Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of E
valua
tio
n
an
d
Rese
arch
in
Educati
on (I
JE
RE)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
624
~
629
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ije
r
e
.
v
8
i
4
.
20255
624
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJE
R
E
P
re
-
ser
vice
teacher
s' visu
al imag
es ab
out b
iology
Esra Kız
ıl
ay
,
Musta
fa H
am
alo
sm
ano
ğlu
Depa
rt
m
ent
o
f
S
ci
en
ce E
duc
at
io
n
,
Er
ciy
es
Unive
rsit
y
,
Turkey
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
hist
or
y:
Re
cei
ved
J
ul
22
, 2
01
9
Re
vised
Oct
1
7
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Nov
1
9
, 201
9
The
ai
m
of
thi
s
stud
y
was
to
i
nvesti
gate
th
e
visual
images
of
pre
-
service
te
a
che
rs
who
ta
k
e
biol
og
y
cour
se
s
in
under
gra
dua
te
educat
ion
abo
ut
biol
o
g
y
b
y
an
aly
z
ing
their
dra
wings.
The
rese
arc
h
was
co
nduct
ed
with
97
pre
-
service
te
a
che
rs,
stud
y
i
ng
at
th
e
edu
cation
fa
cul
t
y
of
a
unive
rs
i
t
y
in
Turkey
and
ta
king
b
iol
og
y
c
ourse
during
un
der
gra
dua
te
trai
ning.
Sci
ence
t
e
ac
hing
and
cl
assroom
te
a
ching
depa
rtments
were
in
cl
uded
i
n
the
r
ese
ar
ch.
I
n
the
stu
d
y
,
the
da
ta
col
l
ect
ion
tool
h
as
be
en
applied
b
ase
d
on
volunt
a
rin
ess
of
pre
-
servic
e te
a
che
rs
.
In
the
first
par
t of t
he
data
co
ll
e
ct
ion
,
informati
o
n
about
pre
-
servic
e
te
a
che
rs
'
depa
rtment
,
gra
de
le
v
el
and
g
e
nder
were
co
lle
ct
ed
.
In
the
sec
ond
par
t
,
pre
-
servic
e
t
eache
rs
were
give
n
a
bl
ank
A4
pape
r
a
nd
aske
d
to
dra
w
a
pic
tu
re
expl
ai
n
ing
the
conc
ep
t
o
f
bi
olog
y
.
Pre
-
servi
ce
t
ea
ch
ers
complet
ed
the
i
r
dra
wings
in
appr
oximate
l
y
20
m
i
nute
s.
Cont
ent
a
naly
s
is
was
used
in
th
e
an
aly
s
is
of
th
e
d
rawin
gs.
Ca
te
g
orie
s
and
codes
were
first
det
ermined
in
th
e
ana
l
y
sis
of
th
e
dat
a
.
Drawing
s
were
code
d
sepa
ratel
y
b
y
two
r
ese
ar
che
rs.
The
n
,
in
orde
r
to
ensure
in
te
r
-
code
r
r
el
i
ability
,
th
e
codes
were
eva
lu
at
ed
toge
th
er,
and
a
dec
ision
was
rea
che
d
.
The
anal
y
sis
of
pre
-
servic
e
t
ea
ch
ers
'
dra
wings
about
biol
og
y
show
s
tha
t
e
col
og
y
and
ec
os
y
stem
conc
ep
ts
ca
m
e
t
o
the
m
ind
of
th
e
m
aj
o
rity
wh
en
biol
og
y
is
m
entioned.
Th
e
gene
ra
l
result
of
the
rese
ar
ch
ca
n
be
stat
ed
as
the
visual
images
of
pre
-
service
te
a
che
rs
about
b
i
olog
y
ar
e
m
ostl
y
shape
d
wi
thi
n
t
he
fra
m
ework
o
f
ec
o
log
y
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Con
ce
pt
of
biol
og
y
Dr
a
wing
Pr
e
-
s
er
vice te
a
cher
s
V
isual
im
age
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Esra
Kızı
la
y
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f Sci
ence E
ducat
ion
,
Erciy
es Unive
r
sit
y
,
Kö
ş
k, Tal
as
Bl
v,
3803
0
Me
li
kgazi
/Kay
seri,
Turkey
.
Em
a
il
:
egu
ve
n@erci
ye
s.e
du.tr
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Bi
olo
gy
is
a
discipli
ne
that
sci
entifi
cal
ly
exp
l
or
es
the
na
ture
of
vital
it
y/
li
fe
[1]
.
Re
gar
di
ng
the
con
te
nt
sta
nd
a
rd
s
of
sci
ence
edu
cat
io
n,
it
is
seen
that
li
fe
sci
ences
are
in
cl
ud
e
d
in
ei
gh
t
cat
ego
ries
of
K
-
12
edu
cat
io
n
[2]
.
Bi
olo
gy
is
one
of
the
se
ei
ght
cat
egories
of
s
ci
ence
ed
ucati
on.
T
her
e
fore,
it
is
inevita
ble
that
al
l
stud
e
nts
stud
y
ing
at
K
-
12
le
vel
will
ta
ke
bio
lo
gy
con
t
ent
in
sci
ence
edu
cat
io
n.
F
or
this
reas
on,
the
knowle
dge,
at
ti
tud
es,
op
i
nion
s,
pe
rcep
ti
ons
and
im
ages
of
the
te
achers
,
who
pr
ov
i
de
K
-
12
le
vel
sci
ence
edu
cat
io
n, a
bout b
i
ology are
im
po
rtant.
In
T
urkey
sci
ence
e
du
cat
io
n
is
gi
ven
by
cl
assroom
teach
ers
i
n
el
e
m
entary
sch
ool,
by
sci
ence
te
achers
in
m
i
dd
le
sc
hool
an
d
by
bi
ology
te
achers
i
n
hi
gh
sch
ool.
F
or
t
his
reas
on,
the
re
are
m
any
research
e
s
in
the
li
te
ratu
r
e
that
in
vestig
at
e
the
kn
ow
le
dg
e
,
at
ti
tud
es
,
op
i
nions,
pe
rc
eption
s,
a
nd
im
ages
of
pr
e
-
s
erv
ic
e
te
achers
an
d
t
eachers
a
bout
bio
lo
gy.
Among
them
,
there
are
m
any
s
tud
ie
s
on
the
analy
sis
of
dif
fer
e
nt
con
ce
pts
in
bi
ology
by
m
ea
ns
of
dr
a
wing
s.
K
ur
t
[
3]
use
d
the
dr
a
wing
te
ch
nique
in
order
t
o
re
ve
al
the
cogniti
ve
str
uc
tures
of
b
iol
og
y
pre
-
se
rv
ic
e
te
achers
ab
ou
t
im
m
un
it
y.
Jal
m
o
and
S
uw
a
ndi
[
4]
an
al
yz
ed
stud
e
nts
of
B
iolog
y
E
ducat
ion’s
drawi
ngs
of
ge
netic
con
ce
pts.
Nug
rah
a
[5
]
anal
yz
ed
sci
ence
stud
e
nt
te
achers
’
draw
ing
s
on
hum
a
n
inter
nal
org
ans.
Pat
rick
a
nd
T
unnicli
f
fe
[6
]
w
orke
d
on
sci
e
nce
te
acher
s
’
dr
a
wings
on
t
he
inter
nal
structu
res
of
the
hu
m
an
body.
Kurt,
Ekici
,
A
ktas
an
d
A
ksu
[7
]
analy
zed
bio
lo
gy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
An
alysis of
pr
e
-
servi
ce te
ac
he
rs
'
vis
ua
l i
mag
es ab
ou
t
bio
l
ogy
(
Esr
a
Kı
zıl
ay
)
625
stud
e
nt
te
ache
rs’
draw
ngs
on
c
on
ce
pt
of
diffusi
on.
O
r
m
anci
and
Ba
lim
[8
]
work
e
d
on
sci
ence
te
ache
r
cand
i
dates’
drawin
gs
on
co
nc
ept
of
cel
l.
Be
ktasli
[9
]
wor
ked
on
pr
e
-
ser
vice
sci
ence
and
bio
lo
gy
te
acher
s
’
dr
a
wings
on
ar
chaeb
act
e
ria,
ba
ct
eria
and
pr
ot
ıst
a
kin
gdom
s.
Yu
cel
Ce
ngiz
and
E
kici
[10]
us
e
d
the
dr
a
wi
ng
in
order
t
o
re
veal
the
vis
ual
i
m
a
ges
of
pr
e
-
ser
vi
ce
bio
lo
gy
te
achers
a
bout
la
bo
rato
ry.
Kaya
[11]
analy
zed
pr
e
-
serv
ic
e
sci
ence
te
acher
s’
draw
ing
s
on
c
oncep
ts
of
photo
sy
nth
esi
s
a
nd
cel
lu
la
r
res
pirati
on.
Alka
n,
A
kk
ay
a
a
nd
Koksal
[
12]
analy
zed
pr
e
-
se
rv
ic
e
sci
e
nce
te
achers
’
dr
a
wi
ng
s
on
c
on
ce
pt
s
of
m
it
os
is
and
m
ei
os
is.
A
ks
a
n,
Har
m
an
an
d
Ce
li
kler
[13]
w
orke
d
on
sci
e
nc
e
te
acher
ca
ndidate
s’
dra
wings
on
recyc
li
ng
of
wa
ste
bat
te
ries.
Kurt
an
d
Ekici
[14]
analy
zed
bio
lo
gy
pr
e
-
se
rv
ic
e
te
ache
rs’
dr
awi
ngs
on
ba
ct
eria.
In
an
ot
her
stu
dy,
K
urt
an
d
Ekici
[15]
w
orked
on
bi
ology
pr
e
-
ser
vice
te
achers
’
dr
a
wi
ngs
on
t
he
co
nc
ept
of
os
m
os
is.
Kurt
an
d
E
kic
i
[16]
al
so
wor
ked
wi
th
bio
lo
gy
pr
e
-
serv
ic
e
te
ache
r
s
in
ano
the
r
res
earch
,
wh
e
re
they
exam
ined
t
heir
drawi
ng
s ab
out
vir
us
.
I
n
a
st
udy
analy
zi
ng
th
e
cogniti
ve
str
uctu
res
of
bio
l
og
y
pr
e
-
ser
vic
e
te
achers
a
bout
enzym
e
s,
drawin
gs
of
pr
e
-
se
rv
ic
e
te
achers
wer
e
analy
zed
[
17]
.
In
a
nother
stud
y
c
onduct
ed
with
pre
-
ser
vice
bio
lo
gy
te
a
cher
s
,
their
dr
a
wings
about
m
ic
ro
be
s
wer
e
analy
ze
d
[18]
.
Re
ga
rdi
ng
these
stu
di
es,
it
can
be
seen
that
the
dr
a
wings
of
c
on
ce
pts
in
bio
lo
gy
we
re
la
rg
el
y
exam
ined
in
the
li
te
ratur
e
.
H
ow
e
ver,
there
is
no
rese
arch
on
th
e
dr
a
wings
of the
par
ti
ci
pa
nts a
bout
bio
lo
gy as a
wh
ole.
Re
gardin
g
the
researc
hes
in
t
he
li
te
ratur
e,
it
is
seen
that
there
a
re
no
st
ud
ie
s
in
w
hich
pr
e
-
ser
vice
te
achers'
opini
on
s
a
bout
the
c
on
ce
pt
of
bi
ology
are
analy
ze
d
th
r
ough
dr
a
w
ing
s
.
P
re
-
se
r
vice
te
acher
s'
opinions
about
bi
ology
wer
e
gen
e
ral
ly
exa
m
ined
thr
ough
m
et
aph
ors
a
nd
i
nter
views
.
The
refor
e
,
this
resea
rch
is
thought
to
c
on
tribu
te
to
t
he
l
it
eratur
e.
In
t
hi
s
con
te
xt,
the
aim
of
the
re
search
is
t
o
in
vestigat
e
the
vi
su
al
i
m
age
of
bio
l
og
y
by
analy
zi
ng
t
he
dra
wings
of
pr
e
-
serv
ic
e
te
ac
he
rs
w
ho
ta
ke
bio
lo
gy
c
ours
es
in
unde
rgraduate
edu
cat
io
n.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1.
Part
ic
ip
ants
The
re
searc
h
was
co
nducte
d
with
97
pr
e
-
s
erv
ic
e
te
ache
rs
,
stud
yi
ng
at
the
ed
ucati
on
f
acult
y
of
a
un
i
ver
sit
y
in
T
urkey
an
d
ta
kin
g
bi
ology
co
urse
durin
g
unde
rgraduate
trai
ning.
Pr
e
-
ser
vi
ce
te
achers
f
rom
the
first
grade
(n
=
32),
sec
ond
grade
(
n
=
19)
,
thir
d
grade
(n
=
24)
an
d
f
ourt
h
gr
a
de
(
n
=
22)
hav
e
par
ti
ci
pa
te
d
i
n
the
stu
dy. Th
e
r
e
are
m
any
departm
ents
in
the
fac
ulty
of
e
ducat
ion
i
n
T
urke
y.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
not
al
l
of
t
he
te
a
chin
g
dep
a
rtm
ents
tak
e
bi
ology
co
ur
ses
in
undergr
a
duat
e
ed
uc
at
ion
.
T
he
refore
,
not
al
l
dep
a
rtm
ents
in
educat
io
n
facu
lt
ie
s w
e
re i
nclu
ded in t
he researc
h; scie
nc
e tea
chin
g
a
nd class
room
te
achin
g dep
a
rt
m
ents w
ere
inc
lud
e
d.
2.2.
Rese
arch
m
odel
a
nd
d
ata
c
ol
le
ction
t
ool
In
the
resea
rch,
the
data
colle
ct
ion
t
oo
l
was
app
li
ed
based
on
vol
un
ta
ri
ne
ss
of
pre
-
se
rv
i
ce
te
ache
rs.
Wh
il
e
the
t
otal
nu
m
ber
of
s
ci
ence
an
d
cl
a
ssroom
te
aching
stu
den
ts
w
as
arou
nd
50
0,
only
97
pre
-
serv
ic
e
te
achers
ha
ve
par
ti
ci
pated
in
the
stud
y.
I
n
the
first
pa
rt
of
the
data
colle
ct
ion
,
in
form
ation
ab
out
pr
e
-
s
erv
ic
e
te
achers'
dep
a
r
t
m
ent,
gr
ade
l
evel
an
d
ge
nder
were
colle
ct
ed.
I
n
the
sec
ond
pa
rt,
pre
-
s
erv
ic
e
te
ache
rs
wer
e
giv
e
n
a
blan
k
A4
pap
e
r
an
d
aske
d
to
draw
a
picture
e
xp
la
ining
t
he
co
nc
ept
of
bio
l
og
y.
Pr
e
-
se
rv
ic
e
te
achers
com
plete
d
their
dr
a
wings i
n
a
ppr
ox
im
at
ely 2
0
m
inu
te
s.
2.3.
Data a
na
l
ys
is
Con
te
nt
analy
sis
was
us
e
d
in
the
analy
sis
of
th
e
draw
ing
s
.
Ca
t
egori
es
and
c
odes
wer
e
first
determ
ined
in
t
he
a
naly
sis
of
t
he
data.
Dr
a
wi
ng
s
we
re
c
ode
d
se
par
at
el
y
by
two
resea
rc
he
rs.
T
he
n,
in
order
to
ens
ur
e
inter
-
c
oder
reli
abili
ty
,
the
co
des
we
re
evaluated
t
oget
her
,
a
nd
a
de
ci
sion
wa
s
rea
ched.
The
res
ul
ts
of
the r
ese
a
rc
h w
ere e
xpresse
d
a
s f
r
eq
ue
ncy an
d perce
ntage
.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
Re
gardin
g
pre
-
serv
ic
e
te
ache
r
s'
dr
awin
g
s
ab
ou
t
the
c
on
ce
pt
of
bio
l
og
y,
a
s
pr
ese
nted
in
Table
1,
it
was
see
n
that
m
or
e
than
half
(58.8%)
m
ade
dr
a
wings
ab
ou
t
ec
ology
,
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
1
.
T
hese
dra
wings
include
ec
os
ys
tem
,
fo
od
c
hain,
water
cy
cl
e
and
f
ood
py
ra
m
id,
wh
ic
h
are
the
com
po
ne
nt
s
of
ec
ology.
27.8%
of
the
par
ti
ci
pa
nt
s
m
ade
dr
awin
gs
ab
out
th
e
cel
l
sh
own
in
Fig
u
re
2
.
Ce
ll
-
relat
ed
draw
ing
s
m
ai
nly
in
cl
ude
d
DNA,
pla
nt
cel
l,
ani
m
al
cell,
or
ga
nelle
s,
m
it
och
ondri
a,
m
it
os
is
and
cel
l
cy
c
le
.
9.
3%
of
the
pre
-
serv
ic
e
te
achers
m
ade
d
ra
wings
a
bout
the
anim
al
w
or
l
d,
as
il
lustra
te
d
in
Fi
gure
3
.
Alth
ough
the
se
dr
a
wings
c
onta
i
n
m
any
featur
es
,
they
m
os
tl
y
i
nclu
ded
drawi
ng
s
ab
out
ve
rtebr
at
es,
m
a
mm
al
s,
hu
m
ans,
orga
ns
,
s
kelet
on
s
an
d
inv
e
rtebr
at
es
.
4.1%
of
the
pre
-
se
rv
ic
e
te
ac
her
s
w
ho
pa
rtic
ipate
d
in
t
he
researc
h
m
ade
dr
a
wings
a
bout
the
protist
a
world
,
sh
o
w
n
in
Fig
ur
e
4
.
T
hese
drawi
ng
s
incl
ud
ed
prot
ozo
a
ns,
rh
iz
op
od
a
,
am
oeb
a,
flagell
at
e
and
eug
le
na fr
om
t
he
protist
a wor
ld.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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S
N
:
2252
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In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
201
9
:
624
-
629
626
Table
1.
A
naly
sis of pre
-
ser
vi
ce te
acher
s'
v
isual i
m
ages ab
out t
he
c
once
pt
of “bi
ology”
Categ
o
ries
Co
d
es
Frequ
en
cy
Percentag
e
Ecolo
g
y
57
5
8
.8
Ecos
ystem
52
5
3
.6
Foo
d
pyr
a
mid
3
3
.1
W
a
ter circl
e
2
2
.1
Foo
d
cha
in
1
1
.0
Cell
27
2
7
.8
DNA
10
1
0
.3
Plan
t cell
5
5
.2
Anima
l Cell
4
4
.1
Mito
ch
o
n
d
ri
a
4
4
.1
Org
a
n
elles
4
4
.1
Cell cycle
3
3
.1
Mito
sis
3
3
.1
Meta
p
h
a
se
2
2
.1
Ner
ve c
ell
2
2
.1
Axon
1
1
.0
Ana
p
h
a
se
1
1
.0
Den
d
rite
1
1
.0
Myelin
sh
ea
th
1
1
.0
Pro
p
h
a
se
1
1
.0
Cyto
kin
es
1
1
.0
Telo
p
h
a
se
1
1
.0
An
i
m
al
wo
rld
9
9
.3
Verteb
ra
tes
7
7
.2
Ma
mma
ls
6
6
.2
Hu
ma
n
s
6
6
.2
Org
a
n
s
3
3
.1
S
keleton
2
2
.1
Inverteb
ra
tes
2
2
.1
S
ta
rfis
h
1
1
.0
Echin
o
d
erma
ta
1
1
.0
Bird
s
1
1
.0
Regen
era
tio
n
1
1
.0
Dig
estive syst
em
1
1
.0
S
ystems
1
1
.0
Ear
th
wo
rms
1
1
.0
Protis
ta world
4
4
.1
Pro
to
zo
a
n
s
4
4
.1
Rhiz
o
p
o
d
a
2
2
.1
Amoeb
a
2
2
.1
Flag
ella
te
1
1
.0
Eug
len
a
1
1
.0
Figure
1. D
rawi
ng
s
of
pr
e
-
ser
vice te
ache
rs
a
bout the
con
ce
pt
of “bi
ology”
in
t
he
e
colo
gy cate
gor
y
Figure
2. D
rawi
ng
s
of
pr
e
-
ser
vice
te
ache
rs
a
bout the
con
ce
pt
of “bi
ology”
in
t
he
c
el
l cat
ego
ry
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
An
alysis of
pr
e
-
servi
ce te
ac
he
rs
'
vis
ua
l i
mag
es ab
ou
t
bio
l
ogy
(
Esr
a
Kı
zıl
ay
)
627
Figure
3. D
rawi
ng
s
of
pr
e
-
ser
vice te
ache
rs
a
bout
the conce
pt
of
“biology”
i
n
th
e anim
al
world
cate
gory
Figure
4. D
rawi
ng
s
of
pr
e
-
ser
vice te
ache
rs
a
bout the
con
ce
pt
of “bi
ology”
in
t
he
protist
a wo
rld
c
at
egory
Table
1
s
hows
the
visu
al
im
a
ges
of
pre
-
ser
vi
ce
te
achers
ab
ou
t
the
c
oncep
t
of
bi
ology.
T
he
analy
sis
of
pr
e
-
se
rv
ic
e t
eachers'
drawi
ng
s
abo
ut b
iol
og
y s
hows
t
hat
ecology an
d
e
cosyste
m
co
ncep
ts com
e to the
m
ind
of
t
he
m
ajo
rity
w
hen
bi
ology
is
m
entione
d
(
Figure
1).
App
roxim
at
e
ly
on
e
-
thir
d
of
pre
-
se
rv
ic
e
te
ac
her
s
m
ade
a
cel
l
-
relat
ed
dr
awi
ng
w
he
n
bi
olo
gy
was
m
e
ntion
e
d
(F
i
gur
e
2)
.
The
a
naly
sis
of
these
drawi
ng
s
s
howe
d
that
pre
-
ser
vice
te
a
cher
s'
m
ade
dr
awin
gs
e
xpla
in
ing
bi
ology
wi
th
the
p
a
rts
t
he
cel
l
or
s
pecies
,
s
uch
as
D
NA,
pla
nt
cel
l,
anim
al
ce
ll
,
m
it
och
ondri
a,
a
nd
org
anel
le
s.
O
n
t
he
ot
her
ha
nd,
a
s
m
al
l
nu
m
ber
of
pr
e
-
ser
vice
t
eachers
hav
e
as
so
ci
at
e
d
bi
ology
with
the
co
nce
pts
of
ve
rteb
rates
,
m
a
mm
al
s
and
hum
ans,
inc
lud
e
d
in
the
a
nim
a
l
wor
ld
.
T
he
dr
awin
gs
of
t
he
rem
ai
nin
g
f
our
pr
e
-
se
rv
ic
e
te
achers
inclu
de
d
protoz
oans,
rh
iz
opoda,
am
oeb
a
,
flagell
at
e an
d
e
ug
le
na fr
om
the pro
ti
sta
wo
rld.
In
t
his
stu
dy,
visu
al
im
ages
of
pr
e
-
se
rv
ic
e
te
achers
a
bo
ut
bio
l
ogy
we
re
analy
zed
t
hro
ugh
t
heir
dr
a
wings.
As
a
resu
lt
of
the
a
naly
sis,
it
was
fou
nd
that
pre
-
serv
ic
e
te
ache
r
s
associat
e
the
con
ce
pt
of
bio
lo
gy
with ec
ology, c
el
l, anim
al
w
orl
d
an
d p
ro
ti
sta
world
.
More
tha
n
hal
f
of
the
pr
e
-
ser
vice
te
achers
ha
ve
m
ade
dr
a
wings
ass
ociat
ing
the
c
oncep
t
of
ecol
og
y
and
bi
ol
ogy.
A
sim
i
la
r
res
ul
t
was
f
ound
i
n
a
st
ud
y
e
xa
m
ining
pr
e
-
sc
hool
pr
e
-
ser
vi
ce
te
achers'
m
et
aphor
ic
per
ce
ptio
ns
of
chem
ist
ry,
ph
ysi
cs
an
d
bio
lo
gy
con
ce
pts.
It
has
bee
n
f
ound
that
t
he
c
on
c
epts
of
li
vi
ng
thin
gs
and
pla
nts
we
r
e
am
on
g
the
first
three
im
ages
that
ap
peare
d
in
t
he
m
ind
s
of
pre
-
se
r
vice
te
achers
re
ga
rd
i
ng
bio
lo
gy
[19].
Gürbüz
oğlu,
Yalm
ancı
and
Aydı
n
[20]
ha
ve
a
naly
zed
t
he
m
et
aph
ori
cal
per
ce
ptio
ns
of
pr
e
-
serv
ic
e
te
ac
hers
ab
ou
t
t
he
c
oncept
of
bi
olog
y.
In
the
resea
r
ch,
t
he
th
ree
m
et
aphor
s
m
os
tly
dev
el
op
e
d
by
pr
e
-
serv
ic
e
te
ac
hers
ab
out
bi
olog
y
wer
e
the f
oll
ow
i
ng
s;
li
fe,
li
ving b
ei
ngs
a
nd w
orl
d. Ko
se
og
l
u
a
nd
Pe
hlivan
[
21]
hav
e
a
naly
zed
the
m
et
aph
or
ic
al
per
ce
ptio
ns
of
hi
gh
sc
hool
stud
e
nts
a
bout
the
c
on
ce
pt
of
bio
lo
gy
a
nd
bio
lo
gy
te
acher.
I
n
th
e
resea
rch,
m
et
a
phor
m
os
tly
dev
el
op
e
d
by
hi
gh
sch
ool
stu
de
nts
ab
ou
t
bio
l
og
y
w
ere
t
he
fo
ll
owin
gs
;
li
f
e.
Uluk
ok,
Ba
yram
and
Selv
i
[2
2]
ha
ve
a
na
ly
zed
the
m
e
t
apho
rical
per
c
eptions
of
pre
-
serv
ic
e
sci
ence
te
ache
rs
a
bout
the
c
oncept
of
bi
ology.
I
n
t
he
re
se
arch,
the
t
wo
m
et
aph
ors
m
os
tl
y
dev
el
ope
d
by
pre
-
serv
ic
e
sci
enc
e
te
achers
ab
out
bio
lo
gy
were
the
fo
ll
ow
i
ngs;
li
ve
and
na
ture.
Har
m
an
and
Se
ker
[
23]
have
analy
zed
the
m
et
aph
ori
cal
per
ce
ptio
ns
of
pr
e
-
se
rv
ic
e
s
ci
ence
te
ache
r
s
ab
ou
t
t
he
c
on
ce
pt
of
biol
og
y
exp
e
rim
ents.
In
the
resea
rch
,
the
so
m
e
m
etap
ho
rs
de
velo
ped
by
pr
e
-
se
r
vice
sci
ence
te
achers
a
bout
bi
olo
gy
exp
e
rim
ents
wer
e
the
f
ollow
i
ng
s;
li
ve,
natu
r
e,
li
fe.
Atas
[
24]
ha
ve
a
naly
zed
the
m
et
aph
or
ic
al
per
ce
ption
s
of
pre
-
ser
vice
sci
ence
te
acher
s
about
the
co
nc
ept
of
bio
lo
gy.
In
the
rese
a
rc
h,
the
m
os
tl
y
m
et
aph
ors
de
ve
lop
e
d
by
pre
-
se
r
vice
sci
ence
te
ache
rs
a
bout
bio
lo
gy
we
re
the
f
ol
lowings;
na
tur
e,
en
vir
on
m
ent,
li
fe.
Ozar
sla
n
[25]
hav
e
a
naly
zed
the
m
et
aph
or
i
cal
per
cepti
on
s
of
stu
de
nts
about
the
co
nce
pt
of
bio
lo
gy.
In
the
re
searc
h,
the
m
os
tl
y
m
et
aph
or
s
d
e
velo
pe
d by stu
de
nts w
e
re th
e
foll
ow
i
ngs; l
ife, li
ve
.
Appro
xim
at
e
ly
on
e
-
thi
rd
of
pre
-
se
rv
ic
e
te
ac
her
s
pro
duced
cel
l
-
relat
ed
dra
wings.
So
m
e
of
these
pr
e
-
serv
ic
e
te
ac
hers
ex
plaine
d
the
co
ncep
t
of
bi
ol
og
y
with
dr
a
w
ing
s
i
nclu
ding
con
ce
pts
s
uc
h
as
D
NA,
cel
l
ty
pes,
cel
l
div
isi
on
.
A
si
m
il
ar
resu
lt
was
fo
un
d
in
the
stud
y
of
H
arm
an
and
Çö
kelez
[19].
It
was
f
ound
that
the
top
ic
of
di
visions
(
m
it
os
is
and
m
ei
os
is)
cam
e
to
pr
e
-
sc
hool
pr
e
-
ser
vice
te
ache
rs'
m
ind
s
at
th
e
seco
nd
ra
nk
wh
e
n
i
t
com
es to b
iol
ogy.
I
n
the
resea
rch,
it
was
f
ound
that
the
t
hir
d
c
on
ce
pt
t
hat
pr
e
-
ser
vice
te
ach
ers
m
ade
draw
ing
s
ab
ou
t
bio
lo
gy
was
r
el
at
ed
to
the
anim
a
l
kin
gdom
.
W
it
h
re
ga
r
d
to
the
anim
a
l
wo
rl
d,
pre
-
s
e
rv
ic
e
te
ache
rs
m
os
tly
dr
e
w
ver
te
br
at
es,
m
a
m
m
al
s
a
nd
hum
an
fig
ures.
I
n
Har
m
an
an
d
Ç
ök
el
ez'
s
[
19
]
st
ud
y,
th
e
co
nce
pts
f
rom
th
e
anim
a
l
world
su
c
h
as
anim
a
ls,
pe
ople
a
nd
syst
em
s
wer
e
am
on
g
t
he
i
m
ages
that
a
ppeare
d
i
n
t
he
m
ind
s
of
pr
esc
hool
pre
-
s
erv
ic
e tea
c
her
s
r
e
gardin
g
the
con
ce
pt
of b
i
olo
gy.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
201
9
:
624
-
629
628
It
was
fou
nd
t
hat
the
cat
eg
or
y
wh
e
re
the
te
acher
ca
ndidat
es
inclu
ded
t
he
le
ast
nu
m
ber
of
dr
a
wings
about
bio
lo
gy
was
relat
e
d
to
the
protist
a
w
orl
d.
In
Ha
rm
an
and
Çö
kelez'
s
[19]
resea
rc
h,
it
was
al
so
obs
erv
e
d
that
the
c
on
ce
pts
ab
out
li
ving
thi
ngs
in
t
he
protist
a
w
orl
d
wer
e
lo
w
in
the
pr
e
-
sc
hool
pr
e
-
ser
vice
te
a
cher
s'
m
ental
i
m
ages ab
out
bio
lo
gy.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
ge
ner
al
re
su
lt
of
t
he
re
se
arch
can
be
sta
te
d
that
t
he
vis
ual
im
ages
of
pr
e
-
ser
vice
te
a
cher
s
ab
out
bio
lo
gy
are
m
os
tl
y
sh
ape
d
within
the
f
ra
m
ewo
r
k
of
ecolo
gy.
Wh
en
this
resu
lt
is
t
aken
as
a
re
f
eren
ce
,
interdisci
pli
nary
stud
ie
s
relat
ed
t
o
bio
lo
gy
can
be
est
abl
ished
in
hi
gh
e
r
e
du
cat
io
n
in
sti
tuti
on
s
t
hat
trai
n
te
achers,
an
d
it
can
be
ens
ure
d
that
pr
e
-
ser
vi
ce
te
achers
as
s
ociat
e
bio
l
og
y
with
va
rio
us
di
sci
plines
ot
her
than
ecolo
gy. Beca
us
e
bio
l
og
y i
s
a fiel
d of sci
en
ce that
is als
o
a
sso
ci
at
ed wit
h diff
e
re
nt d
isc
i
pl
ines.
In
ot
her
stu
di
es,
to
be
co
nducted
in
the
li
te
ratur
e,
the
r
easo
ns
unde
rly
ing
visu
al
im
ages
of
pr
e
-
serv
ic
e
te
ac
hers
ab
ou
t
bio
l
ogy
can
be
in
ves
ti
gated.
In
this
way,
te
ac
her
t
rainin
g
i
ns
ti
t
ution
s
ca
n
al
l
ow
pr
e
-
serv
ic
e tea
c
hers to
div
e
rsify t
heir biol
og
y
-
re
la
te
d
im
ages.
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rnat
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tur
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a
lt
ern
at
iv
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on
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bact
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e
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As
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In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
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IS
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N:
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52
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8822
An
alysis of
pr
e
-
servi
ce te
ac
he
rs
'
vis
ua
l i
mag
es ab
ou
t
bio
l
ogy
(
Esr
a
Kı
zıl
ay
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629
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ı,
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G
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d
ın,
S.
"
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-
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e
t
eac
her
s’
m
et
aphor
i
ca
l
per
ce
p
ti
ons
towar
ds
biol
og
y
,
'
Musta
fa
Kemal
Unive
rs
it
y
Journ
al
of
Soci
a
l
S
ci
e
nce
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u,
P
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van
,
H
.
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a
l
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og
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an
d
biol
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y
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age
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ds
biol
og
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con
c
ep
t
(m
et
aphor
ana
l
ysis sam
ple
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ds
phy
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ist
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e
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erce
pti
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phori
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.