o
r
ev
e
r
y
o
n
e
m
o
r
e
th
an
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
u
r
b
a
n
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
in
ter
est
in
p
h
y
s
ics
s
ee
m
s
to
b
e
lin
k
e
d
to
th
em
r
ed
ef
in
in
g
wh
at
p
h
y
s
ics
p
r
o
b
lem
s
a
r
e,
h
o
w
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
r
elate
s
to
th
e
s
elf
,
an
d
th
at
p
h
y
s
ics
is
a
p
ar
t
o
f
th
eir
d
aily
liv
es
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
f
in
d
in
g
way
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
est
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics will a
f
f
ec
t th
e
ir
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
o
lv
in
g
t
h
at
m
ay
le
ad
to
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
.
3
.
2
.
Student
s
’
a
bil
it
y
t
o
lin
k
ph
y
s
ics t
o
t
he
re
a
l w
o
rld
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
tatem
en
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
eir
attitu
d
es
t
o
war
d
p
h
y
s
ics
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
lin
k
p
h
y
s
ics
to
th
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
ld
ar
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
T
ab
le
4
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
ab
o
u
t
7
4
%
o
f
p
h
y
s
ics
s
tu
d
en
ts
ag
r
ee
d
th
at
l
ea
r
n
in
g
p
h
y
s
ics
aid
s
th
em
in
m
ak
in
g
s
en
s
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
t
h
at
ar
is
e
in
th
eir
d
aily
liv
es
;
8
4
%
o
f
th
e
m
ag
r
ee
d
th
at
t
h
eir
t
h
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
th
ey
u
s
e
to
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
p
h
y
s
ics
,
ca
n
b
e
b
en
ef
icial
in
th
eir
d
aily
liv
es
an
d
ab
o
u
t
7
4
%
claim
ed
th
at
t
h
e
laws
o
f
p
h
y
s
ics
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
wh
at
th
ey
s
ee
in
th
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
ld
.
Ab
o
u
t
5
8
%
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
claim
ed
th
at
in
o
r
d
er
to
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
d
p
h
y
s
ics,
th
ey
o
f
ten
r
ef
lect
o
n
p
er
s
o
n
al
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
an
d
a
p
p
l
y
th
em
to
th
e
s
u
b
ject
at
h
an
d
.
Ab
o
u
t 5
0
% o
f
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
claim
ed
th
at
p
h
y
s
ics is
clo
s
ely
r
elate
d
to
wh
at
th
ey
s
ee
an
d
en
co
u
n
ter
in
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
wo
r
ld
wh
ile
ab
o
u
t
h
alf
o
f
th
em
th
o
u
g
h
t
o
th
er
wis
e.
A
b
ig
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
(
ab
o
u
t
3
9
%)
th
i
n
k
th
at
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
p
h
y
s
ics
h
as
litt
le
r
elatio
n
to
wh
at
th
ey
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
th
e
r
ea
l
w
o
r
ld
.
I
t
is
clea
r
th
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
in
k
th
at
p
h
y
s
ics
is
lin
k
ed
to
ev
er
y
d
ay
life
,
b
u
t
a
b
ig
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
m
ca
n
n
o
t
lin
k
th
eir
e
x
p
er
ien
c
es
wh
en
th
ey
lear
n
p
h
y
s
ics.
I
t
ap
p
ea
r
s
th
at
m
an
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
lin
k
p
h
y
s
ics
an
d
th
eir
e
v
er
y
d
ay
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
a
t
a
s
u
p
e
r
f
icial
lev
el.
T
h
e
o
b
t
ain
ed
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
in
s
co
r
es
b
etwe
en
m
ale
an
d
f
em
al
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
p
er
s
o
n
al
i
n
ter
est
an
d
ab
ilit
y
to
c
o
n
n
ec
t
p
h
y
s
ics
to
th
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
ld
is
in
g
o
o
d
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
with
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esear
c
h
[
1
9
]
.
T
ab
le
5
in
d
icate
s
g
en
d
e
r
-
b
ase
d
g
r
o
u
p
s
tatis
tics
f
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
an
d
t
-
test
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
h
o
w
th
ey
f
ee
l
ab
o
u
t
p
h
y
s
ics
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
lin
k
p
h
y
s
ics
to
th
e
r
ea
lity
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
o
n
ly
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
two
elem
en
ts
in
th
i
s
g
r
o
u
p
h
a
v
e
a
s
t
atis
tica
lly
r
elev
an
t
g
en
d
er
g
ap
.
T
h
o
s
e
two
f
ir
s
t
item
s
a
r
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
p
h
y
s
ics
in
h
elp
in
g
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
s
itu
atio
n
s
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ev
er
y
d
a
y
life
an
d
if
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
s
k
ills
u
s
ed
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
p
h
y
s
ics ca
n
b
e
h
elp
f
u
l in
t
h
eir
ev
er
y
d
ay
life
.
Fo
r
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
item
,
th
e
r
e
wa
s
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
m
ales
an
d
f
em
ales
with
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
p
-
v
alu
e
p
=0
.
0
4
3
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
item
,
th
er
e
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
with
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
p
-
v
alu
e
p
=0
.
0
1
1
.
T
h
e
s
m
all
ef
f
ec
t
s
izes
(
d
1
=0
.
2
1
a
n
d
d
2
=0
.
2
6
)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
th
ese
t
wo
f
ir
s
t item
s
.
T
ab
le
6
in
d
icate
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
tatis
tics
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
’
an
s
wer
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
eir
s
ch
o
o
l
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
t
-
test
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
t
o
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics
in
ter
m
s
o
f
lin
k
in
g
p
h
y
s
ics
to
th
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
ld
.
O
n
ly
th
e
th
i
r
d
an
d
f
o
u
r
th
item
s
s
h
o
wed
a
s
tatis
tic
ally
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
f
o
r
t
h
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
T
h
er
e
was
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
r
u
r
al
an
d
u
r
b
an
s
ch
o
o
ls
f
o
r
t
h
e
th
ir
d
q
u
esti
o
n
w
ith
a
p
-
v
al
u
e
o
f
p
=0
.
0
1
an
d
a
s
m
all
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
o
f
d
=0
.
2
6
.
W
h
ile
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
item
,
th
er
e
was
also
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
e
n
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
r
u
r
al
an
d
th
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
u
r
b
an
s
ch
o
o
ls
with
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
p
-
v
alu
e
p
=0
.
0
2
4
an
d
s
m
all
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
d
=
0
.
2
4
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
i
n
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
’
attitu
d
es
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
lin
k
i
n
g
p
h
y
s
ics
to
th
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
ld
was
r
ea
lized
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
lo
ca
tio
n
s
f
o
r
th
ese
two
item
s
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
elate
p
h
y
s
ics
laws
to
wh
at
th
ey
ex
p
er
ien
ce
i
n
th
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
ld
a
n
d
wh
et
h
e
r
t
h
ey
u
s
e
th
eir
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
ex
p
e
r
ie
n
ce
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
p
h
y
s
ics to
p
ics.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
tu
d
en
ts
’
a
ttit
u
d
es to
w
a
r
d
s
p
h
ysics
in
N
in
e
Yea
r
s
B
a
s
ic
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
R
w
a
n
d
a
(
A
g
n
es Mb
o
n
yiryivu
z
e
)
653
T
ab
le
4
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
’
attitu
d
es in
ter
m
s
o
f
lin
k
in
g
p
h
y
s
ics to
th
e
r
ea
l w
o
r
ld
I
t
e
m
n
o
S
P
A
T
i
t
e
ms
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
s
A
g
r
e
e
N
e
u
t
r
a
l
D
i
sag
r
e
e
1
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
h
y
si
c
s
h
e
l
p
s
me
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
si
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
my
e
v
e
r
y
d
a
y
l
i
f
e
7
3
.
8
5
1
5
.
3
6
1
0
.
7
8
2
R
e
a
s
o
n
i
n
g
s
k
i
l
l
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
c
a
n
b
e
h
e
l
p
f
u
l
i
n
m
y
e
v
e
r
y
d
a
y
l
i
f
e
8
3
.
7
4
6
.
4
0
9
.
8
7
3
P
h
y
s
i
c
s
l
a
w
s
h
a
v
e
a
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
w
h
a
t
I
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
h
e
r
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Fro
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ep
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en
t
s
am
p
le
T
-
test
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h
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n
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d
is
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ctio
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m
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f
em
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s
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ics
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ter
m
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th
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eq
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t
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lear
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ics.
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ly
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h
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tatis
t
ically
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ig
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ican
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er
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ce
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o
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th
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ir
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item
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e
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o
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r
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em
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ater
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n
c
o
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e
ct
it
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at
th
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ea
d
y
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o
w
wh
ile
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tu
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y
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h
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wit
h
th
e
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r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
p
-
v
alu
e
p
=0
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0
0
9
an
d
s
m
all
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ec
t
s
ize
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=0
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2
6
.
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r
th
is
item
,
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ales
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co
r
ed
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ig
h
e
r
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
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em
ales.
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h
is
s
h
o
ws
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at
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em
ale
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tu
d
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ts
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av
e
m
o
r
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ten
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en
c
y
to
m
em
o
r
ize
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m
p
ar
ed
to
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ale
s
tu
d
en
t
s
.
B
o
th
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
i
n
f
er
en
tial
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aly
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is
s
h
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at
s
tu
d
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atter
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h
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ag
r
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r
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ied
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u
t
in
R
wan
d
a
[
3
4
]
.
I
t
was
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
s
tu
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'
o
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er
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r
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ib
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te
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th
e
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o
r
m
atio
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ev
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al
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ew
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o
n
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o
w
th
e
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r
ld
wo
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k
s
.
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ten
,
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
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eld
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y
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tu
d
e
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ts
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o
t
m
atch
with
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o
s
e
b
ein
g
tau
g
h
t
in
p
h
y
s
ics
co
u
r
s
es
[
3
5
]
.
Ho
ld
in
g
th
ese
p
r
ec
o
n
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
it
m
ay
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e
d
if
f
icu
lt
f
o
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s
tu
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ts
to
co
n
s
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ib
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av
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ac
tiv
ities
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at
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u
r
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ajo
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ity
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p
r
ac
tical
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er
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tan
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in
g
o
f
m
an
y
o
f
th
e
b
asic
p
h
y
s
ics
co
n
ce
p
ts
[
2
6
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
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es
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d
s
a
s
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b
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ca
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
ei
r
m
o
tiv
atio
n
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d
ad
o
p
ted
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
[
3
7
]
.
T
ab
le
9
s
h
o
ws
g
r
o
u
p
s
tatis
ti
cs
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
th
eir
s
ch
o
o
l
lo
ca
tio
n
t
-
test
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
ef
f
o
r
t
p
u
t
an
d
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
in
lear
n
in
g
p
h
y
s
ics.
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ly
th
e
th
ir
d
item
s
h
o
wed
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s
tatis
tically
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ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
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etwe
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r
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p
o
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en
ts
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r
o
m
r
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r
al
an
d
th
o
s
e
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r
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m
u
r
b
a
n
with
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
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in
g
p
-
v
alu
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p
=
0
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0
0
4
a
n
d
s
m
all
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s
ize
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=0
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3
0
.
R
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
r
u
r
a
l
s
ch
o
o
ls
s
h
o
wed
a
g
r
ea
ter
ten
d
en
cy
o
f
r
elatin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
wh
at
th
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alr
ea
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y
k
n
o
w
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er
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h
an
ju
s
t
m
em
o
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izin
g
wh
en
s
tu
d
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p
h
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ics co
m
p
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r
in
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to
th
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
u
r
b
an
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
ab
le
9
.
Sch
o
o
l lo
ca
tio
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s
tatis
tics
an
d
t
-
test
r
esu
lts
o
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s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
th
e
ef
f
o
r
t
p
u
t a
n
d
r
eq
u
ir
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to
lear
n
p
h
y
s
ics
I
t
e
m
n
o
D
i
st
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N
M
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SD
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df
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I
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2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
tu
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’
a
ttit
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w
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p
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in
N
in
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Yea
r
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a
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in ph
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ic
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Stu
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'
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[
3
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]
.
T
h
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f
o
r
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d
ata
f
r
o
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a
s
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v
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p
r
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in
T
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1
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.
Stu
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d
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p
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T
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m
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o
r
ta
n
t
p
a
r
t
o
f
s
o
lv
i
n
g
a
p
h
y
s
ics
p
r
o
b
lem
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
er
,
8
7
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
claim
ed
th
a
t
p
h
y
s
ics,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
en
tails
m
atch
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
f
ac
ts
o
r
eq
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atio
n
s
,
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en
p
lu
g
g
in
g
in
v
alu
es
to
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et
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n
u
m
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er
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
o
v
er
all
lev
el
f
o
r
p
a
r
ticip
ated
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
f
r
o
m
9
YB
E
in
p
h
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ics
p
r
o
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g
s
k
ills
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T
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e
o
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tain
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r
e
s
u
lts
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e
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u
p
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o
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ted
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y
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e
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tain
ed
f
r
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m
T
-
test
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aly
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is
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T
h
ese
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in
d
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ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
o
s
e
o
b
ta
in
ed
b
y
Oter
o
an
d
Gr
a
y
[
2
2
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
p
r
e
-
s
u
r
v
ey
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
o
u
g
h
t
o
f
s
o
lv
in
g
p
h
y
s
ics
p
r
o
b
lem
s
as
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
f
o
r
m
u
laic
m
an
ip
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latio
n
a
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d
m
e
m
o
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izat
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to
ar
r
i
v
e
at
a
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
e
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
[
2
2
]
.
As
in
d
icate
d
b
y
T
ab
le
1
1
,
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
c
e
h
as
b
ee
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o
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s
er
v
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th
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ly
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ec
o
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item
o
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th
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teg
o
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y
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ile
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m
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ar
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g
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d
e
r
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y
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s
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g
th
e
T
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test
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T
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e
o
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s
er
v
ed
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tatis
tical
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i
g
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if
ican
t
d
if
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er
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b
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ale
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d
f
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ticip
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ts
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as
th
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r
r
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d
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p
=
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0
3
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s
m
all
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ize
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=0
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3
1
.
T
h
ese
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in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
d
th
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
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ad
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ativ
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attitu
d
es
to
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d
p
r
o
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lem
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o
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in
g
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p
h
y
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ics.
T
h
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o
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s
er
v
e
d
o
n
th
e
item
in
v
esti
g
atin
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tu
d
en
ts
’
lev
el
o
f
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
o
n
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eth
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th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
th
in
g
in
s
o
lv
i
n
g
a
p
h
y
s
ics
p
r
o
b
lem
is
to
f
i
n
d
th
e
r
ig
h
t
eq
u
atio
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to
u
s
e.
M
o
r
e
f
e
m
ales
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eliev
ed
th
at
f
in
d
in
g
th
e
r
ig
h
t
eq
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atio
n
to
u
s
e
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
p
ar
t
o
f
s
o
lv
in
g
a
p
h
y
s
ics
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
r
ep
o
r
ted
t
h
at
a
lack
o
f
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
m
ay
lead
to
p
o
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
p
h
y
s
ics
[
8
]
.
T
o
s
o
lv
e
a
p
h
y
s
ics
p
r
o
b
lem
e
f
f
e
ctiv
ely
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
t
o
d
ec
id
e
wh
at
c
o
n
ce
p
t
u
al
k
n
o
wled
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s
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h
s
m
aller
p
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lem
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d
t
h
e
n
ee
d
ed
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n
k
n
o
wn
in
f
o
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m
atio
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m
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lete
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ch
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lem
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ar
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T
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s
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s
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ay
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ly
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s
tr
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[
2
0
]
.
T
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p
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tatis
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r
esp
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ter
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1
2
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T
ab
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1
1
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Ge
n
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er
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tatis
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an
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t
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test
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o
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d
en
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d
es to
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s
p
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le
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No
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r
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M
e
a
n
SD
T
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656
T
h
e
s
tatis
tical
ly
s
ig
n
if
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t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
an
d
th
ir
d
item
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
item
was
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
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n
ee
d
t
o
k
n
o
w
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
wh
at
ea
ch
ter
m
m
ea
n
s
in
th
e
n
ew
e
q
u
atio
n
to
b
e
ab
le
to
a
p
p
ly
it
in
a
n
ew
p
h
y
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ics
p
r
o
b
lem
th
at
th
ey
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av
en
’
t
s
ee
n
b
ef
o
r
e
.
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r
th
is
item
,
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er
e
was
a
s
i
g
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if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
c
e
b
etwe
en
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
r
u
r
al
an
d
th
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
u
r
b
an
with
t
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
p
-
v
alu
e
p
=0
.
0
0
an
d
s
m
all
ef
f
ec
t
m
ed
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m
d
=
0
.
5
0
.
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h
e
th
ir
d
item
was
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
in
p
h
y
s
ics
as
m
atch
in
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
with
f
ac
ts
o
r
eq
u
atio
n
s
an
d
th
en
p
u
ttin
g
v
a
lu
es
to
g
et
a
n
u
m
b
er
.
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r
th
is
item
,
th
er
e
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
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etwe
en
r
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d
en
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r
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th
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r
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u
r
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r
r
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v
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e
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=
0
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0
0
4
a
n
d
s
m
all
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f
ec
t
s
ize
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=0
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2
9
.
Ou
r
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
m
an
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
r
u
r
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
b
eliev
e
th
at
to
b
e
ab
le
to
u
s
e
an
eq
u
atio
n
in
a
p
r
o
b
lem
,
th
ey
n
ee
d
to
k
n
o
w
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
wh
at
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c
h
ter
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m
ea
n
s
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th
e
e
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u
atio
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r
e
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er
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an
y
o
f
th
em
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eliev
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at
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r
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lem
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s
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lv
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n
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h
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ea
n
s
m
atch
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g
p
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lem
s
with
f
ac
ts
o
r
e
q
u
atio
n
s
an
d
th
en
p
u
ttin
g
v
alu
es to
g
et
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n
u
m
b
e
r
.
3
.
5
.
Student
s
’
a
t
t
it
ud
e
t
o
w
a
rds
ph
y
s
ics co
ncept
s
co
n
nect
io
n a
nd
un
der
s
t
a
nd
ing
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
to
s
tatem
en
ts
in
a
s
u
r
v
ey
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
eir
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
p
h
y
s
ics
co
n
ce
p
ts
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
a
r
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
T
a
b
le
1
3
.
Fr
o
m
th
e
o
b
ta
in
ed
r
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,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
ab
o
u
t
8
1
%
o
f
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
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r
ee
d
th
at
p
h
y
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ics
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
co
h
er
en
t
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
A
b
o
u
t
6
9
%
o
f
all
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ag
r
ee
d
th
at
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
if
f
icu
lt
asp
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ts
o
f
s
tu
d
y
in
g
p
h
y
s
ics
is
r
em
em
b
er
in
g
wh
at
th
ey
n
ee
d
to
k
n
o
w
.
M
o
r
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v
e
r
,
a
b
o
u
t
5
8
%
claim
e
d
th
at
t
h
ey
an
ti
cip
ate
th
at
p
h
y
s
ics
eq
u
atio
n
s
wo
u
ld
ai
d
t
h
eir
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
o
f
a
c
o
n
ce
p
t
wh
ile
ab
o
u
t
3
3
%
s
aid
th
at
p
h
y
s
ics
eq
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
ju
s
t
f
o
r
ca
lcu
latio
n
.
Ab
o
u
t
5
9
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
claim
ed
th
at
t
h
ey
h
av
e
n
o
tr
o
u
b
le
s
o
lv
in
g
p
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lem
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b
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h
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ics
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f
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at
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n
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er
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it,
wh
ile
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3
% h
av
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if
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icu
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ic
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o
u
t
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ee
d
th
at
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et
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p
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s
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p
r
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l
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s
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ch
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ce
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ig
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ile
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t
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aid
t
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s
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t
h
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r
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t
s
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at
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ile
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n
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ec
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s
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eq
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atio
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ed
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p
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n
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am
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s
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th
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s
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m
eth
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g
s
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ce
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ly
to
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m
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p
with
it.
Ho
we
v
er
,
ab
o
u
t
3
1
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f
p
ar
ticip
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ts
claim
ed
th
at
th
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s
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th
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le
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o
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ex
am
if
th
ey
d
o
n
'
t
r
em
em
b
er
it.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
a
b
ig
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
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ts
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e
n
o
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ices
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iewin
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p
h
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ics
as
a
s
et
o
f
s
ep
ar
ate
f
ac
ts
an
d
f
o
r
m
u
las
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
em
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r
ized
.
T
h
ese
n
o
v
ices
f
ee
l
th
at
th
ese
co
llectio
n
s
o
f
is
o
lated
f
ac
ts
an
d
f
o
r
m
u
las
h
av
e
n
o
th
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g
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d
o
with
r
ea
lity
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h
av
e
litt
le
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
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th
e
r
ea
l
w
o
r
ld
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
is
t
en
t
with
s
o
m
e
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
0
]
.
I
t
was
ar
g
u
ed
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
will
lo
s
e
in
ter
est
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p
h
y
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ics
if
th
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y
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n
n
o
t
m
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k
e
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tr
o
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g
lin
k
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d
y
in
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h
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h
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ld
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u
n
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s
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h
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ter
est
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ay
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y
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tu
d
en
ts
to
d
ev
elo
p
n
eg
ativ
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ttit
u
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e
to
war
d
s
p
h
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ics
lead
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g
th
em
to
ch
o
o
s
e
o
th
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ar
ea
s
[
3
9
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
it
was
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
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m
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d
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n
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r
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d
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p
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elate
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tu
d
y
p
h
y
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ics,
ac
co
r
d
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g
to
r
ep
o
r
ts
[
4
0
]
.
Fin
d
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g
s
r
elate
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to
g
en
d
er
-
b
ased
g
r
o
u
p
s
tatis
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o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
an
d
T
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test
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lts
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o
r
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tu
d
en
ts
’
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es to
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d
p
h
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ics in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
h
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s
ics co
n
ce
p
ts
co
n
n
e
ctio
n
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
a
r
e
in
d
icate
d
in
T
ab
le
1
4
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
led
a
s
tatis
tically
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ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
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o
r
o
n
ly
th
e
th
ir
d
item
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T
h
is
item
was
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ex
p
e
ctatio
n
s
o
n
p
h
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s
ics
eq
u
atio
n
s
to
h
elp
th
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u
n
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er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
id
ea
s
o
r
if
t
h
e
y
ar
e
ju
s
t
f
o
r
ca
lcu
latio
n
.
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h
er
e
wa
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
wee
n
m
ales
(
M=
2
.
7
7
)
an
d
f
e
m
ales
(
M=
2
.
4
5
)
with
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
p
-
v
al
u
e
p
=
0
.
0
3
7
an
d
s
m
all
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
d
=
0
.
2
2
.
T
h
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
s
am
p
le
T
-
test
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
er
e
was
n
o
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
lo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
all
item
s
as
th
eir
p
-
v
alu
es
ar
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el
(
α
=
0
.
0
5
)
.
T
ab
le
1
3
.
Stu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
p
h
y
s
ics co
n
ce
p
ts
co
n
n
e
ctio
n
an
d
u
n
d
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r
s
tan
d
in
g
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t
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m
n
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S
P
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A
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1
P
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I
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2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
tu
d
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a
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a
r
d
s
p
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in
N
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A
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)
657
T
ab
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1
4
.
Ge
n
d
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s
tatis
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an
d
t
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test
r
esu
lts
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
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to
war
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p
h
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p
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T
ab
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1
5
in
d
icate
s
s
ch
o
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lo
c
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s
tatis
tic
s
f
o
r
r
esp
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d
en
t
s
an
d
t
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test
r
esu
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f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
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es
to
war
d
p
h
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s
ics
in
ter
m
s
o
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p
h
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p
ts
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n
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s
tan
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in
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.
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r
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teg
o
r
y
,
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
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if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
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ce
was
o
b
s
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v
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f
o
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th
e
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d
item
o
n
ly
.
B
etwe
en
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esp
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m
r
u
r
al
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r
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an
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ch
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ls
,
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a
s
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b
s
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t
ial
d
if
f
er
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ce
with
a
p
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v
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u
e
of
p
=0
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0
0
0
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d
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m
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f
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t
s
ize
o
f
d
=0
.
5
0
.
Ma
n
y
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tu
d
en
ts
f
r
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m
r
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ch
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ls
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eliev
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th
at
p
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ics eq
u
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n
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ar
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ju
s
t f
o
r
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lc
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latio
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th
a
n
th
o
s
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f
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ls
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As
ed
u
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to
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s
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u
r
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s
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ilit
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to
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ilit
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u
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ctiv
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itiv
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r
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s
an
d
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em
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m
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n
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th
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etter
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tu
al
lear
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[
4
1
]
.
T
ab
le
1
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.
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d
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p
ts
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d
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r
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4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
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tu
d
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co
n
s
id
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m
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ts
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2
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%
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t
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t f
u
n
.
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o
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t 3
9
%
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eliev
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th
at
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as n
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d
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th
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if
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m
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r
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d
p
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th
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s
u
b
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m
atter
.
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h
e
f
in
d
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g
s
also
s
h
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w
th
at
th
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p
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le
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ills
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p
ar
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em
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h
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r
o
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th
e
T
-
test
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n
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e
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o
tal
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is
tr
ib
u
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e
r
e
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e
n
o
s
tat
i
s
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
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v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
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attitu
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d
s
p
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f
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r
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en
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er
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d
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ch
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o
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lo
ca
tio
n
.
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wev
e
r
,
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er
e
ar
e
s
tatis
tica
lly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
v
ar
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s
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
av
er
ag
es
o
n
ce
r
tain
item
s
with
in
v
ar
io
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s
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teg
o
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ies
o
n
an
item
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by
-
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asis
.
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h
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h
ig
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est
s
tatis
tically
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ig
n
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t
d
if
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e
o
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o
r
s
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o
l
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ca
tio
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g
r
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s
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co
m
p
ar
is
o
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in
p
r
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b
lem
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s
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lv
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g
,
a
n
d
p
h
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co
n
ce
p
ts
co
n
n
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tio
n
s
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
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teg
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r
ies.
T
h
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o
r
r
esp
o
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d
in
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p
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v
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n
d
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f
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t
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ize
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p
=0
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0
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d
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r
esp
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s
ize
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d
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r
f
o
r
m
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ly
in
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s
ch
o
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ls
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e
s
tr
ict
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f
in
d
in
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s
.
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tu
r
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n
an
d
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al
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es
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ay
b
e
ex
ten
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co
n
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m
b
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o
f
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if
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er
en
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d
etailed
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r
s
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d
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d
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’
attitu
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to
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d
h
o
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t
h
ese
ca
n
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n
f
lu
en
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e
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co
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ce
p
t
u
al
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n
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er
s
tan
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.
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tr
o
n
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ly
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m
m
en
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s
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g
s
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m
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
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p
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a
g
o
g
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p
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wh
ich
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f
o
u
n
d
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
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s
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n
if
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s
o
f
p
h
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s
tu
d
en
ts
in
clu
d
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g
M
o
d
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g
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n
s
tr
u
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n
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Peer
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tr
u
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h
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tly
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d
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ally
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o
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in
r
u
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R
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teac
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ter
ac
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o
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ical
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tr
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wh
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av
e
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