In
te
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n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f E
v
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u
a
t
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on
a
n
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R
e
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arc
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Ed
u
c
ation
(
IJERE
)
V
o
l.7,
N
o.2,
Ju
n
e
20
1
8
,
pp. 94~
9
9
ISSN
: 2252-
88
22,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ijer
e
.
v
7.
i
2
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3
7
1
94
Jou
rn
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l
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o
me
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ge
: h
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p
:/
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s
core.
c
om
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dex
.
p
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/IJERE
Determination of Secondary Sc
h
ool 4
th
Grade Stude
nts’ Mental
Models of The Astronomer
Mery
em
G
ÖRECEK
B
AYBARS
1
,
Büşra
T
u
ğ
çe
KAYAB
A
Ş
2
1
Educat
ion Facul
t
y,
M
uğla S
ıtk
ı
Koçm
an
U
niv
e
rsit
y
,
Tu
r
key
2
In
sti
t
ute of Ed
u
cat
io
nal S
c
i
e
nces
, M
u
ğ
l
a Sı
tkı Koçm
an
Un
i
versit
y
, Turk
e
y
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
ce
i
v
e
d
Feb 1,
2018
Re
vise
d Ma
y
1
2
, 201
8
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
M
a
y
2
7
,
2
018
Teach
ing
ast
r
onom
y
t
o
y
ou
ng
g
enerat
io
ns
i
s
o
f
g
reat
i
m
p
orta
n
ce
bec
a
us
e
ast
r
on
om
y
edu
cati
on
hel
p
s
u
s
t
o
b
e
tt
er
u
nders
tan
d
t
he
w
o
r
ld
w
e
are
li
vin
g
i
n
and
to
f
i
n
d
an
sw
ers
to
our
q
uest
io
n
s
.
In
t
h
i
s
regard,
t
h
e
curre
nt
s
tu
dy
a
i
m
e
d
to
d
e
t
e
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m
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e
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o
n
d
a
r
y
sc
hool
4
th
g
ra
d
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s
tu
de
n
t
s’
m
e
n
ta
l
m
o
dels
o
f
the
ast
r
on
om
er.
T
h
e
curr
ent
res
e
a
r
ch
i
s
des
i
g
n
ed
a
s
a
d
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scri
p
t
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s
tudy
em
pl
oying
t
he
s
p
ecial
cas
e
s
t
ud
y
m
e
th
od
.
T
h
e
st
ud
y
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co
nd
uc
te
d
in
a
c
it
y
lo
cated
i
n
th
e
western
p
a
rt
o
f
Turkey.
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e
s
t
ud
y
grou
p is com
p
r
is
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o
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7
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c
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t
ate
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ool.
I
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line
with
t
he
p
u
r
po
se
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th
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st
udy
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data
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o
llect
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i
s
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o
f
2
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p
e
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end
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d
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u
es
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evel
oped
.
I
n
li
ght o
f
t
h
e
fi
n
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in
gs
o
f
the
st
udy,
it can
b
e
argu
ed
t
hat
the
m
e
n
t
al
m
odel
s
posses
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
stu
d
en
ts
a
bo
ut
t
he
ast
r
on
om
er
a
re
t
he
s
cientif
i
c
model
,
t
h
e
a
s
t
ron
a
u
t
m
od
el
a
n
d
t
h
e
celes
tial
bo
di
es m
o
d
el
K
eyw
ord
:
A
s
tron
ome
r
A
s
tron
omy
Me
nta
l
m
ode
l
Mo
de
l
S
e
condar
y
s
ch
oo
l st
u
d
en
ts
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
018 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
Scien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Mery
em
GÖREC
EK
B
AY
BARS,
Ed
uca
t
i
on F
a
c
u
l
t
y
,
Mu
ğla
S
ı
t
k
ı K
o
ç
m
a
n
U
ni
versit
y,
Turkey
.
Em
ail:
l
s
nt
l@c
c
u.
edu.
t
w
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Ec
o
nomic
s
u
p
e
riori
t
y
in
t
he
w
orld
i
s
be
l
i
ev
ed
t
o
co
i
n
ci
de
w
ith
the
le
ve
l
of
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
.
In
o
r
d
er
t
o
enha
nc
e
t
h
e
i
r
ec
onom
ies
a
n
d
leve
l
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
,
co
u
n
tr
ies
a
l
l
oca
t
e
a
grea
t
i
m
por
tanc
e
t
o
t
he
f
i
e
ld
o
f
scie
nc
e
so
t
ha
t
the
y
c
a
n
m
ai
n
t
ain
the
i
r
c
o
mp
eti
t
i
v
e
ness.
I
n
n
ova
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
a
dva
ncem
en
ts
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
el
d
of
s
cienc
e
sho
u
l
d
b
e
fo
l
l
o
w
e
d
for
T
u
rke
y
t
o
ac
hie
v
e
grea
t
e
r
de
ve
lo
pm
en
t
a
n
d
to
p
l
a
c
e
i
ts
e
co
no
my
ont
o
t
h
e
t
o
p
pos
it
io
ns
i
n
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d.
D
e
term
ina
t
i
on
o
f
t
he
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
e
xpe
rie
n
c
e
d
by
s
t
u
d
e
nt
s
in
r
e
l
ati
o
n
to
s
c
i
en
ce
educ
a
t
i
o
n
is
b
elie
ve
d
t
o
a
ffe
ct
t
he
f
u
t
ure
dire
ct
io
n
of
s
c
i
enc
e
e
d
u
ca
t
i
o
n
w
h
ic
h
i
s
v
ery
impor
t
a
n
t
f
or
m
any
cou
n
t
ries.
De
spite
t
he
f
ac
t
t
h
at
s
c
i
e
n
ce
is
a
p
ar
t
of
e
ver
yda
y
l
i
f
e
,
s
o
m
e
s
c
i
en
ce
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
s
an
d
con
c
e
p
t
s
a
re
abs
t
rac
t
,
lea
d
i
ng
to
l
e
a
rn
in
g
d
i
ffic
ult
i
es
i
n
s
t
ude
n
t
s.
O
ne
o
f
t
h
e
imp
o
r
t
a
n
t
sub
j
ec
ts
o
f
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
ed
uca
tio
n
[1]
,
astro
nom
y
ha
s
an
i
mp
orta
nt
p
lac
e
i
n
sc
ie
nc
e
educa
tio
n
du
e
to
a
b
und
a
n
ce
o
f
a
b
s
t
r
act
c
on
c
e
pt
s
i
t
i
n
cl
ud
es
,
i
t
s
con
t
e
n
t
a
n
d
i
n
te
rd
i
s
c
i
p
l
inary
char
acter
istic
s
[2].
A
ccor
d
ing
to
T
a
s
ca
n
[3],
a
stron
o
m
y
i
s
a
scie
nce,
w
hic
h
a
l
lo
ws i
ndi
vidu
a
l
s
to
b
ett
e
r
un
d
e
rst
a
nd
t
h
e
wo
r
l
d
a
nd
th
e
un
ive
r
se.
It i
s
im
porta
nt t
o k
now
astro
n
o
m
y
in or
d
e
r
to
b
e
ab
le
t
o
c
a
tch
up
w
i
th
t
he
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
nt
s
in
t
he
w
orld.
A
f
t
e
r
the
lau
n
ch
o
f
t
h
e
fi
r
s
t
sa
tel
lite
calle
d
“S
putn
i
k”
by
R
u
ssia
in
1
9
57,
c
ou
nt
r
i
e
s
s
u
c
h
as
A
m
e
rica
i
nc
or
por
a
t
ed
t
he
s
u
b
jec
t
s
of
a
stro
nom
y
in
to
t
heir
curr
i
c
u
l
a
[
4
].
In
C
h
i
na
, H
u
n
g
a
ry,
Engla
n
d, P
or
t
u
ga
l
a
nd Br
azil, to
p
i
c
s
r
e
l
a
t
ed
t
o
a
s
t
r
onomy
a
n
d
sp
ac
e
sc
i
e
n
c
e
a
r
e
t
a
ugh
t
e
i
the
r
a
s
an
i
nd
epen
d
e
nt
c
ou
rse
,
o
r
a
s
i
n
t
eg
ra
t
e
d
wi
th
g
e
o
g
r
aphy
o
r
physics,
s
tarti
ng
f
r
om
p
rim
a
ry
sch
o
o
l
[
5].
A
l
t
h
o
u
gh
t
h
e
im
p
o
rta
n
ce
o
f
as
t
r
on
omy
w
a
s
re
cog
n
i
zed
i
n
1
9
9
0
s
i
n
E
urop
ea
n
c
o
u
n
trie
s,
it
ha
s
bee
n
r
ece
n
t
l
y
g
ai
n
i
n
g
g
r
eate
r
i
m
porta
nc
e
in
T
urke
y
[4].
W
hi
le
th
e
cou
r
se
o
f
a
s
t
r
ono
my
w
as
g
i
v
en
a
s
an
in
de
pen
d
e
n
t
c
ourse
up
t
o
1
9
37
in
T
urke
y,
i
t
has
bee
n
o
ffer
e
d
as
a
n
el
e
c
t
i
v
e
c
ou
rse
sin
c
e
19
74
.
Wit
h
t
h
e
dec
i
si
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
Boar
d
of
E
du
ca
t
i
o
n
o
f
1
9
9
2
,
t
he
g
e
n
era
l
o
bjec
t
i
ve
s
o
f
t
he
c
ou
rse
of
A
st
ron
o
m
y
a
n
d
Sp
a
ce
Sc
i
e
nce
we
re
d
eter
mine
d
an
d
the
rela
t
i
o
n
shi
p
b
e
t
wee
n
S
cie
n
ce
a
n
d
Astro
n
o
m
y
a
n
d
S
pace
S
cienc
e
t
o
p
i
c
s
w
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJERE
I
S
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
D
e
te
rm
ina
t
io
n of Sec
o
nd
ary
S
c
hoo
l
4
th
Grade
St
udents’
Mental … (
M
eryem GÖ
REC
E
K
BA
YBAR
S)
95
clea
rl
y
de
fine
d
[6]
.
A
stro
nom
y
t
o
p
i
cs,
w
h
ic
h
ha
ve
a
ls
o
be
en
i
nc
l
ude
d
i
n
s
cie
n
c
e
c
u
r
ric
u
la
w
i
t
hin
the
s
c
ienc
e
course
,
ha
ve
b
ee
n
ta
u
g
h
t
i
n
a
sp
i
r
al
m
a
nne
r
in
t
he
2
0
07,
200
8a
,
2
0
0
8
b
,
2
009,
2
0
1
3
an
d
2
0
1
7
s
cie
n
c
e
curr
i
c
u
l
a. In t
h
e
20
17 c
u
rricu
l
u
m
, astronomy
t
o
pic
s
ha
v
e be
e
n
r
e
l
oc
a
t
e
d
in
the pr
ogram
a
nd have
be
e
n s
h
i
f
ted
from
fall ter
m
t
o
spri
ng
t
er
m
,
i
nto
prel
imi
n
ar
y un
i
t
s.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
i
s
r
e
v
i
e
w
e
d
,
i
t
i
s
s
e
e
n
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
g
r
e
at
d
ea
l
of
r
esea
rch
f
o
cu
sin
g
o
n
astro
nom
y
e
d
u
cati
o
n
[7-18]
.
Wh
i
l
e
some
o
f
these
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
l
oo
ke
d
a
t
t
he
c
once
p
tua
l
c
ha
n
g
e
proc
ess
e
s
[9,
1
9
]
,
some
ot
h
ers
re
ve
ale
d
m
e
n
t
a
l
mode
l
s
[
2
0
,
12
,
1].
I
t
i
s
im
porta
n
t
t
o
know
a
l
t
erna
t
i
ve
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
s
de
ve
lo
pe
d
b
y
s
t
ude
nt
s
in
a
st
ron
o
m
y
e
duca
t
i
o
n
.
A
s
kn
ow
n,
it
i
s
q
u
ite
d
iffic
u
l
t
t
o
corre
ct
a
m
isc
onc
e
p
tio
n
la
ter
.
The
p
o
i
n
t
tha
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
be
k
e
p
t
i
n
m
in
d
is
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
y
are
ver
y
r
esista
nt
t
o
c
h
an
ge,
no
ma
t
t
e
r
how
i
n
t
en
se
w
ork
is
d
o
n
e
to
c
h
a
ng
e
al
t
e
rn
at
iv
e
c
o
n
cept
s
[
2
1
]
.
W
h
en
the
l
ite
rat
u
re
w
as
r
e
v
i
e
w
e
d,
it
w
a
s
de
term
i
n
ed
t
ha
t
there
w
a
s
n
o
s
t
u
dy
t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
ne
s
tude
n
t
s
'
m
e
n
ta
l
mode
ls
of
a
stro
n
o
my.
Beca
use
of
t
he
s
im
ila
ri
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
w
r
it
ing
o
f
a
stro
nom
y,
a
s
t
rol
o
g
y
a
nd
a
s
t
r
o
n
o
me
r,
t
he
se
t
hre
e
conc
e
p
ts
a
r
e
o
ft
e
n
i
n
t
erc
h
a
n
g
e
a
b
ly
u
se
d
a
n
d
co
nf
use
d
.
A
stu
d
y
b
y
Arı
k
u
r
t
,
D
u
r
u
k
a
n
a
n
d
Ş
a
hi
n
[2
2
]
f
o
und
tha
t
s
tu
de
nt
s
u
s
e
the
c
o
nc
ep
t
s
o
f
as
tro
nom
y
an
d
a
s
tr
o
n
o
m
er
i
nte
rc
ha
ng
ea
b
l
y.
T
he
lite
r
a
ture
r
evie
w
s
how
e
d
tha
t
t
her
e
i
s
no
s
t
u
dy
t
o
reve
a
l
m
e
n
ta
l
m
o
del
s
r
e
l
ate
d
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
n
ce
pt
o
f
as
t
r
on
ome
r
.
I
n
t
h
e
2
01
3
c
u
rricu
l
u
m
,
i
t
i
s
s
t
a
t
e
d
th
at
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
re
co
g
n
i
z
e
t
h
e
di
ff
e
r
en
c
e
b
et
ween
a
st
ron
ome
r
a
n
d
astro
n
a
u
t
w
i
thi
n
t
he
c
on
te
x
t
o
f
t
h
e
midd
le
s
c
h
oo
l
3rd gra
d
e
"
S
o
l
ar
S
ystem
a
nd
Be
yo
n
d
"
u
n
it.
O
n
the
ot
her
h
a
nd
,
som
e
o
f the
o
b
j
ec
t
i
ve
s
s
t
ate
d
in
the
2
0
1
7
c
u
rri
cul
u
m
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
he
c
on
te
xt
o
f
t
h
e
un
it
“
S
pa
ce
Re
sea
r
c
h”
i
s
t
h
at
“
S
t
ude
n
t
s
ca
n
m
a
ke
i
nfer
e
n
ces
abo
u
t
t
he
r
ole
of
t
he
t
ele
s
co
p
e
i
n
the
de
ve
l
opm
ent
of
a
s
t
ro
nomy
”
a
nd
“
l
e
a
rn
s
om
eth
i
n
g
a
bo
u
t
t
he
s
ele
c
tio
n
o
f
the
pla
ces
w
h
e
re
obse
r
va
t
o
rie
s
a
re
b
u
i
lt
a
n
d
abo
u
t
t
he
c
ha
rac
t
e
ri
st
i
c
s
o
f
s
u
c
h
pl
a
c
e
s
”
an
d
“l
e
a
rn
a
bout
t
h
e
con
t
ri
b
u
ti
ons
o
f
w
e
stern
as
tron
ome
r
s
an
d
Tur
k
i
s
h-I
s
l
a
mic
a
s
tr
on
om
ers”
.
Wi
t
h
in
t
he
n
e
w
c
urric
u
lu
m
,
t
hes
e
ob
jec
t
i
v
es
h
a
v
e
be
com
e
m
or
e
foc
u
se
d
o
n
t
he
c
o
n
n
ect
i
o
n
s
w
it
h
the
e
ver
yda
y
life
an
d
the
c
o
ntr
i
b
u
tio
ns
o
f
astro
nom
ers
to
m
a
k
e
stude
n
t
s
ga
in
a
b
et
t
e
r
un
der
s
ta
ndi
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
n
a
t
ure
of
s
cie
n
c
e
.
There
f
ore,
i
t
is
i
mp
orta
nt
to
r
e
v
e
a
l
t
h
e
c
onc
e
p
t
of
a
stro
nom
y
t
h
a
t
s
tu
d
e
nts
ha
ve
f
or
me
d
in
t
he
i
r
m
i
n
ds,
t
o
s
h
o
w
ho
w
a
nd
in
w
h
a
t
w
a
y
t
h
ey
h
av
e
st
ruc
t
u
r
ed
t
h
i
s
co
nce
p
t
,
a
nd
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
n
i
d
e
a
o
f
h
o
w
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
t
hi
s
co
nc
ep
t.
I
n
add
i
t
i
on,
t
e
a
c
h
ers
nee
d
t
o
be
a
w
a
re
o
f
al
terna
t
i
v
e
idea
s
of
t
heir
s
tude
nts
for
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
ve
t
e
a
c
h
in
g
rega
rd
less
o
f
t
he
ir
s
o
u
rce
[2
3].
It
is
b
e
lie
ve
d
tha
t
t
he
r
esu
l
ts
o
bt
aine
d
from
t
he
c
urr
e
nt
s
t
u
d
y
w
i
ll
be
ne
fi
t
t
h
e
tea
c
h
er
s
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
in
t
h
i
s
fie
l
d
an
d
w
ill
hel
p
i
n de
sig
n
i
n
g
be
t
t
e
r
teac
hi
ng
env
i
ro
n
m
ents.
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
The
curr
en
t
s
t
u
d
y
e
mpl
o
ye
d
t
h
e
s
p
e
c
ia
l
ca
se
s
tud
y
d
e
s
i
g
n,
one
o
f
t
h
e
qua
lita
ti
ve
r
esea
rch
appr
oa
ches.
T
h
e
c
a
se
s
tu
d
y
r
ese
a
rc
h
i
s
a
q
u
a
li
t
a
tive
ap
pro
a
c
h
u
se
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
e
s
ear
cher
t
o
co
l
l
e
c
t
in-de
p
t
h
a
n
d
deta
i
l
e
d
da
t
a a
b
o
u
t
t
he
r
eal
life
, an u
p
-
t
o-
da
t
e
l
im
i
t
e
d
s
yste
m
or m
u
lt
ip
le
lim
it
e
d
sys
tem
s
w
ith
in
a
c
erta
i
n
t
im
e
p
e
r
i
o
d
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
c
u
r
re
nt
s
t
u
d
y
,
it
is
a
im
ed
t
o
deter
m
ine
stu
d
en
ts’
me
ntal
m
o
d
el
s
of
t
he
c
onc
ep
t
of
a
st
r
o
n
o
m
e
r
w
i
th
o
u
t
dis
t
ur
bin
g
t
h
e
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
c
a
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
des
i
g
n
o
f
f
ers
t
h
e
op
p
o
rtun
it
y
to
o
b
t
ai
n
i
n
-d
e
p
t
h
i
nform
a
ti
o
n
i
n
a
s
h
o
r
t
p
er
i
o
d
o
f
t
i
m
e
i
n
l
i
n
e
w
i
t
h
t
he
pur
pose
of
t
he
s
t
u
dy
[2
5].
The
most
i
mpor
t
a
nt
a
d
v
a
n
ta
ge
o
f
the
sp
e
c
ial
c
a
s
e
s
t
u
dy
i
s
t
ha
t
i
t
e
na
ble
s
t
he
r
e
s
e
a
rc
her
t
o
conc
e
n
trate
o
n
the
su
b
j
ect
o
r
c
a
se.
The
cur
r
ent
s
t
ud
y
wa
s
con
d
u
cte
d
i
n
the
spri
ng
te
rm
o
f
2
016-
2
017
sc
hoo
l
yea
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
sa
mpli
n
g
o
f
it
is
c
om
pr
ised
o
f
4
t
h
gra
d
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
at
t
e
n
d
ing
a
st
at
e
se
co
nd
ary
sc
hoo
l
in
a
c
i
t
y
loca
te
d
in
t
he
w
e
s
te
rn
p
art
of
T
ur
ke
y.
A
t
o
t
al
o
f
7
7
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
pa
te
d
in
t
he
s
t
u
d
y
.
A
d
a
ta
c
ol
lec
t
i
o
n
to
ol
con
s
is
t
e
d
of
t
w
o
o
p
e
n-en
de
d
qu
e
s
ti
ons
d
e
v
el
o
p
ed
b
y
t
h
e
re
sear
ch
er
s
to
e
lici
t
t
he
s
t
ude
nts’
m
e
n
t
a
l
m
ode
ls
o
f
the
as
tro
n
o
m
e
r
w
a
s
use
d
.
The
data
c
ol
lec
t
i
o
n
t
o
o
l
w
as
s
u
b
m
itt
e
d
t
o
the
sc
rut
i
n
y
o
f
fie
l
d
exper
t
s
t
o
c
he
ck
i
ts
com
p
rehe
nsib
i
lit
y,
a
p
p
lica
b
i
l
it
y
a
n
d
the
e
x
t
e
nt
t
o
w
h
i
c
h
i
t
s
e
r
ves
t
h
e
p
u
rp
ose
of
t
he
s
t
u
d
y
.
I
n
l
i
g
ht
o
f
t
h
e
fe
ed
bac
k
s
g
i
ve
n
by
t
h
e
ex
pe
rts,
r
equ
i
re
d
c
o
r
r
ec
ti
o
n
s
w
e
re
m
a
d
e
o
n
th
e
d
a
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
ion
t
o
ol
.
In
t
h
e
s
e
c
ond
st
a
g
e,
a
p
i
l
ot
in
g
of
t
he da
t
a
c
o
l
l
ec
t
i
o
n
t
oo
l
w
a
s
pe
rform
e
d
o
n
a
di
ff
eren
t
sa
mp
l
e
a
nd
n
o
p
r
ob
l
e
m
wa
s
fo
und
t
o
have
b
ee
n
e
x
p
e
rienc
e
d
a
s
a
re
sult
of
t
he
p
i
l
ot
ing.
I
n
or
der
to
dete
rmi
n
e
the
relia
b
i
lit
y
o
f
t
he
t
es
t,
t
he
r
esu
l
t
s
ob
ta
ine
d
f
r
o
m
6
stude
n
t
s
w
e
re
c
oded
by
tw
o
r
e
sea
r
che
r
s
and
c
ons
is
t
e
n
c
y
coe
f
fic
i
en
t
w
a
s
c
a
lcu
l
ate
d
.
The
int
e
r-rater
consisten
c
y
was
found
t
o
be
8
6%.
Moreover,
a
ll
the
fi
nd
ing
s
o
f
t
h
e
stu
d
y
a
re
d
irec
tl
y
pr
esen
te
d
witho
u
t
a
ny
i
n
t
erpr
eta
t
ion
t
o
i
ncr
ease
t
h
e
in
ter
n
a
l
r
e
l
i
a
bil
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
ud
y.
T
he
o
pe
n-en
d
e
d
que
st
i
ons
i
n
th
e
data
c
o
l
lec
t
i
o
n to
o
l
a
r
e
:
1.
What d
o
es
t
he
w
ord
“
A
stron
o
m
e
r”
m
ea
n
to yo
u
?
Ex
p
l
a
i
n
brief
l
y
.
2.
P
l
e
ase, dr
a
w
t
h
e
pic
t
ure
tha
t
oc
c
urs i
n
yo
u
r
m
i
nd
w
h
e
n
y
o
u
h
ea
r t
h
e
word “
Astron
ome
r
”.
I
n
t
he a
nal
y
s
i
s
of
t
he
c
ol
lec
t
e
d
da
t
a
, t
w
o
o
f t
h
e
q
u
a
l
it
a
t
i
v
e
a
na
lys
i
s m
e
t
h
od
s;
d
escr
ipt
i
v
e a
n
al
ys
is a
n
d
con
t
e
n
t a
n
a
l
ys
is,
w
e
re em
p
l
o
y
e
d. Wi
t
hi
n the
con
t
e
x
t
of th
e
curr
ent s
t
u
d
y
, t
he
st
u
den
t
s w
e
re gi
v
e
n
c
ode
s (S
1,
S
2
,
S
3
…S
77).
In
t
h
i
s c
o
d
i
ng,
S
stands f
o
r
stu
den
t
a
nd
the
nu
m
b
e
r
ind
i
c
a
te
s
t
h
e
or
de
r of the
stu
den
t
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2252-
8822
IJERE
V
ol
.
7,
N
o.
2,
June
2
0
18 :
94 –
99
96
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
ANALY
S
IS
B
y
a
na
lyz
i
ng
t
h
e
se
co
n
d
ary
s
c
ho
o
l
4
t
h
g
rad
e
s
tu
de
nt
s’
r
e
s
ponse
s
t
o
t
h
e
t
w
o
o
p
e
n
-en
d
e
d
q
ues
t
i
ons
about
t
he
a
s
t
ronom
er
t
oge
t
he
r,
3
d
ifferent
m
ental
m
o
dels
w
ere
e
l
i
c
i
t
e
d
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
e
m
e
n
t
a
l
mode
l
s
c
a
n
b
e
a
d
dressed
i
n
t
w
o
c
a
t
e
gor
i
e
s.
F
i
r
st
o
n
e
i
s
scie
nt
i
fi
c
men
t
al
m
od
el
s
and
th
e
seco
nd
o
n
e
i
s
synthesis
m
e
ntal
m
odel
s
(a
str
o
n
a
ut
m
ode
l
,
c
e
l
es
t
i
a
l
b
o
d
i
e
s
mode
l
)
.
O
f
t
h
e
s
e
m
o
d
e
l
s
,
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
s
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
mode
l
a
nd
t
h
e
astrona
u
t
m
ode
l
are
the
mos
t
f
re
q
u
en
t
l
y
use
d
o
ne
s
,
the
ce
l
e
stia
l
b
o
d
i
es
m
ode
l
is
t
h
e
l
ea
st
f
r
eq
u
e
nt
l
y
u
sed
o
n
e.
W
h
e
n
th
e
20
13
s
ci
ence
c
u
r
ri
cu
lu
m
i
s
e
x
a
min
ed,
i
t
i
s
se
en
t
ha
t
the
uni
ts
“
The
S
o
l
a
r
S
y
stem
a
nd
Be
yo
n
d
;
T
h
e
W
o
rl
d
an
d
U
n
i
v
e
r
se”
ar
e
taug
ht
i
n
t
h
e
t
h
i
r
d
grade
.
Thro
ug
h
t
h
ese
un
i
t
s,
w
ha
t
i
s
a
i
me
d
i
s
t
h
a
t
st
ud
en
ts
a
re
i
ntro
du
c
e
d
to
c
e
l
e
s
ti
a
l
b
od
i
e
s,
u
nd
e
rst
a
n
d
t
he
c
o
n
ce
pt
o
f
s
y
ste
m
,
un
der
s
t
a
nd
t
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
l
e
s
c
o
p
e
i
n
a
s
t
r
o
n
o
m
y
a
n
d
a
c
q
u
i
r
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
s
k
il
ls
a
b
o
u
t
s
pa
ce
e
x
p
l
o
ra
ti
on.
I
n
th
is
r
ega
r
d,
there
are
9
o
b
j
e
c
tive
s
a
nd
o
n
e
of
t
hem
i
s
t
o
ma
ke
s
tu
de
nts
rec
o
gn
iz
e
the
di
ffe
re
nce
be
t
w
ee
n
astro
n
o
me
r
and
astro
n
au
t.
A
s can be
see
n
i
n Ta
bl
e 1,
36
stu
d
e
nt
s ou
t of 7
7 s
t
u
de
nt
s have
t
h
e
s
cien
tif
i
c
m
e
n
ta
l
mode
l
.
T
a
b
l
e 1.
S
econda
ry S
cho
o
l 4
th
G
ra
d
e
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’ M
e
n
t
a
l
Mo
de
l
s
o
f Ast
r
onomer
Me
nt
a
l
m
od
e
l
s
f
%
S
c
i
e
ntifi
c
m
odel
36
46.
8
S
y
nthe
si
s
m
o
d
e
ls
Ast
r
ona
ut m
ode
l
2
6
33.
8
Ce
le
sti
a
l
bodie
s
mode
l
13
16.
9
D
r
a
w
ings
w
ithout
a
n
y
c
a
t
e
gory
2
2
.
6
T
o
ta
l
7
7
100
The
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
h
av
i
ng
t
h
e
sc
ien
t
i
f
ic
m
en
tal
mode
l
are
k
now
led
g
e
a
b
l
e
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
d
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
cha
r
ac
t
e
ris
tics
of
t
h
e
c
once
p
t
of
a
s
t
ro
n
o
me
r
and
re
fle
c
t
e
d
t
hi
s
i
n
bo
t
h
t
he
i
r
v
erba
l
e
xpla
n
a
tio
ns
a
nd
d
ra
w
i
n
g
s.
Whe
n
t
he
d
r
a
w
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
he
s
t
u
de
n
t
s
inc
l
ude
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
c
a
t
e
g
ory
a
r
e
e
xam
i
n
e
d,
it
i
s
s
ee
n
tha
t
t
he
s
tu
de
nt
s
ar
e
of
t
h
e
o
p
in
ion
tha
t
t
h
e
a
st
ronomer
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
s
t
h
e
m
o
v
ement
s
a
n
d
s
t
ru
c
t
ur
e
s
o
f
ce
l
e
stia
l
bo
die
s
b
y
us
i
ng
the
tele
sco
p
e
a
n
d
te
c
h
no
log
i
ca
l
de
vi
ce
s
(e.
g
.
c
o
mp
u
t
er
).
M
ore
over
,
so
m
e
s
tu
de
nt
s
po
i
n
te
d
o
u
t
t
hat
the
a
s
t
r
on
o
m
e
r
c
on
du
ct
s
hi
s/
h
e
r
ob
se
rv
at
i
o
n
s
i
n
ob
serv
ato
r
ie
s.
S
o
m
e
e
xam
p
les
of
s
tu
d
e
nts’
s
cie
n
ti
fic
m
e
nta
l
mode
l ar
e pr
esente
d
in
F
igure
1
, F
igure
2,
F
i
gure
3,
F
igure
4,
F
i
gur
e 5,
F
i
gur
e 6.
F
i
gure
1.
D
ra
win
g
a
n
d
e
xpla
n
atio
n
bel
o
n
g
in
g
t
o
S
73
A
s
tron
om
ers
a
r
e
peop
le
w
orkin
g
i
n the
fie
l
d
of a
str
o
n
o
m
y
e
xp
lor
i
ng
the
sk
y a
nd s
p
ace
.
The
onl
y
i
n
st
i
t
u
t
io
n
o
f
a
s
t
ro
no
m
y
I
k
no
w
i
s
N
A
S
A
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJERE
I
S
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
D
e
te
rm
ina
t
io
n of Sec
o
nd
ary
S
c
hoo
l
4
th
Grade
St
udents’
Mental … (
M
eryem GÖ
REC
E
K
BA
YBAR
S)
97
F
i
gure
2.
D
ra
win
g
a
n
d
e
xpla
n
atio
n
bel
o
n
g
in
g
t
o
S
51
The
astro
n
o
m
e
r
i
s
t
he
scie
n
t
i
s
t
exp
l
o
ri
ng t
h
e
space
be
y
o
n
d
t
he
atm
o
s
phere
of
the
w
o
r
l
d
b
y
m
eans
of
t
e
c
hno
log
i
ca
l
dev
i
ces.
I
t
w
a
s
a
lso
fo
un
d
t
h
a
t
2
6
st
ude
n
t
s
out
o
f
77
s
tu
de
nts
ha
ve
t
he
a
s
t
r
on
au
t
me
n
t
a
l
m
o
d
el
.
In
a
l
l
the
draw
i
n
gs
e
va
l
u
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
c
a
t
egor
y,
s
t
ude
n
t
s
de
pic
t
e
d
a
s
ci
e
n
t
is
t
i
n
a
s
t
ro
n
a
ut
c
l
o
the
s
c
on
duc
t
i
n
g
r
esea
rc
h
on
a
k
i
nd
of
h
e
a
v
e
n
ly
b
ody
.
S
o
me
e
x
a
mp
l
e
s
of
t
h
e
a
st
ron
a
ut
men
t
a
l
m
ode
l fou
n
d
to
be
posse
sse
d
b
y st
u
d
e
nt
s a
r
e
gi
ve
n be
low
.
F
i
gure
3.
D
ra
w
i
n
g
a
n
d
e
xp
l
a
n
a
ti
on
bel
o
n
g
in
g
to S
20
Th
is is o
n
e
of
t
he
profe
ssio
n
s I
w
a
nt
t
o have
.
I
t
re
f
er
s
to the
s
pa
ce
. This is
t
he
re
p
erc
u
ssi
o
n of m
an’s
d
rea
m
o
f
t
r
a
v
el
ing
t
o
spa
ce
.
F
i
gure
4.
D
ra
w
i
n
g
a
n
d
e
xp
l
a
n
a
ti
on
bel
o
n
g
in
g
to S
21
P
e
opl
e
tra
v
el
in
g
t
o
s
pace
to c
o
n
duc
t var
i
o
u
s
r
e
sea
r
ch
a
nd w
ear
i
ng
o
d
d
cos
tume
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2252-
8822
IJERE
V
ol
.
7,
N
o.
2,
June
2
0
18 :
94 –
99
98
It
w
as
d
ete
r
mine
d
tha
t
1
3
stu
d
e
n
t
s
o
u
t
o
f
77
s
tu
den
t
s
h
a
ve
t
he
c
e
l
es
tia
l
bo
die
s
m
enta
l
m
ode
l.
I
n
the
draw
i
n
gs
e
v
a
l
u
ate
d
i
n
th
is
c
a
t
eg
ory,
s
t
u
d
e
nts
d
i
d
no
t
d
r
a
w
a
ny
hum
a
n
f
ig
ure,
t
he
y
on
l
y
d
rew
di
ffe
ren
t
hea
v
e
n
ly
b
o
d
i
es.
In
a
lm
ost
a
l
l
o
f
t
hese
d
ra
w
i
n
g
s,
t
her
e
i
s
the
S
u
n
,
J
upi
te
r,
S
at
u
r
n
,
W
orl
d
a
nd
s
t
a
rs
.
So
me
exa
m
ple
s
o
f t
h
e
cele
s
t
i
al
b
odi
es’
m
e
ntal m
o
d
el
f
o
u
n
d
t
o be
poss
e
s
se
d b
y
s
tu
de
nt
s a
r
e
gi
v
e
n be
low
.
F
i
gure
5.
D
rawi
n
g
a
n
d
e
xp
la
n
a
ti
o
n
bel
o
n
g
i
ng
to S
16
S
p
ace
,
sk
y,
star
t
,
m
oon.
F
i
gure
6.
D
rawi
n
g
a
n
d
e
xp
la
n
a
ti
o
n
bel
o
n
g
i
ng
to S
17
A
person w
ho
exp
l
ores
t
he
he
a
ven
l
y bo
d
i
es
i
n
t
h
e
s
p
ac
e
The
fi
nd
ing
s
o
f
the
s
t
u
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
tha
t
w
hi
l
e
3
6
o
u
t
of
7
7
stud
e
n
ts
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
s
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
m
e
n
ta
l
m
o
d
e
l
,
39
ha
ve
t
he
s
y
n
t
h
es
i
s
m
e
n
t
a
l
mode
l
.
I
n
the
i
r
exp
l
ana
t
io
ns,
the
st
ud
e
n
t
s
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
t
h
e
c
on
c
e
p
t
o
f
a
st
rono
mer
w
ith
d
iffe
ren
t
c
once
p
t
s
a
si
de
f
rom
“
p
rofe
ssion”
.
The
o
t
he
r
conc
e
p
t
s
w
ith
w
hic
h
t
hey
ass
o
cia
t
e
t
h
e
co
nc
ept
of
astro
nom
er mo
s
t freque
nt
ly a
re ast
rono
my
(13
) a
n
d
a
s
t
r
on
au
t
(2
6
)
. Thus,
i
t
ca
n
be
c
o
n
t
e
n
de
d t
h
a
t
the
stu
de
nts
con
f
use
t
h
e co
nce
p
t
s
o
f a
s
t
r
onom
er
, astron
o
m
y and astr
ona
ut. Th
i
s
fi
ndi
ng
c
on
c
u
rs wit
h t
h
e
fi
ndi
ng
s
re
p
o
r
t
e
d
by
A
rık
u
rt
e
t.
[
2
2
].
O
f
the
7
7
s
tude
nts
pa
rt
i
c
ipa
tin
g
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
dy,
2
6
dr
e
w
a
n
as
tro
n
au
t
i
n
t
he
ir
d
ra
w
i
ng
s.
I
n
the
a
s
tro
n
a
u
t
me
nt
a
l
m
ode
l,
s
tu
de
nt
s
de
pi
cte
d
a
s
c
i
e
n
tis
t
i
n
a
s
t
r
o
n
a
u
t
c
l
o
t
h
es
c
ond
uc
t
i
ng
r
es
ea
rch
i
n
t
he
space
.
In
t
he
2
01
3
s
c
ie
nc
e
c
u
rricul
u
m
,
t
he
u
ni
t
“
T
he
S
olar
S
y
s
t
em
a
nd
B
eyo
n
d
”
i
s
t
he
l
ast
u
n
i
t
.
Th
us,
t
h
is
u
n
i
t
ma
y
not
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
s
tu
di
ed
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
ntl
y
a
n
d
a
s
a
re
sul
t
th
e
s
t
ude
n
t
s
ma
y
ha
ve
u
se
d
t
h
e
i
r
pr
ior
k
now
le
dge
re
ce
i
v
ed
fro
m
ex
t
r
a
c
u
r
ri
c
u
l
a
r
so
u
r
ce
s
to
e
xp
l
a
in
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
ect
s
.
So
me
a
me
n
d
m
ent
s
w
ere
ma
d
e
o
n
t
h
e
2017
scie
nc
e c
u
rricu
lum
and
n
o
w
t
h
i
s
u
n
it
i
s
s
tud
i
ed
a
s the
firs
t u
n
it of
t
h
e fall
t
erm.
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
Since
pr
eh
is
t
o
ric
tim
es,
the
sky
has
at
trac
te
d
t
h
e
a
tten
t
io
n
of
p
eop
l
e
fro
m
cu
lt
u
r
es
i
n
al
l
ov
e
r
t
he
w
o
rld.
F
r
o
m
th
e
exam
i
n
at
ion of the
h
is
t
o
ry
o
f
scie
nc
e,
i
t
is
k
n
ow
n t
h
at
t
he
c
iv
i
liz
at
ions
t
ha
t
a
r
e
loc
a
te
d in
t
he
w
e
st a
nd the e
a
st ha
v
e co
ntr
i
bu
t
e
d t
o
the fie
ld of a
s
tr
on
om
y. T
urks a
re no
t
exc
e
p
t
i
on
to t
his; the
co
n
t
ri
b
u
t
i
on
s
o
f
T
u
r
ks
e
ith
er
b
ei
n
g
t
h
e
o
r
et
i
cal
a
nd
p
ra
ct
i
cal
t
o
ast
r
ono
my
a
r
e
re
ma
rk
abl
e
.
Fo
r
e
x
amp
l
e
,
T
u
r
k
s
h
av
e
esta
bl
ishe
d
o
b
s
er
vat
o
ries
qui
te
i
mp
or
t
a
nt
i
n
ter
m
s
of
s
cie
n
ce
a
n
d
a
st
r
o
n
o
my
h
i
s
tory
a
nd
the
y
h
a
v
e
tr
aine
d
prom
ine
n
t
as
tron
om
ers
in
t
h
e
se
o
b
s
er
v
a
t
o
rie
s
.
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
a
s
the
w
or
k
co
nd
ucte
d
in
t
he
f
ie
ld
o
f
as
tro
n
o
my
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJERE
I
S
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
D
e
te
rm
ina
t
io
n of Sec
o
nd
ary
S
c
hoo
l
4
th
Grade
St
udents’
Mental … (
M
eryem GÖ
REC
E
K
BA
YBAR
S)
99
sp
a
c
e
t
e
c
h
nol
og
y
i
s
h
ig
hl
y
e
x
p
e
nsi
v
e,
not
e
no
ugh
i
mp
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
i
s
at
tac
h
e
d
t
o
th
is
f
iel
d
i
n
our
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
.
O
n
t
h
e
ot
her
ha
nd,
a
s
tud
y
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
b
y
TÜ
Bİ
TA
K
re
veale
d
t
ha
t
t
h
e
iss
u
e
s
m
o
s
t
att
r
a
c
t
i
n
g
th
e
at
t
e
n
tio
n
o
f
y
oung
peo
p
l
e
a
g
e
d
a
t
15-
24
i
n
T
u
rke
y
a
r
e
“
I
n
te
rnet
”
a
nd
“
a
stron
o
m
y”
.
Thus,
ast
r
on
om
y
sh
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
upp
or
t
e
d
m
o
re
.
Y
e
t,
it
sh
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
forg
o
t
t
e
n
t
h
at
t
he
c
og
ni
t
i
ve
s
truc
ture
s
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
f
o
r
m
e
d
a
t
e
a
r
l
y
a
g
e
s
;
t
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
mor
e
i
m
p
or
t
a
n
ce
sho
u
l
d
be
a
t
t
a
c
h
e
d
t
o
astr
on
om
y
e
d
uca
t
i
on
in
e
l
em
en
ta
ry
a
nd
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
sc
ho
o
l
s.
I
t
shou
ld
be
n
ote
d
t
ha
t
a
s
t
r
on
omy
is
o
f
gr
ea
t
imp
o
r
t
a
n
ce
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
e
ve
l
opm
ent
o
f
b
asi
c
s
c
i
en
c
e
s
and
ra
i
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
social awareness.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
D.
Ö
ztü
r
k
a
n
d
S.
Uçar,
“
İlkö
ğretim
ö
ğrenc
i
leri
n
i
n
ay’ın
evrel
e
r
i
k
onu
su
nd
a kav
r
a
m
d
eğ
işi
m
leri
n
i
n i
ş
birli
ğ
i
n
e d
a
yal
ı
ort
a
md
a i
n
celen
m
e
si,
”
Tü
rk
Fe
n
E
ğ
i
timi Derg
i
s
i
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
ue
:
9(2),
pp
.
9
8-11
2,
2
0
1
2
.
[2]
Ö.
G
öncü
a
nd
F
.
K
o
rur,
“
İ
l
köğret
i
m
öğrencileri
n
i
n
astronomi
tem
elli
üni
t
el
erdeki
k
avr
a
m
ya
nılgı
l
a
r
ının
ü
ç
aşamali
tes
t
i
l
e
t
espit
ed
il
m
e
s
i
”,
kon
gre.n
i
g
d
e.ed
u.t
r
/x
u
f
b
m
ek/d
o
s
yalar
/
t
a
m
..
./p
d
f/253
6-0
1
_
06_
20
12
-16_
35
_3
8.
p
d
f
adres
i
nd
en
0
5.
06.
201
7
tarihin
d
e al
ınm
ı
ştır.
.
[3]
M
.
T
aşcan,
“
F
e
n
bi
lg
is
i
ö
ğ
ret
m
en
l
e
ri
n
i
n t
e
mel
astr
on
om
i ko
nu
la
r
ı
ndaki bi
lg
i
düzeyleri
n
i
n
beli
r
l
en
mesi (
M
alatya
ili
ör
ne
ğ
i)
”
.
Y
üksek
L
is
ans Tezi, İnön
ü Ü
n
iv
er
s
itesi
,
E
ğ
it
i
m
B
ili
mler
i
E
n
s
tit
ü
s
ü
,
M
a
l
a
t
ya
.2
01
3.
[4]
R.
D
em
ire
l
,
a
n
d
O.
A
s
l
an,
“Th
e
e
f
f
ect
o
f
s
c
ien
ce
and
t
echn
o
l
ogy
t
eachi
n
g
p
r
o
m
ot
ed
w
i
t
h
co
n
cept
cart
o
o
n
s
o
n
st
ud
ents
’
acade
m
ic
achi
e
vem
e
nt
a
nd
co
ncept
u
al
u
nd
erst
a
n
d
i
ng
”,
Jour
na
l of
T
h
eo
ry an
d Pr
actice in
E
d
u
c
ation,
vo
l/issue:
1
0(2),
pp
.
3
6
8
-3
92
,
2014
.
[5]
Türkiye
Mi
lli Eğiti
m Ba
kanlığı,
“Or
t
aöğret
i
m
As
t
r
o
nomi ve
Uzay
Bi
liml
e
r
i
Der
si
Öğ
r
et
i
m
P
rog
r
amı”, 2
01
0
.
[6]
Z.
T
unca,
“
Tür
k
i
y
ede
İlk
ve
O
r
t
a
Öğreti
mde
Astronomi
E
ğ
itim
Ö
ğr
etimini
n
D
ünü,
B
ugünü
”
.
Ul
usal Fen
v
e
Ma
te
mat
i
k
E
ğ
itim
i
Ko
ng
resi
, A
n
ka
ra (
16-1
8
Ey
lü
l
200
0
)
.
[7]
Ag
an,
L
,
“
Stella
r
id
eas:
expl
ori
n
g
stu
d
en
ts
’
und
erst
and
i
ng
o
f
s
tar
s
”,
As
t
r
onomy E
d
ucati
on R
eview
, vol/is
sue:
3(
1),
pp
.
7
7-97
,
2
0
0
4
.
[8]
F
.
B
ek
iroğlu
,
“
Effect
s
o
f
m
od
el-b
ased
t
eachi
n
g
on
p
re
-s
ervi
ce
p
h
y
si
cs
t
eachers
’
c
on
c
e
pti
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
on,
m
oon
ph
ases
a
n
d
o
the
r
l
un
a
r
p
hen
o
m
e
na”,
Inte
rn
a
t
io
n
a
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Sc
ie
nc
e
Ed
uc
a
t
io
n, v
o
l/
is
su
e
:
29
(
5
)
,
pp
.
55
5-5
9
3,
20
07
.
[9]
E.
B
ülbü
l
et
a
ll.
“
O
rtao
kul
8
.
sın
ı
f
öğ
rencil
erinin
a
s
t
ron
o
mi
ka
v
r
a
m
ı
y
l
a
i
l
g
i
l
i
a
lg
ıl
a
m
a
l
a
r
ın
ın
b
e
l
i
r
le
n
m
e
s
i”
E
ğ
itim
ve Ö
ğ
ret
i
m Ar
a
ş
t
ı
rm
a
l
ar
ı
Der
g
isi,
v
o
l
/issu
e
:
2
(
3),
p
p
. 18
2
-1
91
,
20
13
.
[10]
E. K
i
k
as,
“
T
eachers
’
con
c
e
pt
ions and
m
isco
ncep
ti
on
s
co
ncerni
ng
th
ree nat
u
ral ph
enom
en
a”,
J
o
urna
l o
f
Re
se
a
r
c
h
in
S
c
ie
n
c
e
Te
ac
hing
,
vol/i
ss
ue:
41
(5),
p
p.
4
3
2
-4
48,
20
0
4
.
[11]
M
.
A
.
K
urnaz,
“
Yıld
ız,
ku
yru
k
l
u
y
ı
l
d
ı
z
v
e
t
akı
m
yıl
d
ı
z
k
avram
l
arı
yl
a
ilgi
li
öğrenci
a
lgılama
la
r
ı
n
ı
n
be
l
i
r
le
n
m
e
s
i”
,
A
İ
BÜ E
ğ
it
im F
a
kül
t
esi
Dergisi
,
vo
l/
is
su
e
:
12
(1),
p
p
. 25
1
-2
64
,
20
12
.
[12]
M
.
A
.
K
u
rnaz
and
A.
D
eğ
ermen
c
i,
“
7
.
s
ı
n
ıf
ö
ğ
r
encil
e
rin
i
n
g
ü
neş
,
d
üny
a
v
e
a
y
il
e
il
gi
li
z
ih
i
n
sel
m
o
d
e
l
l
e
r
i
”,
İ
lkö
ğ
ret
i
m
Onli
n
e
,
vol/i
ss
ue
:
1
1
(
1),
p
p.
137
-15
0
,
2
0
12.
[13]
D
.
Ö
z
t
ü
r
k
,
“
İ
lk
ö
ğ
r
e
t
i
m
6
.
v
e
8
.
s
ı
n
ı
f ö
ğ
renci
l
erinin ay
ı
n evrel
eri
ko
nu
su
nda kavr
am ya
n
ı
lg
ı
lar
ı
ve kavra
m
de
ğ
i
ş
iml
e
ri
ni
n i
ş
birl
i
ğ
in
e d
a
yal
ı
ortam
da
i
n
celen
mes
i
”
.
Yük
s
e
k
L
i
s
an
s
Tezi,
Çuk
u
rov
a
Ü
niversi
t
esi
S
o
sy
al
Bili
mler En
s
t
i
tü
s
ü
, Adan
a
, Tür
k
i
ye, 20
1
1
.
[14]
C.
T
ürk,
“
İ
lkö
ğ
retim Temel Astr
onomi Kavramlar
ı
n
ı
n Ö
ğ
re
t
i
m
i
”
.
Yü
ks
ek
L
is
ans
Tezi
,
On
do
ku
z
M
a
yı
s
Ü
n
i
v
ers
i
tes
i
F
e
n
Bili
mleri
En
s
t
i
t
üsü
,
S
amsu
n,
T
ürk
i
y
e
,
2
010
.
[15]
R.
T
ru
m
p
er,
“A
C
ros
s
-age
S
tudy
of
S
enio
r
Hi
g
h
S
cho
o
l
St
uden
t
s
’
Con
ceptio
ns
o
f
Basic
Astronom
y
Con
cept
s
”,
Res
e
arch
In
Scie
n
ce
&
T
echn
o
lo
g
i
cal
Ed
uca
t
io
n,
,
vo
l/
issue
:
19
(1),
p
p. 97
-
1
0
7
, 2
00
0.
[16]
N.
V
alani
d
es
e
t
all
,
“
Chang
i
n
g
p
re-s
cho
o
l
ch
il
dren’s
c
oncep
ti
on
s
of
t
h
e
d
ay/
n
i
ght
c
ycl
e”,
In
te
rn
e
t
i
o
n
a
l J
o
urna
l of
Ea
rl
y Year
s
E
ducati
o
n
,
v
o
l
/issu
e:
8
(1),
pp.
2
7
-
39
,
20
00
.
[17]
P.
S
a
d
l
e
r,
“
T
h
e
Ini
t
ial Kn
owle
d
g
e St
at
e of Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
Astr
o
n
omy S
t
u
d
ent
s
.
”
A
Dissert
at
ion
Prese
n
ted
to
t
h
e
Fa
c
u
lty
of
t
h
e
G
ra
du
a
t
e
S
c
ho
ol
o
f
Edu
c
a
tion
o
f
H
a
r
va
rd
U
nive
rsi
ty
i
n
Part
i
a
l
Fulfill
ment
o
f
the
Requi
rements
f
o
r
th
e
Deg
r
ee
of
D
oct
o
r
of
Ed
u
cation
,
1
99
2.
[18]
J.
S
h
a
rp,
“
C
h
i
ldren’s
A
s
tro
n
o
m
ical
B
el
ief
s
:
A
P
r
elimi
n
ary
S
t
u
d
y
o
f
Year
6
C
h
ild
ren
in
S
ou
t
h
-W
est
E
nglan
d”,
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
S
c
ie
n
c
e
Ed
u
c
at
io
n,
v
o
l/is
su
e:1
8
(6),
p
p
.
685-7
1
2
,
1
996
.
[19]
K. Tru
nd
l
e
e
t
all,
“
P
r
eserv
i
ce
el
em
entary
t
eac
h
e
rs’ kno
wl
edge o
f
o
b
s
e
rvabl
e
m
oo
n ph
ases and p
a
t
t
ern of
c
h
a
ng
e
s
i
n
ph
ases
”,
J
o
urna
l o
f
S
c
ie
n
c
e
Te
a
c
he
r Ed
uc
a
tio
n
,
vol
:1
7
,
p
p
.
8
7
-
101,
2
00
6.
[20]
Ü.
İ
yi
b
il
and
A.
S
ağl
a
m
A
r
sla
n
,
“
Fizi
k
Öğ
re
t
m
en
A
d
a
y
l
arı
n
ın
Y
ı
l
d
ı
z
K
avram
ı
n
a
D
a
i
r
Z
i
hin
s
el
M
od
ell
e
ri”,
Necat
i
bey E
ğ
it
im F
a
kült
e
s
i Der
g
isi,
vo
l/iss
u
e
:
4
(2
),
p
p.
2
5-4
6
,
2
0
10.
[21]
H.
K
a
l
k
a
n
and
K
.
K
ı
r
oğlu
,
“
S
c
ience
an
d
no
ns
cience
s
t
ud
ent
s
’
id
e
as
a
bo
ut
b
asi
c
a
st
ronom
y
con
cept
s
i
n
preserv
i
ce
trai
n
i
ng f
o
r e
l
eme
n
tary
sch
oo
l t
eachers”,
Astronomy E
d
ucation
Re
vi
ew,
v
o
l/
is
su
e:
6 (1
), p
p.
15
-
2
4
,
20
07
.
[22]
E.
A
rı
ku
rt
e
t
all.
,
“
F
arklı
öğ
renim
sev
i
y
e
si
ndek
i
ö
ğ
r
encil
e
rin
as
tron
om
i
kav
r
amıy
la
i
lg
i
li
görüşlerinin
g
el
işimsel
ol
arak i
ncelen
mesi
”.
Ama
s
ya Ün
i
versitesi
E
ğ
it
i
m
F
a
kül
t
esi
Dergisi,
vol/i
ss
ue
:
4
(
1)
,
pp
. 66
-
91
, 20
1
5
.
[23]
M
.
Ç
alı
k
a
n
d
A
.
Ay
as,
“A
C
om
pari
so
n
of
L
evel
o
f
U
nderstan
d
i
ng
o
f
Grad
e
8
S
t
u
d
en
ts
a
n
d
S
ci
ence
S
t
u
d
en
t
Teach
ers
Rel
a
ted
t
o
S
elected
C
hem
i
stry
C
on
cepts”,
J
o
urna
l
of
R
e
se
arc
h
in
S
c
ie
n
c
e
Te
ac
h
i
n
g
,
vol/issue:
42
(6),
pp.
63
8-6
67,
2
0
0
5
.
[24]
W.
J
C
res
w
el
l,
“
Qu
aliti
t
i
v
e
In
qu
ary
and
Rese
arc
h
D
es
ign
-
Cho
o
sin
g
A
m
on
g
F
i
ve
a
pp
roach
es
”,
S
A
G
E
P
ubli
catio
ns,
20
13
.
[25]
R.K. Y
i
n
,
“
Case Study
R
e
search:
Desi
gn and
M
e
thods”
,
3rd
Ed
, L
on
do
n
,
2
00
3.
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