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9
9
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J
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I
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Scien
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led
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[
1
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.
A
cc
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[
2
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,
s
aid
th
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t
h
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ev
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ex
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[
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.
T
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[
4
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s
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1
)
s
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d
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ti
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ex
p
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s
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w
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ce
;
2
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t
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s
ca
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p
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d
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n
d
d
is
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s
s
c
ien
t
if
ic
r
ea
s
o
n
an
d
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g
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m
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ts
;
3
)
Stu
d
en
t
s
c
an
k
n
o
w
an
d
d
escr
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th
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n
a
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ce
an
d
h
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w
to
d
ev
elo
p
k
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led
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e;
4
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s
tu
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w
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ab
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to
u
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s
tan
d
th
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d
ca
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ar
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s
cie
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ti
f
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p
r
ac
tice.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8822
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
7
6
9
-
777
770
Scien
ti
f
ic
ar
g
u
m
e
n
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ar
e
ex
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g
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n
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u
ca
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A
cc
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d
in
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Mir
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P
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C
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[
6
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th
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ca
s
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f
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r
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p
lo
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ativ
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cr
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an
d
q
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ti
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w
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k
:
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I
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a
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[
7
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.
Hsu
,
C
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[
7
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aid
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n
ti
f
i
c
ar
g
u
m
en
ta
tio
n
[
8
]
.
First,
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tat
io
n
is
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
s
cien
ce
,
a
n
d
as
s
u
c
h
m
u
s
t
b
ec
o
m
e
t
h
e
f
o
c
u
s
an
d
ce
n
tr
e
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
.
Seco
n
d
,
d
is
cu
s
s
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
s
o
f
th
is
s
k
ill,
ca
n
lead
s
tu
d
en
t
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
ep
is
te
m
o
lo
g
y
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
o
f
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
s
ep
ar
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
th
e
ar
g
u
m
en
t
s
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
tr
e
n
g
th
o
f
s
cie
n
t
if
ic
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
b
ec
o
m
e
s
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
in
lear
n
i
n
g
p
h
y
s
ics.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
W
ar
d
an
i
et.
al
[
9
]
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
ar
g
u
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
s
till
ab
le
to
Ma
k
e
clai
m
s
b
u
t
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
ab
le
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
w
ar
r
an
ts
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
also
ca
n
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
claim
s
co
r
r
ec
tl
y
[
1
0
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
t
m
an
y
r
esear
c
h
es
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
s
'
s
cien
tific
ar
g
u
m
e
n
t
atio
n
s
k
i
lls
.
So
m
e
ex
is
t
in
g
r
esear
ch
a
ls
o
h
as
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
t
h
is
s
k
ill.
W
h
ile
it
is
i
m
p
er
ati
v
e
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t
lev
el
s
s
o
th
at
it
is
k
n
o
w
n
t
h
at
ef
f
o
r
ts
ca
n
b
e
m
ad
e
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
i
s
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
r
esear
ch
ai
m
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
n
e
w
le
v
el
an
d
test
o
f
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
s
k
i
ll.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
i
n
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
(
1
)
w
h
at
th
e
cr
it
er
ia
f
o
r
t
h
e
le
v
el
o
f
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
ab
ilit
ie
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e?
(
2
)
Ho
w
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
f
ea
s
ib
ili
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
cien
t
if
ic
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
s
k
ill
s
?
(
3
)
W
h
at
is
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
tech
n
ica
l
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
ab
ilit
ies o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia?
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
in
th
e
ar
g
u
m
en
tatio
n
s
k
ill
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
1
]
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
f
iv
e
asp
ec
ts
a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
1
)
C
lai
m
:
clai
m
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
w
is
h
s
u
b
m
itted
;
2
)
b
asis
:
r
ea
s
o
n
is
th
e
ap
p
r
o
v
al
n
ee
d
e
d
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
b
e
g
iv
e
n
u
p
o
n
r
eq
u
est;
3
)
w
ar
r
an
ts
:
T
h
is
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
lo
g
ical
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
cl
ai
m
an
d
ca
u
s
e
a
n
d
d
ec
lar
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
s
t
h
at
ar
e
o
f
ten
i
m
p
lied
in
th
e
ar
g
u
m
en
t.
4
)
Qu
ali
f
icatio
n
s
:
Q
u
al
if
ier
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
b
e
y
o
n
d
w
h
er
e
th
e
clai
m
s
ar
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
;
5
)
r
eb
u
ttal:
T
h
ese
s
ta
te
m
e
n
t
s
g
o
v
er
n
th
e
p
o
ten
tia
l
to
b
e
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
w
it
h
a
s
tate
m
e
n
t
w
h
er
e
th
e
clai
m
m
a
y
n
o
t a
p
p
l
y
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
s
cien
tifi
c
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
r
o
o
m
m
a
tes
C
o
n
s
is
t
o
f
f
i
v
e
asp
ec
ts
:
1
)
a
clai
m
,
a
s
tate
m
e
n
t
o
r
o
p
in
io
n
ab
o
u
t
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
;
2
)
th
e
d
ata,
ev
id
en
ce
o
r
f
ac
ts
,
d
ata,
ev
i
d
en
ce
o
r
f
ac
ts
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
tr
u
t
h
o
f
th
e
clai
m
;
3
)
w
ar
r
an
t
s
,
clai
m
s
to
r
ec
eiv
e
clai
m
s
b
y
lin
k
i
n
g
th
e
d
ata
,
ev
id
en
ce
o
r
f
ac
ts
m
ad
e;
4
)
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
j
u
s
tif
icatio
n
f
o
r
w
ar
r
an
t
s
; a
n
d
5
)
r
eb
u
ttal,
r
eb
u
ttal to
w
ar
r
an
ts
.
T
h
e
s
cien
tific
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
2
]
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
i
v
e
ele
m
en
t
s
,
1
)
f
ac
ts
,
f
ac
ts
r
elate
d
to
a
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
co
n
tex
t
;
2
)
w
ar
r
an
ts
,
T
h
is
i
s
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
ar
g
u
m
e
n
t
t
h
at
co
n
n
ec
t
s
f
ac
ts
w
it
h
clai
m
s
t
h
at
m
ee
t
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
,
3
)
B
ac
k
in
g
,
i
t
i
s
a
k
i
n
d
o
f
j
u
s
ti
f
ica
tio
n
f
o
r
w
ar
r
an
ts
.
I
t
ex
p
lai
n
s
an
d
g
i
v
e
g
u
ar
an
tee
q
u
esti
o
n
a
s
a
r
ea
s
o
n
to
ac
ce
p
t
clai
m
s
t
h
at
m
ee
t
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
;
4
)
r
eb
u
ttal,
r
e
b
u
ttal
ex
p
lai
n
s
th
e
cir
cu
m
s
ta
n
ce
s
t
h
at
w
ill
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as
an
ex
ce
p
tio
n
to
w
ar
r
an
ts
;
5
)
clai
m
s
t
h
at
f
u
l
f
il
t
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
clai
m
s
th
at
q
u
ali
f
y
,
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
t
h
at
c
an
b
e
d
r
a
w
n
,
a
n
d
th
e
w
ar
r
an
t
y
is
v
alid
,
an
d
t
h
e
r
eb
u
ttal d
o
es
n
o
t a
p
p
ly
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ta
g
e
i
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
s
cien
t
if
ic
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
s
k
i
lls
test
is
to
d
ef
i
n
e
t
h
is
s
k
ill
a
n
d
ch
o
o
s
e
w
h
at
asp
ec
ts
w
il
l
b
e
n
ee
d
ed
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
lit
er
atu
r
e
r
ev
ie
w
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
o
in
ts
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
elem
e
n
ts
o
f
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
s
k
i
lls
d
eliv
er
ed
b
y
Osb
o
r
n
e,
E
r
d
u
r
an
,
an
d
Si
m
o
n
[
1
3
]
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
L
ev
el
o
f
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
s
k
ill
L
e
v
e
l
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
1
A
r
g
u
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
s
i
st
s o
f
a
r
g
u
me
n
t
s
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
a
s
i
mp
l
e
c
l
a
i
m v
s c
o
u
n
t
e
r
c
l
a
i
m o
r
a
c
l
a
i
m v
s
c
l
a
i
m
2
A
r
g
u
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
h
a
s
c
a
se
s c
o
m
p
r
i
si
n
g
c
l
a
i
ms w
i
t
h
e
i
t
h
e
r
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
,
w
a
r
r
a
n
t
s o
r
b
a
c
k
i
n
g
s
b
u
t
d
o
e
s n
o
t
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
a
n
y
r
e
b
u
t
t
a
l
s
3
A
r
g
u
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
h
a
s
d
i
s
c
u
s
si
o
n
w
i
t
h
a
se
r
i
e
s o
f
c
l
a
i
ms o
r
c
o
u
n
t
e
r
c
l
a
i
ms
w
i
t
h
e
i
t
h
e
r
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
,
w
a
r
r
a
n
t
s o
r
b
a
c
k
i
n
g
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
o
c
c
a
si
o
n
a
l
w
e
a
k
r
e
b
u
t
t
a
l
.
4
A
r
g
u
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
sh
o
w
s a
r
g
u
me
n
t
s w
i
t
h
a
c
l
a
i
m
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
a
b
l
e
w
i
t
h
a
r
e
b
u
t
t
a
l
.
S
u
c
h
a
n
a
r
g
u
me
n
t
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
S
e
v
e
r
a
l
c
l
a
i
ms
a
n
d
c
o
u
n
t
e
r
c
l
a
i
ms
a
s
w
e
l
l
,
b
u
t
t
h
i
s i
s
n
o
t
N
e
c
e
ssary
5
A
r
g
u
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
d
i
s
p
l
a
y
s a
n
e
x
t
e
n
d
e
d
a
r
g
u
me
n
t
w
i
t
h
mo
r
e
t
h
a
n
o
n
e
r
e
b
u
t
t
a
l
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I
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ce
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St
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Sch
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t
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t
h
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ab
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h
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ac
ter
is
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Stu
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(
M
A
N
1
,
MA
N
2
an
d
MA
N
3
)
.
W
e
ch
o
o
s
ed
class
XI
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
Gr
av
itatio
n
a
l
Ne
w
to
n
s
’
L
a
w
is
i
n
th
i
s
class
o
n
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia
C
u
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
.
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r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
a
s
e,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
en
ex
p
er
ts
(
3
P
r
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ess
o
r
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2
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h
er
s
,
an
d
2
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
)
r
ev
ie
w
ed
1
4
ite
m
s
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
s
e
co
n
d
p
h
ase,
a
f
ter
r
ev
i
s
ed
t
h
e
ite
m
s
,
w
e
as
k
ed
t
h
e
9
8
s
t
u
d
en
ts
to
an
s
w
er
ed
1
4
q
u
esti
o
n
s
w
h
ic
h
ea
c
h
q
u
es
tio
n
s
co
n
tai
n
f
iv
e
p
o
in
t
(
clai
m
,
d
ata,
b
ac
k
in
g
,
w
ar
r
an
t
a
n
d
r
e
b
u
ttal)
.
W
e
an
al
y
s
ed
th
eir
a
n
s
w
er
to
g
et
d
ata
o
f
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
,
v
alid
it
y
,
an
d
d
i
f
f
icu
lt
y
ite
m
s
.
Fo
r
th
e
th
ir
d
p
h
ase,
a
f
t
er
ch
o
o
s
ed
th
e
b
est
f
i
v
e
5
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
W
e
as
k
ed
th
e
o
th
er
s
(
9
7
s
tu
d
en
t
s
)
to
a
n
s
w
er
t
h
o
s
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
.
W
e
u
s
ed
t
h
is
r
es
u
lt
to
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ate
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
t
’
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tat
io
n
s
k
i
ll.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
h
ar
ater
is
tic
o
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s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
A
sp
e
c
t
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
s
A
g
e
s
1
6
–
1
7
y
e
a
r
s
L
e
v
e
l
o
f
C
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
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e
v
e
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o
p
me
n
t
F
o
r
mal
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
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l
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t
a
g
e
W
h
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n
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
p
r
o
v
i
d
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l
e
a
r
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n
g
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
u
a
l
l
y
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o
n
n
e
c
t
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
so
me
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
c
a
n
a
n
sw
e
r
t
h
e
q
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e
st
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o
n
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l
l
.
S
t
u
d
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n
t
s
a
r
e
a
b
l
e
t
o
t
h
i
n
k
a
b
o
u
t
a
n
o
b
j
e
c
t
o
r
t
h
i
n
g
e
v
e
n
t
h
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g
h
i
t
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s
n
o
t
i
n
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
m.
D
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
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l
e
a
r
n
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n
g
a
n
d
d
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sc
u
ss
i
o
n
p
r
o
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st
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
a
l
so
a
b
l
e
t
o
e
x
a
mi
n
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
a
n
d
d
r
a
w
c
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
s
.
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o
t
h
a
t
a
t
t
h
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s
st
a
g
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st
u
d
e
n
t
s
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a
n
l
e
a
r
n
c
o
h
e
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n
t
l
y
a
n
d
sy
st
e
mat
i
c
a
l
l
y
u
n
t
i
l
t
h
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y
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r
e
a
b
l
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t
o
g
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e
r
a
l
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z
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c
o
n
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p
t
.
A
c
a
d
e
mi
c
s
k
i
l
l
s
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
a
b
l
e
t
o
w
o
r
k
t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r
i
n
so
l
v
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms.
D
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
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v
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c
h
a
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g
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d
e
a
s a
n
d
a
r
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w
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l
l
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n
g
t
o
p
r
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s
e
n
t
t
h
e
i
r
a
r
g
u
me
n
t
s
i
n
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
c
l
a
ss
(
t
h
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
w
o
r
k
t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r
a
n
d
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
e
)
w
e
l
l
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
b
a
se
d
o
n
i
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
w
s
w
i
t
h
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s,
t
h
e
a
c
a
d
e
mi
c
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
ma
n
y
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
b
e
l
o
w
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
.
2
.
2
.
I
t
e
m
re
lia
bil
it
y
I
te
m
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
a
lid
it
y
d
ata
w
er
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
w
h
en
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ated
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase
.
A
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
R
eliab
ilit
y
te
s
t
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
Q
u
es
t
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
te
s
t
i
s
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
lo
o
k
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n
g
at
t
h
e
esti
m
ated
v
a
lu
e
o
f
t
h
e
ite
m
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
ite
m
r
eliab
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t
y
)
a
n
d
c
ase
esti
m
atio
n
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
tes
t
r
eliab
il
it
y
)
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
ca
te
g
o
r
y
a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Su
m
i
n
to
n
o
an
d
W
id
h
i
ar
s
o
[
1
4
]
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
ab
le
3
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
s
ca
le
S
c
o
r
e
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
>
0
.
9
4
Ex
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
0
.
9
1
t
o
0
.
9
4
V
e
r
y
G
o
o
d
0
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7
9
t
o
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9
0
G
o
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d
0
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6
7
t
o
0
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8
0
En
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g
h
<
0
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6
7
W
e
a
k
2
.
3
.
I
t
e
m
v
a
lid
it
y
2
.
3
.
1
.
Co
nte
nt
v
a
lid
it
y
C
o
n
te
n
t
v
alid
atio
n
is
a
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
e
tr
ic
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
th
at
te
s
ts
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
a
test
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
v
ar
iab
les
p
r
ec
is
el
y
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
s
u
b
j
ec
t
o
f
"
ex
p
er
t
"
class
if
icat
io
n
ite
m
s
i
n
to
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
r
ee
cr
iter
ia:
"
im
p
o
r
tan
t,"
"
u
s
ef
u
l,
n
o
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
,
"
o
r
"u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
"
.
I
tem
s
th
a
t
w
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e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
"
im
p
o
r
tan
t"
b
y
th
e
to
tal
r
ev
ie
w
er
m
e
m
b
er
s
w
er
e
t
h
e
n
allo
w
ed
in
th
e
f
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n
al
te
s
t
w
it
h
ite
m
s
t
h
at
f
ailed
to
r
ea
ch
th
is
le
v
el
w
as e
x
clu
d
ed
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
test
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
o
f
s
c
ien
t
if
ic
ar
g
u
m
en
ta
tio
n
s
k
i
ll
th
a
t
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
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.
T
h
is
test
was
co
n
d
u
cted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
s
s
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s
s
m
e
n
t
b
y
th
e
v
alid
ato
r
b
y
ca
lcu
lati
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g
th
e
co
n
te
n
t
v
alid
it
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co
ef
f
icie
n
t
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
b
y
L
a
w
s
h
e
[
1
7
]
.
E
x
p
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t
cr
iter
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co
n
s
is
ti
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g
o
f
f
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s
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c
h
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n
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to
t
h
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ee
cr
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o
f
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tial,
u
s
e
f
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l
b
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t
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T
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s
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lcu
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b
y
t
h
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t o
f
:
=
(
−
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2
)
(
1
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C
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C
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T
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r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
n
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.
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al
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&
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Vo
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9
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3
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Sep
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T
h
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s
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it
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teg
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f
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item
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tain
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ir
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ase
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3
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2
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d
2
g
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ad
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ate
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en
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)
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ev
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1
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ite
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s
.
2
.
3
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2
.
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m
p
irica
l v
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lid
it
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h
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test
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s
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o
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o
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r
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th
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lt
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ase
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NFI
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0
[
1
4
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2
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4
.
I
t
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diff
iculty
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h
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o
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2
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2
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I
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N
:
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8822
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1
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ap
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r
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e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
v
al
&
R
e
s
E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
Mo
d
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tio
n
leve
l a
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test
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f s
cien
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[
1
8
]
.
C
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ac
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[
7
]
.
Sk
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t
clai
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[
1
9
]
.
Stu
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le
to
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ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
clai
m
s
th
e
y
p
r
ese
n
t/te
n
d
to
b
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
n
o
t p
a
y
in
g
att
en
tio
n
to
co
g
n
iti
v
e
an
d
s
c
ien
ti
f
ic
asp
ec
ts
[
2
0
]
.
W
ar
r
an
t
co
m
b
i
n
es
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
p
r
in
cip
les
an
d
id
ea
s
,
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
as
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
clai
m
s
an
d
ev
id
en
ce
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
ex
p
lan
ati
o
n
is
g
i
v
e
n
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
d
ata
an
d
clai
m
s
w
i
th
t
h
e
co
r
r
ec
t
s
cien
t
if
ic
co
n
ce
p
t
an
d
ca
n
lea
d
to
m
i
s
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
s
i
f
n
o
t
g
iv
en
a
clea
r
w
ar
r
a
n
t
[
2
1
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
m
a
y
b
e
d
if
f
icu
l
t
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
p
r
o
p
er
w
ar
r
an
t
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
n
o
t
p
r
esen
ted
s
ev
er
al
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
w
o
r
d
s
s
u
ch
a
s
"
s
o
"
o
r
"
b
ec
au
s
e"
.
T
h
ese
w
o
r
d
s
ar
e
u
s
ef
u
l
to
id
en
ti
f
y
w
h
at
i
s
b
ein
g
i
n
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
clai
m
f
iled
o
r
w
h
y
a
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
h
as
b
ee
n
d
r
a
w
n
,
s
o
w
ar
r
an
tie
s
o
f
ten
s
er
v
e
as
ex
p
la
n
ato
r
y
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
t
h
e
w
ar
r
a
n
t
asp
ec
t
is
s
till
w
ea
k
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
y
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
th
e
s
tate
m
en
ts
w
it
h
t
h
e
d
ata.
No
t
ev
en
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
t
h
o
s
e
w
h
o
d
o
n
o
t
w
r
ite
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
cl
ai
m
s
o
r
d
ata.
T
h
o
u
g
h
,
th
e
w
ar
r
an
t
is
a
lo
g
ical
s
e
n
ten
ce
t
h
at
co
n
n
ec
t
s
d
ata
w
it
h
clai
m
s
in
s
c
ien
t
if
ic
ar
g
u
m
e
n
ta
tio
n
p
atter
n
[
2
3
,
2
4
]
.
B
ac
k
in
g
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
a
w
ar
r
an
t.
I
t
is
an
u
n
d
er
l
y
in
g
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
is
u
s
u
all
y
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
m
u
t
u
all
y
a
g
r
ee
d
u
p
o
n
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
j
u
s
ti
f
icatio
n
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
w
ar
r
an
t
[
2
5
]
.
Ma
n
y
clai
m
s
,
w
ar
r
an
t
ies
o
r
d
ata
ar
e
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
r
eliab
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
I
t
s
ee
m
s
t
h
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ten
d
t
o
g
iv
e
co
n
v
i
n
ci
n
g
o
p
in
io
n
s
th
at
a
clai
m
is
s
u
f
f
ic
ien
t.
T
h
ey
r
el
y
h
ea
v
il
y
o
n
th
ei
r
th
in
k
in
g
b
y
i
g
n
o
r
i
n
g
r
elev
a
n
t
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
[
2
6
]
.
Stu
d
e
n
t
ar
g
u
m
e
n
ts
at
t
h
e
b
ac
k
in
g
le
v
el
ar
e
s
till
lo
w
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
ev
id
en
ce
i
s
u
n
clea
r
,
in
co
r
r
ec
t,
o
r
n
o
t
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
it
h
th
e
clai
m
.
Go
o
d
b
ac
k
in
g
co
n
tai
n
s
r
ea
s
o
n
s
w
i
th
at
leas
t
o
n
e
ev
id
en
ce
t
h
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
an
d
h
as
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
t
h
e
clai
m
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
b
u
ttal
is
a
s
tate
m
e
n
t
th
at
a
claim
is
w
r
o
n
g
b
ased
o
n
ev
id
en
ce
an
d
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
w
h
ic
h
d
i
s
ag
r
ee
w
it
h
a
clai
m
b
u
t
d
o
n
o
t
m
a
k
e
a
n
e
w
clai
m
[
2
8
]
.
A
s
a
s
tate
m
e
n
t
ag
ai
n
s
t
t
h
e
clai
m
[
2
9
]
,
r
eb
u
ttal
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
m
o
s
t c
h
alle
n
g
i
n
g
asp
ec
t o
f
s
cien
t
if
ic
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tat
io
n
s
k
ill.
T
h
e
r
eb
u
ttal a
s
p
ec
t is
m
ar
k
ed
b
y
th
e
p
r
ese
n
ce
o
f
a
r
ep
ly
th
a
t
ca
n
b
e
id
en
ti
f
ie
d
[
2
7
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
al
m
o
s
t
all
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
w
er
e
n
o
t
ab
le
to
p
r
esen
t
a
co
u
n
ter
clai
m
(
r
eb
u
tta
l)
clea
r
l
y
o
r
ev
en
n
o
t
at
all
p
r
esen
t
r
eb
u
ttal.
T
h
ey
co
u
ld
n
’
t
u
s
e
h
ig
h
er
p
atte
r
n
s
o
f
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
r
eb
u
ttal
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
ty
p
es
o
f
r
eb
u
tt
al
in
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
ar
g
u
m
en
tat
io
n
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
o
p
in
io
n
o
r
r
eb
u
ttal
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
al
attac
k
s
,
a
r
eb
u
ttal
co
n
s
is
ti
n
g
o
f
o
w
n
v
ie
w
s
,
an
d
r
eb
u
ttal
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
s
cie
n
t
if
ic
ev
id
e
n
ce
[
3
1
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
r
eb
u
ttal,
al
m
o
s
t
all
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
h
av
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
y
i
n
p
r
esen
ti
n
g
th
e
r
ef
u
tatio
n
,
p
r
im
ar
il
y
,
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
d
en
ial
o
f
s
cien
tific
ev
id
en
ce
.
Sev
er
al
t
h
in
g
s
ca
u
s
e
th
e
lo
w
le
v
el
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
r
e
b
u
ttal.
Si
m
ilar
[
3
2
]
s
tate
m
en
t
s
co
n
v
e
y
ed
o
n
l
y
r
e
p
ea
t
th
e
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
ts
s
tated
ea
r
lier
,
r
eb
u
ttal
d
eliv
er
ed
w
ith
o
u
t
r
ea
s
o
n
,
p
r
esen
t
a
n
e
w
ar
g
u
m
e
n
t t
h
at
d
o
es n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tl
y
d
en
y
t
h
e
co
u
n
ter
-
ar
g
u
m
en
t said
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
tw
o
p
la
y
i
n
g
k
e
y
s
to
in
v
o
l
v
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
i
n
s
cien
tific
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
[
8
]
.
First,
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
i
s
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
s
cien
ce
,
an
d
as
s
u
ch
m
u
s
t
b
ec
o
m
e
t
h
e
co
r
e
o
f
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Seco
n
d
,
d
is
cu
s
s
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
s
o
f
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
l
ea
d
s
tu
d
en
t
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
t
h
e
ep
is
te
m
o
lo
g
ical
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
o
f
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
p
r
ac
t
ice.
B
esid
es,
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
3
3
]
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
d
iv
id
u
als
w
h
o
a
p
p
r
o
v
e
an
d
cr
iticize
w
h
et
h
er
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
cc
ess
to
clai
m
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Seq
u
en
t
iall
y
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
s
ci
en
ti
f
ic
ar
g
u
m
en
t
a
tio
n
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
i
s
lev
e
l
1
(
claim
)
m
a
k
es
s
tate
m
en
t
s
,
lev
el
2
(
d
ata)
p
r
es
en
ts
d
ata/
f
ac
ts
,
le
v
el
3
(
w
ar
r
an
t)
co
n
n
ec
t
s
d
ata
an
d
clai
m
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
e
v
id
en
ce
o
r
th
eo
r
y
,
le
v
el
4
(
b
ac
k
i
n
g
)
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
clai
m
s
w
it
h
a
m
at
h
e
m
a
t
ical
ca
lcu
la
tio
n
o
r
p
ictu
r
e,
a
n
d
lev
e
l
5
(
R
eb
u
ttal)
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
eb
u
ttal
to
th
e
s
tat
e
m
en
t.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
th
e
i
te
m
s
d
ec
lar
ed
v
alid
test
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
le
v
el
o
f
s
cien
ti
f
ic
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
ab
ili
t
y
lear
n
er
s
.
Se
v
er
al
ite
m
s
w
er
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
g
o
o
d
co
n
d
itio
n
b
y
I
NFI
T
MN
SQ,
d
if
f
icu
l
t
y
,
a
n
d
o
v
er
all,
in
r
eliab
il
it
y
.
Mo
d
if
icatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
le
v
el
o
f
s
c
ien
ti
f
ic
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
i
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
tar
t
in
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
lev
e
l
(
lev
el
5
)
is
a
cl
ai
m
,
d
ata/f
ac
t,
w
ar
r
a
n
t,
b
ac
k
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
r
eb
u
ttal.
A
ls
o
,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
t
h
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
ab
ilit
y
to
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
ar
g
u
m
e
n
ts
at
t
h
is
s
c
h
o
o
l
ar
e
s
till
at
lo
w
le
v
el
s
;
w
h
er
e
m
o
s
t
s
t
u
d
en
ts
ar
e
o
n
l
y
ab
le
to
b
e
at
th
e
lo
w
es
t le
v
el
1
.
Mo
s
t st
u
d
en
t
s
h
a
v
e
n
o
t b
ee
n
ab
le
to
p
r
esen
t a
n
ar
g
u
m
en
t
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
a
s
cien
ti
f
ic
ar
g
u
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
s
it
an
s
w
er
s
,
n
o
n
e
o
f
w
h
ic
h
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
cien
t
if
ic
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8822
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
7
6
9
-
777
776
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
L
.
Ku
h
n
a
n
d
B.
J.
Re
ise
r,
“
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
Co
n
stru
c
ti
n
g
a
n
d
De
f
e
n
d
in
g
Ev
id
e
n
c
e
-
Ba
se
d
S
c
ien
ti
f
ic
Ex
p
lan
a
ti
o
n
s,”
An
n
u
.
M
e
e
t.
Na
tl
.
Asso
c
.
Res
.
S
c
i.
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
,
Da
ll
a
s,
T
X
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
3
5
,
2
0
0
5.
[2
]
M
.
S
c
a
rm
a
d
a
li
a
,
“
Co
ll
e
c
ti
v
e
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
re
sp
o
n
si
b
il
it
y
f
o
r
th
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
,
”
L
ib
.
Ed
u
c
.
a
Kn
o
wl.
S
o
c
.
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
9
7
,
p
p
.
6
7
-
9
8
,
2
0
0
2
.
[3
]
A
.
Zo
h
a
r
a
n
d
F
.
Ne
m
e
t,
“
F
o
ste
rin
g
stu
d
e
n
ts’
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
sk
il
ls
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
i
lem
m
a
s
in
h
u
m
a
n
g
e
n
e
ti
c
s,”
J
.
Res
.
S
c
i.
T
e
a
c
h
.
,
v
o
l
.
3
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
5
-
6
2
,
2
0
0
2
.
[4
]
Ö.
A
c
a
r,
“
S
c
ien
ti
f
ic
re
a
so
n
in
g
,
c
o
n
c
e
p
tu
a
l
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
,
&
a
c
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
d
if
fe
re
n
c
e
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
ro
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
sc
ien
c
e
tea
c
h
e
rs
h
a
v
in
g
a
c
o
n
siste
n
t
m
is
c
o
n
c
e
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
th
o
se
h
a
v
in
g
a
s
c
ien
ti
f
ic
c
o
n
c
e
p
ti
o
n
i
n
a
n
a
rg
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
-
b
a
se
d
g
u
id
e
d
i
n
q
u
iry
c
o
u
rse
,
”
L
e
a
rn
.
I
n
d
ivid
.
Diff
e
r.
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
n
o
.
3
0
,
p
p
.
148
-
1
5
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[5
]
V
.
S
a
m
p
so
n
a
n
d
S
.
S
c
h
leig
h
,
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
a
rg
u
me
n
ta
ti
o
n
in
b
i
o
lo
g
y
:
3
0
c
la
ss
ro
o
m a
c
ti
v
it
ies
,
NST
A
P
re
ss
,
2
0
1
3
.
[6
]
N.
M
.
M
irza
a
n
d
A
.
N.
P
e
rre
t
-
Clerm
o
n
t,
Arg
u
me
n
ta
ti
o
n
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
:
T
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
fo
u
n
d
a
t
io
n
s
a
n
d
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
,
S
p
rin
g
e
r,
2
0
0
9
.
[7
]
C.
C.
Hs
u
,
C.
H.
C
h
iu
,
C.
H.
L
in
,
a
n
d
T
.
I.
W
a
n
g
,
“
En
h
a
n
c
in
g
sk
il
l
in
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
n
g
sc
ien
ti
f
ic
e
x
p
la
n
a
ti
o
n
s
u
sin
g
a
stru
c
tu
re
d
a
rg
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
sc
a
f
f
o
ld
in
sc
ien
ti
f
ic i
n
q
u
iry
,
”
Co
mp
u
t
.
E
d
u
c
.
,
v
o
l.
9
1
,
n
o
.
1
5
,
p
p
.
46
-
59
,
2
0
1
5
.
[8
]
S
.
Erd
u
ra
n
a
n
d
M
.
Jim
e
n
e
z
-
A
l
e
ix
a
n
d
re
,
Arg
u
me
n
ta
ti
o
n
in
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
:
Per
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
s
fro
m
Cla
ss
ro
o
m
-
Ba
se
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r,
2
0
0
7
.
[9
]
W
a
rd
a
n
i,
A
.
De
w
i,
L
.
Yu
li
a
ti
,
a
n
d
A
.
T
a
u
f
iq
,
“
T
h
e
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
sc
ien
ti
f
ic
a
rg
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
a
n
d
p
h
y
sic
s
p
ro
b
lem
so
lv
in
g
f
o
r
h
ig
h
sc
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
ts
o
n
f
o
rc
e
a
n
d
m
o
ti
o
n
m
a
teria
l
(in
Ba
h
a
sa
)
,
”
in
Pr
o
s.
S
e
mn
a
s
Pen
d
i
d
ika
n
IP
A
Pa
sc
a
s
a
rja
n
a
UM
.
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
-
2
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
0
]
T
.
N.
A
i
n
,
H.
A
.
C.
W
ib
o
w
o
,
A
.
Ro
h
m
a
n
,
a
n
d
U.
A
.
De
ta,
“
T
h
e
s
c
ien
ti
f
ic
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
p
r
o
f
il
e
o
f
p
h
y
sic
s
te
a
c
h
e
r
c
a
n
d
id
a
te i
n
S
u
ra
b
a
y
a
,
”
in
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
sic
s: Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
e
rie
s
,
v
o
l.
9
9
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
0
1
2
0
2
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
1
]
R.
Hirsc
h
h
e
im
,
D.
M
.
M
u
ru
n
g
i,
a
n
d
S
.
P
e
ñ
a
,
“
W
it
ty
i
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
o
r
d
u
b
i
o
u
s f
a
d
?
Us
in
g
a
rg
u
m
e
n
t
m
a
p
p
in
g
to
e
x
a
m
in
e
th
e
c
o
n
t
o
u
rs
o
f
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
f
a
sh
io
n
,
”
I
n
f.
Or
g
a
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
60
-
84
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
2
]
A
.
Hu
n
ter,
“
El
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
”
i
n
L
e
c
tu
re
No
tes
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
(in
c
lu
d
in
g
su
b
se
rie
s
Lec
tu
re
No
tes
in
A
rti
f
icia
l
In
telli
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
L
e
c
t
u
re
No
tes
in
Bio
i
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s)
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
3
]
J.
Os
b
o
rn
e
,
S
.
Erd
u
ra
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
im
o
n
,
“
En
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
th
e
q
u
a
li
ty
o
f
a
r
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
in
sc
h
o
o
l
sc
ien
c
e
,
”
J
.
Res
.
S
c
i.
T
e
a
c
h
.
,
v
o
l.
41
,
n
o
.
10
,
p
p
.
9
9
4
-
1
0
2
0
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
4
]
B.
S
u
m
in
to
n
o
a
n
d
W
.
W
id
h
iars
o
,
Ra
sc
h
mo
d
e
li
n
g
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
in
e
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
l
a
ss
e
ss
me
n
ts
(i
n
Ba
h
a
sa
)
,
T
ri
m
Ko
m
u
n
ik
a
ta,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
5
]
P
.
G
.
F
.
C
h
e
n
g
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
ist
i
n
a
P
o
c
k
e
t:
L
e
x
ico
n
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
C
o
n
te
n
t
V
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
M
o
b
il
e
-
Ba
se
d
A
p
p
f
o
r
De
p
re
ss
io
n
S
c
re
e
n
in
g
,
”
J
M
IR
mH
e
a
lt
h
u
He
a
lt
h
,
vo
l.
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
e
8
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
6
]
C.
Ay
re
a
n
d
A
.
J.
S
c
a
ll
y
,
“
Crit
ica
l
v
a
lu
e
s
f
o
r
L
a
ws
h
e
’s
c
o
n
ten
t
v
a
li
d
it
y
ra
ti
o
:
Re
v
isit
i
n
g
th
e
o
rig
i
n
a
l
m
e
th
o
d
s
o
f
c
a
lcu
latio
n
,
”
M
e
a
s.
Ev
a
l.
C
o
u
n
s.
De
v
.
,
v
o
l.
47
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
79
-
86
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
7
]
C.
H.
L
a
ws
h
e
,
“
A
q
u
a
n
ti
tativ
e
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
t
o
c
o
n
ten
t
v
a
li
d
it
y
,
”
Per
s.
Psy
c
h
o
l.
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
6
3
-
5
7
5
,
1
9
7
5
.
[1
8
]
M
.
G
o
n
z
á
lez
-
Ho
w
a
rd
,
K.
L
.
M
c
Ne
il
l,
L
.
M
.
M
a
rc
o
-
B
u
jo
sa
,
a
n
d
C.
P
.
P
r
o
c
to
r,
“
Do
e
s
it
a
n
sw
e
r
th
e
q
u
e
sti
o
n
o
r
is
i
t
F
re
n
c
h
f
ries
?
’:
a
n
e
x
p
lo
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
lan
g
u
a
g
e
su
p
p
o
rts
f
o
r
sc
ien
ti
f
ic
a
rg
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
”
I
n
t.
J
.
S
c
i.
Ed
u
c
.
,
v
o
l.
3
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
5
2
8
-
5
4
7
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
9
]
R.
Ka
tsh
-
S
in
g
e
r,
K.
L
.
M
c
n
e
il
l,
a
n
d
S
.
L
o
p
e
r,
“
S
c
ien
ti
f
ic
A
rg
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
f
o
r
A
ll
?
Co
m
p
a
rin
g
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
Be
li
e
f
s
A
b
o
u
t
A
rg
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
i
n
Hig
h
,
M
id
,
a
n
d
L
o
w
S
o
c
io
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
S
tatu
s
S
c
h
o
o
ls,”
S
c
i.
Ed
u
c
.
,
v
o
l.
1
0
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
1
0
-
436
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
0
]
J.
G
ro
o
m
s,
V
.
S
a
m
p
so
n
,
a
n
d
P
.
E
n
d
e
rle,
“
Ho
w
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
f
a
m
il
iarit
y
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
w
it
h
sc
ien
ti
f
ic
a
rg
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
a
re
re
late
d
to
th
e
w
a
y
g
ro
u
p
s
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
te
in
a
n
e
p
iso
d
e
o
f
a
rg
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
”
J
.
Res
.
S
c
i.
T
e
a
c
h
.
,
v
o
l.
5
5
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
2
6
4
-
1
2
8
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
1
]
L
.
L
.
He
n
g
,
J.
S
u
rif
,
a
n
d
C.
H.
S
e
n
g
,
“
M
a
lay
sia
n
S
tu
d
e
n
ts’
S
c
ie
n
ti
f
ic
A
rg
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
:
Do
g
ro
u
p
s
p
e
rf
o
rm
b
e
tt
e
r
th
a
n
i
n
d
iv
i
d
u
a
ls?
”
In
t.
J
.
S
c
i.
Ed
u
c
.
,
v
o
l.
37
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
0
5
-
5
2
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
2
]
A
.
M
o
o
n
,
C.
S
tan
f
o
r
d
,
R.
Co
le,
a
n
d
M
.
T
o
w
n
s,
“
T
h
e
n
a
tu
re
o
f
stu
d
e
n
ts’
c
h
e
m
ica
l
r
e
a
so
n
in
g
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
in
sc
ien
ti
f
ic
a
rg
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
i
n
p
h
y
sic
a
l
c
h
e
m
is
try
,
”
Ch
e
m.
Ed
u
c
.
Res
.
Pra
c
t
.
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]
C.
Y.
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P
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[2
6
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.
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.
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.
,
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.
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.
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8
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B.
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,
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D.
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A
.
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.
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.
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9
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H.
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.
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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.
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2
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,
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.
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3
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M
.
S
.
Kh
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n
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,
Per
sp
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s o
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sc
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n
ti
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c
a
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me
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ti
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:
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.
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e
r,
2
0
1
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.