Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of E
valua
tio
n
an
d
Rese
arch
in
Educati
on (I
JE
RE)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
637
~
646
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ije
r
e
.
v
8
i
4
.
20340
637
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJE
R
E
Academi
c resili
en
ce as me
diator
of mu
ltid
imension
al
perfectio
nism
and academ
ic perf
or
m
ance
among
ge
n
-
Z
un
dergradu
ate stu
dents
Owe
n
Z
.H.
C
hoo,
Kusu
sant
o
Pri
h
ad
i
Cent
er
of
C
y
b
er
ps
y
chol
og
y
and
Gam
es,
Depa
rtm
ent
of
Ps
y
cho
log
y
,
HELP
Univer
sit
y
,
Ma
lay
sia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
26
, 201
9
Re
vised
N
ov
19
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Nov
30
, 201
9
Thi
s
stud
y
fo
cu
sed
on
the
relations
hip
of
two
dimensions
of
per
fec
t
ioni
sm
(pe
rfe
c
ti
onist
ic
strivi
ngs,
an
d
per
fe
ct
ion
isti
c
concerns)
a
nd
ac
ad
emic
per
form
anc
e
,
with
the
role
of
a
c
ade
m
ic
resilien
c
e
as
m
edi
at
or.
P
art
i
ci
pan
ts
inc
ludi
ng
132
u
nder
gra
dua
te
stu
dent
s
form
age
ran
ge
18
to
25,
from
first
y
e
ar
to
fift
h
y
e
ar
in
the
ir
stud
ie
s
m
ai
nl
y
fro
m
a
Malay
sian
psy
cholo
g
y
under
gra
dua
te
pr
ogra
m
were
aske
d
to
fil
l
questi
on
nai
res
containi
n
g
m
ea
sures
for
per
fe
ct
io
nism
,
ac
ad
emic
r
esil
ie
n
ce
and
acad
emic
per
form
an
ce
.
Althoug
h
onl
y
p
art
i
al
m
ed
ia
ti
ons
oc
cur
red
,
both
h
y
p
o
the
ses
where
acade
m
ic
resil
ie
n
ce
would
m
edi
at
e
r
el
a
ti
onships
betw
ee
n
both
dime
nsions
of
per
fecti
onism
and
ac
ad
emic
per
fo
rm
anc
e
were
supported.
Find
i
ngs
suggested
tha
t
o
ther
var
ia
b
le
s
aside
ac
ad
emic
resilie
nce
coul
d
h
ave
play
ed
a
ro
le
in
pre
dic
t
ing
per
fect
ioni
st’s
a
ca
demic
p
erf
or
m
anc
e.
Findings
al
so
suggested
int
erp
l
a
y
of
ac
ad
emic
per
for
m
anc
e
a
ct
ing
a
s
both
prote
c
tive
factor
and
outc
om
e
of
ac
ad
emic
r
esil
i
e
nce
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
A
ca
demic
per
for
m
anc
e
Acad
em
ic
r
esi
li
ence
Dim
ensions
of
per
fecti
onism
Gen
-
Z
Undergra
duate
s
tude
nt
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ku
s
us
a
nto Pri
ha
di,
Dep
a
rtm
ent Psycho
lo
gy,
HELP U
niv
e
rs
it
y,
Subang
2
Ca
m
pu
s
, No
.2 Ca
ke
raw
al
a
Dr
i
ve,
Sect
U4, Sha
h
Alam
, S
el
ang
or, Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
: pr
ihadi.
k@help
.edu.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Perf
ect
io
nism
is
a
perso
na
li
ty
trai
t
cha
racteri
sed
by
the
pu
rsu
it
of
flawless
nes
s,
set
ti
ng
of
excessively
hi
gh
-
perform
ance
sta
nd
a
rd
s
,
a
nd
t
he
te
nden
ci
es
to
crit
ic
al
ly
evaluate
on
e’s
be
hav
i
our
[
1]
.
Re
search
inte
r
est
s
with
perfe
ct
ion
ism
bo
th
theo
reti
cal
ly
an
d
em
pirical
l
y
hav
e
gro
w
n
ove
r
the
ye
ars
[
2]
.
It
has
pr
ese
nted
it
sel
f
as
an
ind
ivi
dual
diff
ere
nces
c
har
act
erist
ic
w
or
t
h
noti
ci
ng
with
stron
g
pe
r
vasive
im
plica
t
ion
in
do
m
ai
ns
of
m
ental
healt
h
[3]
,
a
nd
e
ducat
ion
[
4]
,
with
var
io
us
ou
tc
om
es
rangin
g
f
r
om
mo
ti
vat
ion,
perform
ance,
to
well
-
bei
ng
a
m
on
g
stu
de
nts
[5
,
6]
.
Ri
ce,
Ri
char
dso
n,
an
d
Ra
y
[
7]
s
umm
arized
that
c
urre
nt
unde
rstan
ding
of
perfect
io
ni
s
m
su
pport
s
three
points.
First,
perfect
ion
ism
can
be
unde
rstoo
d
a
s
bei
ng
m
ul
ti
di
m
ension
al
.
Sec
ond,
dim
ension
s
of
pe
rf
e
ct
io
nism
c
an
be
s
ur
m
ise
d
int
o
tw
o
higher
-
or
der
dim
e
ns
io
ns,
nam
ely
per
fecti
on
ist
ic
strivin
gs
(P
S
),
a
nd
pe
rf
ect
io
nisti
c
con
ce
r
ns
(P
C)
.
Last
ly
,
based
on
cat
eg
ori
zat
ion
of
the
tw
o
dim
e
ns
io
ns
,
pe
rf
ec
ti
on
ism
can
be
presente
d
a
s
ei
ther
ada
pt
ive
(
high
i
n
PS)
or
m
a
la
dap
ti
ve
(h
i
gh in PC
).
The
m
ulti
facet
ed
an
d
m
ulti
dim
ension
al
un
de
rstan
ding
of
perfecti
onism
made
it
see
m
li
k
e
a
“do
uble
-
edg
e
d
s
word
”
as
descr
ibe
d
by
[8
]
.
F
ro
m
the
com
m
on
ly
us
ed
m
easur
em
en
ts
of
pe
rf
ect
ion
ism
(Multi
dim
ensi
on
al
Per
fecti
onism
Scal
e
Hew
it
t
&
Flet
t
[H
FM
PS],
F
rost
Mult
idi
m
ension
al
Pe
rf
ect
i
on
ism
Scal
e
[F
MP
S],
an
d
Alm
os
t
Perf
ect
Scal
e
-
Re
vised
[
AP
S
-
R
]
),
tw
o
hi
gh
e
r
-
order
dim
ensio
ns
ca
n
be
colle
ct
ively
captu
red
;
one
bein
g
Pe
rfec
ti
onist
ic
Strivi
ng
s
an
d
P
er
fecti
onist
ic
Con
cer
ns
[3
,
4
,
9
,
10]
.
B
oth
PS
a
nd
PC
exer
t
po
la
rizi
ng
ef
fe
ct
on
an
ind
i
vi
du
al
,
with
out
com
es
visible
in
ps
yc
hopat
holo
gy
[11],
psy
cho
lo
gical
distress
[12],
healt
h
be
hav
i
ours
[13],
bur
nout
[
4],
and
academ
ic
achievem
ents
[3
]
.
PS
a
nd
P
C
hav
e
pr
ov
e
n
to
be
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
201
9
:
637
-
646
638
handy
predict
ors
of
co
gnit
ive,
aff
e
ct
ive
a
nd
b
eha
viou
ral
ou
tc
om
es
in
var
iou
s dom
ai
ns
of
work,
ed
ucati
on
a
nd
sp
ort
s
[4
]
.
Pe
r
fecti
on
ism
’s
dual
natur
e
on
on
e
ha
nd
se
e
m
to
ben
e
fit
ind
i
viduals
to
s
trive
harder
to
achie
ve
gr
eat
ness
th
r
ough
PS;
ye
t
on
a
no
t
her
ha
nd
seem
to
be
ind
ivi
du
al
s
’
dow
nfal
l
wh
e
re
they
are
em
otion
al
ly
distress
wh
e
n
discre
pan
cy
e
xi
sts
between
i
m
agined
go
al
s
and
act
ual
res
ult
thr
ough
PC
.
He
nce,
this
gi
ve
rise
to cate
gorizat
ion o
f per
fecti
onist
s of eit
he
r
a
dap
ti
ve
(hig
h
i
n
P
S)
or m
al
adap
ti
ve (hi
gh in PC
).
Perf
ect
io
nisti
c
Strivin
gs
(PS
)
is
def
ine
d
a
s
the
higher
orde
r
dim
ension
of
pe
rf
ect
io
nism
wh
ic
h
ind
ivi
du
al
s hold
them
sel
ves
to
ve
ry
high p
er
so
na
l
sta
nd
a
r
ds
and
p
e
rfor
m
ance
w
hile
dem
and
nothin
g
le
s
s
than
perfect
ion
[
4,
9,
14]
.
Wh
e
n
P
C
is
co
ntr
olled
f
or
,
PS
was
f
ound
t
o
be
a
dapt
ive
,
w
hile
on
l
y
associat
ed
wi
th
fe
w
m
al
adap
ti
ve
outc
om
es
[4
,
15
]
.
PS
is
al
s
o
li
nk
ed
t
o
posit
ive
ps
yc
ho
l
og
i
cal
ou
tc
om
es
[
8,
16]
,
ha
ving
bette
r
sel
f
-
est
eem
,
se
lf
-
ef
ficacy
,
li
fe
sat
isfact
ion
and
ps
yc
holo
gical
well
-
bein
g
[17,
18]
.
I
n
a
prof
e
ssio
nal
w
orkin
g
set
ti
n
g,
hav
i
ng
high
PS
has
a
posit
ive
eff
e
ct
of
work
a
ho
li
s
m
,
ind
ivid
ua
l
achievem
ent,
wor
k
en
joym
ent,
involvem
ent,
and
e
ngagem
ent
[2
]
.
Hav
i
ng
a
hi
gh
sta
ndar
d
of
pe
r
for
m
ance
al
lows
ind
ivi
du
al
s
hi
gh
in
PS
to
em
plo
y
ap
proac
hing
beh
a
viou
r
in
a
tt
e
m
pt
to
purs
uit
of
i
de
al
se
lf
[
9,
19]
.
T
he
y
gain
pe
rfo
r
m
ance
sat
isfact
ion
a
nd
achie
vem
e
nt
f
ollow
i
ng
their
s
ucces
s,
w
he
re
the
y
rem
a
in
optim
istic
about
fu
t
ur
e
end
ea
vours
[
19]
.
Perf
ect
io
nisti
c
Con
ce
rns
(P
C)
is
the
deg
ree
to
wh
ic
h
ind
iv
idu
al
s
are
over
ly
sel
f
-
crit
ic
al
about
ow
n
p
er
form
ances,
excessively
c
on
ce
r
ned
a
bout
m
aking
m
istak
es,
c
hro
nic
sense
of
i
nad
e
qu
acy
in
achi
evin
g
exp
ect
at
io
ns
, a
nd
neg
at
ive r
ea
ct
ion
f
oll
ow
i
ng unsati
sfacto
r
y perfor
m
ance [
4
,
8
,
14]
. I
t captu
res
the asp
e
ct
an
d
su
bdim
ension
of
perfect
ion
is
m
that
ref
le
cts
s
ocial
ly
and
oth
er
-
ori
ente
d
per
fe
ct
ion
ism
(F
MPS)
,
w
orryi
ng
about
doin
g
wrong
(
HF
M
P
S)
,
doubts
ab
ou
t
own
pe
rfo
rm
ance
(H
FM
PS)
,
a
nd
discr
epan
cy
betwee
n
own
perform
ance
and
ex
pectat
ions
(APS
-
R)
[
15
]
.
I
nd
i
viduals
hi
gh
in
PC
a
re
m
ark
e
d
by
their
gr
eat
er
sen
sit
ivit
y
i
n
per
cei
ving
th
r
eat
,
an
xiety
,
a
nd
av
oid
a
nt
c
op
i
ng
sty
le
[4]
.
They
ov
e
rc
riti
cal
ly
evaluate
them
sel
ve
s,
ar
e
const
antly
occu
pie
d
with
othe
r
pe
op
le
’s
ex
pectat
ion
s
a
nd
crit
ic
is
m
[9
]
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
he
y
are
pron
e
to
m
or
e
ps
yc
holo
gical
m
al
adj
us
tm
ents,
de
pr
essi
on,
al
coholic
te
ndencies,
an
d
perce
iving
st
ress
[
15
,
20
]
.
Eve
n
i
f
they
are
su
ccess
f
ul
in
achievi
ng
t
he
ir
unreali
sti
cal
l
y
hig
h
sta
ndar
ds
,
they
are
un
able
to
achieve
sat
isfact
ion
from
it
,
as
they
are
dr
i
ven
not
by
t
he
nee
d
to
ac
hie
ve,
but
av
oid
a
nce
c
op
i
ng
f
or
ne
gative
af
fec
t
and
fear
of
f
ai
lure
[9
,
21
]
.
A
s
de
scribe
d
by
L
o
an
d
Abb
ott
[19
]
,
these
m
al
adap
ti
ve
te
nd
e
ncies
to
pe
rfor
m
are
ultim
at
ely
worr
yi
ng,
as
it
f
ur
the
r
prom
otes
an
d
perpet
uate
ina
de
qu
ac
y
feeli
ng
an
d
fail
ur
e
co
ncerns
w
hen
in
divi
du
al
s
high in
PC
fac
es futu
re s
tr
ug
gles.
The
oth
e
r
var
i
able
of
this
stu
dy
is
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce.
Re
s
il
ie
nce
is
the
c
op
i
ng
of
li
fe
a
dv
e
rsiti
es,
in
ways
that
in
div
id
uals’
norm
a
l
dev
el
opm
ent
ind
ivi
du
al
s
a
re
no
t
im
ped
ed
or
eve
n
[
22
]
.
I
n
edu
cat
io
n’s
co
ntext,
academ
ic
resil
i
ence
i
s
the
e
ducat
ion
-
s
pecifi
c
form
of
resil
ie
nce
[
23
,
24
]
,
an
d
is
de
fine
d
as
the
ca
pab
il
it
y
to
ov
e
rc
om
e
su
dden
or
ch
roni
c
adv
er
sit
ie
s
t
hat
neg
at
ively
disrupt
ind
i
vid
ual
’s
academ
ic
dev
el
opm
ent
[
25
]
.
Eve
n
w
hen
fac
ed
with
aca
de
m
ic
adv
ersit
ie
s,
highly
acade
m
ic
resi
li
ence
ind
ivi
du
al
s
would
m
anag
e
to
thriv
e
and
fl
ourish
a
cadem
ic
ally
[
23
,
26
]
.
Com
par
ed
side
wise,
ind
i
viduals
of
higher
aca
dem
ic
resil
ie
nce
wo
ul
d
m
or
e
li
kely
bo
un
ce
bac
k
an
d
adjust
f
ro
m
academ
ic
adv
ersit
ie
s
than
ind
i
vi
du
al
s
of
l
ow
e
r
academ
ic
resil
i
ence
[
27
]
.
Per
fecti
onism
has
been
li
nk
ed
with
ac
adem
ic
resilience;
in
the
face
of
ov
e
r
bear
i
ng
stress,
pe
r
fecti
on
ist
s
are
oft
en
unwi
ll
ing
to
a
dm
i
t
to
i
m
per
fecti
on
s
.
It
was
s
ugge
ste
d
that
s
el
f
-
ori
ente
d
an
d
s
ocial
ly
-
pr
es
cribe
d
perfect
ion
ist
s
strive
hard
to
pro
ve
them
s
elv
es
to
oth
e
rs,
so
that
oth
er
s
view
them
as
equ
al
ly
if
no
t
m
or
e
com
petent,
without
fla
ws
a
nd
adap
ti
ve
en
ou
gh
t
o
m
anag
e
even
t
he
to
ughe
st
scenari
os
[
10
]
.
O
ver
ti
m
e
,
this
effor
t
to
over
-
s
trive
an
d
m
a
intai
n
a
façade
is
har
m
fu
l
to
perf
ect
ion
ist
’s
em
otion
al
we
ll
-
bei
ng,
w
hich
is
sai
d
to
inh
ibit
acc
um
ulati
on
s
of
resil
ie
nce
bu
il
di
ng re
sources
[10
]
.
Desp
it
e,
w
he
n
eff
e
ct
of
PC
i
s
co
ntr
olled
for,
PS
i
n
it
s
pur
est
form
would
be
a
da
ptive,
consi
der
i
ng
the
posit
ive
c
ogniti
ve
res
ponse
to
fail
ure
[
28
]
.
Indi
viduals
high
in
PS
a
re
m
or
e
sel
f
-
c
om
passion
at
e,
m
or
e
op
ti
m
istic
and
le
ss
of
a
pe
ss
i
m
ist
[1
]
,
le
ad
ing
t
ow
a
r
ds
m
or
e
protect
ive
factor
of
resil
ie
nce.
This
sen
se
of
op
ti
m
is
m
al
lo
ws
in
div
id
uals
of
higher
PS
to
bette
r
regula
te
their
goal
s,
as
they
cou
l
d
s
ee
the
discre
pa
ncy
in
perform
ance
as
reso
l
vab
le
a
nd
this
w
ould
re
su
lt
in
co
ntinued
ef
fort
[
29
]
.
Con
tra
ry
to
w
hat
Kilbe
rt
et
al
.
[10]
su
ggest
e
d,
Ri
c
e,
Ra
y
et
al
.
[14]
fou
nd
t
hat
adap
ti
ve
pe
rf
ect
ion
ist
s
(
high
in
PS)
ar
e
m
or
e
stress
-
t
oleran
t. As
PS
dam
pen
ed
a
nd
suppresse
d
th
e
eff
e
ct
s
of
st
r
ess,
it
was
s
ug
gested
t
hat
indi
vid
uals
high
i
n
PS
m
ay
be
m
or
e
resil
ie
nt
than
ot
her
s
an
d
le
ss
li
kely
to
get
side
-
rail
ed
acade
m
ic
al
l
y
[1
4].
This
fin
ding
is
al
so
reciproca
te
d
by
Noh
[30]
as
he
f
ound
posit
ive
relat
ion
s
hi
p
bet
ween
s
e
lf
-
ori
ente
d
pe
r
fec
ti
on
ism
(a
cat
egory
of
a
dap
ti
ve
perfect
ion
ist
hi
gh in PS
)
a
nd a
cadem
ic
r
esi
li
e
nce.
Ad
a
ptive
perfe
ct
ion
ist
s’
a
ppr
oach
w
hen
fac
ing
pro
blem
s
m
igh
t
be
the
key
to
w
hy
th
ey
are
well
-
adjuste
d.
Th
ose
hig
h
in
PS
would
em
plo
y
a
ta
sk
-
or
ie
nted
co
ping
sty
le
,
rather
tha
n
av
oid
a
nce
an
d
escapin
g
[1
]
.
As
stu
de
nt
s
of
high
PS
are
m
or
e
m
indful
of
the
ever
-
increa
sin
g
academ
ic
de
m
and
s,
they
res
pond
by
util
isi
ng
m
or
e
pro
blem
-
fo
cus
ed
ap
proac
hes
to
the
prob
le
m
s,
in
a
way
f
ost
ering
resil
ie
nc
e
[12].
O
n
t
he
oth
e
r
hand,
PC
is
ne
gativel
y
relat
ed
to
a
cadem
i
c
resil
ie
nce.
P
C
has
been
c
on
sist
e
ntly
li
nk
ed
to
ps
yc
ho
log
ic
al
m
al
adj
us
tm
ents
[8
,
31
]
.
I
nd
i
viduals
hi
gh
in
PC
a
re
m
or
e
li
kely
to
r
um
i
nate
an
d
be
pe
ssi
m
ist
ic
,
wh
il
e
le
ss
associat
ed
t
o
be
sel
f
-
c
om
passion
at
e
necessa
ry
to
buil
d
up
resil
ie
nc
e
[
31
]
.
Their
pessim
i
sti
c
and
ru
m
inati
ve
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Aca
dem
ic
re
sil
ie
nce as
med
i
at
or
of mult
idim
ensio
nal perfec
ti
on
ism
an
d ac
ad
e
mic
… (
Ow
en
Z
.H. C
hoo
)
639
te
nd
e
ncies
m
a
de
them
le
ss
l
i
kely
to
cogniti
vely
reap
prai
s
e
distressin
g
f
eel
ing
s;
instea
d
they
su
ppre
s
s
tho
se
feeli
ng
s
[
3].
More
ov
e
r,
the
se
ne
gative
e
m
ot
ion
te
nd
e
nc
ie
s
pe
rsist
es
pecial
ly
wh
e
n
their
sel
f
-
worth
is
unde
r
threat
f
ro
m
extern
al
e
xp
ect
at
ion
s
an
d
crit
ic
ism
s
in
tim
es
of
stress
[4
]
.
T
he
se
em
otion
al
regulat
ion
st
rategies
do not
bode we
ll
w
it
h
their
em
otion
al
well
-
be
ing
,
leadin
g t
o psych
ologica
l
m
al
adj
us
tm
ent.
As
Kilbert
et
al
.
[10]
s
uggested
,
s
ocial
ly
-
or
ie
nted
perfect
ion
ist
(a
cat
egory
of
m
al
adap
ti
ve
perfect
ion
ist
hi
gh
in
PC
)
is
ea
sil
y
par
al
yse
d
by
pe
rceive
d
f
ai
lure.
T
hey
pe
rceive
d
them
sel
ves
as
le
ss
ca
pab
le
to r
e
du
ce
the
di
screp
a
ncy b
et
ween act
ual
pe
rfor
m
ance and
ta
rg
et
ed g
oal
wh
ic
h
is i
m
po
r
ta
nt when
c
ons
iderin
g
e
m
plo
yi
ng
a
goal
-
directed
ac
ti
on
[
9].
This
pe
rceive
d
fail
ure
inh
ibit
s
so
ci
a
ll
y
-
or
ie
nte
d
pe
rf
ect
io
nists
to
util
ise
existi
ng
ps
yc
holo
gical
resou
r
ces
to
posit
ive
ly
app
raise
th
e
sit
uation
tha
t
would
pr
omote
desire
t
o
eng
a
ge
pro
du
ct
ively
to
overc
om
e
the
adv
e
r
sit
ie
s
[
10]
,
as
they
are
ne
gativel
y
biase
d
in
pe
rceivin
g
la
ck
of
res
our
ces
to
reduce
t
he
dis
crep
a
ncy
[9
]
.
It
was
f
urt
her
ex
plaine
d
tha
t
so
ci
al
ly
-
or
ie
nted
pe
rf
ect
io
nists
are
unli
ke
ly
to
eng
a
ge
i
n
resil
ie
nce
buil
di
ng
act
ivit
ie
s
su
c
h
as
seeki
ng
s
ocial
sup
port
and
util
ise
a
di
ver
se
pool
of
eff
ect
pro
blem
-
so
lvin
g
strat
e
gies.
I
nst
ead,
t
hey
are
m
or
e
li
kely
to
eng
a
ge
i
n
cat
a
strophizin
g
a
nd
dep
e
ndency,
wh
ic
h
are
resil
ie
nce
-
dep
le
ti
ng
as
f
ocus
is
sh
ifte
d
f
ro
m
prob
le
m
-
so
lving
t
o
at
te
nd
in
g
em
otion
al
nee
ds
,
t
hro
ugh
avo
i
d
ance
beh
avio
ur [9
-
10]
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
a
cadem
ic
resili
ence
is
perha
ps
the
determ
ining
fact
or
in
i
den
ti
fyi
ng
th
ose
who
will
pr
e
vail
acade
m
ic
al
l
y
and
tho
s
e
w
ho
will
no
t
[
24
]
.
Re
searche
rs
unde
rstan
ding
of
academ
ic
resilience’s
relat
ion
s
hip
w
it
h
academ
ic
perform
a
nce
is
pret
ty
m
uch
in
c
onsens
us,
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce
is
posi
ti
vely
correla
te
d
with
academ
ic
per
f
or
m
ance
[22
,
23
,
27
,
32
,
33
]
,
even
wh
e
n
co
nt
ro
ll
ing
f
or
risk
facto
rs
of
po
ver
ty
,
fam
i
ly
disp
os
it
ion
an
d
lo
w
soc
io
-
ec
onom
ic
s
ta
tus
[34].
Aca
dem
ic
resil
ie
nce
serv
es
as
a
protect
ive
fact
or
fo
r
academ
ic
per
fo
rm
ance
wh
il
e
at
the
sa
m
e
t
i
m
e
acade
m
ic
per
f
or
m
ance
would
fee
d
back
t
o
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce
as
a
it
s
protect
ive
facto
r
[
22]
.
Highly
academ
ic
al
ly
resil
ie
nce
stu
den
ts
are
m
or
e
eng
a
ge
d
in
cl
ass,
ha
ve
f
ewer
sch
oo
l
rela
te
d
issues,
bur
no
ut
[
35
]
.
Highl
y
academ
ic
a
lly
resil
ie
nt
stu
den
ts
a
re
al
so
bette
r
in
sel
f
-
le
arn
in
g
regulat
ion,
em
otion
al
re
gula
ti
on
,
a
nd
sel
f
-
r
egu
la
ti
on
[
33
,
36
,
37]
.
The
y
are
acade
m
i
cal
ly
m
o
ti
vated
an
d
po
s
sessin
g
hi
gher
per
s
onal
academ
ic
s
ta
nd
ar
ds
,
wh
il
e
t
he
te
nacit
y
to
dev
el
op
s
kill
s,
capa
bili
ti
es
and
com
petency i
n every
day acad
e
m
ic
striving
s
[27], all
owin
g t
hem
to
be
m
or
e ada
ptive i
n
a
cadem
ic
setting
.
In
ste
a
d
of
a p
a
ssive
a
voida
nc
e
co
ping sty
le
,
academ
ic
ally
resil
ie
nt
stud
e
nt
s
are
m
or
e
able
to
a
dopt
to
pr
esc
ribe
d
stre
ss [
27]
, g
ive
n
their ap
proac
h
cop
i
ng
sty
le
[
36]
. A
cadem
ic
ally resil
ie
nt s
tud
ents see d
if
fic
ulty
in
stud
ie
s
as
c
halle
ng
i
ng
w
hile
able
to
see
the
be
nef
it
be
hind
t
ho
s
e
ha
rdshi
p,
al
lowing
them
to
be
m
or
e
en
ga
ged
in
their
aca
de
m
ic
striving
s,
wh
il
e
bei
ng
a
bl
e
to
cop
e
wit
h
the
stre
ss
th
ey
are
facin
g
academ
ic
ally
[
37
]
.
As
academ
ic
resil
i
ence
will
ref
le
ct
a
m
or
e
po
sit
ive
at
ti
tud
e
one
po
rt
rays
wh
e
n
facin
g
ad
ver
s
e
sit
uation,
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce
will
ultim
at
el
y
tr
anslat
e
into
academ
ic
achievem
ents
[27
]
.
Al
l
of
the
se
pro
vid
e
d
cl
ear
unde
rstan
ding
of the
posit
ive
associat
ion b
et
ween aca
dem
ic
r
esi
li
ence a
nd
academ
ic
p
erfo
rm
ance.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
Var
ia
bles
stu
di
ed
we
re
perfe
ct
ion
ist
ic
strivi
ng
s
,
perfect
io
ni
sti
c
con
ce
rn
s
,
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce,
an
d
academ
ic
per
f
or
m
ance.
Pe
rf
e
ct
ion
ist
ic
strivi
ng
s
is
operati
onal
ly
def
ine
d
a
s
total
scor
e
on
the
High
Sta
nd
a
r
ds
su
bsc
al
e
on
th
e
Alm
os
t
Perf
ect
Scal
e
-
Re
vised
(
AP
S
-
R
)
[
38
]
,
wh
e
re
a
higher
total
sc
or
e
in
dicat
es
higher
perfect
ion
ist
ic
strivin
gs
.
Per
f
ect
ion
ist
ic
concerns
is
operat
ion
al
ly
def
i
ned
as
total
sco
re
on
t
he
Discre
pan
cy
su
bsc
al
e
on
t
he
Alm
os
t
Perf
e
ct
Scal
e
-
Re
vis
ed
[
38]
,
w
he
re
a
higher
total
s
cor
e
i
nd
ic
at
es
higher
pe
rf
ect
i
on
ist
ic
con
ce
r
ns
.
Aca
dem
ic
resil
ie
nce
is
operati
onal
ly
def
i
ned
as
total
sco
re
on
the
Aca
de
m
ic
Re
silience
Scal
e
(A
RS
-
30
[
24]
)
,
wh
e
re
a
high
er
total
scor
e
i
nd
ic
at
es
hi
gh
e
r
academ
ic
res
il
ie
nce.
Acad
e
m
ic
per
form
ance
is
op
e
rati
onal
ly
def
i
ned
as
the
total
scor
e
on
the
Re
searche
r
-
Gen
e
rated
Q
uestio
nn
ai
re
m
easur
i
ng
C
umulat
ive
Gr
a
de Poi
nt Avera
ge (CG
PA),
whe
re a
h
i
gher s
c
or
e
in
dicat
es b
et
te
r
a
cade
m
ic
p
erfor
m
ance.
On
e
hu
ndre
d
a
nd
fifty
unde
rgraduate
stu
de
nt
s
age
d
betwee
n
18
an
d
25
ye
ars
of
age
.
Sa
m
ple
siz
e
is
determ
ined
wi
th
GPo
wer
3.1
wit
h
m
edium
eff
ect
siz
e
(f2
=
0.1
5,
a
=
0.
05,
po
wer
=
0.9
5;
see
A
ppe
ndix
).
Parti
ci
pan
ts
w
ere
recr
uited
via
non
-
pro
ba
bili
ty
conven
i
ence
a
nd
s
no
wb
al
l
sam
pling
m
et
ho
d.
Pa
r
ti
ci
pan
ts
wer
e
a
ppr
oac
he
d
a
nd
aske
d
t
o
par
ti
ci
pate
on
a
vo
l
unta
ry
basis.
T
hose
w
ho
are
rea
dily
avail
able
are
gi
ven
a
li
nk
t
o
the
scal
es
in
the
f
or
m
of
G
oogle
F
orm
,
they
wer
e
a
lso
as
ke
d
to
distribu
te
the
li
nk
am
ong
thei
r
peer
s
.
The
m
et
ho
d w
as ch
os
e
n du
e
to
li
m
it
ed
tim
e
fr
am
e o
f
t
he da
ta
co
ll
ect
ion
.
The
Alm
os
t
Perf
ect
Scal
e
-
Re
vised
(APS
-
R)
was
us
ed
to
m
easur
e
par
ti
ci
pa
nts’
pe
rf
ect
io
nisti
c
strivin
gs
an
d
perfect
ion
ist
ic
con
cer
ns.
Th
e
24
-
it
em
scale
util
iz
e
a
7
-
po
i
nt
Likert
scal
e
ran
gi
ng
f
ro
m
1
(S
tr
ongly
Disa
gr
ee
)
to
7
(S
tr
ongly
A
gr
ee
).
The
High
Sta
ndar
d
s
ubscal
e
consi
st
of
7
it
em
s
(item
1,
5,
8,
12,
14,
18,
a
nd
22)
wh
ic
h
we
re
use
d
to
m
easur
e
perfect
ion
ist
ic
strivin
gs
,
wh
ic
h
h
as
st
ron
g
Cron
bach
al
ph
a
valu
e
of
.
72
[
20
]
.
Sa
m
ple
it
e
m
s
include
“
I
ha
ve
hig
h
ex
pectat
io
ns
f
or
m
yself”
and
“I
ex
pect
th
e
best
from
m
ys
el
f”.
Perf
ect
io
nisti
c
con
ce
r
ns
wer
e
m
easur
ed
usi
ng
the
Disc
re
pa
ncy
s
ub
scal
e
c
on
sist
in
g
of
12
it
e
m
s
(item
3,
6,
9,
11,
13,
15,
16,
17,
19,
20,
21,
and
23),
yi
el
di
ng
high
Cr
onba
ch
al
pha
val
ue
of
.
91
[
20
]
.
S
a
m
ple
it
e
m
s
include
“I r
a
rely
li
ve u
p
to
m
y high
st
and
a
r
ds
” a
nd “
I
am
n
ever sat
isfie
d wit
h
m
y ac
com
plish
m
e
nts”.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
201
9
:
637
-
646
640
Acad
em
ic
Re
sil
ie
nce
Scal
e
(
ARS
-
30
[24]
)
was
us
e
d
t
o
m
easur
e
pa
rtic
ip
ants’
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce
.
The
30
-
it
em
q
uestio
nn
ai
re
ut
il
iz
e
a
5
-
point
Likert
scal
e
ra
ng
i
ng
from
1
“Ver
y
Likel
y”
t
o
5
“
Ve
ry
U
nlikely
”,
with
high
C
ronb
ac
h
al
pha
r
el
ia
bili
ty
of
.
Partic
ipants
ar
e
gi
ven
a
s
hor
t
vignett
e
w
hi
ch
t
hey
are
as
ked
to
i
m
agine
t
hem
s
el
ves
as
the
one
ex
pe
riencin
g
academ
ic
adv
ersit
y
that
in
du
ce
si
gnific
ant
academ
ic
c
halle
nge
and
st
rug
gle.
Sam
ple
i
tem
s
i
nclu
ded
“
I
w
ould
j
us
t
giv
e
up”
an
d
“
I
would
keep
try
in
g”.
P
os
it
ively
phras
e
d
it
e
m
s
(item
s
2,
4,
8,
9,
10,
11,
13,
16,
17,
18,
20,
2
1,
22,
23,
24,
25,
26,
27,
29,
an
d
30)
w
ere
re
ver
se
d
-
sc
or
e
d
so
that
a
high
er
total
scor
e
will
ref
le
ct
hig
he
r
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce.
A
Re
searche
r
-
Ge
ner
at
e
d
Q
uestionnai
re
was
us
e
d
to
m
easur
e
Cum
ulati
ve
G
rad
e
P
oin
t
A
ve
rag
e
(C
GPA)
out
of
4.00.
Pa
rtic
ipant
s
we
re
as
ke
d
t
o
report
their
cu
rr
e
nt
la
te
st
CGPA
s
cor
es
.
Last
ly
,
a
researc
her
-
ge
ner
at
e
d
dem
og
ra
phic
qu
e
sti
onnaire
was
prepa
re
d
wh
e
re
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
wer
e t
o de
ta
il
their ag
e,
yea
r of
stu
dy, ma
j
or
of stu
dy a
nd unive
rsity
.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
ai
m
of
t
his
stu
d
y
is
to
in
ve
sti
gate
the
m
ediat
ing
ef
fect
of
aca
dem
ic
resil
ie
nce
on
t
he
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p
of
m
ulti
di
m
en
sion
al
pe
rf
ect
i
on
ism
and
academ
ic
resil
ien
ce.
O
ut
of
the
160
respo
ns
es
colle
ct
ed
,
13
2
respo
ns
es
were
ta
ken
w
hile
28
res
pons
e
s
a
re
rem
ov
e
d
due
to
strai
gh
t
li
nin
g,
not
m
eeting
c
rite
ria
or
non
-
com
pleti
on
.
Re
sp
on
da
nts’
age
ranged
from
18
to
25
(M
=
21.
33,
S
D
=
1.1
6)
and
ye
a
r
of
stu
dy
range
d
f
rom
1
t
o
5 (M
=
2.4
4,
SD
=
0.84).
Mult
idi
m
ensio
nal
pe
rf
ect
io
ni
sm
con
sist
s
of
perfect
io
nisti
c
strivin
gs
,
an
d
perfect
io
nisti
c
co
ncerns,
wh
ic
h
are
m
ea
su
re
d
us
in
g
th
e
High
Stan
da
rd
s
s
ubscal
e
a
nd
t
he
Disc
repancy
subscal
e
on
t
he
ASP
-
R
[38]
resp
ect
ively
.
High
Stan
dard
s
su
bs
cal
e,
m
e
asur
e
d
on
a
7
-
po
i
nt
Likert
scal
e,
con
sist
ed
of
7
it
em
s
wh
ic
h
the
total
scor
e
co
r
respo
nd
s
t
o
pe
rf
ect
io
nisti
c
strivin
gs;
and
Discrep
a
ncy
subs
cal
e,
m
easur
ed
on
a
7
-
point
Likert
scal
e,
co
ns
ist
e
d
of
12
it
e
m
s
wh
ic
h
sc
ores
a
re
total
le
d
to
c
orres
pond
to
pe
rf
ect
io
nisti
c
c
on
ce
r
ns
.
Hi
gh
e
r
sc
or
e
s
ind
ic
at
ed
h
i
gh
e
r per
fecti
on
ist
i
c strivin
gs an
d per
fecti
on
ist
ic
con
ce
r
ns
resp
e
ct
ively
.
Acad
em
ic
resilience
is
m
easur
ed
with
the
to
ta
ll
ed
scor
e
of
the
30
-
it
em
s
on
the
AR
S
-
30
[24]
with
a
5
-
point
Like
rt
scal
e.
Item
s
2,
4,
8,
9,
10,
11,
13,
16,
17,
18,
20,
21,
22,
23,
24,
25,
26,
27,
29,
a
nd
30
a
re
rev
e
rse
sc
ored
.
H
ig
he
r
total
le
d
sc
or
e
wo
uld
i
n
dicat
e
higher
academ
ic
r
esi
lience.
3.1.
Media
tio
n
as
s
umpt
i
on
test
i
ng
As
m
ediat
ion
analy
sis
is
deri
ved
f
r
om
m
ul
ti
ple
reg
re
ssio
n
analy
sis,
ass
um
ption
s
are
check
e
d
to
m
ake
su
re
no
ne
wer
e
vi
olate
d.
First,
ass
umpti
ons
of
li
nea
rity
and
hom
os
cedasti
ci
ty
wer
e
check
e
d
us
i
ng
plo
t
of
sta
ndar
dize
d
r
esi
dual
s
a
ga
inst
sta
ndar
diz
ed
pr
e
dict
ed
va
lues
a
nd
the
par
ti
al
pl
ots
of
resid
uals
of
outc
om
e
var
ia
ble
(acad
e
m
ic
per
form
a
nce)
a
nd
eac
h
of
the
predict
or
s
(
PS,
PC
,
and
aca
dem
ic
r
esi
li
ence)
w
he
n
both
var
ia
bles
are
regresse
d
se
par
at
el
y
on
the
rem
ai
nin
g
pr
e
dictor
[39].
Assum
ption
s
of
li
near
it
y
and
ho
m
os
cedasti
c
it
y
are
m
et
,
as
al
l
po
ints
are
r
andom
ly
and
di
stribu
te
d
ac
ross
the
plo
t
of
s
ta
nd
a
rd
iz
e
d
predict
ed
values
a
gainst
sta
nd
a
rd
iz
e
d
re
sidu
al
s,
a
nd
ea
ch
of
the
par
ti
al
plo
ts
of
aca
dem
ic
per
f
or
m
ance
again
st
PS,
PC,
and
aca
dem
ic
resil
ie
nce.
It
c
an
be
s
a
fely
assum
ed
that
PS,
PC,
an
d
ac
adem
ic
resilie
nce
al
l
hav
e
l
inear
relat
ion
s
hip
wi
th
academ
ic
p
erfor
m
ance,
an
d
no
heter
os
ce
dastic
it
y
is
pr
e
sent.
Furthe
rm
or
e
,
assum
ption
of
m
ul
ti
colli
near
it
y
was
c
hec
ke
d
from
the
col
li
near
it
y
sta
ti
st
ic
s
in
t
he
c
oeffici
ent
ta
ble
[
39]
.
I
n
a
m
od
el
,
the
three
pr
e
dicto
r
s
PS,
PC,
an
d
academ
ic
resil
i
ence
al
l
had
a
t
olera
nce
sta
ti
sti
c
above
0.2
a
nd
V
IF
val
ues
belo
w
10,
w
hich
a
re
su
ggest
e
d
by
F
ie
ld
[39]
to
be
ind
ic
at
io
n
of
no
colli
nea
rity
i
n
the
data.
Mo
reover
,
ass
um
ptions
of
norm
al
i
t
y
a
nd
s
ke
wn
es
s
are
not
chec
ked
as
bootstra
pp
i
ng
a
ppr
oach
is
a
non
-
par
am
et
ric
te
st
that
does
no
t
rely
on
var
ia
bl
es
bein
g
nor
m
al
l
y
distrib
uted
a
nd
s
kew
e
d
[
20]
.
Last
ly
,
ass
um
ption
of
i
ndepe
nden
ce
of
ob
s
er
vations
of
predict
or
s
w
ere
not
assess
ed
as
the
re
wa
s
no
reas
on
to
assum
e
on
e
wh
e
n
P
S
a
nd
PC
ar
e
cov
a
ried
[
20
]
.
3.2.
Bootstr
ap i
ndi
rect ef
fec
ts
m
ediati
on
analy
sis
Using
PROC
E
SS
Ma
cr
o
v3.
1
[
40
]
of
SP
S
S
v.2
4,
m
ediat
ion
analy
ses
wer
e
c
onduct
e
d
us
i
ng
t
he
bootstra
pp
i
ng
m
et
ho
d.
Bo
ots
trap
ping
is
use
d
f
or
the
i
nd
i
re
ct
eff
e
ct
a
naly
sis
as
it
was
a
ble
to
bala
nce
va
li
dit
y
and
powe
r
c
onsiderati
ons
[
41
]
.
It
was
r
un
on
the
132
sam
ples
with
a
95
%
bias
-
c
orrect
ed
co
nfi
de
nce
interval
and
10,
000
bootstra
p
est
im
at
es
set
ti
ng
(
as
rec
omm
end
ed
by
Hayes
[41]).
I
n
t
he
m
ediat
ion
m
od
el
,
perfect
ion
ist
ic
strivin
gs
a
nd
pe
rf
ect
io
nisti
c
c
on
ce
r
ns
a
re
predict
or
va
riabl
es,
with
aca
de
m
ic
resil
ie
nce
as
the
m
ediat
or
va
riable,
an
d
aca
dem
ic
per
fo
r
m
ance
as
the
ou
tc
om
e
var
ia
ble.
Per
fecti
on
ist
ic
strivin
gs
a
nd
perfect
ion
ist
ic
con
ce
r
ns
wer
e
cov
a
ried
in
t
he
m
ediat
ion
m
o
del.
Du
e
to
lim
it
ati
on
of
PROCE
SS
Ma
cro
v3.
1
[4
0],
the
com
bin
e
d
ind
ir
ect
eff
ect
of
the
t
wo
pre
dictor
var
ia
bles
to
th
e
ou
tc
om
e
var
ia
ble
throu
gh
t
he
m
ediat
or
cannot
be
asse
s
sed
to
gethe
r.
Howe
ver,
PROCESS
Ma
cro
v3.1
does
pr
ov
i
de
s
olu
ti
on
to
this
sh
ort
co
m
ing
,
wh
e
re
resea
r
cher
s
ca
n
inse
rt
the
oth
e
r
pr
edict
or
var
ia
ble
into
t
he
m
od
el
as
a
cov
a
riat
e.
T
his
way,
PR
O
CESS
Ma
cr
o
can
be
“t
ric
ke
d”
into
treat
i
ng
the
cov
a
riat
e
as
t
he
sec
ond
pre
dictor
va
riable
,
w
he
re
the
st
at
ist
ic
al
ou
tpu
t
will
be
ide
ntica
l
as
if
t
he
m
od
el
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Aca
dem
ic
re
sil
ie
nce as
med
i
at
or
of mult
idim
ensio
nal perfec
ti
on
ism
an
d ac
ad
e
mic
… (
Ow
en
Z
.H. C
hoo
)
641
include
d
the
t
wo
pr
e
dictor
va
riables,
wit
h
the
m
ediat
or
va
riable
an
d
ou
tc
om
e
var
ia
ble
intac
t
[4
0].
D
espite
sh
owin
g
t
he
overall
m
od
el
si
gn
i
ficance,
PR
OCESS
Ma
cr
o
are
unable
t
o
sh
ow
t
he
over
al
l
com
bin
ed
i
nd
i
rect
eff
ect
f
or
the
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p
of
t
he
two
pr
e
dictor
va
riables
to o
utc
om
e
var
ia
ble
thr
ough
the
m
ediat
or
.
It
can
only
sh
ow
the
i
nd
i
r
ect
eff
ect
of
on
e
pr
e
dictor
t
o
outc
om
e
var
ia
bl
e
throu
gh
m
ediat
or
w
hile
co
nt
ro
ll
in
g
f
or
the
oth
e
r
pr
e
dictor
v
a
ria
ble,
on
e
pre
dictor
at
a
tim
e.
The
res
ults
ind
ic
at
ed
that
p
e
rf
ect
io
nisti
c
strivi
ng
s
an
d
perfect
io
nisti
c
con
ce
rns
as
a
m
od
el
,
sign
ific
a
ntly
predict
ed
aca
de
m
ic
resil
ie
nce,
F
(
2,
129)
=
9.5
8,
p
<
.
001,
R
²
=
.1
3.
Per
fe
ct
ion
ist
ic
striv
ing
s
sign
ific
a
ntly
predict
aca
dem
i
c
resil
ie
nce,
b
=
1.050,
t
(
129)
=
9.1
1,
p
<
.
001.
Pe
rf
ect
i
onist
ic
co
ncern
s
al
s
o
sign
ific
a
ntly
pr
edict
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce,
b
=
-
.32
5,
t
(
129)
=
-
2.8
1,
p
=
.006.
The
a
f
orem
entioned
r
esults
su
ggest
e
d
that
bo
t
h
perfect
ioni
st
sty
le
s
sign
if
ic
antly
pr
edict
academ
ic
resil
i
ence;
ne
ver
t
hel
ess,
pe
rfec
ti
on
i
sti
c
con
ce
r
ns
co
nt
rib
ut
ed
ne
gativel
y,
wh
il
e
perfect
ion
ist
ic
strivings
co
ntribute
d
posit
ively
to
aca
dem
ic
achievem
ents.
On
e
-
po
i
nt
incr
e
m
ent
of
pe
rf
e
ct
ion
ist
ic
striving
s
predict
s
1.
05
points
inc
r
e
m
ent
of
acad
e
m
ic
achievem
ents,
w
hile
on
e
-
po
i
nt
incr
em
ent
of
perfe
ct
ion
ist
ic
co
nc
ern
p
red
ic
ts
0.3
3
dec
re
ase
of
academ
ic
p
ro
c
r
ast
inati
on
.
The
overall
m
od
el
of
pe
rf
ec
ti
on
ist
ic
striving
s
,
pe
rf
ect
io
nisti
c
con
ce
rns
and
aca
dem
ic
resil
ie
nce
sign
ific
a
ntly
pr
edict
ed
aca
de
m
ic
per
form
a
nce,
F
(3,
12
8)
=
8.4
2,
p
<
.001,
R²
=
.16.
Acad
em
ic
resil
ie
nce
sign
i
fica
ntly
pr
e
dicte
d
aca
dem
ic
per
for
m
ance,
w
hile
co
ntr
olli
ng
for
perfect
ioni
sti
c
striving
s
a
nd
perfect
ion
ist
ic
con
ce
r
ns
,
b
=
-
.
006,
t
(
128)
=
-
2.91,
p
=
.
004.
I
n
oth
e
r
words,
with
ou
t
a
ny
r
egard
on
ei
the
r
of
the
perfect
ion
ist
ic
sty
le
s,
wh
e
n
a
cadem
ic
resil
i
ence
is
i
nc
reas
ed
by
a
sin
gle
point,
the
aca
dem
ic
achievem
ents
will
be
reduce
d
by
0.0
06
points,
an
d
des
pit
e
the
decr
ease seem
s
to
be
m
i
niscule,
the
e
ffec
t
is
sign
ific
ant.
This
fin
ding
is
agai
ns
t
m
os
t
of
th
e
pr
e
vious
stu
dies
sta
ti
ng
th
at
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce
con
tr
ibu
te
s
posit
ive
ly
to
academ
ic
achievem
ents.
This
w
ou
l
d
warrant
so
m
e
thoughts
into
how
aca
dem
ic
resil
ie
nce
interact
s
with
oth
e
r
var
ia
bles in
t
he
m
od
el
to
pr
oduce s
uc
h
re
su
lt
s.
Perf
ect
io
nisti
c
strivi
ng
s
sig
nificantl
y
pre
dicte
d
aca
de
m
ic
per
f
or
m
ance,
w
hile
c
on
t
ro
ll
in
g
for
perfect
ion
ist
ic
con
ce
r
ns
an
d
academ
ic
resilience,
b
=
.02
4,
t
(1
28
)
=
4.0
2,
p
<
.00
1.
Pe
r
fecti
on
ist
ic
co
ncerns
sign
ific
a
ntly
pr
edict
ed
aca
de
m
ic
per
form
ance,
wh
il
e
co
ntro
ll
in
g
for
pe
r
fecti
on
ist
ic
strivin
gs
an
d
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce,
b
=
-
.
010,
t
(
12
8)
=
-
4.04,
p
<
.
001.
This
fin
ding
s
uggeste
d
that
s
tud
e
nts
with
hi
gh
PC
will
de
velo
p
high
academ
i
c
per
f
orm
ance
wh
e
n
their
PS
an
d
acade
m
ic
resil
ie
nce
are
ta
ken
out
of
the
e
quat
ion.
Nev
e
rtheless
,
the
im
plication
of
the
resu
lt
is
alm
os
t
i
m
po
ssible
to
be
co
nd
uct
ed,
beca
us
e
in
reali
ty
,
stud
ents
will
h
ave
both
PC an
d
PS
i
n
their m
ind
, as wel
l as resil
ie
nc
e in cer
ta
in le
vels,
wh
ic
h
ca
nnot b
e
take
n ou
t
from
their m
ind
set
.
In
the
t
otal
eff
ect
m
od
el
,
per
f
ect
ion
ist
i
c
strivin
gs
an
d
pe
rf
ect
io
nisti
c
con
cer
ns
a
s
a
m
od
el
,
s
ign
ific
a
ntly
pr
edict
s
acade
m
ic
per
form
ance,
F
(2,
129)
=
7.95,
p
<
.
001,
R²
=
.11.
P
erf
ect
io
nisti
c
strivin
gs
sign
ific
a
ntly
predict
aca
dem
i
c
perf
or
m
ance,
w
hile
only
c
on
t
ro
ll
in
g
f
or
perfect
ion
ist
ic
co
ncerns,
b
=
.
018,
t
(12
9)
=
3.14,
p
<
.0
02.
Per
f
ect
ion
ist
ic
concer
ns
si
gn
ific
a
ntly
pr
edict
academ
ic
per
f
orm
ance,
wh
il
e
on
ly
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
f
or
perfect
ion
ist
i
c
strivin
gs
,
b
=
-
.
009,
t
(
129)
=
-
3.34,
p
=
.00
1.
Higher
perfect
ion
ist
ic
str
ivings
pr
e
dicts
m
or
e
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce
(b
=
1.0
50),
hi
gh
e
r
pe
rf
ect
i
on
ist
ic
co
nce
rn
s
pr
e
dict
le
sse
r
academ
ic
resi
li
ence
(b
=
-
.
325),
bu
t
aca
dem
ic
per
for
m
ance
subse
qu
e
ntly
pr
e
di
ct
s
lower
ac
adem
i
c
perform
ance (
b
=
-
.
006).
A
bias
-
co
rr
ect
ed
bo
otstrap
pe
d
co
nf
i
de
nce
inter
val
for
the
ind
irect
ef
fect
of
perfect
io
nisti
c
strivings
on
a
cadem
ic
per
f
or
m
ance
thr
ough
aca
dem
ic
resil
ie
nce
wa
s
sign
ific
a
nt
(
b
=
-
.
006),
ba
sed
on
10,
000
bo
otstrap
sam
ples
do
not
strad
dle
zer
o,
BC
a
CI
[
-
.01
21,
-
.
0017]
,
in
dicat
ing
that
m
ediat
ion
li
kel
y
occurre
d.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
wh
e
n
co
ntr
olli
ng
f
or
academ
i
c
resil
ie
nce
and
perfect
io
nisti
c
con
ce
rn
s
,
perfe
ct
ion
ist
ic
strivin
gs
sti
ll
pr
ed
ic
te
d
academ
ic
per
f
or
m
ance,
ind
i
cat
ing
that
a
par
ti
al
m
ediat
i
on
occurre
d.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
ano
t
her
bias
-
c
orrecte
d
bootstra
pp
e
d
c
onfide
nce
inter
val
for
the
in
di
rect
eff
ect
of
pe
rf
ect
io
nisti
c
con
ce
r
ns
on
aca
dem
ic
per
form
ance
thr
oug
h
acade
m
ic
resil
ie
nce
was
sig
nifica
nt
(b
=
.00
5)
,
bas
ed
on
10,
000
s
a
m
ples
do
e
s
not
stra
dd
le
ze
r
o,
BC
a
CI
[.000
4,
.
00
39
]
,
in
dicat
in
g
that
li
kely
m
ediat
ion
occur
red.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
wh
e
n
c
on
tr
ol
li
ng
f
or
aca
de
m
i
c
resil
ie
nce
an
d
perfect
ion
ist
i
c
strivin
gs
,
pe
rf
ect
io
nist
ic
con
ce
r
ns
sti
ll
pr
e
dicte
d
ac
adem
ic
per
for
m
ance,
ind
ic
at
in
g
that
a p
a
rtia
l
m
ediat
ion
occurre
d.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
th
e
first
hy
po
t
hesis
of
aca
dem
ic
resil
ien
ce
m
ediat
es
the
relat
ionship
bet
wee
n
perfect
ion
ist
ic
strivin
gs
a
nd
a
cadem
ic
per
for
m
ance
an
d
sec
ond
hypothesi
s
of
acad
em
ic
resil
ie
nce
m
ediat
es
the
relat
io
ns
hi
p
betwee
n
perf
ect
ion
ist
ic
co
nc
ern
s
an
d
aca
dem
ic
per
f
or
m
ance
was
bo
t
h
s
upporte
d.
How
ever,
bo
t
h
m
ediat
ing effects
are o
nl
y partia
l. Fi
gur
e 1
il
lustrate
s
the s
umm
ary of
the a
forem
entio
ne
d res
ults.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
201
9
:
637
-
646
642
Figure
1
.
Co
nc
eptual
diag
ram
for
t
he
in
direc
t effect
of p
e
rfec
ti
on
ist
ic
striv
ing
s
and
perfec
ti
on
ist
ic
concer
ns
on academ
ic
perf
or
m
ance th
r
ough aca
dem
ic
resil
ie
nce
3.3.
Media
tin
g
r
ole of
academi
c
resi
li
ence
Acad
em
ic
resilience
did
par
ti
al
ly
m
ediat
e
the
relat
ion
s
hip
b
et
wee
n
PS
a
nd
academ
ic
per
f
or
m
ance,
and
PC
an
d
ac
adem
ic
per
for
m
ance.
PS
was
found
t
o
posit
ively
pr
e
dict
academ
ic
resil
ien
ce,
a
nd
t
o
pos
it
ively
pr
e
dict
academ
ic
per
f
or
m
ance
wh
e
n
co
ntr
olli
ng
for
PC,
a
nd
academ
ic
resilience.
PC
wa
s
fou
nd
to
ne
gativel
y
pr
e
dict
acade
m
ic
resilience,
and
to
ne
gativel
y
pr
e
dict
academ
ic
per
f
orm
ance
wh
e
n
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
for
PS,
an
d
academ
ic
resilience.
Howe
ve
r
,
aca
dem
ic
resil
ie
nce
was
f
ound
to
be
sli
gh
tl
y
ne
gative
ly
pr
e
dict
academ
ic
perform
ance.
These
res
ults
did
sup
port
th
e
hypo
t
heses
that
PS
an
d
P
C
wo
ul
d
ha
ve
an
ind
irect
ef
fect
on
academ
ic
per
fo
rm
ance
thr
ough
aca
dem
ic
r
esi
li
ence.
Indi
viduals
high
in
PS
will
re
port
hi
gh
e
r
aca
dem
ic
resil
ie
nce
w
hile
ind
ivi
du
al
s
high
in
PC
wi
ll
rep
ort
lowe
r
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce,
but
those
high
in
aca
dem
i
c
r
esi
li
ence
wou
ld
repor
t
sli
gh
t
ly
lower
acade
m
ic
per
form
ance
wh
il
e
tho
se
low
in
acade
m
ic
resilience
would
repor
t
sli
gh
tl
y
higher
academ
i
c p
e
rfor
m
ance.
The
t
wo
high
er
or
der
pe
rfec
ti
on
ist
ic
di
m
ension
s
’
relat
ion
s
hip
with
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce
an
d
academ
ic
per
f
or
m
ance
we
re
as
predict
ed
a
nd
co
ns
ist
ent
with
past
re
sea
rch.
PS
wa
s
posit
ively
pr
e
di
ct
ive
of
academ
ic
per
f
or
m
ance,
as
th
ei
r
ap
proach
i
ng
be
ha
viour
i
n
purs
ue
of
exc
el
le
nce
[9
,
19
]
wh
ic
h
w
ould
pr
e
dict
fu
t
ur
e
opti
m
is
m
[1
9].
The
optim
is
m
and
s
el
f
-
com
passion
in
PS
perfect
ion
ist
s
[
1]
al
so
ens
ur
e
d
of
co
nt
inu
ed
effor
t i
n f
uture
end
ea
vour
[29], a sig
n of resil
ie
nce.
T
hey are
m
or
e task
-
or
ie
nted
a
nd
prob
l
e
m
-
fo
c
us
e
d
[
1
,
12
].
PC
is
con
sist
ent
with
past
researches
in
neg
at
ively
predict
ing
both
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce
and
aca
dem
i
c
perform
ance.
Their
em
otional
cop
in
g
w
he
n
it
com
es
to
adv
e
rsiti
es
in
li
fe
pr
ev
ents
the
accum
ulatio
n
of
academ
ic
resilience
a
nd
im
pro
vem
ents
of
academ
ic
pe
rfor
m
ance
[
4,19
]
.
PC
perfe
ct
ion
ist
s
are
l
ow
in
resil
ie
nce
as
rum
inati
on
,
pessi
m
is
m
and
la
ck
of
sel
f
-
c
om
passion
is
com
m
on
am
on
g
the
m
[3
1],
co
up
le
d
wit
h
the un
will
ingn
ess to e
ngage
in resi
li
ence
bu
i
lding act
ivit
ie
s.
On
the
ot
her
hand,
the
w
ea
k
ne
gative
co
rr
el
at
ion
betw
een
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce
and
academ
ic
perform
ance
con
t
rad
ic
ts
past
resea
rch
e
s,
w
hen
co
ntr
ol
li
ng
for
t
he
s
hared
var
ia
nces
of
P
S
a
nd
PC.
Re
cent
stud
ie
s
m
os
tl
y
sugge
ste
d
a
sign
ific
a
nt
pos
it
ive
relat
ion
s
hip
betwee
n
a
cadem
ic
resil
i
ence
a
nd
aca
dem
ic
perform
ance
[
32
]
al
th
ough
s
om
e
research
e
r
s
re
ported
wea
k
c
orrelat
ion
s
[22,
27]
,
to
the
auth
or’s
kn
owle
d
ge
,
no
pa
st
li
te
ratur
es
ha
ve
s
howed
we
ak
ne
gative
relat
ionship
bet
ween
academ
ic
resilience
a
nd
aca
dem
ic
perform
ance.
This
would
wa
rr
a
nt
so
m
e
thoughts
int
o
how
academ
ic
resilience
interact
s
with
oth
e
r
va
ri
ables
in the m
od
el
t
o p
rod
uce s
uch r
esults.
3.4.
Academ
ic
resi
li
ence as a sup
ressor
vari
ab
l
e a
n
d the p
os
s
ibl
e role of s
tr
ess
It
is
sp
eculat
ed
that
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce
exe
rted
a
sup
pr
ess
ion
ef
fect
upon
the
relat
ions
hip
bet
wee
n
m
ul
ti
di
m
ension
al
perfect
ion
i
sm
and
aca
de
m
ic
per
f
or
m
an
ce.
As
desc
rib
ed
by
Fiel
d
[
29]
,
a
sup
pr
essi
on
ef
fect
happe
ns
w
he
n
the
pr
e
dictor
(academ
ic
re
sil
ie
nce)
is
only
a
sign
ific
an
t
pr
edict
or
of
an
outc
om
e
var
ia
ble
(academ
ic
per
f
or
m
ance)
w
he
n
ot
her
var
ia
bles
are
hel
d
co
nst
ant
(P
S
a
nd
P
C).
The
sup
pr
e
sso
r
,
w
he
n
incl
ud
e
d,
increases
t
he
predict
ive
validi
ty
of
a
no
t
her
varia
ble
[
42]
.
I
nc
lud
in
g
aca
de
m
ic
resil
ie
nce
as
a
m
ediat
or
r
esulte
d
in
the
direct
ef
fect
ha
ving
a
gr
eat
er
m
agn
it
ud
e
of
ef
fect
than
t
he
total
e
ff
ect
[
42]
.
As
a
m
ediat
or
of
PS
an
d
academ
ic
per
f
or
m
ance,
the
i
nd
i
rect
ef
fect
of
aca
dem
ic
resi
li
ence
is
neg
at
i
ve
i
n
m
agn
it
ude
(
a
1
b
=
-
.
006),
wh
il
e
the
total
eff
ect
is
po
sit
ive
in
m
agn
it
ud
e
(
c
1
=
.018).
T
he
in
direct
ef
fect
of
academ
ic
resi
li
ence
as
m
ediat
or
of
PC
an
d
aca
de
m
ic
per
f
or
m
ance
is
posit
ive
in
m
agn
it
ud
e
(
a
2
b
=
.
002),
w
hile
the
total
eff
ect
is
neg
at
ive
in
m
agn
it
ud
e
(
c
2
=
-
.00
9).
Both
cases
have
the
ind
irect
effe
c
t
weak
e
n
in
m
agn
it
ud
e
as
com
par
ed
to
t
he
total
eff
ect
, d
ue
t
o
t
he
c
hange i
n
si
gn and
dec
reas
e in m
agn
it
ude
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Aca
dem
ic
re
sil
ie
nce as
med
i
at
or
of mult
idim
ensio
nal perfec
ti
on
ism
an
d ac
ad
e
mic
… (
Ow
en
Z
.H. C
hoo
)
643
The
ap
pa
ren
t
s
uppressi
on
ef
f
ect
of
academ
i
c
resil
ie
nce
is
on
ly
a
la
bel
th
at
do
es
no
t
s
uffice
as
an
exp
la
natio
n
[40].
Perceive
d
s
tress
em
erg
ed
as
on
e
of
the
va
riables
that
co
uld
ex
plain
an
d
suppo
rt
the
pe
culia
r
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
these
s
uppressi
ve
ind
i
r
ec
t
eff
ect
s
.
Co
ns
ide
rin
g
pe
rc
ei
ved
stress
i
nto
the
pictu
re,
Ri
ce
e
t
al
.
[
7]
cl
aim
ed
that
in
a
group
of
pe
rf
ect
io
ni
sts
that
tran
sit
ion
e
d
ac
ro
s
s
lo
w,
m
od
e
rate,
a
nd
hi
gh
stress
gro
ups
ov
e
r
a
per
i
od
of
ti
m
e,
lowly
stresse
d
ada
pt
ive
pe
rf
ect
io
ni
st
would
ha
ve
the
b
e
st
acad
e
m
ic
ou
tc
om
e,
wh
il
e
highly
stressed
m
al
adap
ti
ve
pe
rf
ect
io
nist
would
ha
ve
the
w
or
st
academ
ic
ou
tc
om
e.
In
te
r
est
ing
ly
,
com
par
in
g
adap
ti
ve
pe
rfec
ti
on
ist
an
d
m
a
la
dap
ti
ve
perfect
io
nist
a
cross
the
m
od
erate
stre
ss
gro
up;
m
a
la
dap
ti
ve
perfect
ion
ist
s
perform
e
d
bette
r
acadm
ic
ally
than
ada
ptive
per
fecti
onist
[
7].
This
w
ould
sugge
st
that
under
certai
n
c
onditi
on
m
al
adap
ti
ve
pe
rf
ect
io
nists
m
igh
t
act
ually
ou
tpe
rfor
m
ada
ptive
perf
ect
ion
ist
s.
In
oth
e
r
words,
ove
r
a
per
io
d
of
ti
m
e
of
increasi
ng
st
ress,
perf
ect
ion
ist
s
(
re
ga
rd
le
ss
of
a
da
ptive
or
m
al
a
dap
ti
ve
perfect
ion
ist
s
)
would
ha
ve
de
creased
aca
de
m
ic
per
form
ance,
with
e
ver
y
transiti
on
i
nto
the
ne
xt
stress
gro
up
resu
lt
ed
in
ne
ar
1.0
-
po
i
nt
dro
p
of
GPA
.
Ge
ne
rall
y,
as
w
ould
be
e
xp
ect
e
d,
lo
wly
stressed
a
da
ptiv
e
perfect
ion
ist
s
perf
or
m
ed
best
academ
ic
ally
wh
il
e
highly
stresse
d
m
al
adap
ti
ve
pe
rf
ect
io
ni
sts pe
rfor
m
ed worst.
Eff
ect
s
of
pe
rfor
m
ance
dec
re
ase
be
gan
as
e
arly
as
ada
ptiv
e
perfect
io
nist
transiti
on
e
d
from
the
low
stress
gro
up
to
the
m
od
erate
stress
gro
up
;
s
i
m
i
la
rly
,
the
i
nc
rease
of
stre
ss
acro
ss
ti
m
e
would
al
so
ham
per
m
al
adap
ti
ve
perfect
ion
ist
s
’
academ
ic
per
f
or
m
ance
[
7].
H
ow
e
ve
r,
m
od
eratel
y
stressed
m
al
adap
ti
ve
perfect
ion
ist
s a
ct
ually
h
ave h
igh
e
r
GPAs tha
n
ada
ptive p
e
rfec
ti
on
ist
s o
f
si
m
il
ar s
tress level
, a
find
in
g
th
at
can
b
e
e
xp
la
ine
d
as
an
over
-
tim
e
ada
ptati
on
i
n
m
anag
in
g
st
ress
f
or
m
al
adap
ti
ve
perfect
ion
ist
s.
D
ue
to
their
sensiti
vity
and
te
nd
e
ncy
to
exacer
bate
m
i
nim
a
l
stress,
m
al
adap
ti
ve
pe
rf
ect
io
nists
over
ti
m
e
adap
te
d
to
perform
un
de
r
m
od
erate
stre
ss,
al
lowi
ng
th
e
m
to
m
a
nag
e
and
m
ou
ld
st
ress
into
m
otivati
on
t
ow
a
rds
high
sta
nd
a
rds
[7
]
.
These
m
otivatio
ns
a
re
possib
ly
der
ived
as
par
t
of
avo
i
da
nce
co
ping
[17],
in
order
to
avo
i
d
aver
si
ve
c
onse
qu
e
nces
of
negat
ive ev
al
uatio
n
a
nd f
ai
lu
re
[13,
21]
.
Ty
ing
the
fi
nding
s
of
the
af
or
em
entione
d
pr
e
vious
stu
di
es
into
the
co
ntext
of
this
current
stu
dy
,
per
cei
ved
st
res
s
would
be
the
pr
ec
ur
s
or
to
a
cadem
ic
resilience
f
or
P
S
an
d
PC
perfect
ion
i
sts
in
pr
e
dicti
ng
the
ind
irect
e
ff
ect
to
aca
dem
ic
perform
ance.
Acad
em
ic
resil
ie
nce
is
the
cogniti
ve
-
af
fec
ti
ve
an
d
beh
a
vioural
respo
ns
es
of
ind
i
viduals
unde
r
the
academ
ic
duress
[
24
]
.
As
a
da
ptive
and
m
al
adap
ti
ve
perfect
ion
is
ts
are
diff
e
r
i
n
ou
tc
om
e
in
res
ponse
to
diff
e
re
nt
s
tress,
w
her
e
a
da
ptive
perfect
ion
ist
s
a
re
a
ble
to
buff
e
r
a
gai
ns
t
the
eff
ect
s
of
stre
s
s
[
17]
w
hile
m
al
adap
ti
ve
pe
rf
ect
io
nists
e
xacer
bate
th
e
eff
ect
s
of
stre
ss
[
7].
B
oth
a
dap
ti
ve
perfect
ion
ist
a
nd
m
al
adap
ti
ve
perfect
io
nist
would
i
n
this
case
em
plo
y
diff
e
re
nt
resil
ie
nce
strat
e
gies
to
dea
l
with a
dv
e
rsiti
es r
e
flect
ed
in
term
s o
f
aca
dem
ic
r
esi
li
ence.
Unde
r
certai
n
stress
c
onditi
on
s
,
m
al
adap
ti
ve
perfect
ion
i
sts
are
fou
nd
to
hav
e
m
or
e
favo
ur
a
bl
e
ou
tc
om
es
than
adap
ti
ve
perf
ect
ion
ist
s
[7
]
.
Desp
it
e
ind
i
vidual
dif
fer
e
nces
in
eval
ua
ti
on
of
the
vignett
e
con
te
xt,
the
A
RS
-
30
was
sti
ll
p
oise
d
to in
du
ce cons
idera
bl
e stress am
on
g respo
nd
e
nts as
r
esp
onde
nts im
agine
them
sel
ves
facing
aca
dem
ic
adv
e
rsiti
es.
T
he
refor
e
,
it
sho
uld
no
t
c
om
e
a
s
a
surp
rise
as
the
ind
i
rect
ef
f
ect
of
academ
ic
resili
ence
w
ou
l
d
ha
ve
posit
ive
academ
ic
ou
tc
om
e
fo
r
m
or
e
PC
perfect
ion
ist
,
wh
il
e
ha
ving
ne
gative
academ
ic
ou
tc
om
e
fo
r
PS
pe
rf
ect
io
nists.
T
he
refor
e
,
it
s
houl
d
be
e
xp
ect
e
d
that
without
c
on
si
der
i
ng
perce
ive
d
stressed
of
perfect
ion
ist
s
(
PS
or
PC
,
re
gardless)
an
d
on
ly
co
ns
ide
r
academ
i
c
resil
ie
nce,
on
e
can
get
sit
uat
ions
wh
e
re
m
al
adap
ti
ve
p
erf
ect
i
on
i
sts
(h
ig
h
in
PC
)
cou
l
d
pe
rform
bette
r
than
adap
ti
ve
perfect
ion
ist
s
(
high
in
PS)
.
To
sim
plify, academ
ic
r
esi
li
ence is the
outc
om
e o
f percei
ve
d
stre
ss,
a
nd is
on
ly
j
ust
ifie
d
i
f
Desp
it
e
t
he
po
te
ntial
ben
e
fit
in
der
ivi
ng
m
otivati
on
i
n
ti
m
es
of
heig
h
te
ne
d
st
ress,
PC
pe
rf
ect
io
nists
are
co
ns
ta
ntly
wo
r
ryi
ng
ab
ou
t
their
perf
or
m
ance
neur
otica
ll
y
wh
il
e
eng
a
ging
in
dysfuncti
onal
cop
in
g
strat
egies
[17].
T
he
nee
d
to
m
ai
ntain
a
‘
perfect
’
faça
de
of
c
onsta
nt
top
-
ti
er
perfor
m
ance
is
em
otion
al
ly
dr
ai
ning,
w
hic
h
co
u
ld
le
ad
to
fr
eq
ue
nt
bur
nout
w
hic
h
is
al
so
ex
pected
a
m
on
g
ind
i
vidu
al
s
hig
h
in
PC
[4,
17]
.
It
was
unknow
n
of
the
le
vel
of
stress
pe
rce
ived
by
t
he
132
respo
nd
e
nts
of
this
st
ud
y.
Nonetheless
,
t
akin
g
account
of
pe
r
cei
ved
stress
of
pe
r
fecti
on
ist
s
co
uld
possibl
y
exp
la
in
ho
w
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce
sup
pr
es
ses
the
relat
ion
s
hip be
tween t
he
tw
o per
fecti
on
ism
d
im
ension
s a
nd aca
dem
ic
p
erf
orm
ance.
3.5.
Part
i
al medi
ati
on
m
od
el
Anothe
r
po
s
sible
reas
on
w
hy
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce
yi
el
ded
ne
gative
correla
ti
on
wi
th
academ
ic
perform
ance
wh
e
n
c
on
t
ro
ll
ing
f
or
P
S
an
d
PC
was
beca
us
e
of
the
pa
r
ti
al
m
ediation
m
od
el
.
I
n
li
ne
with
exp
la
natio
ns
above,
oth
e
r
va
riables
m
igh
t
al
so
have
ro
le
s
in
determ
ini
ng
how
PS
an
d
PC
aff
ect
s
a
cadem
ic
perform
ance
as
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce
on
ly
par
ti
al
ly
m
edi
at
ed
bo
t
h
the
m
od
el
of
PS
and
PC
on
ac
adem
i
c
perform
ance.
I
nd
ee
d,
t
he
tot
al
eff
ect
m
od
el
wh
e
n
PS
an
d
PC
ar
e
pred
ic
tors
ex
plaine
d
11.
0%
of
th
e
total
var
ia
nce
of
aca
dem
ic
ou
tc
om
e
(
R
2
=
.
11
;
see Appe
nd
i
x
J).
Wh
e
reas
w
he
n
academ
ic
resilience
was
ad
de
d
to
be
include
d
i
nto
t
he
m
ulti
ple
reg
ressi
on
m
od
el
as
a
m
ediat
or
,
the
am
ount
of
va
riance
s
ex
plained
by
t
he
m
od
el
increase
d
m
ini
m
al
l
y
to
16.
5%
(
R
2
=
.
16
;
se
e
A
pp
e
ndix
J
)
.
Aca
dem
ic
resil
ie
nce
only
accounte
d
f
or
5.5
%
increase i
n vari
ance e
xp
la
i
ned (
R
2
ch
an
ge
=
.
055,
p
=
.
004;
refe
r
to
A
ppen
dix M
).
This
rem
inisce
d
N
ovotný
& K
řem
énkov
á
’s
find
i
ng
[
27]
w
her
e resili
ence
on
ly
has
a
lo
w
to
m
od
erate
eff
ect
(
10
%
–
24%)
on
acade
m
ic
per
form
ance.
Apparent
of
the
how
li
tt
le
var
ia
nce
aca
dem
ic
resilience
ai
ded
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
201
9
:
637
-
646
644
in
ex
plaini
ng
the
m
od
el
,
pe
rh
a
ps
oth
e
r
r
e
le
van
t
var
ia
bles
that
wer
e
ov
e
rlo
oked
in
this
stu
dy,
wh
ic
h
cou
l
d
pro
vid
e
a
m
or
e
com
pr
ehensi
ve
un
de
rstan
ding
of
how
m
ulti
di
m
e
ns
io
nal
pe
rf
ect
ion
ism
and
academ
ic
perform
ance
interact
s.
Fu
t
ure
resea
rc
hes
co
uld
c
onsid
er
ot
her
va
ria
bles
that
c
ou
l
d
ai
d
in
seei
ng
a
cl
earer pict
ur
e
.
3.6.
Li
mi
ta
tio
ns
and f
uture
rese
arch
Ther
e
wer
e
s
om
e
l
i
m
it
at
ion
s
in
this
stud
y.
F
irst,
CGPA
m
i
gh
t
not
be
the
best
ref
le
ct
io
n
of
acad
em
i
c
perform
ance.
As
with
oth
er
r
esearche
rs,
t
his
stud
y
em
plo
ys
CGPA
as
m
ea
su
rem
ent
of
ac
adem
ic
per
fo
r
m
ance
du
e
t
o
it
s
avail
abili
ty
and
co
nvenie
nce.
How
ever,
CGP
A
is
nu
m
erical
equi
valents
of
gra
des
wit
h
incre
asi
ng
nu
m
erical
sy
m
bo
ls
a
ssig
ned
to
inc
reasin
g
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
grade
.
D
uri
ng
c
al
culat
ion
of
G
PA
,
certai
n
dat
a
are
lost
durin
g
co
nversi
on
(e.
g.
84
m
ark
s
is
c
onsidere
d
3.7
5
G
PA
,
bu
t
85
m
a
rk
s
is
co
ns
ide
r
ed
4.0
0
GPA
)
wh
e
re
the act
ual
orde
r
in
r
a
nk
i
ng m
i
gh
t
not be
pres
erv
e
d
More
ov
e
r,
the
theo
reti
cal
range
of
this
m
ea
su
rem
ent
avail
able
is
al
so
‘b
i
ased’
i
n
a
way,
as
stud
e
nts
with
belo
w
2.00
CG
PA
w
ould
ha
rd
ly
be
sam
p
le
d
du
e
t
o
possible
aca
dem
ic
su
sp
e
nsi
on
.
I
n
f
uture
stud
ie
s
,
researc
hers
s
houl
d
lo
ok
out
f
or
m
or
e
repres
entat
ive
m
easur
e
of
aca
dem
ic
perf
or
m
ance
that
is
easy
to
use
an
d
widely
a
vaila
bl
e
am
on
g
st
udents
f
or
c
om
par
abili
ty
.
It
is
su
ggest
e
d
t
hat
instea
d
of
ac
ade
m
ic
per
f
orm
ance
al
on
e,
resea
rc
her
s
s
houl
d
c
on
si
der
m
easur
in
g
academ
ic
su
ccess,
w
hich
inclu
des
ca
r
eer
su
cces
s,
f
ulfill
ing
le
arn
in
g
outc
om
es,
per
sist
enc
e
(academ
ic
resil
ie
nce)
,
at
ta
inm
ent
of
sk
il
ls
and
c
om
petencies,
sat
isfact
ion
,
an
d
academ
ic
p
erfo
rm
ance.
T
hir
dly,
cau
sa
li
ty
and
te
m
po
rar
il
y
am
on
g
var
ia
bles
co
ul
d
no
t
be
in
ferred
due
the
cr
os
s
-
sect
ion
al
stud
y
desig
n.
Fu
tu
re
stu
dies
that
are
intere
s
te
d
in
stu
dyin
g
the
sup
pr
essi
on
ef
fect
of
aca
dem
ic
resil
ie
n
ce
on
perform
ance
of
pe
rf
ect
io
nist
s
co
uld
ben
e
fi
t
fr
om
m
ediation
a
naly
sis
that
co
uld
do
so
,
with
a
ppr
opriat
e
con
t
ro
l
a
nd
m
anip
ulati
on
.
Th
e
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce
recorde
d
in
t
his
stu
dy
cou
l
d
al
so
be
s
kew
e
d.
As
st
udent
s
pro
gr
ess
th
rou
gh
their
un
de
rgraduate
pro
gram
m
es,
it
w
ou
l
d
on
ly
m
ake
se
ns
e
t
hat
their
past
ac
adem
i
c
exp
e
rience
w
ould
in
a
way
help
them
garner
m
or
e
acad
e
m
ic
resil
ie
nc
e
ov
e
r
tim
e.
Re
ports
of
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce
co
ul
d
possi
bly
be
ne
gativel
y
sk
e
w
ed
as
they
pro
gresse
d
to
thei
r
senio
r
ye
ars.
W
it
hout
a
base
li
ne
o
f
com
par
ison
from
acade
m
ic
resil
ie
nce
duri
ng
respo
ndent
s’
first
ye
ar
in
un
iv
ersit
y,
this
cannot
be
sa
id
f
or
certai
n.
Alth
ough
the
c
urre
nt
stud
y
ha
s
r
esp
onde
nts
fro
m
var
ious
un
dergr
a
duat
e
program
s
of
local
and
foreig
n
insti
tu
ti
on
s,
84
out
of
the
132
(6
3.6
%)
res
pondents
ori
gi
nated
from
t
he
sam
e
ps
yc
ho
l
og
y
unde
rgraduate
pro
gr
am
m
e
as
the
a
utho
r.
Furthe
r
st
ud
i
es
co
uld
be
done
by
i
ncorpor
at
in
g
data
from
unde
rgraduate
s
fr
om
var
ious
undergr
a
duat
e
pr
og
ram
m
es
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
or
in
the
SE
A
reg
i
on
f
or
a
m
or
e
represe
ntati
ve data
set.
This
stu
dy
so
le
ly
fo
cuse
d
on
resid
ual
PS
a
nd
PC
of
pe
rf
e
ct
ion
ism
(P
S
a
nd
PC
afte
r
co
ntr
olli
ng
f
or
the
com
m
on
va
riance
am
on
g
the
two
dim
en
sion
s
).
As
disc
us
se
d
ab
ove,
the
com
bin
at
io
n
of
PS
a
nd
P
C
would
pro
du
ce
m
eaningf
ul
disti
nctiv
e
within
-
pe
rs
on
pe
rf
ect
io
nis
m
su
btypes
of
adap
ti
ve
pe
rf
e
ct
ion
ist
s,
m
al
a
dap
ti
ve
perfect
ion
ist
s
,
and
non
-
pe
rf
e
ct
ion
ist
s
.
Fu
t
ure
researc
hes
cou
l
d
f
ocu
s
on
how
eac
h
pe
rf
ect
io
nist
subty
pes
cou
l
d
inte
ract
an
d
al
lo
w
m
or
e
c
om
pr
ehe
ns
ive
a
nd
m
e
anin
gful
view
of
ho
w
P
S
a
nd
PC
inte
rp
l
ay
to
i
n
aff
ect
in
g
a
n
in
div
id
ual’s
eve
r
yday
outc
om
e.
This
c
ou
l
d
pe
rh
a
ps
pro
vid
e
m
or
e
com
pr
eh
ensive
i
nter
ve
ntions
for per
fecti
on
is
ts at
r
isk
of
unf
avou
rab
le
outc
om
es
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Wh
e
n
placed
in
a
m
od
el
,
academ
ic
resilience
did
pa
rtia
ll
y
m
ediat
e
the
relat
ion
s
hip
bet
w
een
PS,
PC,
and
aca
dem
ic
perform
ance.
PS
was
fou
nd
to
posit
ively
predict
academ
i
c
resil
ie
nce,
an
d
to
po
sit
ively
pr
e
dic
t
academ
ic
per
fo
rm
ance
when
con
tr
olli
ng
f
or
PC,
an
d
acade
m
ic
resil
ie
nce.
PC
was
f
ound
to
ne
gativel
y
predict
academ
ic
resil
i
ence,
a
nd
t
o
ne
gativel
y
predic
t
academ
ic
perform
ance
whe
n
c
on
t
ro
ll
in
g
f
or
PS
,
a
nd
aca
dem
i
c
resil
ie
nce.
H
oweve
r,
academ
ic
resil
ie
nce
w
as
f
ound
t
o
be
sli
gh
tl
y
ne
gativel
y
predict
ac
adem
ic
per
f
orm
ance.
These
res
ults
did
s
upport
th
e
hypo
t
heses
that
PS
an
d
PC
would
ha
ve
an
in
direct
eff
ect
on
academ
ic
perform
ance
throu
gh
aca
dem
i
c
resil
ie
nce.
I
ndivid
uals
high
in
PS
will
repo
rt
higher
acade
m
ic
resil
ie
nce
wh
il
e
ind
ivi
du
al
s
high
in
PC
will
r
eport
lowe
r
ac
adem
ic
resilie
nce,
bu
t
th
os
e
high
in
acad
e
m
ic
resil
ie
nce
woul
d
repor
t
sli
gh
tl
y
lo
wer
acade
m
ic
per
f
or
m
an
c
e
w
hile
th
os
e
lo
w
in
acade
m
ic
resilience
wo
ul
d
re
port
sli
gh
tl
y
higher
academ
i
c p
e
rfor
m
ance.
Wh
il
e
the
res
ul
ts
gen
e
rall
y
showe
d
c
onsist
ence
with
pa
st
li
te
ratur
e,
path
way
b
of
the
m
od
el
s
howe
d
con
t
rad
ic
ti
on
with
past
stu
di
es.
Wh
e
n
c
on
t
ro
ll
in
g
f
or
the
var
ia
nc
es
of
P
S
an
d
PC,
aca
dem
ic
resil
ie
nce
was
sh
owe
d
to
sli
ghtl
y
neg
at
ively
pr
e
dict
academ
ic
per
form
ance.
Re
cent
stud
ie
s
m
os
tly
su
gg
e
ste
d
a
signi
ficant
po
sit
ive
relat
ion
s
hi
p
bet
wee
n
aca
dem
ic
resil
ie
nce
an
d
a
cadem
ic
per
form
ance,
al
thou
gh
so
m
e
resea
rch
e
rs
repor
te
d
wea
k
correla
ti
on
s
.
Wh
il
e
so
m
e
research
e
rs
di
d
r
eport
non
-
sig
ni
ficant
relat
ionship
betwee
n
the
tw
o
var
ia
bles,
to
the
aut
hor
kn
owle
dge,
no
pa
st
li
te
ratur
es
ha
ve
sho
wed
pe
culia
r
fin
ding
of
sig
nifica
nt
weak
neg
at
ive
r
el
at
ion
s
hi
p betwee
n
aca
dem
ic
r
esi
li
ence a
nd aca
dem
ic
p
erf
orm
ance.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Aca
dem
ic
re
sil
ie
nce as
med
i
at
or
of mult
idim
ensio
nal perfec
ti
on
ism
an
d ac
ad
e
mic
… (
Ow
en
Z
.H. C
hoo
)
645
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iv
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6
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lt
h
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eha
v
i
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A
self
-
reg
ula
ti
on
r
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e
per
spec
t
ive
,
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n
Pe
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ct
ion
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h,
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h
b
y
,
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c
ti
onis
m
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longi
tudinal
pa
tt
ern
s
of
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for
STEM
m
aj
ors:
Im
pli
c
a
ti
ons
for
ac
ad
emic
p
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