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Scien
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C
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d
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ac
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id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Natu
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d
is
aster
s
ca
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h
ap
p
en
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an
y
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an
d
ar
e
co
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p
letely
u
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f
o
r
eseen
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Natu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
ca
n
h
ap
p
en
an
y
wh
e
r
e,
in
an
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cu
m
s
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Natu
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s
ar
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p
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o
m
en
a
th
at
o
cc
u
r
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atu
r
e,
th
at
ar
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u
n
p
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ed
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le
in
t
h
eir
tim
in
g
an
d
ca
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h
ap
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wh
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with
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f
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to
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u
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ca
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at
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t
[
3
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,
[
4
]
.
Geo
g
r
ap
h
ical,
en
v
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o
n
m
en
tal,
an
d
n
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r
a
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ch
ar
ac
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is
tics
o
f
a
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n
ca
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af
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ec
t
th
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t
y
p
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d
in
ten
s
ity
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f
n
atu
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is
aster
s
.
Natu
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d
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h
ap
p
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f
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tim
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with
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t
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i
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g
o
r
p
r
ec
au
t
io
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.
E
v
en
with
ad
v
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n
ce
m
en
t
s
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
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f
o
r
d
is
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etec
tio
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a
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m
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till
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p
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d
ict
wh
en
an
d
wh
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a
d
is
aster
will
s
tr
ik
e
[
5
]
.
As
a
r
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lt,
ea
ch
co
m
m
u
n
ity
m
u
s
t
b
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p
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s
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is
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s
s
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ef
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ts
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in
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in
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f
o
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th
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I
n
d
o
n
esian
p
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p
le.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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A
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3249
Dis
aster
s
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
s
tr
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I
n
d
o
n
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[
6
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,
[
7
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.
I
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d
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is
a
co
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tr
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lo
ca
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th
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Pacif
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R
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Fire
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h
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Pacif
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R
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Fire
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with
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Du
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Pacif
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8
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T
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b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
eismic
an
d
v
o
lcan
ic
ac
tiv
ity
,
is
ev
id
en
ce
o
f
th
is
co
n
d
itio
n
[
9
]
.
Natu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
lik
e
ea
r
t
h
q
u
ak
es,
wh
ich
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
s
tr
ik
e
I
n
d
o
n
esia
an
d
s
ev
er
ely
d
am
ag
e
lo
ca
l
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
c
o
ex
is
t
th
er
e
with
v
o
lcan
ic
er
u
p
tio
n
s
,
wh
ich
p
o
s
e
r
is
k
s
in
clu
d
in
g
ash
r
ain
s
,
lav
a
f
lo
ws,
an
d
p
y
r
o
cl
asti
c
f
lo
ws.
Du
e
to
th
eir
len
g
th
y
co
asts
an
d
v
u
ln
er
a
b
ilit
y
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
ea
r
th
q
u
ak
es
in
o
f
f
s
h
o
r
e
l
o
ca
tio
n
s
,
s
o
m
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia
m
ay
also
b
e
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
ts
u
n
am
is
[
1
0
]
.
Du
e
to
h
ea
v
y
r
ai
n
f
all,
a
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
to
p
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
,
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
,
f
lo
o
d
in
g
also
o
c
cu
r
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
.
I
n
h
illy
r
esid
en
tial
ar
ea
s
,
lan
d
s
lid
es
m
ay
o
cc
u
r
d
u
e
to
s
tr
o
n
g
r
ai
n
f
all
th
at
r
esu
lts
in
h
ea
v
y
wat
er
f
lo
w.
L
a
n
d
s
lid
es
ar
e
also
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
in
n
atu
r
e.
Natu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
ar
e
g
ettin
g
wo
r
s
e
b
y
g
lo
b
al
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e.
T
h
e
d
a
n
g
er
o
f
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
m
a
y
r
is
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
v
ar
iab
les
l
ik
e
alter
ed
r
ain
f
all
p
atter
n
s
,
r
is
in
g
g
lo
b
al
tem
p
er
atu
r
es,
an
d
i
n
ten
s
if
y
in
g
tr
o
p
ical
s
to
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
f
ac
t
t
h
a
t
I
n
d
o
n
esia
is
an
ar
ch
ip
elag
o
also
af
f
ec
ts
h
o
w
d
if
f
icu
lt
it
is
to
m
a
n
ag
e
d
is
aster
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
h
a
r
d
-
to
-
r
e
ac
h
r
em
o
te
is
lan
d
ar
ea
s
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
with
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
d
ea
l
with
d
is
aster
s
.
An
ex
am
p
le
o
f
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
is
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tiv
e
ab
ilit
y
.
Dis
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
is
a
s
et
o
f
co
r
p
o
r
ate
p
r
ac
tices a
n
d
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
s
th
at
tr
y
to
m
o
d
if
y
h
u
m
a
n
a
n
d
n
atu
r
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
to
m
itig
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
an
d
h
az
a
r
d
s
o
f
n
at
u
r
al
d
is
aster
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
c
r
ea
s
ed
co
m
m
u
n
ity
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
d
is
aster
s
ar
e
th
e
g
o
als
o
f
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Dis
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
also
s
ee
k
s
to
less
en
th
e
d
etr
im
e
n
tal
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
d
i
s
aster
s
o
n
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
an
d
liv
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
o
ciety
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
k
id
s
,
m
u
s
t
lear
n
to
ad
a
p
t
to
d
is
aster
s
.
T
h
e
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
y
e
ar
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
s
k
ills
,
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e,
an
d
attitu
d
es
ab
o
u
t
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
h
o
w
to
d
ea
l
with
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
[
1
5
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
ca
n
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
d
is
aster
s
,
d
is
aster
r
i
s
k
s
,
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
f
o
r
d
is
aster
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
,
an
d
t
h
e
r
ig
h
t
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
d
is
aster
m
itig
atio
n
[
1
6
]
.
E
lem
en
ta
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
k
id
s
ca
n
lear
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
ev
ac
u
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
an
d
lear
n
h
o
w
to
r
ea
ct
to
d
is
aster
s
p
r
u
d
en
tly
b
y
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
ev
ac
u
atio
n
ex
er
cises
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
v
o
lv
in
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
an
d
f
am
ilies
in
th
e
d
is
aster
'
s
ad
ap
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
cr
u
cial.
C
h
ild
r
en
in
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
a
b
le
to
talk
to
th
eir
f
am
ilies
ab
o
u
t
em
er
g
en
cy
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
s
an
d
d
is
aster
r
ea
d
in
ess
at
h
o
m
e
.
B
y
en
h
an
ci
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
,
teac
h
er
s
m
ay
cr
ea
te
a
g
en
er
atio
n
t
h
at
i
s
ad
ap
tab
le
an
d
r
esil
ien
t,
an
d
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
d
ef
en
d
in
g
th
em
s
el
v
es,
th
eir
f
am
ilies
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ities
f
r
o
m
d
is
aster
h
az
ar
d
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
in
d
icate
d
in
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
th
at
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
p
u
p
ils
s
till
h
av
e
p
o
o
r
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
k
ills
[
1
7
]
–
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
in
itial
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
2
0
0
I
n
d
o
n
esian
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
k
id
s
'
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
,
wh
ich
y
ield
ed
an
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
5
4
.
3
9
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
k
id
s
s
till
h
av
e
p
o
o
r
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
s
k
ills
.
E
lem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
lo
w
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
ab
ilit
y
is
th
e
m
ain
p
r
o
b
lem
in
th
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
.
E
lem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
lo
w
d
i
s
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
ab
ilit
y
will
im
p
ac
t
th
eir
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
ad
ap
t
to
d
is
as
ter
-
p
r
o
n
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
s
o
ef
f
o
r
ts
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
eir
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
ab
ilit
y
.
E
f
f
o
r
ts
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
d
is
a
s
ter
ad
ap
tatio
n
ab
ilit
ies
ca
n
b
e
m
ad
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
at
s
ch
o
o
l.
Sch
o
o
ls
ar
e
ess
en
tial
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
elem
e
n
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
a
b
ilit
ies
in
th
e
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
to
tr
ain
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
ad
ap
t
to
d
is
aster
-
p
r
o
n
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
f
ac
t
is
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
'
lo
w
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
ab
ilit
ies.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
'
s
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
is
n
o
t
in
lin
e
with
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
4
.
0
er
a,
wh
ich
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
elem
en
ts
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
lo
w
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
en
.
E
r
a
4
.
0
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
is
clo
s
ely
r
elate
d
t
o
tech
n
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
en
to
ad
a
p
t
to
d
is
aster
s
will
b
e
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
th
e
lack
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
en
h
an
ce
d
lear
n
in
g
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
in
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
will
b
e
n
ef
it
f
r
o
m
a
n
en
g
ag
in
g
,
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e,
an
d
v
i
r
tu
al
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
d
u
e
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
.
St
u
d
en
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
e
x
p
o
s
ed
to
m
o
d
er
n
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
o
d
els,
n
e
v
er
th
eless
,
d
u
e
to
a
lack
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
to
way
s
to
co
m
b
i
n
e
lear
n
in
g
with
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
[
7
]
,
[
2
0
]
–
[
2
2
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
i
n
ea
r
lier
r
esear
ch
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
cr
ea
ted
a
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
a
n
d
m
ath
em
a
tics
(
STE
M
)
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
to
en
h
a
n
ce
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l p
u
p
ils
'
ab
ili
ty
to
ad
ap
t.
T
h
e
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
i
n
teg
r
at
es
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
with
t
h
e
STE
M
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
lear
n
in
g
ab
o
u
t
n
a
tu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
e
l
is
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
r
elev
an
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
s
k
ills
in
d
ea
lin
g
with
d
is
aster
s
u
s
in
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
cien
tific
an
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Dig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
u
ch
as
tab
lets
,
co
m
p
u
ter
s
,
lap
to
p
s
,
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es,
s
o
f
twar
e,
an
d
o
th
er
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
o
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
lear
n
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
ly
an
d
in
ter
esti
n
g
ly
.
T
h
e
ex
is
t
en
ce
o
f
th
is
d
ig
ital
d
ev
ice
will
b
e
a
b
le
to
p
r
esen
t
t
h
e
co
n
c
r
ete
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
n
at
u
r
al
d
is
aster
s
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
is
u
al
r
ea
lity
o
r
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
(
VR
)
.
T
h
is
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
el,
s
tu
d
en
ts
will
lear
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
jects
cu
s
to
m
ized
f
o
r
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es
E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
3
2
4
8
-
325
8
3250
So
,
th
ey
ca
n
d
e
v
elo
p
a
d
is
aster
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
m
ay
b
e
ch
allen
g
ed
to
s
im
u
late
h
o
w
clim
ate
c
h
an
g
e
will
af
f
ec
t
f
lo
o
d
in
g
o
r
d
esi
g
n
p
o
wer
f
u
l
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
.
T
h
e
STE
M
m
o
d
el
also
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
th
e
id
ea
s
o
f
STE
M
in
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
d
is
aster
s
,
g
iv
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
,
th
ey
n
ee
d
to
ex
a
m
in
e
d
is
aster
s
'
ca
u
s
es,
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
th
eir
e
f
f
ec
t
s
,
an
d
co
m
e
u
p
with
cr
ea
tiv
e
alter
n
ate
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
is
STE
M
-
b
as
ed
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
was
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
p
u
p
ils
'
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
an
d
h
o
w
to
r
esp
o
n
d
to
t
h
em
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
to
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
k
id
s
'
in
ter
es
t
in
s
cien
ce
an
d
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
is
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
aim
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
g
en
er
atio
n
t
h
at
will b
e
r
esil
ien
t a
n
d
wis
e
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
s
ev
er
e
d
is
aster
s
.
I
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
t
h
at
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
co
n
d
u
cted
,
s
cien
tific
ex
p
er
ts
h
av
e
d
ee
m
ed
th
is
ST
E
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
to
b
e
v
alid
a
n
d
f
ea
s
ib
le
f
o
r
u
s
e
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
d
esig
n
,
m
ate
r
ials
,
an
d
m
ed
ia
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
in
el
em
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
is
s
tr
ateg
y
m
u
s
t
b
e
awa
r
e
o
f
h
o
w
it
af
f
ec
ts
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
p
u
p
ils
'
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
ascer
tain
h
o
w
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
af
f
ec
t
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
p
u
p
ils
'
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
ap
t
to
d
is
aster
s
.
I
t
is
cr
u
cial
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
Fo
r
I
n
d
o
n
esian
p
r
i
m
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
p
u
p
ils
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
d
is
aster
s
an
d
b
ein
g
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
f
o
r
th
em
ar
e
c
r
u
cial
asp
ec
ts
.
Du
e
to
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
'
s
lo
ca
tio
n
in
a
d
is
aster
-
p
r
o
n
e
a
r
ea
,
th
is
cir
c
u
m
s
tan
ce
ex
is
ts
.
An
y
p
er
s
o
n
ca
n
b
ec
o
m
e
a
d
is
aster
v
ictim
,
b
u
t
ch
ild
r
e
n
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
to
d
is
aster
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
er
s
an
ex
c
ellen
t
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
f
o
r
elem
en
t
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
p
u
p
ils
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
eir
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
k
ills
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
STE
M
asp
ec
ts
.
I
t
is
an
ticip
ated
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
will
b
e
ab
le
to
r
ea
ct
to
d
is
aster
s
s
wif
tly
,
wis
e
ly
,
an
d
ad
ap
tab
le
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
ei
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
an
d
g
r
o
wth
o
f
ad
ap
ti
o
n
.
Stu
d
en
ts
in
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
ep
ar
ed
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
d
is
aster
s
b
y
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
i
n
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
a
n
d
e
v
ac
u
atio
n
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ac
ad
em
ic
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
a
n
d
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
ca
n
g
r
ea
tly
b
e
n
ef
it
f
r
o
m
th
is
r
ese
ar
ch
'
s
in
s
ig
h
ts
o
n
h
o
w
STE
M
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
els
m
i
g
h
t
en
h
a
n
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
d
is
aster
s
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
was
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
u
s
ed
a
n
o
n
eq
u
iv
alen
t
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
p
r
esen
t
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Dete
r
m
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
li
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
u
s
ed
wh
en
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
s
am
p
le
alr
ea
d
y
p
o
s
s
ess
e
s
s
p
ec
ial
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
m
ak
in
g
it
o
n
l
y
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
tak
e
o
th
e
r
s
am
p
les
with
th
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
in
h
er
en
t
in
th
e
s
am
p
le
ar
e
n
o
t
g
en
er
al
c
h
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
th
at
all
p
eo
p
le
h
av
e,
s
o
th
o
s
e
s
tu
d
ied
a
r
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jec
tiv
es.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
ial
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
a
r
e
th
at
it
is
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
g
r
ad
e
5
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
in
d
is
aster
-
p
r
o
n
e
ar
ea
s
.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
at,
th
e
s
am
p
les
u
s
ed
ar
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
lea
r
n
ed
to
u
s
e
d
ig
ital
lear
n
i
n
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
T
ab
le
1
.
R
esear
ch
d
esig
n
G
r
o
u
p
Pre
-
t
e
st
Tr
e
a
t
me
n
t
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
O1
X
O2
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
O3
O4
W
h
er
e,
X:
Use o
f
v
ir
tu
al
-
b
ased
d
is
ast
er
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
O1
: Pr
e
-
test
(
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
k
ills
b
ef
o
r
e
u
s
in
g
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el)
O2
: Po
s
t
-
test
(
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tati
o
n
s
k
ills
af
ter
u
s
in
g
a
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el)
O3
: Pr
e
-
test
(
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
k
ills
b
ef
o
r
e
u
s
in
g
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
m
o
d
els)
O4
: Po
s
t
-
test
(
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tati
o
n
s
k
ills
af
ter
u
s
in
g
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
o
d
els)
Dete
r
m
in
atio
n
o
f
s
am
p
le
s
ize
u
s
in
g
th
e
Slo
v
in
f
o
r
m
u
la.
Sam
p
lin
g
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
th
e
Slo
v
in
f
o
r
m
u
la
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
am
p
les
m
u
s
t
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
Slo
v
in
f
o
r
m
u
la
is
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize
if
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
ize
is
k
n
o
wn
at
t
h
e
1
0
% si
g
n
if
ican
ce
le
v
el
with
(
1
)
:
=
1
+
2
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
,
n=
S
am
p
le
;
N=
P
o
p
u
lat
io
n
; a
=1
0
% p
r
ec
is
io
n
v
alu
e
(
o
r
s
ig
0
.
1
)
.
So
,
th
e
s
am
p
le
f
o
r
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
TEM
-
b
a
s
ed
d
ig
ita
l d
is
a
s
ter lea
r
n
in
g
mo
d
el
f
o
r
d
is
a
s
ter a
d
a
p
ta
tio
n
a
b
ilit
y
o
f e
leme
n
ta
r
y
… (
A
r
w
in
)
3251
=
987
1
+
987
(
0
.
01
2
)
=
987
10
.
87
=
90
.
80
So
,
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
th
at
m
u
s
t b
e
tak
en
is
9
1
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
B
ased
o
n
ag
r
ee
m
en
t,
1
0
0
m
e
m
b
er
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
1
0
0
m
em
b
e
r
s
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
wer
e
d
iv
id
ed
am
o
n
g
s
t
th
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
W
h
ile
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
class
lear
n
ed
u
tili
zin
g
a
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
d
is
ast
er
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el,
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l c
lass
en
g
ag
ed
in
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
d
is
aster
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Up
to
1
0
test
q
u
esti
o
n
s
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
ess
ay
s
wer
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
g
au
g
e
h
o
w
well
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
u
ld
ad
ap
t.
T
h
e
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tio
n
s
k
ills
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
d
esig
n
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
d
icat
o
r
s
in
clu
d
ed
ac
tio
n
s
tak
en
b
e
f
o
r
e,
d
u
r
in
g
,
an
d
af
te
r
th
e
d
is
aster
,
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
eth
ics
r
u
les
an
d
v
alu
es
ac
ce
p
ted
,
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
o
f
d
is
aster
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
.
B
o
th
th
e
co
n
ten
t
a
n
d
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
ex
am
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
v
er
if
ied
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ac
t
was
ca
lc
u
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
m
o
m
en
t
f
o
r
m
u
la
wh
ile
th
e
co
n
ten
t
was
v
er
if
ie
d
b
y
e
x
p
er
ts
an
d
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
v
alid
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
a
lid
atio
n
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
all
item
s
ar
e
v
alid
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
th
e
r
-
c
o
u
n
t
o
n
ea
ch
ite
m
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
r
-
ta
b
le.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
p
u
t
to
th
e
test
f
o
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
v
alid
ity
.
An
R
-
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
9
4
5
was
f
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt su
g
g
ested
th
at
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
h
a
v
e
a
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
SP
SS
2
6
p
r
o
g
r
am
was
u
ti
lized
to
aid
in
th
e
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
test
in
clu
d
ed
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ical
test
s
,
n
o
r
m
ality
test
s
,
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
test
s
,
p
air
e
d
s
am
p
le
t
-
test
s
,
an
d
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
t
-
test
s
.
T
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e:
i)
Ho
:
th
er
e
is
n
o
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
S
T
E
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
o
n
t
h
e
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tiv
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
ii)
H1
:
th
er
e
is
an
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
o
n
t
h
e
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tiv
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
Plan
n
in
g
less
o
n
s
was th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
way
th
at
lear
n
in
g
was p
r
ep
ar
e
d
was a
lter
ed
to
f
it
th
e
lear
n
in
g
.
I
n
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
class
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
lear
n
ed
a
b
o
u
t
d
is
aster
s
u
s
in
g
a
STE
M
-
b
a
s
ed
d
ig
ital
lear
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
el,
wh
e
r
ea
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
class
lear
n
ed
ab
o
u
t
d
is
aster
s
u
s
in
g
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
,
d
if
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
n
atu
r
e
,
an
d
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
o
n
p
eo
p
le
an
d
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
cl
ass
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
,
th
e
teac
h
er
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
o
s
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
p
r
esen
ted
a
co
n
cr
ete
c
ase
to
s
er
v
e
as
a
q
u
esti
o
n
-
an
d
-
an
s
wer
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
m
a
d
e
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
u
p
ils
co
u
ld
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
th
e
m
ain
p
o
i
n
ts
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
-
an
d
-
an
s
wer
s
ess
io
n
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
t
h
en
ass
is
ted
p
u
p
ils
in
wo
r
k
in
g
b
o
th
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
a
n
d
to
g
eth
e
r
.
T
h
is
ex
er
cise
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
r
in
d
iv
i
d
u
ally
,
an
d
it
m
ay
ta
k
e
th
e
s
h
ap
e
o
f
a
p
o
s
t
-
test
o
n
d
is
aster
m
itig
atio
n
o
r
an
ess
ay
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
n
ar
r
ativ
e
o
n
d
ea
lin
g
with
a
d
is
aster
.
T
h
is
was d
o
n
e
to
g
et
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
g
av
e
test
s
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
less
o
n
to
g
au
g
e
th
e
p
u
p
ils
'
lev
el
o
f
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
th
in
g
th
e
teac
h
e
r
d
id
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
class
was
to
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
id
ea
s
o
f
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
m
u
ltime
d
ia,
s
u
ch
as
m
o
v
ies,
im
ag
es,
o
r
m
u
ltime
d
i
a
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
s
tag
e
was
to
g
iv
e
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
p
u
p
ils
a
b
asic
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
d
is
a
s
ter
s
,
th
eir
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
an
d
th
eir
ef
f
ec
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
c
h
ild
r
en
wer
e
in
s
tr
u
cted
to
u
s
e
th
e
av
ailab
le
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
VR
was
th
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
t
h
at
wa
s
u
tili
ze
d
.
T
h
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
VR
s
o
u
g
h
t
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
i
n
ter
est
lev
el
o
f
th
e
less
o
n
s
b
ein
g
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
Stu
d
en
ts
in
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
co
u
ld
ex
p
er
ien
ce
th
e
ac
tu
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
VR
.
I
t
was
an
ticip
at
ed
th
at
th
is
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
wo
u
ld
im
p
r
o
v
e
k
id
s
'
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
o
n
o
f
d
is
aster
s
an
d
f
o
s
ter
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
in
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
o
th
ey
co
u
l
d
r
ea
ct
to
th
e
d
is
aste
r
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
o
n
t
h
is
p
r
o
ject
was
d
o
n
e
i
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Dis
aster
-
r
elate
d
p
r
o
jects
w
er
e
cr
ea
ted
,
s
u
ch
as
cr
ea
tin
g
d
is
aster
-
r
esil
ien
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
t
ea
ch
er
was
r
eq
u
ested
to
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
k
id
s
'
wo
r
k
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
g
av
e
th
e
p
u
p
ils
'
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
s
o
m
e
h
elp
f
u
l
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
a
test
q
u
esti
o
n
at
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
less
o
n
to
g
au
g
e
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
ad
ap
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
tag
e
was
to
ca
lcu
l
ate
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
af
ter
th
e
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
k
id
s
h
a
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
tr
ea
tm
en
t
an
d
h
a
d
th
eir
ad
ap
tiv
e
ca
p
ac
ities
ass
e
s
s
ed
.
T
h
e
in
itial
s
tep
was
to
g
ath
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
m
ak
e
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
ea
s
ier
.
T
h
is
d
ata
co
llectio
n
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es
E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
3
2
4
8
-
325
8
3252
T
ab
le
2
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
D
e
scri
p
t
i
v
e
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
s
N
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
M
e
a
n
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t
d
.
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
Pre
-
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e
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l
c
l
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ss
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0
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8
P
o
st
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t
e
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p
e
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i
me
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c
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ss
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a
l
i
d
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6
.
0
6
4
9
5
.
2
5
3
1
9
8
.
0
0
0
2
9
.
6
5
0
.
3
1
1
2
9
.
0
3
6
3
0
.
2
6
3
Eq
u
a
l
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
s
n
o
t
a
ssu
m
e
d
9
5
.
2
5
3
1
9
3
.
3
6
9
.
0
0
0
2
9
.
6
5
0
.
3
1
1
2
9
.
0
3
6
3
0
.
2
6
3
I
t
is
clea
r
f
r
o
m
T
a
b
le
6
th
at
t
h
er
e
was
an
av
er
a
g
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
k
ills
b
etwe
en
th
o
s
e
u
s
in
g
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
an
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
ig
v
alu
e
(
2
tailed
)
o
b
tain
ed
a
v
al
u
e
o
f
.
0
0
,
wh
ich
was
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
0
.
0
5
.
T
h
is
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
wa
s
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
d
ata
in
T
ab
le
2
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
wed
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
u
s
ed
th
e
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
h
ad
h
ig
h
e
r
av
er
a
g
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
th
an
th
o
s
e
wh
o
u
s
ed
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
e
l.
Ov
er
all,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
th
at
th
e
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
h
a
d
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ab
ilit
y
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
eir
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
k
ills
.
3
.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
ele
m
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
k
id
s
'
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
ap
t
to
d
is
aster
s
wa
s
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
th
e
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
d
is
co
v
er
y
was
n
ew
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
d
is
aster
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Sam
p
u
r
n
o
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
d
id
r
ela
ted
r
esear
ch
th
at
lo
o
k
ed
at
t
h
e
cr
ea
tiv
ity
o
f
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
is
aster
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
STE
M
an
d
d
is
aster
id
ea
s
ca
n
h
elp
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
p
u
p
ils
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
liter
ate
ab
o
u
t
d
is
aster
s
.
Sep
tar
ia
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
s
tu
d
y
lo
o
k
e
d
at
h
o
w
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
p
u
p
ils
'
d
i
s
aster
m
itig
atio
n
m
o
d
u
les
wer
e
cr
ea
ted
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
a
u
s
ef
u
l
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
is
aster
m
itig
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
f
o
r
p
u
p
ils
at
th
e
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
lev
el
h
as
b
ee
n
cr
ea
ted
.
C
h
a
n
an
d
Nag
ato
m
o
[
2
7
]
lo
o
k
ed
at
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
a
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
is
aster
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
a
STE
M
-
b
ased
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
h
ad
b
ee
n
cr
ea
ted
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ca
tast
r
o
p
h
e
m
itig
atio
n
.
A
STE
M
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
t
h
at
is
d
is
aster
-
b
ased
was
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
r
esear
ch
b
y
Sh
ah
i
d
u
llah
an
d
Ho
s
s
ain
[
2
8
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
a
STE
M
lea
r
n
in
g
d
esig
n
th
at
is
d
is
aster
-
b
ased
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
an
d
m
ig
h
t
b
e
u
s
ed
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
STE
M
-
b
ased
ea
r
th
q
u
ak
e
-
r
elate
d
wo
r
k
s
h
ee
ts
was
also
in
v
esti
g
ated
in
r
esear
ch
b
y
K
o
s
im
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
e
v
ea
led
th
at
ea
r
t
h
q
u
ak
e
-
r
elate
d
STE
M
-
b
ased
s
tu
d
en
t
wo
r
k
s
h
ee
ts
h
ad
b
ee
n
cr
ea
ted
f
o
r
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
th
e
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
h
a
d
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
k
ills
o
f
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
,
it
was
ev
id
en
t
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
STE
M
in
d
is
aster
h
ad
b
eg
u
n
to
d
ev
elo
p
.
T
h
is
n
o
v
elty
was
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
to
h
elp
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l k
id
s
with
th
eir
a
d
ap
tab
i
lity
s
k
ills
.
Du
e
to
s
o
m
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
,
th
e
S
T
E
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
l
ea
r
n
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
ap
t
to
d
is
aster
s
.
On
e
o
f
th
em
was
a
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
i
g
ital
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
d
is
aster
s
th
at
wer
e
cr
ea
ted
u
s
in
g
en
g
ag
in
g
an
d
in
te
r
ac
tiv
e
id
ea
s
.
T
h
is
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
s
i
m
u
latio
n
an
d
STE
M
s
y
s
tem
s
with
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
d
ig
ital
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
d
ev
ices.
Stu
d
en
ts
h
ad
th
e
c
h
an
ce
to
in
ter
ac
t
d
ir
ec
tly
with
m
u
ltime
d
i
a
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
tailo
r
ed
to
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
n
at
u
r
al
d
is
aster
s
d
u
e
to
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
e
v
ices
lik
e
tab
lets
,
co
m
p
u
ter
s
,
lap
to
p
s
,
s
m
ar
t
p
h
o
n
es,
s
o
f
twar
e,
an
d
o
th
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es
E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
3
2
4
8
-
325
8
3254
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
3
0
]
–
[
3
2
]
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
co
u
ld
v
iew
g
r
ap
h
s
,
im
ag
e
s
,
an
d
v
id
eo
s
r
elatin
g
to
d
is
as
ter
ca
u
s
es,
im
p
ac
ts
,
an
d
ad
a
p
tatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
u
s
in
g
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
VR
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
u
ld
p
o
ten
tially
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
is
aster
s
im
u
latio
n
.
Stu
d
en
ts
will
f
ee
l
as
if
th
ey
ar
e
in
a
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
b
u
t
will
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
er
an
y
r
is
k
s
to
th
eir
p
h
y
s
ical
s
af
ety
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
allo
wed
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
r
ea
ct
to
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
,
an
aly
ze
th
e
is
s
u
es
th
at
ar
is
e,
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es o
f
th
o
s
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
was
m
ad
e
m
o
r
e
en
g
ag
in
g
b
y
th
is
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
,
wh
ich
also
b
o
o
s
ted
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
en
th
u
s
iasm
an
d
in
ter
est
in
lear
n
in
g
ab
o
u
t
d
is
aster
s
[
3
3
]
–
[
3
6
]
.
Fo
r
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
th
e
STE
M
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
em
p
lo
y
e
d
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
g
av
e
th
em
th
e
ch
an
ce
to
ap
p
ly
STE
M
to
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
o
f
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
s
tatem
en
t
was
to
h
elp
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ea
lize
h
o
w
S
T
E
M
k
n
o
wled
g
e
m
ay
b
e
ap
p
li
ed
as
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
d
ea
lin
g
with
d
is
aster
s
b
y
p
r
esen
tin
g
co
n
tex
tu
ally
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
m
ater
ials
an
d
en
g
ag
in
g
lear
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
th
at
th
e
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
d
is
a
s
ter
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
ed
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
en
with
an
e
n
g
ag
in
g
an
d
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
lear
n
i
n
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
th
ei
r
ex
citem
en
t
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
in
g
an
d
o
v
er
co
m
in
g
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
-
r
elate
d
i
s
s
u
es.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
e
n
t
o
ad
ap
t
t
o
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
wh
o
wer
e
r
esil
ien
t a
n
d
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
t
o
h
an
d
le
em
er
g
en
cies.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el'
s
STE
M
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
a
n
d
em
p
h
asis
o
n
p
r
ac
tical
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
wer
e
f
u
r
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
ab
le
to
g
ain
p
r
ac
tical
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
im
u
latin
g
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
u
s
in
g
VR
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
u
ltime
d
ia
to
o
ls
[
3
7
]
–
[
4
1
]
.
T
o
en
ab
le
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
p
u
p
ils
to
s
h
o
w
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
r
ele
v
an
t
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
ac
tiv
ities
,
ch
ild
r
en
will
b
e
r
eq
u
ested
to
ac
tiv
el
y
p
ar
ticip
ate
i
n
th
e
d
is
aster
s
im
u
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
tili
zin
g
VR
.
T
h
er
e
was
n
o
r
ea
l
r
is
k
to
t
h
e
k
i
d
s
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
VR
s
im
u
latio
n
was
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
m
an
ag
ea
b
le.
Desp
ite
b
ein
g
a
s
im
u
latio
n
,
th
e
o
n
e
th
at
was
g
iv
en
g
av
e
p
u
p
ils
th
e
im
p
r
ess
io
n
th
at
th
ey
w
er
e
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
a
ca
tast
r
o
p
h
e
an
d
h
ad
to
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
h
o
w
to
h
a
n
d
l
e
it.
Stu
d
en
ts
wo
u
ld
b
e
ab
le
to
e
n
h
an
ce
th
eir
talen
ts
an
d
s
k
ills
p
r
o
p
er
ly
in
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
d
is
aster
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ad
ap
tio
n
ac
tio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
s
im
u
latio
n
.
T
o
en
ab
le
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
p
u
p
i
ls
to
s
h
o
w
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
r
elev
an
t
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
ac
tiv
ities
,
ch
ild
r
en
will b
e
r
eq
u
ested
to
ac
tiv
ely
p
ar
tic
ip
ate
in
th
e
d
is
aster
s
im
u
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
tili
zin
g
VR
.
T
h
er
e
was
n
o
r
ea
l
r
is
k
t
o
th
e
k
id
s
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
VR
s
im
u
latio
n
was
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
m
an
ag
ea
b
le.
Desp
ite
b
ein
g
a
s
im
u
latio
n
,
th
e
o
n
e
th
at
was
g
iv
en
g
av
e
p
u
p
ils
th
e
im
p
r
ess
io
n
th
at
th
ey
wer
e
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
a
ca
tast
r
o
p
h
e
a
n
d
h
ad
to
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
h
o
w
to
h
an
d
le
it.
Stu
d
en
t
s
wo
u
ld
b
e
ab
le
t
o
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
talen
ts
an
d
s
k
ills
p
r
o
p
er
ly
in
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
to
d
is
aster
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ad
ap
tio
n
ac
tio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
s
im
u
latio
n
.
An
o
th
er
asp
ec
t
was
th
e
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el'
s
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
p
r
o
jects
th
at
wer
e
m
ea
n
t
to
ad
d
r
ess
ac
tu
al
ca
tast
r
o
p
h
e
-
r
ela
ted
is
s
u
es.
Stu
d
en
ts
will
b
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
u
s
e
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
f
r
o
m
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
STE
M
s
u
b
jects
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
jects
th
ey
c
o
m
p
lete
t
o
d
ev
elo
p
c
r
ea
tiv
e
an
d
ad
ap
tab
le
p
lan
s
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
d
ea
lin
g
with
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
co
n
f
r
o
n
ted
ac
tu
al
d
if
f
icu
lties
r
elatin
g
to
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ich
also
o
f
f
er
ed
th
eo
r
ies
ab
o
u
t
d
is
aster
s
[
4
2
]
–
[
4
5
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
k
id
s
m
ay
cr
ea
te
b
u
ild
in
g
s
m
ad
e
o
f
ice
cr
ea
m
s
tick
s
o
r
s
tr
aws
th
at
co
u
ld
r
esis
t
ea
r
th
q
u
ak
es,
s
to
r
m
s
,
an
d
f
l
o
o
d
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
in
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
m
ig
h
t
also
b
e
r
eq
u
ested
to
d
esig
n
a
p
r
ac
tical
an
d
e
f
f
icien
t e
v
ac
u
atio
n
r
o
u
te
as p
ar
t o
f
th
is
p
r
o
ject.
Stu
d
en
ts
in
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
ied
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
f
o
r
th
is
ass
ig
n
m
en
t.
Stu
d
en
ts
in
elem
en
t
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
wo
r
k
ed
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
to
co
n
d
u
ct
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
,
g
ath
er
d
ata
a
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
al
y
ze
it,
an
d
co
m
e
u
p
with
d
is
aster
-
r
elate
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
p
r
o
ject,
elem
e
n
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
k
id
s
will
b
e
a
b
le
to
d
e
v
elo
p
t
h
eir
cr
itical
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
to
id
en
tify
p
r
ac
tical
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
alter
n
ate
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
d
if
f
icu
lties
b
r
o
u
g
h
t o
n
b
y
n
at
u
r
al
d
is
aster
s
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
lear
n
in
g
was
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
th
eo
r
etica
lly
p
r
esen
tin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
u
t
also
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
lear
n
in
g
to
t
h
e
p
r
a
ctica
l
s
itu
atio
n
s
o
f
ev
er
y
d
ay
li
f
e,
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
was
h
ig
h
ly
h
elp
f
u
l
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
g
r
asp
in
g
th
e
s
u
b
je
ct
m
atter
[
4
4
]
,
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
will
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
ea
c
h
c
h
o
ice
th
ey
m
ak
e
an
d
th
e
ac
tio
n
t
h
ey
tak
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
is
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
in
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
wo
u
ld
b
e
n
ef
it
f
r
o
m
th
is
p
r
o
jec
t
as
th
ey
g
r
o
w
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
ab
i
liti
es.
Pro
f
icien
t
in
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
wh
o
wer
e
t
alen
ted
an
d
p
r
o
f
icien
t
in
r
ea
ctin
g
to
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
ely
wo
u
ld
b
e
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
th
e
o
b
s
tacle
s
in
th
is
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t'
s
s
k
ills
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
to
m
ee
t
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
as
well
a
s
th
e
ir
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
n
atu
r
al
ca
tast
r
o
p
h
es,
will
all
b
e
s
h
ap
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
in
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
wi
t
h
t
h
e
S
T
E
M
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
w
a
s
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
ib
l
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
i
s
e
i
n
p
u
p
i
ls
'
a
b
i
l
it
y
t
o
a
d
a
p
t
to
d
i
s
as
t
e
r
s
i
n
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
.
A
c
le
a
r
e
r
i
m
a
g
e
a
n
d
a
b
e
t
te
r
e
x
p
l
a
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
i
s
a
s
te
r
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
b
y
c
o
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
wi
t
h
t
h
e
S
T
E
M
ap
p
r
o
a
c
h
.
T
h
i
s
c
l
a
i
m
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
d
h
o
w
i
n
te
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
d
i
g
ita
l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
es
wi
t
h
a
S
T
E
M
ap
p
r
o
a
c
h
m
a
y
h
e
l
p
k
i
d
s
g
a
i
n
a
b
e
t
t
e
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
d
i
s
a
s
t
e
r
s
.
N
a
t
u
r
a
l
ca
t
a
s
t
r
o
p
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
m
o
r
e
a
t
t
r
a
c
ti
v
e
l
y
b
y
c
o
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
l
i
k
e
v
i
d
e
o
s
,
s
o
f
t
wa
r
e
,
i
m
a
g
e
s
,
a
n
d
m
u
l
t
i
m
e
d
i
a
[
4
8
]
–
[
5
0
]
.
E
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
p
u
p
i
l
s
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
i
s
v
i
s
u
al
i
z
at
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
t
o
b
e
t
t
e
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
m
o
r
e
a
b
s
t
r
a
c
t
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
d
i
s
as
t
e
r
t
h
e
m
es
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
TEM
-
b
a
s
ed
d
ig
ita
l d
is
a
s
ter lea
r
n
in
g
mo
d
el
f
o
r
d
is
a
s
ter a
d
a
p
ta
tio
n
a
b
ilit
y
o
f e
leme
n
ta
r
y
… (
A
r
w
in
)
3255
I
n
th
e
d
is
aster
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
STE
M
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ich
co
m
b
in
es
t
h
e
id
ea
s
o
f
STE
M
,
was
ab
le
to
d
esc
r
i
b
e
an
d
c
o
n
n
ec
t
co
n
ce
p
ts
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
t
iv
ely
.
T
h
e
ca
u
s
es
o
f
d
is
aster
s
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
,
an
d
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
ea
ch
d
is
aster
m
ig
h
t
b
e
ea
s
ier
u
n
d
e
r
s
to
o
d
b
y
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
p
u
p
ils
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
d
is
aster
s
o
n
p
eo
p
le,
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
an
d
s
o
cial
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
lo
s
s
es
co
u
ld
all
b
e
tau
g
h
t
to
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
p
u
p
il
s
.
Prim
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
p
u
p
ils
wo
u
ld
g
r
asp
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
to
b
e
p
r
o
tecte
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
d
is
aster
s
th
at
o
cc
u
r
b
y
lear
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
d
is
aster
s
[
5
1
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
in
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
wo
u
ld
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
at
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
en
co
m
p
a
s
s
ed
m
ea
s
u
r
es
f
o
r
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
,
p
lan
n
in
g
,
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
d
is
aster
r
ec
o
v
er
y
in
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
wh
e
n
a
d
is
aster
h
ap
p
en
e
d
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
g
iv
in
g
elem
e
n
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
p
u
p
ils
a
b
etter
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
STE
M
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
wo
u
ld
h
el
p
th
em
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
s
elf
-
awa
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
n
ess
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
ca
lam
ities
.
I
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
a
b
r
o
ad
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
d
is
aster
s
,
th
ey
will
b
e
b
etter
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
to
h
an
d
le
an
y
n
at
u
r
al
d
is
aster
s
th
at
m
a
y
co
m
e
[
5
2
]
.
W
e
m
a
y
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
co
n
clu
d
e
th
at
th
e
i
n
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f
STE
M
an
d
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
g
r
ea
tly
aid
ed
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
an
d
d
is
aster
ad
ap
tatio
n
.
I
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
ad
a
f
ir
m
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
,
th
ey
wo
u
ld
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
ca
tast
r
o
p
h
es'
in
ev
itab
le
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
q
u
ick
ly
,
b
e
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
to
d
ea
l w
ith
t
h
em
an
d
tak
e
an
ac
tiv
e
r
o
le
in
d
is
aster
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
a
n
d
m
itig
atio
n
[
5
3
]
.
T
h
e
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
wo
u
ld
h
elp
d
e
v
elo
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
cr
itical
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
in
d
is
aster
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
Stu
d
en
ts
wo
u
ld
b
e
b
etter
ab
le
to
th
in
k
cr
itically
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ca
u
s
es,
ef
f
ec
ts
,
an
d
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
wif
t
d
is
aster
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ac
tiv
ities
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
th
is
m
o
d
el
in
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
in
elem
e
n
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
wer
e
u
r
g
ed
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
m
an
y
cr
ea
tiv
e
id
ea
s
th
at
co
u
l
d
b
e
n
ef
it
th
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
an
d
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
w
h
en
d
ea
lin
g
with
d
is
aster
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
u
s
ed
th
is
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ill
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
th
at
co
u
ld
h
av
e
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
cr
is
is
an
d
t
o
m
a
k
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
is
aster
[
5
4
]
.
I
n
th
is
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el,
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
e
n
wer
e
ch
allen
g
ed
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
in
a
d
d
itio
n
to
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
t
o
co
m
e
u
p
with
d
is
aster
ad
a
p
tatio
n
o
p
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
p
tio
n
to
cr
ea
te
n
ew
ad
ap
tati
o
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
r
o
m
alr
ea
d
y
ex
i
s
tin
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
was
g
r
an
ted
to
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
en
.
E
lem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
k
id
s
wo
u
ld
b
e
ab
le
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
id
ea
s
wh
ile
f
o
s
ter
in
g
cr
ea
tiv
ity
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
wer
e
e
f
f
icien
t a
n
d
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
th
e
c
r
is
is
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
was f
ac
in
g
.
Stu
d
en
ts
'
cr
itical
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
a
b
ilit
ies
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
s
o
t
h
ey
ca
n
h
an
d
le
d
if
f
icu
lties
wh
en
f
ac
ed
with
ca
lam
ities
[
5
4
]
,
[
5
5
]
.
T
h
ese
two
s
k
ills
co
u
ld
h
elp
p
u
p
ils
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
an
aly
tical
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
m
ak
e
it
s
im
p
ler
f
o
r
th
em
t
o
ch
o
o
s
e
wis
ely
in
d
ea
lin
g
with
ca
lam
ities
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
S
T
E
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
wo
u
l
d
en
h
a
n
ce
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
cr
itical
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
in
co
p
in
g
with
d
is
aster
s
an
d
em
er
g
en
cies
in
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
in
cr
e
asin
g
th
eir
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
d
is
aster
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wh
o
p
o
s
s
ess
th
ese
ab
ilit
ies
wi
ll
b
e
b
etter
ab
le
to
with
s
tan
d
t
h
e
ch
allen
g
es
p
o
s
ed
b
y
n
at
u
r
a
l
d
is
aster
s
an
d
tak
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es to
p
r
eser
v
e
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
th
eir
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
,
a
n
d
th
em
s
elv
es
[
5
6
]
.
STE
M
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
d
is
aster
lear
n
in
g
was
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
en
h
an
cin
g
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
k
id
s
'
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
ap
t
to
d
is
aster
s
d
u
e
to
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
elem
en
ts
,
p
r
ac
tica
l
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
,
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
,
a
n
d
c
r
itical
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
ab
ilit
i
es.
E
lem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
en
wo
u
ld
b
ec
o
m
e
r
esil
ien
t
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
is
aste
r
ad
ap
tio
n
th
at
wo
u
ld
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
em
s
elv
es,
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
an
d
s
o
ciety
if
r
el
ev
an
t,
en
g
ag
i
n
g
lear
n
in
g
th
at
was su
ited
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
co
n
d
itio
n
s
was d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
Stu
d
en
ts
b
ec
o
m
e
s
k
illed
at
ad
ap
tin
g
to
d
is
aster
-
p
r
o
n
e
a
r
ea
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
,
u
s
i
n
g
ST
E
M
-
b
as
ed
d
ig
ita
l
d
is
as
ter
le
a
r
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
h
as
an
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
p
r
im
ar
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
p
u
p
ils
’
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
s
k
i
lls
.
W
h
e
n
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
k
id
s
w
h
o
le
ar
n
u
s
i
n
g
co
n
v
e
n
t
io
n
a
l
lea
r
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
els
,
e
le
m
e
n
ta
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
c
h
i
ld
r
en
wh
o
u
s
e
t
h
e
S
T
E
M
-
b
as
ed
d
i
g
i
tal
d
is
ast
er
le
ar
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
el
h
a
v
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
le
v
els
o
f
d
is
aste
r
a
d
a
p
t
a
tio
n
s
k
ills
.
Ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
is
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
,
t
ea
ch
er
s
c
a
n
u
s
e
t
h
is
S
T
E
M
-
b
as
ed
d
i
g
it
al
d
is
as
te
r
lea
r
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
el
t
o
h
e
lp
c
h
il
d
r
e
n
in
p
r
im
ar
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
e
co
m
e
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ici
e
n
t
at
a
d
a
p
t
in
g
to
n
ew
s
it
u
ati
o
n
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
e
x
p
r
ess
o
u
r
g
r
atitu
d
e
t
o
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Neg
er
i
Pad
an
g
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
f
u
n
d
in
g
ass
is
tan
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
b
asic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
f
o
r
th
e
f
is
ca
l
y
ea
r
2
0
2
3
with
c
o
n
tr
ac
t
n
u
m
b
er
1
3
1
2
/UN3
5
-
1
5
/LT
/2
0
2
3
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
G
.
F
e
l
b
e
r
ma
y
r
a
n
d
J.
G
r
ö
sc
h
l
,
“
N
a
t
u
r
a
l
l
y
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
:
t
h
e
g
r
o
w
t
h
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
d
i
s
a
st
e
r
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
1
,
p
p
.
9
2
–
1
0
6
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
d
e
v
e
c
o
.
2
0
1
4
.
0
7
.
0
0
4
.
[
2
]
I
.
D
e
w
a
t
a
,
“
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
o
f
f
l
o
o
d
h
a
z
a
r
d
a
r
e
a
s
i
n
P
a
s
a
ma
n
R
i
v
e
r
B
a
si
n
o
f
W
e
st
P
a
sam
a
n
R
e
g
e
n
c
y
W
e
st
S
u
ma
t
r
a
P
r
o
v
i
n
c
e
,”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
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