I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
9
,
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.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
83
~
92
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SS
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ttp
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//
ijer
e.
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esco
r
e.
co
m
Why
so
me religio
us indiv
idua
ls a
re
not emo
tiona
lly
s
ma
rt
?
T
he expla
na
tory
role o
f
spiri
tualit
y
H
ui Wen
Ng
1
,
K
us
u
s
a
nto
P
riha
di
2
1
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
P
s
y
c
h
o
l
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g
y
,
HE
L
P
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
M
a
lay
sia
2
Ce
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ter o
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b
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rp
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h
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l
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a
n
d
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a
m
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s,
De
p
t.
o
f
P
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
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HE
LP
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
M
a
lay
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
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RAC
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A
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ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Dec
26
,
2
0
19
R
ev
is
ed
Feb
2
,
2
0
2
0
Acc
ep
ted
Feb
2
2
,
2
0
2
0
In
two
stu
d
ies
,
we
in
ten
d
t
o
in
v
e
stig
a
te
wh
e
th
e
r
sp
iri
tu
a
li
t
y
c
a
n
e
x
p
lai
n
th
e
re
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twe
e
n
in
tr
in
sic
re
li
g
io
u
s
o
rie
n
tatio
n
(IRO)
a
n
d
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
(EI
).
S
e
v
e
n
t
y
-
th
re
e
wo
rsh
ip
p
in
g
h
o
u
se
s
-
g
o
in
g
a
d
u
l
ts,
a
g
e
d
1
8
-
5
6
,
h
a
d
p
a
rti
c
i
p
a
ted
in
th
e
st
u
d
y
.
Da
ta
wa
s
c
o
ll
e
c
ted
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y
e
m
p
l
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y
in
g
In
tri
n
sic
S
c
a
le
o
f
Re
li
g
io
u
s
Orie
n
tati
o
n
S
c
a
le,
S
p
ir
it
u
a
li
t
y
As
se
ss
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e
n
t
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c
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le,
a
n
d
th
e
S
c
h
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tt
e
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e
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-
Re
p
o
rt
Emo
ti
o
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l
In
telli
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Tes
t.
Ou
r
fi
rst
stu
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d
isc
o
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d
t
h
a
t
IRO
is
n
o
t
a
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
p
re
d
ict
o
r
o
f
EI.
Ne
v
e
rth
e
les
s,
Bo
o
tstrap
a
n
a
ly
sis
wi
th
5
0
0
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sa
m
p
les
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n
d
9
5
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n
terv
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l
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e
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d
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c
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ted
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a
t
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iate
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h
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k
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e
twe
e
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tri
n
sic
re
li
g
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o
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s
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rien
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o
n
a
n
d
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
in
o
u
r
se
c
o
n
d
stu
d
y
.
In
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s,
with
o
u
t
h
i
g
h
lev
e
l
o
f
sp
iri
tu
a
li
ty
o
n
e
’s
re
li
g
io
u
s
o
rien
tatio
n
d
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e
s
n
o
t
sig
n
ifi
c
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tl
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p
re
d
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th
e
ir
e
m
o
t
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l
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telli
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.
Li
m
it
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sti
o
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a
re
d
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ss
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d
a
t
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
p
e
r
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
m
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
I
n
ter
n
al
r
elig
io
u
s
o
r
ien
tatio
n
R
elig
io
s
ity
Sp
ir
itu
ality
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ku
s
u
s
an
to
Ditto
Prih
ad
i,
C
en
ter
o
f
C
y
b
er
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
an
d
Gam
es
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
L
ea
r
n
in
g
Ph
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
(
HE
L
P)
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
,
No
.
1
5
,
Sri
Sem
a
n
tan
1
Stre
et,
Of
f
,
Sem
an
tan
Stre
et
,
B
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k
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Dam
an
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ar
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5
0
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0
Ku
ala
L
u
m
p
u
r
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Ma
lay
s
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.
E
m
ail: p
r
ih
ad
i.k
@
h
elp
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
E
m
o
tio
n
al
I
n
tellig
e
n
ce
(
E
I
)
is
a
ter
m
f
ir
s
t u
s
ed
b
y
Salo
v
ey
a
n
d
Ma
y
er
in
1
9
9
0
[1
-
3
]
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
E
I
is
co
n
ce
p
tu
ally
an
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
all
y
d
ef
in
e
d
in
two
d
is
tin
ct
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es:
ab
ilit
y
E
I
an
d
tr
ait
E
I
[
4
]
.
A
b
ilit
y
E
I
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
p
er
ce
iv
e,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
an
d
m
a
n
ag
e
o
n
e’
s
em
o
tio
n
s
an
d
th
e
em
o
tio
n
s
o
f
o
th
er
s
,
as
well
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
u
tili
ze
em
o
tio
n
in
en
h
an
cin
g
o
n
e’
s
th
o
u
g
h
t
an
d
b
eh
av
io
u
r
[
5
]
.
I
t
is
also
s
u
g
g
ested
th
a
t
em
o
tio
n
ally
in
tellig
en
t
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
ar
e
co
m
p
ete
n
t
in
f
o
u
r
d
o
m
ain
s
n
am
ely
s
elf
-
awa
r
en
es
s
,
s
elf
-
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
s
o
cial
awa
r
en
ess
a
s
well
a
s
s
o
cial
s
k
ills
;
th
ey
ca
n
u
s
e
th
em
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
6
]
.
Seen
as
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
co
g
n
itiv
e
-
em
o
tio
n
al
ab
ilit
y
,
it
is
a
s
s
es
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
test
s
th
at
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
n
e’
s
m
ax
im
u
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
7
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
tr
ait
E
I
is
co
n
ce
p
tu
ali
ze
d
as
a
clu
s
ter
o
f
s
elf
-
p
e
r
ce
i
v
ed
tr
aits
,
s
u
c
h
as
em
p
ath
y
an
d
s
elf
-
esteem
,
th
at
is
em
o
tio
n
-
r
elate
d
,
“lo
ca
ted
at
lo
wer
le
v
els
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
ality
h
i
er
ar
ch
ies”
[
8
]
.
I
t
is
b
ased
o
n
o
n
e’
s
s
u
b
jectiv
e
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
o
n
e
’
s
em
o
tio
n
al
a
b
ilit
y
[
9
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast
with
ab
ilit
y
E
I
,
tr
ait
E
I
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
te
d
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
ality
-
lik
e
s
ca
les
[
4
]
.
Dr
awin
g
th
e
atten
tio
n
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
is
ts
,
E
I
is
s
aid
to
b
e
a
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
d
eter
m
in
er
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
th
an
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
[
1
0
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
p
ast
r
esear
c
h
,
E
I
h
as
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
p
o
s
itiv
el
y
co
r
r
elate
d
to
jo
b
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
1
,
1
2
]
,
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
3
,
1
4
]
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
[
1
5
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
p
e
o
p
le
with
h
ig
h
er
E
I
we
r
e
r
e
p
o
r
ted
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
in
te
r
ac
t
b
etter
in
s
o
cial
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
h
ig
h
er
s
o
cial
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
q
u
ality
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
ir
ab
ilit
y
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
an
d
u
tili
ze
em
o
tio
n
h
elp
s
th
em
in
th
eir
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
:
83
-
92
84
s
u
ch
as
wo
r
k
p
lace
s
an
d
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
wh
er
e
th
ey
ca
n
h
elp
in
c
r
ea
tin
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
o
cial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
as
well
as
en
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
o
th
er
s
p
o
s
itiv
ely
[
1
7
]
.
Mo
s
t
im
p
o
r
ta
n
tly
,
E
I
i
s
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
to
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
1
8
]
,
s
elf
-
esteem
[
1
9
]
,
a
n
d
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lth
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
f
ew
af
o
r
em
e
n
tio
n
ed
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
d
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
E
I
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
f
am
ilies
,
an
d
g
en
er
al
s
o
cieti
es.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
o
b
tain
f
u
r
t
h
er
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
E
I
,
it
is
also
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
to
k
n
o
w
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
E
I
;
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
cu
r
r
en
t
s
t
u
d
y
,
we
in
v
esti
g
ate
two
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
h
av
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
to
E
I
,
n
am
ely
r
elig
i
o
s
ity
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
a
lity
.
E
m
o
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
r
e
p
o
r
ted
to
b
e
clo
s
ely
r
elate
d
to
r
elig
io
s
ity
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
ality
[
2
1
]
;
th
e
li
n
k
ca
n
b
e
ju
s
tifie
d
b
ec
au
s
e
in
am
o
n
g
its
b
eliev
er
s
,
r
elig
io
n
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
ce
n
tr
e
o
f
li
f
e
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
th
o
u
g
h
ts
an
d
attitu
d
es
o
n
d
aily
life
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
,
as
well
as
th
eir
em
o
ti
o
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
at,
r
elig
io
s
ity
a
n
d
s
p
ir
itu
alit
y
h
ad
b
ee
n
r
e
p
o
r
ted
to
lead
to
g
r
ea
ter
s
u
b
jectiv
e
h
ap
p
in
ess
an
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
n
e’
s
s
u
b
jectiv
e
well
-
b
ein
g
[
2
3
]
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
p
ir
itu
ality
p
o
s
itiv
ely
p
r
ed
icted
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
s
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
at,
it
wa
s
also
r
ep
o
r
ted
s
h
o
wn
t
h
at
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
s
t
h
at
ar
e
s
elf
-
tr
an
s
ce
n
d
e
n
t
s
u
ch
as
lo
v
e
a
n
d
g
r
atitu
d
e
m
ed
iated
t
h
e
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
r
elig
io
s
ity
/s
p
ir
itu
ality
an
d
well
-
b
ein
g
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
r
elatio
n
to
E
I
,
it
was
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
r
elig
io
u
s
teac
h
in
g
s
an
d
clo
s
e
em
o
tio
n
al
ex
p
e
r
i
en
ce
with
th
e
Div
in
e
B
ein
g
m
i
g
h
t
a
f
f
ec
t
o
u
r
em
o
tio
n
al
m
an
if
estatio
n
an
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
[
2
6
]
.
Su
ch
r
eli
g
io
u
s
teac
h
in
g
s
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
ten
s
er
v
e
as
a
m
ea
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
b
eliev
er
s
to
b
u
f
f
er
a
g
ain
s
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
lif
e
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
r
eli
g
io
n
,
r
elig
io
u
s
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ten
d
to
b
e
b
etter
at
co
p
in
g
wi
th
life
s
itu
atio
n
b
y
p
u
ttin
g
th
eir
tr
u
s
t
in
a
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
as
well
as
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
f
o
r
s
p
ir
itu
al
an
d
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
p
e
o
p
le
o
r
lead
er
s
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
r
elig
io
n
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
y
also
lear
n
ed
to
s
e
e
n
eg
ativ
e
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
in
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
lig
h
t
b
y
attac
h
in
g
m
ea
n
in
g
to
th
eir
d
ai
ly
en
c
o
u
n
ter
s
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
r
elig
io
u
s
in
d
iv
id
u
al
will
h
av
e
th
e
ten
d
e
n
cy
to
attr
ib
u
te
n
eg
ativ
e
life
ev
en
ts
as
a
les
s
o
n
o
r
ch
allen
g
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
Div
in
e
B
ein
g
th
at
wo
u
ld
ev
en
tu
ally
h
el
p
th
em
in
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
a
b
etter
p
e
r
s
o
n
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
a
s
tu
d
y
d
o
n
e
b
y
Vis
h
k
in
et
al.
[
2
2
]
,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
r
elig
i
o
u
s
p
eo
p
le
ten
d
t
o
en
g
a
g
e
in
co
g
n
itiv
e
r
ea
p
p
r
aisal
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
an
d
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
t
a
n
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
u
ch
e
m
o
tio
n
-
r
e
g
u
latin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
h
elp
s
in
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
g
r
ea
ter
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
af
f
ec
t
[
3
0
]
.
W
ith
th
at
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
in
ten
d
s
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
p
r
ed
i
ctiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
r
elig
io
s
ity
,
s
p
ir
itu
ality
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
.
Sin
ce
1
9
9
0
’
s
,
s
p
ir
itu
ality
h
as
s
lo
wly
em
er
g
ed
as
a
v
ar
iab
le
d
is
tin
ct
f
r
o
m
r
elig
io
s
ity
[
3
1
]
.
W
h
ile
it
was
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
in
ter
ch
an
g
ea
b
l
y
with
r
elig
io
s
ity
,
d
i
s
ctin
ctio
n
b
etwe
en
s
p
ir
itu
ality
an
d
r
eli
g
io
s
ity
h
as
g
ain
ed
its
o
wn
atten
tio
n
an
d
in
ter
est
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
r
elig
i
o
n
r
e
f
er
s
to
in
s
t
itu
tio
n
alize
d
b
elief
s
y
s
tem
s
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
r
itu
als
a
n
d
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
ac
r
ed
t
r
an
s
cr
ip
ti
o
n
s
in
r
elatio
n
to
a
Div
in
e
B
ein
g
[
2
9
]
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
s
p
ir
itu
ality
is
v
iewe
d
as th
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
s
ea
r
ch
o
f
an
ex
is
ten
tial m
ea
n
in
g
o
r
th
e
u
ltima
te
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
life
an
d
/o
r
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
f
ee
lin
g
o
f
clo
s
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
a
Hig
h
er
Po
wer
[
3
2
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
H
o
wd
en
[
3
3
]
,
s
p
ir
itu
ality
is
s
h
o
w
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
u
r
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
n
a
m
ely
(
a)
u
n
i
f
y
in
g
in
ter
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
ess
with
s
elf
,
o
th
er
s
,
u
n
i
v
er
s
e
an
d
/o
r
th
e
Ultim
ate
B
ein
g
,
(
b
)
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
g
f
o
r
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
in
life
,
(
c)
f
in
d
in
g
e
m
p
o
wer
m
en
t,
o
r
f
ee
lin
g
ca
p
a
b
le
an
d
at
ea
s
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
n
e
r
n
e
s
s
o
r
in
n
er
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
wh
en
g
o
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
life
,
an
d
(
d
)
tr
a
n
s
ce
n
d
e
n
ce
,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
t
o
r
ea
c
h
f
o
r
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
at
ar
e
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
u
s
u
al
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
s
elf
-
h
ea
lin
g
.
Sp
ir
itu
a
l
p
eo
p
le
ten
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
clo
s
e
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
th
e
Hig
h
er
P
o
wer
,
an
d
th
ey
ten
d
to
attr
ib
u
te
life
en
co
u
n
ter
s
to
th
e
Hig
h
er
Po
wer
in
s
ea
r
c
h
f
o
r
life
’
s
m
ea
n
in
g
[
3
4
]
.
Su
ch
p
u
r
s
u
it
o
f
m
ea
n
in
g
o
r
Deity
is
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
b
o
u
n
d
ed
b
y
r
elig
io
u
s
p
r
ac
tice
o
r
r
itu
als,
o
r
a
r
elig
io
u
s
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
[
3
5
]
.
I
n
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s
,
r
elig
io
n
o
f
ten
in
clu
d
es
s
p
ir
itu
ality
wh
er
ea
s
s
p
ir
itu
ality
ca
n
b
e
s
o
u
g
h
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
r
with
o
u
t
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
i
n
r
e
lig
io
n
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
clea
r
ly
b
y
p
eo
p
le
wh
o
claim
s
to
b
e
s
p
ir
it
u
al
b
u
t a
t th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
d
id
n
o
t id
en
tify
th
e
m
s
elv
es a
s
r
elig
io
u
s
[
3
7
,
3
8
]
.
I
n
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
th
e
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
o
f
r
elig
i
o
u
s
o
r
ien
tatio
n
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
Allp
o
r
t
an
d
R
o
s
s
[
3
9
]
,
s
p
ir
itu
ality
ca
n
b
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiat
ed
b
etter
f
r
o
m
r
elig
io
s
ity
;
r
eli
g
io
u
s
o
r
ie
n
tatio
n
is
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
n
e
liv
es
o
u
t
h
is
o
r
h
er
r
el
ig
io
n
.
Peo
p
le
with
ex
tr
in
s
ic
r
elig
io
u
s
o
r
ien
tatio
n
(
E
R
O)
u
s
es r
elig
io
n
as a
way
to
o
b
tain
p
er
s
o
n
al
g
o
als,
s
u
ch
as so
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
f
i
n
an
ci
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
p
o
liti
ca
l su
p
p
o
r
t,
a
n
d
o
th
e
r
n
o
n
-
s
p
ir
itu
al
o
b
jectiv
es; in
d
iv
id
u
als with
in
tr
in
s
ic
r
elig
io
u
s
o
r
ien
tatio
n
(
I
R
O)
,
h
o
wev
er
,
p
lace
less
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
m
s
elv
es,
liv
e
with
th
e
r
elig
io
n
an
d
em
b
r
ac
e
th
e
teac
h
in
g
s
co
m
p
letely
.
T
h
ey
a
r
e
m
o
tiv
ated
to
liv
e
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
life
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
eir
r
elig
io
u
s
b
elief
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
th
eir
o
w
n
n
ee
d
s
s
u
ch
as
m
o
n
ey
an
d
em
o
tio
n
s
m
ig
h
t
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
t
h
eir
liv
es,
th
ey
s
tr
iv
e
to
m
ak
e
t
h
eir
o
w
n
g
o
al
in
co
n
c
o
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
ir
r
elig
io
u
s
teac
h
i
n
g
s
an
d
b
eli
ef
s
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
at
is
to
s
ay
,
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
r
elig
io
u
s
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
r
itu
als,
o
r
p
r
ac
ti
ce
s
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
y
g
u
ar
an
tee
s
p
ir
itu
ality
as
s
o
m
e
r
elig
io
u
s
in
d
iv
id
u
als m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
r
elig
io
u
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
ak
e
o
f
r
eli
g
io
n
,
b
u
t f
o
r
s
o
m
e
s
elf
-
ce
n
tr
e
d
r
ea
s
o
n
s
[
3
5
]
.
I
t
was
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
r
elig
io
s
ity
an
d
E
I
ten
d
t
o
b
e
u
n
s
tab
le;
Van
Dy
k
e
an
d
E
lias
[
4
1
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
n
eg
ativ
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
r
elig
io
s
ity
an
d
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
te
d
E
I
,
wh
er
ea
s
,
Ł
o
wick
i
an
d
Z
ajen
k
o
wsk
i
[
4
2
]
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
r
elig
io
s
ity
was
p
o
s
i
tiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
a
b
ilit
y
E
I
b
u
t
n
o
t
tr
ait
E
I
.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
y
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
th
e
r
elig
io
u
s
o
r
ien
tatio
n
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
Allp
o
r
t
an
d
R
o
s
s
[
3
9
]
,
t
h
er
e
s
ee
m
s
to
b
e
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
f
in
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
r
elig
io
u
s
o
r
ien
tati
o
n
an
d
E
I
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
p
ast
r
esear
ch
,
I
R
O
s
h
o
ws
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
s
elf
-
r
e
p
o
r
ted
E
I
an
d
n
e
g
ativ
e
c
o
r
r
el
atio
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Wh
y
s
o
me
r
elig
io
u
s
in
d
ivid
u
a
l
s
a
r
e
n
o
t e
mo
tio
n
a
lly
s
ma
r
t
?
T
h
e
ex
p
la
n
a
t
o
r
y
r
o
le
o
f sp
ir
itu
a
lity
(
Hu
i Wen
N
g
)
85
b
etwe
en
E
R
O
with
s
elf
-
r
e
p
o
r
ted
E
I
[
4
3
,
4
4
]
.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
p
eo
p
le
w
h
o
u
tili
ze
r
elig
io
n
f
o
r
t
h
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
non
-
s
p
ir
itu
al
b
e
n
ef
its
ten
d
to
b
e
em
o
tio
n
ally
less
in
tellig
en
t.
T
h
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
co
u
ld
b
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
r
elig
io
u
s
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
m
in
is
tr
y
b
y
p
eo
p
le
with
h
ig
h
er
I
R
O
[
4
3
]
.
Hav
in
g
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
r
elig
io
u
s
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
s
o
cieties
wh
ich
o
f
ten
in
v
o
lv
ed
s
er
v
ice
o
f
co
m
p
ass
io
n
an
d
ca
r
e,
th
ey
g
r
ad
u
ally
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
awa
r
e
o
f
o
n
e’
s
em
o
tio
n
s
a
n
d
o
f
o
th
e
r
s
an
d
ar
e
a
b
le
to
r
eg
u
late
e
m
o
tio
n
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
tly
[
4
,
4
4
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
was
also
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
p
eo
p
le
with
h
ig
h
e
r
I
R
O
ar
e
b
etter
at
p
er
ce
iv
i
n
g
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
em
o
tio
n
s
as
th
ey
ar
e
o
f
ten
s
p
i
r
itu
ally
m
o
r
e
m
atu
r
e
d
[
4
5
]
.
O
n
to
p
o
f
t
h
at,
Ł
o
wick
i
an
d
Z
aj
en
k
o
wsk
i
[
4
2
]
us
ed
th
e
ab
ilit
y
test
o
f
E
I
f
o
r
h
is
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
E
R
O
an
d
b
o
th
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
tr
ait
E
I
.
I
n
co
n
t
r
ast
with
th
e
p
a
s
t
s
tu
d
ies,
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
I
R
O
an
d
E
I
[
4
2
]
.
As
s
u
g
g
este
d
,
th
e
i
n
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
m
ig
h
t
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
c
u
ltu
r
e
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
d
en
o
m
in
atio
n
s
o
f
r
elig
io
n
s
,
an
d
ev
en
in
ter
-
r
eg
lig
io
n
s
,
s
u
ch
a
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
en
o
m
in
atio
n
s
o
f
J
u
d
aism,
I
s
lam
,
an
d
C
h
r
is
tian
ity
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
e
in
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
lin
k
b
etwe
en
I
R
O
an
d
E
I
ca
n
b
e
f
u
r
th
e
r
ex
p
lain
ed
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
C
h
r
is
tian
ity
d
en
o
m
in
atio
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
wh
er
e
t
h
e
C
ath
o
lics
,
wh
o
s
e
d
en
o
m
in
atio
n
u
s
u
all
y
v
alu
e
r
elig
io
s
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
elig
io
u
s
p
r
ac
tices,
r
it
u
als
an
d
tr
ad
itio
n
s
,
ten
d
to
r
e
p
o
r
t
a
lo
wer
I
R
O
as
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
Pro
test
an
ts
wh
o
u
s
u
ally
s
ee
k
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
r
elig
io
n
at
a
m
o
r
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
r
elig
io
s
ity
ca
n
b
e
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
h
o
w
ea
c
h
p
a
r
ticip
an
t
in
ter
p
r
et
r
elig
io
s
ity
,
eith
er
ex
ter
n
al
o
r
in
te
r
n
al,
as
well
as
eith
er
r
itu
al
-
b
ased
(
e.
g
.
h
o
w
m
an
y
tim
es
in
a
m
o
n
th
th
e
y
v
is
ited
wo
r
s
h
ip
p
in
g
h
o
u
s
es)
o
r
f
aith
-
b
ase
d
(
Ho
w
tr
u
e
th
ey
b
eliev
e
in
th
e
d
iv
in
e
p
o
wer
)
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
s
p
ir
itu
ali
ty
h
as
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
b
e
co
r
r
el
ated
with
E
I
.
Geu
la
[
4
7
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
th
e
em
o
tio
n
al
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
a
d
iv
in
e
e
n
tity
is
r
el
ated
to
o
n
e’
s
s
p
ir
itu
al
well
-
b
ein
g
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
s
u
ch
em
o
tio
n
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
co
u
ld
h
el
p
o
n
e
to
g
o
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
e
g
ativ
e
ev
e
n
ts
as
th
e
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
s
p
ir
itu
ality
allo
ws
th
em
to
attac
h
m
ea
n
in
g
an
d
h
o
p
e
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
en
co
u
n
ter
s
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
tate
o
f
m
i
n
d
[
4
8
]
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
d
e
So
u
za
[
3
8
]
also
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
s
p
ir
itu
ality
is
clo
s
ely
lin
k
ed
t
o
em
p
ath
y
.
I
t
was
s
aid
th
at
s
p
ir
itu
ality
,
d
ef
in
ed
as
h
av
in
g
a
d
ee
p
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
s
elf
an
d
o
th
er
s
,
h
elp
s
o
n
e
to
b
e
ab
le
to
id
en
tify
an
d
s
h
ar
e
th
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
o
th
er
s
[
4
9
,
3
8
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
T
a
n
g
,
Hö
lzel,
&
Po
s
n
er
[
5
0
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
b
r
ain
r
eg
i
o
n
s
th
at
r
eg
u
late
em
o
tio
n
ch
an
g
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ally
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
ally
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
p
ir
itu
al
p
r
ac
tices
lik
e
m
in
d
f
u
l
n
ess
m
ed
itatio
n
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
ed
itatio
n
,
em
p
ath
y
ca
n
b
e
cu
ltiv
ated
as
it
h
elp
s
o
n
e
in
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
em
o
tio
n
s
o
f
o
th
er
s
[
5
1
]
.
Giv
e
n
th
at
em
p
a
th
y
was
k
n
o
wn
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
E
I
,
it
was
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
s
p
ir
itu
ality
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
E
I
[
5
2
,
5
3
,
1
0
]
.
Fi
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
L
ee
Flo
r
es,
Gr
ee
n
,
Du
n
ca
n
an
d
C
ar
m
o
d
y
-
B
u
b
b
[
5
4
]
,
a
n
d
M
ig
u
el
-
R
o
jas,
Vílch
ez
-
Qu
ev
ed
o
an
d
R
ey
es
-
B
o
s
s
io
[
5
5
]
,
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
d
aily
s
p
ir
itu
al
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
an
d
s
p
ir
i
tu
ality
h
as
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
t
r
ait
E
I
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
a
n
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
th
at
s
elf
-
co
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
p
i
r
itu
al
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
ely
ass
o
ciat
ed
with
em
o
tio
n
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
asp
ec
t
o
f
E
I
[
5
5
]
;
s
p
ir
itu
al
p
r
ac
tices
h
elp
o
n
e
to
b
e
awa
r
e
o
f
o
n
e’
s
o
wn
em
o
tio
n
al
s
tate,
wh
ich
in
t
u
r
n
h
elp
s
h
im
o
r
h
er
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
an
d
r
e
g
u
late
em
o
tio
n
s
b
etter
.
Pas
t
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
E
I
r
elate
d
to
s
p
ir
itu
ality
an
d
I
R
O
s
u
g
g
es
ted
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
i
n
v
esti
g
atin
g
b
o
th
s
p
ir
itu
ality
an
d
r
elig
io
s
ity
as
a
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
ictin
g
E
I
.
N
o
t
o
n
ly
th
at
s
p
ir
itu
ality
h
as
g
r
ad
u
ally
b
ec
o
m
e
a
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
d
if
f
er
f
r
o
m
r
elig
i
o
s
ity
,
p
ast
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at
s
p
ir
itu
ality
m
ig
h
t
b
e
r
ep
l
ac
in
g
r
elig
io
s
ity
as
m
o
r
e
p
e
o
p
le
b
eg
an
to
id
e
n
tify
th
em
s
elv
es
as
s
p
ir
itu
al
th
an
r
elig
io
u
s
[
3
8
,
5
6
,
5
7
]
.
Giv
en
th
at,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
s
tu
d
y
h
o
w
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
b
o
th
v
ar
iab
les
in
f
lu
en
ce
E
I
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
I
R
O
an
d
E
I
,
as
well
as
to
wid
en
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
e
g
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
m
ea
n
s
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
E
I
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
aim
s
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
wh
eth
er
I
R
O
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
ality
wo
u
ld
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
ict
E
I
.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
I
R
O,
s
p
ir
itu
ality
an
d
E
I
wo
u
ld
b
e
g
i
v
en
t
o
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
to
co
m
p
lete.
I
n
co
n
ju
n
cti
o
n
with
th
e
p
ast
s
tu
d
ies,
it
was
h
y
p
o
th
esized
th
a
t
in
tr
in
s
ic
r
elig
io
u
s
o
r
ien
tatio
n
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
ality
wo
u
ld
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
ict
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
R
esu
lt
o
f
G*
p
o
wer
a
n
aly
s
is
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
at
least
6
8
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
to
ac
h
iev
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
=
.
1
5
,
α
=
.
0
5
,
an
d
Po
wer
=
.
8
0
.
Pu
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
r
e
cr
u
it
7
3
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
r
ec
r
u
ited
f
r
o
m
as th
ey
wer
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
b
e
wo
r
s
h
ip
p
in
g
h
o
u
s
e
-
g
o
in
g
ad
u
lts
,
(
4
7
f
em
ales a
n
d
2
6
m
ales)
,
ag
e
r
an
g
ed
b
etwe
e
n
1
8
to
5
6
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
(
M
=
2
7
.
4
2
,
S
D
=
1
0
.
2
8
)
.
T
h
e
ac
tu
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
8
9
;
h
o
wev
er
,
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata,
1
6
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
is
s
u
es a
n
d
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
ter
ests
.
A
g
o
o
g
le
li
n
k
alo
n
g
with
th
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
p
o
s
ted
o
n
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
:
Face
b
o
o
k
a
n
d
W
h
atsAp
p
.
Af
ter
r
ea
d
in
g
th
e
p
o
s
t,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
v
o
lu
n
tar
ily
p
ar
ti
cip
ate
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
as
th
ey
m
ee
t
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
s
tated
b
y
click
i
n
g
i
n
to
th
e
g
o
o
g
le
lin
k
a
n
d
an
s
wer
in
g
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
es in
th
e
lin
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
:
83
-
92
86
2
.
2
.
M
a
t
er
ia
ls
a
nd
pro
ce
du
re
As
o
p
er
atio
n
ally
d
e
f
in
ed
,
I
R
O
is
k
n
o
w
n
b
y
th
e
t
o
tal
s
co
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
I
n
tr
in
s
ic
Scale
o
f
R
elig
io
u
s
Or
ien
tatio
n
Scale
(
R
OS)
o
n
a
9
-
p
o
in
ts
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le,
wh
er
e
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
th
e
s
co
r
e
in
d
icate
s
h
ig
h
er
I
R
O
[
3
9
,
5
8
]
.
Sp
ir
it
u
ality
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
t
o
tal
s
co
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Sp
ir
it
u
ality
Ass
ess
m
en
t
Scale
[
3
3
]
o
n
a
6
-
p
o
in
ts
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le,
wh
er
e
th
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
t
o
tal
s
co
r
e
in
d
icate
s
h
ig
h
er
s
p
ir
itu
ality
;
wh
er
ea
s
E
I
is
o
p
er
atio
n
ally
d
e
f
in
ed
as
th
e
to
tal
s
co
r
e
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
Sch
u
tte
Self
-
R
ep
o
r
t
E
m
o
tio
n
al
I
n
tellig
en
ce
T
est
(
SR
E
I
T
)
b
y
Sch
u
tt
e
et
al.
[
5
9
]
o
n
a
5
-
p
o
i
n
t L
ik
er
t scale
,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
s
co
r
e
in
d
icat
es h
ig
h
er
E
I
.
A
g
o
o
g
le
lin
k
was
ex
tr
ac
t
ed
af
ter
th
e
g
o
o
g
le
f
o
r
m
i
n
clu
d
in
g
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
f
o
r
m
,
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
I
n
tr
in
s
ic
Scale
o
f
R
O
S,
SA
S
an
d
SR
E
I
T
was
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
.
I
t
was
th
en
p
o
s
ted
alo
n
g
with
a
b
r
ief
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
as we
ll a
s
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
two
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
n
am
ely
Fac
eb
o
o
k
an
d
W
h
atsAp
p
,
a
f
ter
g
ain
in
g
ap
p
r
o
v
al
o
f
th
e
a
d
m
i
n
if
it
was
a
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
g
r
o
u
p
p
ag
e
.
Par
ticip
an
t
s
in
ter
ested
in
jo
in
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
wo
u
ld
th
en
click
o
n
th
e
lin
k
p
o
s
ted
.
T
h
ey
we
r
e
f
ir
s
t
p
r
esen
ted
with
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
f
o
r
m
wh
ich
i
n
f
o
r
m
th
em
o
n
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
an
d
also
th
eir
r
i
g
h
t
s
as
a
p
ar
ticip
an
t
wh
en
th
ey
click
ed
o
n
th
e
lin
k
.
As
th
ey
m
et
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
an
d
ag
r
ee
d
to
tak
e
p
ar
t
in
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
ey
w
er
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
t
o
ch
ec
k
o
n
th
e
“I
Ag
r
ee
”
b
o
x
to
co
n
tin
u
e
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Af
ter
t
h
at,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
f
ill
in
t
h
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
,
I
n
tr
in
s
ic
Scale
o
f
R
OS,
SA
S,
an
d
SR
E
I
T
.
T
h
e
w
h
o
le
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
lo
n
g
er
th
an
4
5
m
i
n
u
tes.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Study
o
ne
T
h
e
aim
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
f
I
R
O,
s
p
ir
itu
ality
an
d
E
I
;
th
u
s
,
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
f
u
r
th
e
r
e
x
am
in
ed
u
s
in
g
Fo
r
ce
d
E
n
tr
y
Mu
ltip
le
L
in
ea
r
R
eg
r
ess
io
n
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
’
s
c
o
r
es
o
n
I
R
O
was
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
ad
d
in
g
th
e
s
co
r
es
o
f
ea
c
h
item
o
n
th
e
I
R
O
s
ca
le,
wh
er
e
th
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
s
co
r
e
in
d
icate
h
ig
h
er
to
tal
I
R
O.
L
ik
ewise,
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
ea
ch
ite
m
o
f
th
e
SAS
s
ca
le
was
also
ca
lcu
lated
as
a
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
s
p
ir
itu
ality
s
co
r
e
,
wh
er
e
th
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
to
tal
s
co
r
e
in
d
icate
h
ig
h
er
s
p
ir
itu
ality
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
’
s
co
r
e
o
n
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
E
I
was
th
en
o
b
tain
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
to
tallin
g
th
e
s
co
r
es
o
f
ea
ch
item
o
n
t
h
e
SR
E
I
T
s
ca
le
af
ter
r
ev
er
s
in
g
th
e
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
item
5
,
2
8
an
d
3
3
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
to
tal
s
co
r
e
o
n
th
e
SR
E
I
T
s
ca
le
in
d
icate
s
b
etter
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
.
T
h
e
d
ata
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
an
d
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Me
an
s
co
r
es f
o
r
s
p
ir
it
u
ality
,
in
tr
in
s
ic
r
elig
io
u
s
o
r
ien
tatio
n
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
M
SD
N
Emo
t
i
o
n
a
l
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
1
2
5
.
2
9
1
0
.
4
2
73
I
n
t
r
i
n
si
c
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
u
s Or
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
6
2
.
3
4
1
2
.
2
4
73
S
p
i
r
i
t
u
a
l
i
t
y
1
2
8
.
1
6
1
9
.
6
7
73
T
ab
le
2
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
f
o
r
ce
d
e
n
tr
y
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
in
t
r
in
s
ic
r
elig
io
u
s
o
r
ien
tatio
n
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
ality
p
r
ed
ictin
g
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
e
n
ce
(
N
=
7
3
)
b
β
t
p
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
7
6
.
6
1
1
3
.
8
5
.
0
0
0
I
n
t
r
i
n
si
c
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
u
s Or
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
-
.
1
3
-
.
1
5
-
1
.
5
5
.
1
2
6
S
p
i
r
i
t
u
a
l
i
t
y
.
4
4
.
8
3
8
.
6
9
.
0
0
0
I
R
O
=
I
n
t
r
i
n
si
c
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
u
s
O
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
;
b
=
u
n
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
b
e
t
a
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
;
β
=
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
b
e
t
a
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
;
R
=
.
7
6
;
R
2
=
.
5
7
;
F
(
2
,
7
0
)
=
4
6
.
8
4
,
p
<
.
0
0
1
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
2
,
th
e
o
v
er
all
m
o
d
el
o
f
I
R
O
(
M
=
6
2
.
3
4
,
SD
=
1
2
.
2
4
)
a
n
d
s
p
ir
itu
a
lity
(
M
=
1
2
8
.
1
6
,
S
D
=
1
9
.
6
7
)
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
p
r
ed
icted
5
7
.
2
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
E
I
(
M
=
1
2
5
.
2
9
,
SD
=
1
0
.
4
2
)
,
R
2
=
.
5
7
,
F
(
2
,
7
0
)
=
4
6
.
8
4
,
p
<
.
0
0
1
.
Ho
wev
er
,
lo
o
k
in
g
f
u
r
th
e
r
in
to
th
e
an
aly
s
is
,
I
R
O
was
n
o
t
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
E
I
wh
e
n
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
s
p
ir
itu
ality
,
β
=
-
.
1
5
,
t
(
7
0
)
=
-
1
.
5
5
,
p
=.
1
2
6
.
S
p
ir
itu
ality
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
E
I
wh
en
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
I
R
O,
β
=
.
8
3
,
t
(
7
0
)
=
8
.
6
9
,
p
<
.
0
0
1
.
T
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
eq
u
atio
n
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
E
m
o
tio
n
al
I
n
tellig
en
ce
=
7
6
.
6
1
+
(
-
.
1
3
×
IR
O)
+
(
.
4
4
×
Sp
ir
itu
ality
)
.
Giv
en
th
at
I
R
O
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
E
I
wh
e
n
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
s
p
ir
itu
ality
,
th
e
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
o
f
I
R
O
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
a
lity
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
in
itial
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
r
esid
u
als
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
th
er
e
wer
e
two
o
u
tlier
s
as
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
r
esid
u
al
v
alu
es
d
id
n
o
t
s
tay
b
etwe
en
n
eg
ativ
e
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
th
r
ee
,
Std
.
R
esid
u
al
Min
=
-
3
.
0
8
,
Std
.
R
esid
u
al
Ma
x
=
2
.
1
4
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
d
ec
id
e
d
to
r
e
m
o
v
e
th
e
o
u
tlier
s
,
w
h
ich
wer
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
t
7
an
d
3
1
,
to
co
n
tin
u
e
th
e
an
aly
s
is
.
T
ab
le
3
,
T
ab
le
4
,
a
n
d
T
a
b
le
5
s
h
o
wed
th
e
r
esu
lts
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
th
e
r
em
o
v
al
o
f
o
u
tlier
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Wh
y
s
o
me
r
elig
io
u
s
in
d
ivid
u
a
l
s
a
r
e
n
o
t e
mo
tio
n
a
lly
s
ma
r
t
?
T
h
e
ex
p
la
n
a
t
o
r
y
r
o
le
o
f sp
ir
itu
a
lity
(
Hu
i Wen
N
g
)
87
T
ab
le
3
.
R
esid
u
als
s
tatis
tic
s
a
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
r
em
o
v
al
o
f
o
u
tlier
s
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
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r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d
V
a
l
u
e
8
3
.
2
8
1
4
4
.
5
6
1
2
8
.
1
6
1
1
.
3
6
6
73
R
e
si
d
u
a
l
-
4
9
.
7
7
5
3
4
.
5
8
3
.
0
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0
1
6
.
0
4
9
73
S
t
d
.
P
r
e
d
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c
t
e
d
V
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l
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e
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3
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4
9
1
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4
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0
73
S
t
d
.
R
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si
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a
l
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0
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1
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0
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9
9
3
73
a
D
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
:
S
p
i
r
i
t
u
a
l
i
t
y
T
ab
le
4
.
R
esid
u
als
s
tatis
tic
s
a
a
f
ter
th
e
r
em
o
v
al
o
f
o
u
tlier
s
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
N
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d
V
a
l
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e
1
0
6
.
3
4
1
4
4
.
3
0
1
2
9
.
6
5
9
.
4
6
2
71
R
e
si
d
u
a
l
-
3
8
.
1
0
8
3
4
.
0
5
1
.
0
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1
5
.
0
4
8
71
S
t
d
.
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d
V
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l
u
e
-
2
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4
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3
1
.
5
4
9
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0
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0
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0
71
S
t
d
.
R
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si
d
u
a
l
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2
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5
1
4
2
.
2
4
7
.
0
0
0
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9
9
3
71
a
D
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
:
S
p
i
r
i
t
u
a
l
i
t
y
T
ab
le
5
.
Me
an
s
co
r
es f
o
r
s
p
ir
it
u
ality
an
d
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
r
elig
io
u
s
o
r
ien
tatio
n
M
SD
N
I
n
t
r
i
n
si
c
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
u
s Or
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
6
3
.
0
1
1
0
.
9
7
71
S
p
i
r
i
t
u
a
l
i
t
y
1
2
9
.
6
5
1
7
.
7
8
71
Af
ter
r
em
o
v
in
g
th
e
o
u
tlier
s
,
t
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
r
esid
u
als
s
h
o
wed
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
m
in
im
u
m
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
es
o
f
s
tan
d
a
r
d
r
esid
u
al,
Std
.
R
esid
u
al
Min
=
-
2
.
5
1
,
Std
.
R
esid
u
al
Ma
x
=
2
.
2
5
.
B
y
v
is
u
ally
in
s
p
ec
tin
g
th
e
s
ca
tter
p
lo
t
o
f
I
R
O
ag
ain
s
t
s
p
ir
itu
ality
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
)
,
t
h
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
lin
ea
r
i
ty
b
etwe
en
I
R
O
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
ality
was m
et.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
lin
ea
r
ity
f
o
r
i
n
ter
n
al
r
elig
i
o
u
s
o
r
ien
tatio
n
p
r
ed
ictin
g
s
p
ir
itu
ality
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
n
o
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
was
test
ed
,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
d
ep
icted
i
n
T
ab
le
6
f
o
r
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
an
d
T
ab
le
7
f
o
r
co
ef
f
icien
t.
T
ab
le
6
.
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
S
p
i
r
i
t
u
a
l
i
t
y
I
R
O
P
e
a
r
so
n
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
S
p
i
r
i
t
u
a
l
i
t
y
1
.
0
0
0
.
5
3
2
I
R
O
.
5
3
2
1
.
0
0
0
S
i
g
.
(
1
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
S
p
i
r
i
t
u
a
l
i
t
y
.
.
0
0
0
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R
O
.
0
0
0
.
N
S
p
i
r
i
t
u
a
l
i
t
y
71
71
I
R
O
71
71
T
ab
le
7
.
C
o
ef
f
icien
ts
a
M
o
d
e
l
C
o
l
l
i
n
e
a
r
i
t
y
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
s
To
l
e
r
a
n
c
e
V
I
F
1
(
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
)
I
R
O
1
.
0
0
0
1
.
0
0
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
:
83
-
92
88
Giv
en
th
at
th
e
to
ler
a
n
ce
v
al
u
e
is
m
o
r
e
th
an
0
.
2
an
d
th
e
VI
F
v
alu
e
is
less
er
th
a
n
1
0
,
th
e
a
s
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
n
o
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
was
m
et,
T
o
ler
an
c
e
=
1
.
0
0
an
d
VI
F
=
1
.
0
0
.
1
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
al
r
es
u
lt
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
is
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
8
T
ab
le
8
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
s
im
p
le
li
n
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
in
t
r
in
s
ic
r
elig
io
u
s
o
r
ien
tatio
n
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
s
p
ir
itu
ality
(
N
=
7
1
)
b
β
t
p
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
7
5
.
2
9
7
.
1
3
.
0
0
0
I
n
t
r
i
n
si
c
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
u
s Or
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
;
.
8
6
.
5
3
5
.
2
2
.
0
0
0
b
=
u
n
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
b
e
t
a
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
;
β
=
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
b
e
t
a
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
;
R
=
.
5
3
;
R
2
=
.
2
8
;
F
(
1
,
6
9
)
=
2
7
.
2
8
,
p
<
.
0
0
1
T
ab
le
8
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
I
R
O
(
M
=
6
3
.
0
1
,
S
D
=
1
0
.
9
7
)
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
p
r
ed
icted
s
p
ir
itu
ality
(
M
=
1
2
9
.
6
5
,
S
D
=
1
7
.
7
8
)
,
F
(
1
,
6
9
)
=
2
7
.
2
8
,
p
<
.
0
0
1
.
I
R
O
ex
p
lain
ed
2
8
.
3
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
s
p
ir
itu
ality
,
R
2
=
.
2
8
.
I
R
O
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
s
p
ir
itu
ality
,
β
=
.
5
3
,
t
(
6
9
)
=
5
.
2
2
,
p
<
.
0
0
1
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
r
esu
lt,
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
eq
u
atio
n
is
Sp
ir
itu
ality
=
7
5
.
2
9
+
(
.
8
6
×
I
R
O)
.
3
.
2
.
Co
nclus
io
n o
f
s
t
ud
y
o
ne
Fin
d
in
g
s
o
f
o
u
r
f
ir
s
t
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
d
th
at
wh
en
co
u
n
ted
in
d
iv
i
d
u
ally
,
s
p
ir
itu
ality
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
icts
E
I
,
wh
ile
I
R
O
d
o
es
n
o
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
T
ab
le
8
,
s
p
ir
itu
ality
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
icted
b
y
I
R
O.
Fu
r
th
er
ex
p
lan
atio
n
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
at
th
is
p
o
in
t,
b
ec
au
s
e
wh
ile
s
p
ir
itu
ality
p
r
ed
icts
E
I
,
o
n
e
will
n
o
t
b
e
s
p
ir
itu
al
with
o
u
t
I
R
O;
y
et
I
R
O
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
ict
E
I
.
Stu
d
y
two
was
c
o
n
d
u
cted
in
o
r
d
er
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
h
o
w
th
e
th
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
I
R
O
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
ality
w
o
r
k
s
in
p
r
ed
ictin
g
E
I
.
3
.
3
.
S
tu
d
y
t
wo
Usi
n
g
th
e
s
am
e
d
ataset,
to
tal
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
I
R
O
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
ality
ag
ain
s
t
E
I
is
b
ein
g
test
ed
.
A
m
ed
iatio
n
m
o
d
el
was
ch
o
s
en
b
ec
au
s
e
th
er
e
was
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
I
R
O
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
icts
E
I
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
(
T
ab
le
8
)
;
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
o
n
e
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
b
e
s
p
ir
itu
al
with
o
u
t
h
av
in
g
r
elig
i
o
u
s
o
r
ie
n
tatio
n
in
ter
n
ally
.
A
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
an
al
y
s
is
with
5
0
0
0
s
am
p
les
an
d
9
5
%
in
ter
v
al
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
was
ch
o
s
en
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
.
PR
OC
E
SS
Ma
cr
o
with
in
SP
SS
wa
s
u
tili
ze
d
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
co
n
d
u
c
t
th
e
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
T
ab
le
9
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
d
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
.
T
ab
le
9
.
Mu
ltip
le
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
les
R²
t
β
P
LLC
I
U
LC
I
To
t
a
l
:
I
R
O
a
s
a
m
o
d
e
l
→
EI
.
1
1
2
.
9
7
.
2
8
.
0
0
4
.
0
9
3
.
0
4
7
D
i
r
e
c
t
:
I
R
O
→
EI
-
1
.
5
5
-
.
1
3
.
1
3
-
.
2
9
.
0
4
B
o
o
t
S
E
B
o
o
t
LL
C
I
B
o
o
t
U
LC
I
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
:
I
R
O
→
S
p
i
r
i
t
u
a
l
i
t
y
→
EI
.
4
1
.
0
9
3
.
2
4
.
6
0
T
ab
le
9
d
e
p
icted
th
at
th
e
to
t
al
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
I
R
O
as
a
m
o
d
el
(
to
g
eth
er
with
s
p
ir
itu
ality
)
o
n
E
I
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
an
d
o
n
e
in
cr
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
I
R
O
p
r
e
d
icts
th
e
0
.
2
8
p
o
in
ts
o
f
E
I
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
wh
en
s
p
ir
itu
ality
is
tak
en
o
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
,
I
R
O
lo
s
t
i
ts
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
in
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
E
I
.
At
th
e
last
r
o
w
o
f
th
e
T
ab
le
9
,
it
was
s
h
o
wn
th
at
s
p
ir
itu
ality
ca
n
ex
p
lain
th
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
I
R
O
an
d
E
I
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
r
elig
io
s
ity
is
n
o
t
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
p
r
e
d
icto
r
o
f
E
I
with
o
u
t
s
p
ir
itu
ality
;
in
o
t
h
er
wo
r
d
s
,
r
elig
io
u
s
o
r
n
o
t,
p
eo
p
le
ca
n
s
till
b
e
em
o
tio
n
ally
in
tellig
en
ce
wh
en
th
ey
d
e
v
elo
p
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
p
ir
it
u
ality
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
co
n
clu
s
io
n
to
b
e
d
r
awn
is
th
at
I
R
O
ca
n
o
n
ly
p
r
ed
ict
E
I
wh
en
m
ed
iated
b
y
s
p
ir
itu
ality
;
in
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
p
eo
p
le
wh
o
ar
e
r
elig
io
u
s
with
o
u
t
ac
tu
ally
b
ein
g
s
p
ir
itu
al
will n
o
t lik
ely
to
h
av
e
th
eir
E
I
af
f
ec
te
d
b
y
th
eir
r
elig
io
s
ity
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
o
u
r
f
ir
s
t
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
s
p
ir
itu
ality
wa
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
E
I
wh
ile
I
n
ter
n
al
R
elig
io
u
s
Or
ien
tatio
n
was
n
o
t.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
wit
h
th
e
p
ast
s
tu
d
ies,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
o
n
es
b
y
L
ee
Flo
r
es
et
al.
[
5
4
]
an
d
Mig
u
el
-
R
o
jas
et
al
[
5
5
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
is
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
is
th
at
s
p
ir
itu
ality
h
ad
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
em
p
ath
y
,
wh
ich
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
ain
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
E
I
[
4
9
,
3
8
,
5
1
,
1
0
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
p
ast
r
esear
ch
also
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
s
p
ir
itu
al
p
r
ac
tices
(
e.
g
.
m
e
d
itatin
g
o
r
p
r
ay
in
g
)
co
u
ld
also
h
el
p
o
n
e
in
g
en
er
atin
g
m
ea
n
in
g
a
n
d
h
o
p
e
as
well
as
g
ettin
g
co
n
s
o
latio
n
in
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
en
co
u
n
ter
s
,
wh
ich
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
ly
p
r
o
m
o
te
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
s
[
4
8
,
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
s
wer
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ly
lin
k
ed
to
f
ac
e
ts
o
f
tr
ait
E
I
lik
e
o
p
tim
is
m
an
d
s
tr
ess
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t,
wh
ich
ev
en
t
u
ally
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
E
I
[
8
]
.
Giv
en
th
at
E
I
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
in
clu
d
e
em
o
tio
n
r
eg
u
latio
n
an
d
em
o
tio
n
awa
r
en
ess
,
s
p
ir
itu
ality
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
n
ec
t
ed
n
ess
b
etwe
en
o
n
eself
,
t
h
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
to
a
Div
in
e
B
ein
g
,
co
u
ld
also
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Wh
y
s
o
me
r
elig
io
u
s
in
d
ivid
u
a
l
s
a
r
e
n
o
t e
mo
tio
n
a
lly
s
ma
r
t
?
T
h
e
ex
p
la
n
a
t
o
r
y
r
o
le
o
f sp
ir
itu
a
lity
(
Hu
i Wen
N
g
)
89
in
cr
ea
s
e
E
I
as
it
h
elp
s
o
n
e
t
o
r
ea
lize
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
o
n
e’
s
o
wn
em
o
tio
n
s
an
d
,
in
t
u
r
n
,
h
elp
i
n
g
o
n
e
in
r
eg
u
latin
g
h
is
o
r
h
e
r
em
o
tio
n
s
[
5
5
]
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
I
R
O
d
id
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
tly
p
r
e
d
ict
E
I
w
h
en
s
p
ir
it
u
ality
was
co
n
tr
o
lled
.
T
h
is
is
in
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
p
ast
s
tu
d
ies
wh
ic
h
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
I
R
O
d
o
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
e
d
icts
E
I
.
W
ith
th
at,
f
ew
f
ac
to
r
s
co
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
i
n
ex
p
lain
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
.
First
o
f
all,
m
o
s
t
p
ast
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
ied
h
o
w
I
R
O
alo
n
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
E
I
with
o
u
t
tak
in
g
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
at
io
n
o
f
s
p
ir
itu
ality
.
Do
o
ley
et
al.
[
5
6
]
,
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
th
er
e
m
ig
h
t
b
e
a
clea
r
d
is
tin
ctio
n
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
r
elig
io
s
ity
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
ality
b
y
th
e
s
ch
o
lar
,
m
o
s
t
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
d
id
n
o
t
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
eir
r
elig
io
s
ity
b
ased
o
n
ce
r
em
o
n
ial
atten
d
an
ce
o
r
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
wh
ich
th
ey
f
it
i
n
to
th
eir
r
elig
io
u
s
af
f
iliatio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
p
ast
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
wed
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
th
er
e
ar
e
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
th
at
s
p
ir
itu
ality
is
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
r
elig
io
n
,
th
e
d
is
tin
ctio
n
is
s
till
n
o
t
v
er
y
well
-
d
ef
in
e
d
[
5
7
]
.
Ad
d
in
g
to
t
h
at,
s
o
m
e
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
r
elig
io
s
ity
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
ality
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
co
r
r
el
ated
,
wh
ile
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
em
wer
e
n
o
t
[
3
6
]
.
I
t
was
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
p
eo
p
le
with
h
i
g
h
er
I
R
O
ten
d
to
h
av
e
h
ig
h
e
r
s
p
ir
itu
al
m
atu
r
ity
wh
ich
h
elp
s
th
em
in
p
er
ce
iv
in
g
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
em
o
tio
n
s
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
as
th
ey
wer
e
p
ar
ti
cip
atin
g
in
s
tu
d
ies
wh
ich
in
v
esti
g
ate
I
R
O
a
s
th
e
o
n
ly
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
E
I
(
wh
er
e
s
p
ir
itu
ality
was
n
o
t
co
n
tr
o
lled
f
o
r
)
,
th
ey
m
ig
h
t
tak
e
s
p
ir
itu
ality
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
u
n
co
n
s
cio
u
s
ly
s
in
ce
th
e
ter
m
s
r
elig
io
s
ity
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
ality
ar
e
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
in
ter
ch
an
g
ea
b
ly
[
5
6
]
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
r
elig
io
u
s
r
itu
als
o
r
p
r
ac
tice
s
,
lik
e
p
r
ay
er
an
d
w
o
r
s
h
ip
p
i
n
g
,
wo
u
ld
s
o
m
etim
es
ac
t
as
a
m
ea
n
s
f
o
r
p
eo
p
le
to
d
e
v
elo
p
th
eir
s
p
ir
itu
ality
;
th
at
is
to
s
ay
,
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
o
n
e
c
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
r
elig
io
u
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
ak
e
o
f
s
o
cial,
f
in
an
cial,
o
r
o
th
er
n
ee
d
s
,
it
co
u
ld
also
p
r
o
b
ab
l
y
b
e
o
n
e’
s
way
o
f
ex
p
r
ess
in
g
s
p
ir
itu
ality
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
h
ig
h
er
I
R
O
[
3
6
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
with
h
ig
h
er
I
R
O
o
f
ten
cr
a
v
e
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
f
aith
;
th
is
cr
av
in
g
,
th
e
n
,
s
er
v
e
as
a
g
r
ea
t
m
o
tiv
ato
r
f
o
r
th
em
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
a
Di
v
in
e
B
ein
g
wh
o
wo
u
ld
g
u
id
e
th
em
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
em
with
m
ea
n
in
g
in
life
[
5
6
]
.
On
to
p
o
f
th
at,
p
eo
p
le
with
h
ig
h
er
I
R
O
s
h
o
wed
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
th
eir
in
s
tiu
tio
n
s
wh
ich
s
o
m
etim
es
in
v
o
lv
e
s
p
ir
itu
al
teac
h
in
g
s
an
d
h
elp
in
g
th
e
s
o
ciety
in
n
ee
d
[4
3]
.
B
y
in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
th
em
s
elv
es
s
u
ch
ac
tiv
ities
,
it
i
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
th
at
s
p
ir
itu
al
v
alu
e
li
k
e
b
ein
g
co
m
p
ass
io
n
ate
an
d
em
p
ath
etic
co
u
ld
b
e
cu
ltiv
ate
d
wh
ich
ev
en
tu
ally
h
elp
th
em
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
E
I
[
4
3
,
6
0
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
th
at
th
e
p
ast
r
esear
ch
h
ad
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
I
R
O
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
ality
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
an
d
p
ast
s
tu
d
ies
also
s
h
o
wed
th
at
I
R
O
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
icted
s
p
ir
itu
ality
[
6
1
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
p
ast
r
ese
ar
ch
wh
ic
h
s
h
o
ws
I
R
O
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
tly
p
r
ed
icted
E
I
m
ay
b
e
d
u
e
to
s
p
ir
itu
ality
as
t
h
e
u
n
d
e
r
ly
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
;
h
e
n
ce
,
wh
en
s
p
ir
itu
ality
was
co
n
tr
o
lled
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
I
R
O
d
id
n
o
t sig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
ict
E
I
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
o
u
r
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
d
th
at
s
p
ir
itu
ality
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
I
R
O
an
d
E
I
.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
with
o
u
t
s
p
ir
itu
ality
,
I
R
O
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
ict
E
I
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
m
ig
h
t
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
ab
o
u
t
r
elig
io
s
ity
(
I
R
O)
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
ality
with
o
u
t
h
av
in
g
t
o
n
eg
lect
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
f
ac
to
r
s
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
wh
e
n
r
elig
io
s
ity
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
ality
ar
e
tak
en
as
to
tally
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
ac
t
o
r
,
p
eo
p
le
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
r
elig
io
u
s
b
u
t
n
o
t
s
p
ir
itu
al,
s
p
ir
itu
al
b
u
t
n
o
t
r
elig
i
o
u
s
,
r
elig
i
o
u
s
a
n
d
s
p
ir
itu
al,
o
r
n
o
t
s
p
ir
itu
al
an
d
n
o
t
r
elig
io
u
s
.
Ou
r
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
d
th
at
s
p
ir
itu
al
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
r
eg
a
r
d
less
th
ey
ar
e
r
elig
io
u
s
o
r
n
o
t,
w
o
u
ld
lik
ely
t
o
b
e
em
o
tio
n
ally
in
tellig
en
t.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
n
o
n
-
s
p
ir
itu
al
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
ls
,
d
esp
ite
th
ey
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
r
elig
i
o
u
s
,
te
n
d
to
b
e
les
s
lik
ely
em
o
tio
n
ally
in
tellig
en
t
.
R
esu
lt
o
f
b
o
th
s
tu
d
y
o
n
e
an
d
s
tu
d
y
two
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
in
o
r
d
er
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
E
I
,
th
e
em
p
h
asize
o
f
s
p
ir
itu
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
h
o
ld
s
m
o
r
e
m
ea
n
in
g
th
an
f
o
cu
s
in
g
s
o
lely
o
n
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
r
elig
io
n
as
well
as
en
g
ag
in
g
in
r
elig
io
u
s
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
r
itu
als.
As
E
I
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
s
u
cc
ess
in
life
,
an
d
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
jo
b
an
d
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
co
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
u
r
s
e
s
on
s
p
ir
itu
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
r
i
m
p
lem
en
t
s
p
ir
itu
al
p
r
ac
tices
with
o
u
t
h
a
v
in
g
an
y
em
p
h
asize
o
n
ce
r
tain
b
elief
s
y
s
tem
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
o
r
g
an
iz
atio
n
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
co
u
ld
p
r
i
o
r
itize
o
n
en
c
o
u
r
ag
in
g
th
e
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
s
p
ir
itu
al
v
alu
es
s
u
ch
as
b
ei
n
g
co
m
p
ass
io
n
ate,
r
esp
ec
tf
u
l,
h
u
m
b
le,
g
r
atef
u
l,
a
n
d
h
o
n
est
t
o
cu
ltiv
ate
p
o
s
itiv
e
wo
r
k
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
a
n
d
en
d
o
r
s
e
team
wo
r
k
with
in
t
h
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
as
it
m
ay
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
E
I
in
s
tead
o
f
em
p
h
asizin
g
in
r
elig
io
u
s
ce
r
em
o
n
ial
k
n
o
wled
g
es.
T
h
is
wo
u
ld
th
en
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
f
lict
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tak
eh
o
l
d
er
s
,
an
d
th
e
s
o
ciety
in
g
e
n
e
r
al,
as
p
e
o
p
le
with
h
ig
h
er
E
I
ten
d
s
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
s
o
cial,
h
a
v
e
h
ig
h
er
s
elf
-
esteem
,
an
d
h
av
e
b
etter
wo
r
k
attitu
d
es
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tu
d
y
also
in
d
icate
d
th
at
s
p
ir
itu
ality
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
ed
icte
d
b
y
I
R
O
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
r
elig
io
u
s
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
also
p
lay
th
eir
r
o
les
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
E
I
o
f
th
eir
m
em
b
er
s
b
y
em
p
h
asizin
g
o
n
I
R
O
in
s
tead
o
f
th
e
ex
tr
in
s
ic
r
elig
io
u
s
o
r
i
en
tatio
n
(
E
R
O)
.
L
ea
d
er
s
o
f
r
elig
io
u
s
af
f
iliatio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
g
u
id
an
ce
an
d
e
x
am
p
les
th
at
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t
u
s
e
r
elig
io
n
as
a
wa
y
to
o
b
tain
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ter
est,
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
o
r
p
o
l
itical
o
b
jectiv
es;
in
s
tead
,
th
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
g
iv
e
e
x
am
p
les
o
f
em
b
r
ac
in
g
th
e
s
p
ir
itu
al
v
alu
es a
n
d
f
o
cu
s
th
eir
teac
h
i
n
g
to
en
c
o
u
r
ag
e
th
eir
f
o
llo
wer
s
to
s
ee
k
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
p
i
r
itu
ality
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
:
83
-
92
90
Sev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
b
e
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
to
b
e
tak
en
in
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
First
o
f
all,
in
o
r
d
er
to
av
o
i
d
b
iases
,
we
d
ec
id
ed
n
o
t
t
o
m
e
n
tio
n
th
e
r
elig
io
u
s
af
f
iliatio
n
o
f
o
u
r
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
.
Desp
ite
r
ed
u
cin
g
b
ias,
th
i
s
p
o
licy
m
ig
h
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
m
e
an
in
g
f
u
l
n
ess
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
n
atu
r
e
o
f
ea
ch
b
elief
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
ci
ety
to
war
d
s
ea
ch
b
elief
s
y
s
tem
.
Seco
n
d
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
b
elo
n
g
to
o
n
e
r
elig
io
u
s
b
elief
,
an
d
th
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
m
wer
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
o
th
er
r
elig
io
u
s
b
elief
s
an
d
ath
eism.
W
ith
th
at
in
m
in
d
,
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
m
ig
h
t
b
e
p
u
t
in
to
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
r
ce
r
tain
r
elig
io
u
s
b
elief
s
y
s
tem
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
o
b
tain
d
ee
p
e
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
.
An
o
th
er
lim
itatio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
lies
with
in
its
s
tatis
tical
r
esu
lts
.
Desp
ite
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
tr
o
n
g
(
β=.2
8
)
,
th
e
t
o
tal
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
I
R
O
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
ality
ca
n
o
n
ly
e
x
p
lain
1
1
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
t
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
E
I
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
t
h
er
e
ar
e
lar
g
e
r
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
e
d
b
y
o
th
er
v
ar
iab
les,
wh
ich
wo
r
th
s
tu
d
y
in
g
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
I
R
O
ca
n
o
n
ly
ex
p
lain
2
8
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
t
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
s
p
ir
itu
ali
ty
;
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
r
elig
i
o
s
ity
is
n
o
t
th
e
o
n
ly
f
ac
to
r
th
at
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
p
ir
itu
ality
am
o
n
g
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
also
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
th
at
p
eo
p
le
ca
n
b
e
h
ig
h
l
y
r
elig
io
u
s
with
o
u
t
b
ein
g
s
p
ir
itu
al
o
r
p
eo
p
le
with
h
ig
h
s
p
ir
itu
ality
ar
e
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
d
ev
o
ted
t
o
a
n
y
o
r
g
a
n
ized
r
elig
io
u
s
in
s
tiu
tio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tati
s
tical
f
in
d
in
g
m
ig
h
t
lead
to
f
u
r
th
er
s
o
cio
lo
g
ica
l
o
r
s
o
cial
-
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
q
u
esti
o
n
wh
eth
er
o
n
e
r
eq
u
ir
es
to
k
n
o
w
an
y
r
elig
io
u
s
teac
h
in
g
in
o
r
d
er
to
b
e
s
p
ir
itu
al
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
h
ig
h
er
E
I
,
wh
ich
is
s
u
g
g
ested
to
b
e
s
tu
d
ied
in
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
to
an
s
wer
a
f
ew
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
es
wh
er
e
th
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
co
n
tain
s
9
item
s
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
co
n
tain
s
2
8
item
s
an
d
th
e
th
ir
d
o
n
e
c
o
n
tain
s
3
3
item
s
,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
m
ay
ex
p
er
ien
ce
f
atig
u
e
as
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
letio
n
was
r
elativ
ely
lo
n
g
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
it
is
also
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
th
is
was
a
s
e
lf
-
r
e
p
o
r
ted
s
tu
d
y
;
p
eo
p
le
wer
e
u
s
u
ally
m
o
r
e
willin
g
t
o
id
e
n
tify
t
h
e
m
s
elv
es
as
s
p
ir
itu
al
r
ath
er
th
a
n
r
elig
io
u
s
as
b
ein
g
s
p
ir
itu
al
was
s
ee
n
to
b
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
co
o
l
wh
ile
r
elig
i
o
n
was
n
eg
ativ
el
y
co
n
n
o
te
d
as
p
e
o
p
le
u
s
u
ally
h
e
ld
a
m
o
r
e
s
k
ep
tical
v
iew
o
n
r
elig
io
n
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
it
is
also
p
o
s
s
ib
le
th
at
s
o
cial
d
esira
b
ilit
y
m
ay
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
r
esu
lt
as
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wo
u
ld
ten
d
to
id
en
tify
th
e
m
s
elv
es
as
s
p
ir
itu
al
r
ath
er
th
an
r
elig
io
u
s
.
Hen
ce
,
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
co
u
ld
u
s
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
ea
n
s
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
a
s
in
clu
d
i
n
g
q
u
alitativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
to
ac
q
u
i
r
e
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
n
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
v
iews
o
n
s
p
ir
itu
a
lity
an
d
r
elig
io
s
ity
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
co
u
ld
also
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
ee
p
e
r
i
n
to
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
’
ab
ilit
y
E
I
th
r
o
u
g
h
test
in
g
th
ei
r
m
ax
im
u
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
E
I
b
ased
o
n
t
h
eir
s
u
b
jectiv
e
r
atin
g
s
o
n
g
i
v
en
s
tatem
en
ts
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
b
ee
n
f
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
I
n
te
r
n
al
R
esear
ch
Gr
an
t
Sch
em
e
f
r
o
m
E
L
M
Gr
ad
u
ate
Sch
o
o
l,
HE
L
P
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
Ku
ala
L
u
m
p
u
r
,
in
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
C
en
ter
o
f
C
y
b
er
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
an
d
Gam
es,
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
Dep
t
.
HE
L
P Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
Ku
ala
L
u
m
p
u
r
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
D.
G
o
lem
a
n
,
“
Emo
ti
o
n
a
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
:
Iss
u
e
s
i
n
p
a
ra
d
i
g
m
b
u
il
d
in
g
,
”
T
h
e
e
mo
ti
o
n
a
ll
y
i
n
telli
g
e
n
t
wo
r
k
p
la
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
p
p
.
2
6
,
2
0
0
1
.
[2
]
V.
M
a
tt
i
n
g
l
y
a
n
d
K.
Kra
ig
e
r,
“
Ca
n
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
in
tel
li
g
e
n
c
e
b
e
tr
a
in
e
d
?
A
m
e
ta
-
a
n
a
ly
ti
c
a
l
i
n
v
e
sti
g
a
ti
o
n
,
”
H
u
ma
n
Res
o
u
rc
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
Rev
iew
,
v
o
l.
2
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
0
-
1
5
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
]
R.
Taja
b
a
d
i,
“
Th
e
stu
d
y
o
f
re
lat
io
n
sh
ip
b
e
twe
e
n
re
li
g
i
o
u
s
o
rien
t
a
ti
o
n
s
wit
h
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
i
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
Am
o
n
g
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
f
S
h
a
h
i
d
Be
h
e
sh
ti
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
M
e
d
ica
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
”
Arc
h
ive
s
o
f
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
i
n
Bi
o
sc
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
4
-
5
2
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
]
D.
Ne
li
s,
J.
Qu
o
id
b
a
c
h
,
M
.
M
i
k
o
lajc
z
a
k
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ha
n
se
n
n
e
,
“
In
c
re
a
sin
g
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
:
(Ho
w)
is
it
p
o
ss
ib
le?
,”
Per
so
n
a
li
ty a
n
d
i
n
d
ivid
u
a
l
d
if
fer
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
6
-
4
1
,
2
0
0
9
.
[5
]
J.
D.
M
a
y
e
r,
P
.
S
a
l
o
v
e
y
,
D.
R
.
Ca
ru
so
,
a
n
d
G
.
S
it
a
re
n
i
o
s,
“
Emo
ti
o
n
a
l
i
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
a
s
a
sta
n
d
a
rd
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
”
p
p
.
2
3
2
,
2
0
0
1
.
[6
]
R.
E.
Bo
y
a
tzis,
D.
G
o
lem
a
n
,
an
d
K.
Rh
e
e
,
“
Cl
u
ste
rin
g
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
in
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
:
I
n
sig
h
ts
fro
m
t
h
e
Emo
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
m
p
e
ten
c
e
I
n
v
e
n
to
r
y
(ECI)
.
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
”
v
o
l.
9
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
3
4
3
-
3
6
2
,
2
0
0
0
.
[7
]
M
.
F
io
ri
,
J.
P
.
An
t
o
n
ietti
,
M
.
M
i
k
o
lajc
z
a
k
,
O.
Lu
m
i
n
e
t,
M
.
Ha
n
se
n
n
e
,
a
n
d
J.
Ro
ss
ier,
“
Wh
a
t
is
t
h
e
a
b
il
it
y
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
tes
t
(M
S
C
EIT
)
g
o
o
d
fo
r?
An
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
u
sin
g
it
e
m
re
sp
o
n
se
t
h
e
o
ry
,
”
PL
o
S
On
e
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
e
9
8
8
2
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
[8
]
K.
V.
P
e
tri
d
e
s,
R.
P
it
a
,
a
n
d
F
.
Ko
k
k
i
n
a
k
i,
“
Th
e
l
o
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
trait
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
in
tell
ig
e
n
c
e
in
p
e
rso
n
a
li
t
y
fa
c
to
r
sp
a
c
e
,
”
Brit
ish
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
9
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
7
3
-
2
8
9
,
2
0
0
7
.
[9
]
K.
V.
P
e
tri
d
e
s
a
n
d
A.
F
u
r
n
h
a
m
,
“
Trait
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
in
tell
ig
e
n
c
e
:
B
e
h
a
v
io
u
ra
l
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
i
n
two
stu
d
ies
o
f
e
m
o
ti
o
n
re
c
o
g
n
it
i
o
n
a
n
d
re
a
c
ti
v
it
y
to
m
o
o
d
in
d
u
c
ti
o
n
,
”
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
p
e
rs
o
n
a
li
ty
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
9
-
5
7
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
0
]
O.
S
e
rra
t,
“
Bu
il
d
in
g
a
lea
rn
i
n
g
o
r
g
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
,
”
in
Kn
o
wled
g
e
so
lu
ti
o
n
s,
S
p
rin
g
e
r
,
p
p
.
5
7
-
6
7
,
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
e
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
1
]
M
.
M
o
h
a
m
a
d
a
n
d
J.
Ja
is,
“
Emo
ti
o
n
a
l
i
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
j
o
b
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
:
A
stu
d
y
a
m
o
n
g
M
a
lay
s
ian
tea
c
h
e
rs,
”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
Ec
o
n
o
mic
s a
n
d
F
in
a
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
3
5
,
p
p
.
6
7
4
-
6
8
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J E
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&
R
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.
I
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N:
2252
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8
8
2
2
Wh
y
s
o
me
r
elig
io
u
s
in
d
ivid
u
a
l
s
a
r
e
n
o
t e
mo
tio
n
a
lly
s
ma
r
t
?
T
h
e
ex
p
la
n
a
t
o
r
y
r
o
le
o
f sp
ir
itu
a
lity
(
Hu
i Wen
N
g
)
91
[1
2
]
L.
B.
Y
o
k
e
a
n
d
S
.
A.
P
a
n
a
ti
k
,
“
E
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
in
tell
ig
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
j
o
b
p
e
r
fo
rm
a
n
c
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Bu
si
n
e
ss
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
8
0
6
-
8
1
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
3
]
P
.
Ra
n
a
sin
g
h
e
,
W
.
S
.
Wath
u
ra
p
a
th
a
,
Y.
M
a
th
a
n
g
a
sin
g
h
e
,
a
n
d
G
.
P
o
n
n
a
m
p
e
ru
m
a
,
“
Emo
ti
o
n
a
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
stre
ss
a
n
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
S
r
i
La
n
k
a
n
m
e
d
ica
l
u
n
d
e
r
g
ra
d
u
a
tes
,
”
BM
C
me
d
ica
l
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
4
]
S
.
S
wa
n
e
p
o
e
l
a
n
d
L.
Bri
tz,
“
Emo
ti
o
n
a
l
I
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Ac
a
d
e
m
ic
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
,
”
Al
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
7
1
-
1
8
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
5
]
B.
P
a
lme
r,
M
.
Walls,
Z.
Bu
r
g
e
ss
,
a
n
d
C.
S
t
o
u
g
h
,
“
Emo
ti
o
n
a
l
i
n
tel
li
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
lea
d
e
rsh
i
p
,
”
L
e
a
d
e
rs
h
ip
&
Or
g
a
n
iz
a
ti
o
n
D
e
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
-
1
0
,
2
0
0
1
.
[1
6
]
P
.
N.
Lo
p
e
s,
M
.
A.
Bra
c
k
e
tt
,
J.
B
.
Ne
z
lek
,
A.
S
c
h
ü
tz,
I.
S
e
ll
i
n
,
a
n
d
P
.
S
a
l
o
v
e
y
,
“
Emo
ti
o
n
a
l
in
tell
ig
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
s
o
c
ial
in
tera
c
ti
o
n
,
”
Per
so
n
a
li
ty a
n
d
so
c
i
a
l
p
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
b
u
ll
e
ti
n
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
0
1
8
-
1
0
3
4
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
7
]
A.
Drig
a
s
a
n
d
C.
P
a
p
o
u
tsi,
“
Em
o
ti
o
n
a
l
I
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
a
s
a
n
Im
p
o
rt
a
n
t
As
se
t
fo
r
HR
i
n
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
s:
Lea
d
e
rs
a
n
d
Emp
lo
y
e
e
s,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
C
o
rp
o
ra
te L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
8
]
N.
Ex
trem
e
ra
a
n
d
P
.
F
e
rn
á
n
d
e
z
-
Be
rro
c
a
l,
“
P
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
i
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
li
fe
sa
ti
sfa
c
ti
o
n
:
P
re
d
ictiv
e
a
n
d
in
c
re
m
e
n
tal
v
a
li
d
it
y
u
sin
g
t
h
e
T
ra
it
M
e
ta
-
M
o
o
d
S
c
a
le,
”
Per
so
n
a
li
ty
a
n
d
In
d
ivid
u
a
l
Dif
fer
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
3
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
9
3
7
-
948
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
9
]
L.
Re
y
,
N.
Ex
trem
e
ra
,
a
n
d
M
.
P
e
n
a
,
“
P
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
se
lf
-
e
ste
e
m
a
n
d
li
fe
sa
ti
sfa
c
ti
o
n
in
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts,
”
Psy
c
h
o
so
c
i
a
l
In
ter
v
e
n
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
2
7
-
2
3
4
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
0
]
S
.
K.
Da
v
is
a
n
d
N.
Hu
m
p
h
re
y
,
“
Th
e
in
fl
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
i
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
(EI
)
o
n
c
o
p
in
g
a
n
d
m
e
n
tal
h
e
a
lt
h
i
n
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
c
e
:
Div
e
rg
e
n
t
r
o
les
fo
r
t
ra
it
a
n
d
a
b
il
it
y
EI,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
o
les
c
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
3
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
3
6
9
-
1
3
7
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
1
]
C.
L.
P
a
rk
a
n
d
J.
M
.
S
lattery
,
“
S
p
iri
tu
a
l
it
y
,
e
m
o
ti
o
n
s,
a
n
d
p
h
y
sic
a
l
h
e
a
lt
h
,
”
in
T
h
e
Ox
f
o
rd
h
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
p
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
sp
irit
u
a
l
it
y
,
p
p
.
3
7
9
-
3
8
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
2
]
A.
Vish
k
in
,
Y.
E.
Bi
g
m
a
n
,
R.
P
o
ra
t,
N.
S
o
lak
,
E.
Ha
lp
e
rin
,
a
n
d
M
.
Tam
ir,
“
G
o
d
re
st
o
u
r
h
e
a
rts:
Re
li
g
io
sit
y
a
n
d
c
o
g
n
i
ti
v
e
re
a
p
p
ra
isa
l,
”
Emo
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
3
]
I.
D.
G
a
u
r,
“
Iss
u
e
s o
f
c
a
n
o
n
s a
n
d
c
u
lt
u
re
s,
”
Cu
l
tu
ra
l
S
t
u
d
ies
in
I
n
d
i
a
, p
p
.
1
3
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
4
]
B.
W.
S
m
it
h
,
J.
A.
Ortiz,
K.
T.
Wi
g
g
i
n
s,
J.
F
.
Be
rn
a
rd
,
a
n
d
J.
Da
len
,
“
S
p
iri
t
u
a
li
ty
,
re
sili
e
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
p
o
siti
v
e
e
m
o
ti
o
n
s,
”
in
T
h
e
Ox
fo
r
d
h
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
p
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
s
p
irit
u
a
li
ty
,
Ox
fo
rd
li
b
ra
ry
o
f
p
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
,
p
p
.
4
3
7
-
4
5
4
,
Ox
f
o
rd
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
5
]
P
.
Va
n
Ca
p
p
e
ll
e
n
,
M
.
To
t
h
-
G
a
u
th
ier,
V.
S
a
ro
g
l
o
u
,
a
n
d
B.
L.
F
re
d
r
ick
so
n
,
“
Re
li
g
io
n
a
n
d
we
ll
-
b
e
i
n
g
:
Th
e
m
e
d
iatin
g
ro
le o
f
p
o
si
ti
v
e
e
m
o
ti
o
n
s,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ha
p
p
i
n
e
ss
S
t
u
d
ies
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
8
5
-
5
0
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
6
]
I.
S
il
b
e
rm
a
n
,
“
COMM
ENTARY:
"
S
p
ir
it
u
a
l
Ro
le
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
:
Th
e
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
o
f
M
e
a
n
i
n
g
S
y
ste
m
s,
”
T
h
e
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
f
o
r th
e
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
o
f
Rel
ig
io
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
7
5
-
1
9
5
,
2
0
0
3
.
[2
7
]
C.
L.
P
a
rk
,
“
Re
li
g
io
u
sn
e
ss
/sp
iri
tu
a
li
ty
a
n
d
h
e
a
lt
h
:
A
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
sy
ste
m
s
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
s,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Beh
a
v
io
u
ra
l
M
e
d
icin
e
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
1
9
-
3
2
8
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
8
]
C.
G
.
El
li
so
n
,
“
Re
li
g
i
o
u
s In
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
S
u
b
jec
ti
v
e
Well
-
Be
in
g
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
He
a
lt
h
a
n
d
S
o
c
ia
l
Be
h
a
v
io
r
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
0
-
9
9
,
1
9
9
1
.
[2
9
]
R.
W.
H.
P
.
C
.
Ho
o
d
Jr
a
n
d
B.
S
p
i
lk
a
,
T
h
e
p
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
o
f
re
li
g
io
n
:
An
e
mp
irica
l
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
Ne
w
Yo
r
k
:
G
u
il
fo
rd
,
2
0
0
9
.
[3
0
]
A.
Vish
k
i
n
,
P
.
B.
N.
Blo
o
m
,
a
n
d
M
.
Tam
ir,
“
Alwa
y
s
lo
o
k
o
n
t
h
e
b
rig
h
t
sid
e
o
f
l
ife:
Re
li
g
io
sit
y
,
e
m
o
ti
o
n
re
g
u
lati
o
n
a
n
d
we
ll
-
b
e
i
n
g
in
a
Je
wish
a
n
d
C
h
risti
a
n
sa
m
p
le,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ha
p
p
in
e
ss
S
tu
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
2
7
-
4
4
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
1
]
B.
J.
Zi
n
n
b
a
u
e
r,
K.
I.
P
a
r
g
a
m
e
n
t,
B.
Co
le,
M
.
S
.
R
y
e
,
E.
M
.
Bu
t
ter,
T.
G
.
Be
lav
ich
,
K.
M
.
Hi
p
p
,
A.
B.
S
c
o
tt
a
n
d
J.
L.
Ka
d
a
r,
“
Re
li
g
io
n
a
n
d
sp
iri
t
u
a
li
ty
:
U
n
fu
z
z
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
fu
z
z
y
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
fo
r
th
e
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
S
t
u
d
y
o
f
Relig
i
o
n
,
p
p
.
5
4
9
-
5
6
4
,
1
9
9
7
.
[3
2
]
B.
J.
Zi
n
n
b
a
u
e
r
a
n
d
K.
I.
P
a
rg
a
m
e
n
t,
“
Re
li
g
i
o
u
s
n
e
ss
a
n
d
sp
ir
it
u
a
li
ty
,
”
i
n
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
t
h
e
p
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
o
f
re
li
g
io
n
a
n
d
sp
irit
u
a
l
it
y
,
Ne
w Yo
rk
,
T
h
e
G
u
il
fo
rd
P
re
ss
,
p
p
.
2
1
-
4
2
,
2
0
0
5
.
[3
3
]
J.
W.
Ho
w
d
e
n
,
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
a
n
d
p
sy
c
h
o
me
tric
c
h
a
ra
c
ter
isti
c
s
o
f
t
h
e
S
p
irit
u
a
li
ty
Asse
ss
me
n
t
S
c
a
le
,
T
e
x
a
s
Wo
m
a
n
'
s
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
De
n
t
o
n
,
1
9
9
2
.
[3
4
]
K.
L.
Walk
e
r
a
n
d
V.
Di
x
o
n
,
“
S
p
iri
tu
a
li
t
y
a
n
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
m
o
n
g
Afric
a
n
Am
e
rica
n
c
o
ll
e
g
e
stu
d
e
n
ts,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Bl
a
c
k
Psy
c
h
o
lo
gy
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
-
1
2
1
,
2
0
0
2
.
[3
5
]
H.
Ko
e
n
i
g
,
H
.
G
.
Ko
e
n
i
g
,
D.
Kin
g
,
a
n
d
V.
B
.
Ca
rso
n
,
H
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
re
li
g
io
n
a
n
d
h
e
a
lt
h
,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
:
Ox
f
o
r
d
Un
iv
e
rsity
P
re
ss
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
6
]
L.
A.
Be
rk
e
l,
T
.
D.
Arm
stro
n
g
,
a
n
d
K.
O.
Co
k
ley
,
“
S
imilariti
e
s
a
n
d
d
iffere
n
c
e
s
b
e
twe
e
n
re
li
g
io
sit
y
a
n
d
sp
ir
it
u
a
li
t
y
in
Afric
a
n
Am
e
rica
n
c
o
ll
e
g
e
st
u
d
e
n
ts:
A
p
re
li
m
in
a
ry
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
,
”
Co
u
n
se
li
n
g
a
n
d
Va
l
u
e
s
,
v
o
l.
4
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
-
1
4
,
2
0
0
4
.
[3
7
]
A.
Bo
v
e
ro
,
P
.
Leo
m
b
r
u
n
i,
M
.
M
in
i
o
tt
i,
G
.
Ro
c
c
a
,
a
n
d
R.
T
o
r
ta,
“
S
p
ir
it
u
a
li
t
y
,
q
u
a
li
ty
o
f
li
fe
,
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
a
d
ju
stm
e
n
t
i
n
term
in
a
l
c
a
n
c
e
r
p
a
ti
e
n
ts
in
h
o
sp
ice
,
”
E
u
ro
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ca
n
c
e
r
Ca
re
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
9
6
1
-
9
6
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
8
]
M
.
d
e
S
o
u
z
a
,
“
Th
e
e
m
p
a
th
e
ti
c
m
in
d
:
th
e
e
ss
e
n
c
e
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
sp
iri
tu
a
li
t
y
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ch
il
d
re
n
'
s
S
p
irit
u
a
l
it
y
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
5
-
5
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
9
]
G
.
W.
Allp
o
rt
a
n
d
J.
M
.
Ro
ss
,
“
P
e
rso
n
a
l
re
li
g
io
u
s
o
r
ien
tatio
n
a
n
d
p
re
j
u
d
ice
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Per
so
n
a
li
ty
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
3
2
-
4
4
3
,
1
9
6
7
.
[4
0
]
M
.
Ar
d
e
lt
a
n
d
C.
S
.
Ko
e
n
ig
,
“
Th
e
imp
o
rta
n
c
e
o
f
re
li
g
io
u
s
o
rien
tat
io
n
a
n
d
p
u
r
p
o
se
in
li
fe
fo
r
d
y
in
g
we
ll
:
Ev
id
e
n
c
e
fro
m
th
re
e
c
a
se
stu
d
ies
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Reli
g
io
n
,
S
p
iri
tu
a
li
ty &
A
g
in
g
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
1
-
7
9
,
2
0
0
7
.
[4
1
]
C.
J.
Va
n
Dy
k
e
a
n
d
M
.
J
.
El
ias
,
“
Ho
w
e
x
p
re
ss
io
n
s
o
f
f
o
rg
i
v
e
n
e
ss
,
p
u
r
p
o
se
,
a
n
d
re
li
g
i
o
sity
re
lat
e
to
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
i
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
se
lf
-
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
i
n
u
rb
a
n
fift
h
-
g
ra
d
e
stu
d
e
n
ts,
”
Ame
ri
c
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Or
th
o
p
sy
c
h
i
a
try
,
v
o
l.
7
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
8
1
-
4
9
3
,
2
0
0
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
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8
8
2
2
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
:
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-
92
92
[4
2
]
P
.
Ł
o
wic
k
i
a
n
d
M
.
Zaje
n
k
o
ws
k
i,
“
Div
i
n
e
e
m
o
ti
o
n
s:
O
n
t
h
e
li
n
k
b
e
twe
e
n
e
m
o
t
io
n
a
l
i
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
re
li
g
io
u
s
b
e
li
e
f,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Rel
ig
i
o
n
a
n
d
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
5
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
9
9
8
-
2
0
0
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
3
]
E.
P
a
e
k
,
“
Re
li
g
i
o
sit
y
a
n
d
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
a
m
o
n
g
C
h
risti
a
n
s,
”
Per
so
n
a
li
ty
a
n
d
In
d
ivid
u
a
l
Diff
e
re
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
4
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
7
9
-
4
9
0
,
2
0
0
6
.
[4
4
]
L.
M
.
P
ra
ti
,
Y.
Li
u
,
a
n
d
K.
Ba
ss
,
“
Re
li
g
io
sity
a
n
d
w
o
rk
p
lac
e
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
r:
a
m
a
n
ifes
tatio
n
o
f
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t,
S
p
irit
u
a
l
it
y
&
Relig
i
o
n
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
8
-
1
5
9
,
2
0
0
7
.
[4
5
]
R.
L.
Ba
ss
e
tt
a
n
d
P
.
C.
Hill
,
“
Th
e
ACE
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
e
m
o
ti
o
n
:
li
v
in
g
Je
su
s
Ch
rist
wh
i
le
e
x
p
e
rien
c
in
g
e
m
o
ti
o
n
s,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
T
h
e
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
3
2
-
2
4
6
,
1
9
9
8
.
[4
6
]
A.
B.
Co
h
e
n
a
n
d
P
.
C.
Hill
,
“
Re
li
g
io
n
a
s
c
u
lt
u
re
:
Re
li
g
io
u
s
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
a
li
sm
a
n
d
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
v
ism
a
m
o
n
g
Am
e
rica
n
Ca
th
o
li
c
s,
Je
ws
,
a
n
d
P
r
o
tes
tan
ts,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Pe
rs
o
n
a
li
ty
,
v
o
l.
7
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
0
9
-
7
4
2
,
2
0
0
7
.
[4
7
]
K.
G
e
u
la,
Emo
ti
o
n
a
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
sp
irit
u
a
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
,
S
a
n
ta
Cru
z
,
Ca
li
fo
r
n
ia,
2
0
0
4
.
[4
8
]
J.
Co
y
le,
“
S
p
iri
t
u
a
li
ty
a
n
d
h
e
a
lt
h
:
T
o
wa
rd
s
a
f
ra
m
e
wo
rk
fo
r
e
x
p
lo
ri
n
g
t
h
e
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
twe
e
n
sp
iri
t
u
a
li
t
y
a
n
d
h
e
a
lt
h
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
N
u
r
sin
g
,
v
o
l.
3
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
8
9
-
5
9
7
,
2
0
0
2
.
[4
9
]
A.
Ap
o
st
o
li
d
e
s,
“
Emp
a
t
h
y
a
n
d
i
m
a
g
in
a
ti
o
n
:
Nu
rt
u
ri
n
g
c
h
il
d
re
n
'
s
a
n
d
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
t'
s
sp
iri
tu
a
l
we
ll
-
b
e
in
g
in
t
h
e
d
ig
it
a
l
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t,
”
S
tellen
b
o
sc
h
T
h
e
o
l
o
g
ica
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
3
-
89
,
2
0
1
8
.
[5
0
]
Y.
Y.
Tan
g
,
B.
K.
Hö
lze
l
,
a
n
d
M
.
I.
P
o
sn
e
r,
“
Th
e
n
e
u
ro
sc
ien
c
e
o
f
m
in
d
fu
ln
e
ss
m
e
d
it
a
ti
o
n
,
”
Na
tu
re
Rev
iews
Ne
u
ro
sc
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
1
3
-
2
2
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[5
1
]
A.
Lu
tz,
J.
Bre
fc
z
y
n
sk
i
-
Lew
is,
T.
Jo
h
n
sto
n
e
,
a
n
d
R.
J.
Da
v
id
s
o
n
,
“
Re
g
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
n
e
u
ra
l
c
ircu
i
try
o
f
e
m
o
ti
o
n
b
y
c
o
m
p
a
ss
io
n
m
e
d
it
a
ti
o
n
:
e
ffe
c
ts o
f
m
e
d
it
a
ti
v
e
e
x
p
e
rti
se
,
”
Pl
o
S
o
n
e
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
e
1
8
9
7
,
2
0
0
8
.
[5
2
]
C.
A.
M
a
rk
stro
m
,
E.
Hu
e
y
,
B.
M
.
S
t
il
e
s
,
a
n
d
A.
L.
Kra
u
se
,
“
F
r
a
m
e
wo
rk
s
o
f
c
a
rin
g
a
n
d
h
e
lp
i
n
g
in
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
c
e
:
Are
e
m
p
a
th
y
,
re
li
g
io
sit
y
,
a
n
d
s
p
ir
it
u
a
li
t
y
re
late
d
c
o
n
stru
c
ts?
,
”
Y
o
u
t
h
&
S
o
c
iety
,
v
o
l.
4
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
9
-
8
0
,
2
0
1
0
.
[5
3
]
P
.
S
a
lo
v
e
y
a
n
d
J.
D.
M
a
y
e
r,
“
Emo
ti
o
n
a
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
”
Ima
g
in
a
ti
o
n
,
C
o
g
n
it
i
o
n
a
n
d
Per
so
n
a
li
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
8
5
-
2
1
1
,
1
9
9
0
.
[5
4
]
S
.
Lee
F
lo
re
s,
M
.
T.
G
re
e
n
,
P
.
A.
Du
n
c
a
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
A.
Ca
rm
o
d
y
-
B
u
b
b
,
“
Th
e
re
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twe
e
n
sp
iri
tu
a
l
it
y
a
n
d
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
i
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Relig
io
n
&
S
p
irit
u
a
li
ty
in
S
o
c
iety
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
3
-
1
0
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[5
5
]
J.
M
ig
u
e
l
-
Ro
jas
,
E.
Vílc
h
e
z
-
Qu
e
v
e
d
o
,
a
n
d
M
.
Re
y
e
s
-
Bo
ss
io
,
“
S
p
i
rit
u
a
li
t
y
a
n
d
Em
o
ti
o
n
a
l
In
tell
ig
e
n
c
e
in
u
n
i
v
e
rsit
y
stu
d
e
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
c
it
y
o
f
Ay
a
c
u
c
h
o
,
”
In
ter
a
c
c
io
n
e
s:
Rev
ista
d
e
Ava
n
c
e
s
E
n
Psico
lo
g
ía
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
1
-
1
4
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[5
6
]
M
.
Do
o
ley
,
D.
J
o
n
e
s
,
a
n
d
E.
Zu
p
k
o
,
“
Diss
e
c
ti
n
g
fa
it
h
:
C
o
m
p
a
ri
n
g
re
li
g
i
o
u
s
n
e
ss
a
n
d
sp
ir
it
u
a
li
t
y
t
o
se
lf
-
c
o
n
str
u
a
l
a
n
d
re
li
g
io
u
s o
rie
n
tatio
n
,
”
Psi
C
h
i
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
U
n
d
e
rg
ra
d
u
a
te R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
8
6
-
1
9
3
,
2
0
1
0
.
[5
7
]
B.
S
tee
n
sla
n
d
,
X.
Wan
g
a
n
d
L.
C.
S
c
h
m
id
t
,
“
S
p
iri
tu
a
li
t
y
:
W
h
a
t
Do
e
s
it
M
e
a
n
a
n
d
to
W
h
o
m
?
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
fo
r
t
h
e
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
S
tu
d
y
o
f
Relig
io
n
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
5
0
-
4
7
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[5
8
]
J.
Bre
wc
z
y
n
sk
i
a
n
d
D.
A.
M
a
c
Do
n
a
ld
,
“
Co
n
firma
to
r
y
fa
c
to
r
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
th
e
a
ll
p
o
rt
a
n
d
ro
ss
re
li
g
i
o
u
s
o
rien
tatio
n
sc
a
le
with
a
p
o
l
ish
sa
m
p
le,
”
T
h
e
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
f
o
r
th
e
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
Reli
g
io
n
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
3
-
7
6
,
2
0
0
6
.
[5
9
]
N.
S
.
S
c
h
u
tt
e
,
J.
M
.
M
a
l
o
u
ff
,
L.
E.
Ha
ll
,
D.
J.
Ha
g
g
e
rt
y
,
J.
T.
C
o
o
p
e
r,
C
.
J.
G
o
ld
e
n
,
a
n
d
L.
D
o
rn
h
e
im
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
m
e
a
su
re
o
f
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
in
tel
li
g
e
n
c
e
,
”
Per
so
n
a
li
ty
a
n
d
I
n
d
ivid
u
a
l
Diff
e
re
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
6
7
-
1
7
7
,
1
9
9
8
.
[6
0
]
L.
Re
a
v
e
,
“
S
p
iri
tu
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
s
a
n
d
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
re
late
d
to
lea
d
e
rsh
i
p
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
,
”
T
h
e
L
e
a
d
e
rs
h
ip
Qu
a
rte
rly
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
5
5
-
6
8
7
,
2
0
0
5
.
[6
1
]
M
.
L.
Ca
m
p
b
e
ll
,
S
.
A.
Lee
,
a
n
d
D.
L.
Co
th
ra
n
,
“
M
y
st
icism
m
a
tt
e
rs:
Distin
g
u
ish
i
n
g
b
e
twe
e
n
i
n
tri
n
sic
re
li
g
io
sit
y
,
e
x
tri
n
sic
re
li
g
io
sit
y
,
a
n
d
s
p
iri
t
u
a
li
ty
u
sin
g
h
ig
h
e
r
-
o
rd
e
r
fa
c
to
rs
o
f
p
e
rso
n
a
li
ty
a
n
d
m
y
st
icism
,
”
Arc
h
ive
fo
r
th
e
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
o
f
Relig
i
o
n
,
v
o
l.
3
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
9
5
-
2
1
6
,
2
0
1
0
.
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