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t
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th
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o
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m
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s
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,
th
e
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su
lt
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c
t
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a
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m
a
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t
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sio
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th
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K
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w
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s
:
I
r
r
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al
id
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s
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
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ch
allen
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T
r
an
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latio
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T
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an
s
lato
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s
p
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ality
T
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s
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p
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CC B
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C
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
J
ab
b
ar
Fra
y
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h
Sh
r
aid
a
,
Ps
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ch
o
lo
g
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R
esear
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C
en
ter
,
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Hig
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E
d
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ca
tio
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aq
.
E
m
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jab
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c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
a
d
e
to
id
en
tify
th
e
d
is
tin
ctiv
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q
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a
liti
es
o
f
tr
an
s
latio
n
th
at
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
ascer
tain
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
tr
aits
o
f
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
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p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
o
p
er
at
io
n
[
1
]
.
W
h
atev
er
q
u
alities
o
n
e
m
an
a
g
es
to
co
m
p
r
is
e
in
th
e
p
s
y
c
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lo
g
ical
p
r
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f
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k
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m
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v
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r
o
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in
th
e
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tu
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f
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n
s
latio
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[
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
tr
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s
latio
n
an
d
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ev
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id
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ab
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b
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au
s
e
p
s
y
ch
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lo
g
y
is
an
e
s
s
en
tial
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
tr
an
s
latio
n
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
er
s
h
ed
s
lig
h
t
o
n
th
e
p
s
y
ch
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lo
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ca
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ch
allen
g
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s
u
ch
as
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
th
at
ar
e
lik
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to
b
e
en
co
u
n
ter
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d
in
E
n
g
lis
h
-
Ar
ab
ic
-
E
n
g
lis
h
tr
an
s
latio
n
an
d
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
m
ay
f
in
all
y
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to
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th
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f
it.
I
r
r
atio
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b
elief
s
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ev
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n
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v
id
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s
in
ce
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ly
ch
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h
o
o
d
.
T
h
e
ch
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is
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
f
th
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ex
ter
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
s
u
g
g
esti
v
e
at
th
e
ch
i
ld
h
o
o
d
s
tag
e.
He
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
o
th
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s
,
esp
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ially
p
ar
en
ts
in
th
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lan
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th
i
n
k
i
n
g
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d
d
ec
is
io
n
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m
ak
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n
g
.
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f
s
o
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e
f
am
ily
m
em
b
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s
s
o
m
etim
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ar
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al,
th
ey
b
eliev
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in
s
u
p
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s
titi
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.
T
h
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t
en
d
to
in
to
le
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an
ce
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d
d
em
a
n
d
th
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e
n
t
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ac
h
iev
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d
asp
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th
at
d
o
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t
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p
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lead
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g
to
th
e
ch
ild
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
ir
r
atio
n
al
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
asp
ec
ts
,
s
u
ch
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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th
e
m
o
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al,
s
o
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an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
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lev
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T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
in
d
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id
u
als
wer
e
wea
k
en
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b
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s
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ch
o
lo
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a
n
d
n
o
n
-
n
o
r
m
ativ
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tr
a
n
q
u
illi
ty
[
5
]
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
te
d
th
at
ir
r
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n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
a
r
e
n
o
t
s
tab
le;
th
e
y
a
r
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
ch
an
g
e.
Pro
f
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n
al
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
m
a
y
r
aise
o
r
lo
wer
r
ates
[
2
]
.
R
ef
er
to
ir
r
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n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
th
at
ar
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n
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s
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e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
co
r
r
u
p
t.
T
h
ese
t
h
o
u
g
h
ts
ar
e
o
f
ten
s
ev
er
e
em
o
tio
n
al
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
s
u
ch
as n
eu
r
o
le
p
tic
p
s
y
ch
o
s
is
an
d
o
th
er
s
.
T
h
e
h
u
m
an
b
ein
g
s
ar
e
th
e
o
n
ly
cr
ea
tu
r
e
th
at
Go
d
Alm
ig
h
t
y
s
in
g
led
o
u
t
b
y
th
e
g
r
ac
e
o
f
th
i
n
k
in
g
.
T
h
is
th
in
k
in
g
m
an
ca
n
b
e
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
r
o
f
Go
d
in
th
e
ea
r
th
,
d
eser
v
e
th
e
g
r
ac
e
o
f
Go
d
Al
m
ig
h
ty
,
an
d
s
ee
k
to
u
s
e
th
e
id
ea
s
to
s
e
t
g
o
als
an
d
s
tr
iv
e
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
em
.
Sp
ec
if
ic
g
o
als
m
ay
p
r
ev
en
t
th
e
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
o
f
th
ese
g
o
als,
it
is
an
n
o
y
i
n
g
,
an
d
am
o
n
g
th
e
b
elief
s
h
eld
b
y
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
ab
o
u
t
th
ese
e
v
en
ts
r
ef
l
ec
ted
f
ee
lin
g
s
an
d
b
eh
av
io
u
r
s
em
an
atin
g
f
r
o
m
th
em
.
I
t
s
ee
m
s
th
at
ev
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t
cr
ea
te
f
ee
lin
g
s
,
b
u
t
b
elief
s
ab
o
u
t
th
ese
ev
en
ts
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
an
d
m
a
n
if
estatio
n
o
f
attitu
d
es
s
p
ec
if
ically
[
6
]
.
Hu
m
a
n
b
ein
g
s
ten
d
to
b
e
in
n
ately
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
i
n
f
lu
en
c
e,
esp
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
.
T
h
is
in
f
l
u
en
ce
is
f
r
o
m
f
am
il
y
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
th
eir
im
m
ed
iate
p
ee
r
s
,
as
well
as
b
y
th
e
civ
ili
z
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
i
n
wh
ich
t
h
ey
liv
e
in
g
en
er
al.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
er
e
a
r
e
v
ast
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
in
d
iv
id
u
als
in
th
is
ar
ea
,
h
u
m
an
ad
d
s
to
h
is
d
is
o
r
d
er
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
ir
r
atio
n
al
s
u
b
m
is
s
io
n
to
f
am
ily
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
tr
ad
itio
n
s
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
lo
o
k
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
f
ea
tu
r
es
wh
ich
af
f
ec
t
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
tr
an
s
latio
n
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
in
d
iv
id
u
al
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
lik
e
th
e
tr
an
s
lato
r
'
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
p
er
s
o
n
ality
,
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
k
ills
th
at
th
e
tr
an
s
lato
r
r
atio
n
ales
in
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
tr
an
s
latio
n
q
u
ality
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
atter
n
o
f
id
e
as
o
f
a
tr
an
s
l
ato
r
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
ev
en
ts
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
is
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
v
ar
iab
le
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
h
is
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
an
d
e
m
o
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
I
f
th
e
p
a
tter
n
o
f
h
is
id
ea
s
is
r
atio
n
al,
h
e
will
tr
an
s
late
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
el
y
.
I
f
th
e
p
atter
n
o
f
h
is
th
o
u
g
h
ts
is
ir
r
atio
n
al,
h
e
will
tr
an
s
late
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
u
n
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e,
an
d
s
u
f
f
e
r
f
r
o
m
d
is
o
r
d
er
an
d
m
is
m
atch
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
as
well
as
d
etec
tin
g
th
e
tr
an
s
lato
r
s
’
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
s
ex
v
ar
ia
b
le
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
tr
a
n
s
lato
r
’
s
p
er
s
o
n
ality
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
q
u
ality
wh
en
th
ey
ar
e
u
n
d
er
s
tr
ess
an
d
f
ailu
r
es.
I
t
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
o
f
th
e
t
r
an
s
lato
r
’
s
p
er
s
o
n
ality
m
ak
es
th
em
h
ig
h
l
y
in
f
lu
en
tial
an
d
h
ig
h
l
y
s
en
s
iti
v
e
to
b
lam
e
an
d
cr
iticis
m
,
ex
h
ib
it
b
eh
av
io
r
al
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
wh
en
th
ey
d
is
co
v
er
an
y
th
in
g
u
n
ac
ce
p
tab
le
ab
o
u
t
t
h
em
s
elv
es
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
tr
a
n
s
lato
r
m
u
s
t
ev
ad
e
a
f
am
iliar
o
r
u
n
f
a
m
iliar
p
r
o
b
lem
a
r
ea
ar
is
e
s
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
h
is
o
r
h
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
th
at
t
h
ey
h
a
v
e
b
u
ilt
u
p
o
v
er
th
e
y
ea
r
s
to
p
r
o
ce
ed
th
em
th
r
o
u
g
h
ev
e
r
y
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
[
1
0
]
.
I
r
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
ar
e
u
n
r
ea
li
s
tic
id
ea
s
th
at
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
o
b
jectiv
ity
an
d
p
r
ese
n
te
d
a
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
o
v
e
r
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al'
s
co
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
n
eg
at
iv
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
s
elf
an
d
o
th
e
r
s
.
An
x
iety
o
v
er
a
p
er
s
o
n
an
d
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
o
th
er
s
with
atten
tio
n
m
ax
im
iz
e
s
an
d
am
p
lif
y
th
in
g
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al'
s
co
g
n
itiv
e
co
m
p
o
s
it
io
n
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
in
te
r
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
e
v
en
ts
in
a
m
an
n
er
i
n
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
o
f
th
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
s
tu
d
ies
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
r
o
le
in
th
e
em
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
id
ea
s
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
s
f
ac
ed
b
y
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
an
d
th
e
p
r
ess
u
r
es in
h
is
life
an
d
th
e
lo
s
s
o
f
h
o
p
e
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
r
ea
l
g
o
als,
wh
ich
u
ltima
tely
lead
s
t
o
th
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
m
en
tal
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
[
5
]
.
Kaf
af
i
[
1
1
]
also
b
eliev
es
th
at
g
en
er
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
wea
k
n
e
s
s
,
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
in
ter
n
al
an
d
ex
te
r
n
al
th
r
ea
t
to
th
e
s
tatu
s
,
o
b
jecti
v
es
o
f
t
h
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
an
d
s
ev
er
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
ten
s
io
n
,
cr
is
es
o
r
tr
o
u
b
le
an
d
s
u
d
d
en
lo
s
s
es,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
tr
a
u
m
a,
g
u
ilt,
f
ea
r
o
f
p
u
n
is
h
m
en
t,
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
,
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
h
elp
less
n
ess
,
lack
o
f
r
etu
r
n
an
d
r
ep
r
ess
io
n
r
at
h
er
th
an
c
o
n
s
cio
u
s
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
,
wh
ich
lea
d
to
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ju
r
y
wo
r
r
y
Per
s
is
ten
t
f
ailu
r
e
an
d
f
ea
r
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
th
r
ea
ts
to
tr
y
to
em
er
g
e
f
r
o
m
r
e
ality
with
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
.
Hig
h
ly
esteem
ed
p
eo
p
le
wh
o
h
a
v
e
n
o
t
less
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
ar
e
q
u
ick
to
in
t
eg
r
ate
an
d
b
elo
n
g
wh
e
r
ev
er
t
h
ey
ar
e.
T
h
ey
h
av
e
en
o
u
g
h
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
elf
-
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
a
b
ilit
y
to
f
ac
e
th
e
ch
a
llen
g
e.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
ese
p
eo
p
le
ar
e
b
etter
ab
le
t
o
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
em
s
elv
es
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
eir
liv
es
a
n
d
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
th
i
n
k
th
ey
a
r
e
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
n
o
t
p
er
f
ec
t
an
d
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
m
ag
ic
t
o
o
l
f
o
r
th
at,
b
u
t
t
h
ey
a
r
e
o
p
tim
is
tic
an
d
r
ea
lis
tic
with
th
em
s
elv
es.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
is
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
ir
r
atio
n
al
t
h
o
u
g
h
ts
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
lato
r
s
th
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
r
r
a
tio
n
a
l th
o
u
g
h
ts
o
f th
e
tr
a
n
s
la
to
r
’
s
p
ers
o
n
a
lity in
a
s
s
e
s
s
i
n
g
th
e
q
u
a
lity o
f …
(
Ja
b
b
a
r
F
r
a
yy
eh
S
h
r
a
id
a
)
1065
af
f
ec
t
th
eir
s
cien
tific
lev
els.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
at
m
is
g
u
id
ed
at
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
tr
an
s
lato
r
s
.
T
h
e
t
r
an
s
lato
r
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
eg
m
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
I
r
a
q
i
s
o
ciety
th
at
wen
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
I
r
aq
is
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
war
s
an
d
s
ieg
e
an
d
th
e
cu
r
s
e
o
f
s
ec
tar
ian
is
m
,
wh
ich
last
ed
m
o
r
e
th
an
f
o
r
ty
y
ea
r
s
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
th
at
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
s
tu
d
ied
in
r
e
ce
n
t
y
ea
r
s
is
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
tr
an
s
latio
n
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
th
at
is
estab
lis
h
ed
in
p
h
y
s
ical,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
a
n
d
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
te
ch
n
iq
u
es.
Sin
ce
th
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
[
1
2
]
an
d
o
t
h
er
s
o
cial
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
is
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
lato
r
’
s
p
er
s
o
n
ality
as
a
s
et
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
al
ju
d
g
m
en
ts
th
at
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
ee
s
ab
o
u
t
h
im
s
el
f
.
As
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
its
em
o
tio
n
al,
m
e
n
tal
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
it
is
clo
s
er
to
th
e
ter
m
s
elf
-
ev
alu
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
its
b
eh
av
io
r
al,
em
o
tio
n
al,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
[
1
3
]
.
T
r
an
s
lato
r
’
s
p
er
s
o
n
ality
is
th
e
ju
d
g
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
o
n
h
is
co
m
p
eten
ce
a
n
d
ex
p
r
ess
es
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
attitu
d
es
ab
o
u
t
h
i
m
s
elf
o
r
h
is
b
elief
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
r
an
s
lato
r
’
s
p
er
s
o
n
ality
is
al
s
o
a
s
u
b
je
ctiv
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
co
n
v
ey
e
d
b
y
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
to
o
th
er
s
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ex
p
r
ess
iv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
[
1
5
].
Ma
s
lo
w
[
1
6
]
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
p
er
s
o
n
ality
as a
n
ee
d
t
o
b
e
s
atis
f
ied
wh
en
p
eo
p
le
f
ee
l lo
v
e
d
a
n
d
h
av
e
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
el
o
n
g
in
g
,
an
d
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
esp
ec
t.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
two
ty
p
es
o
f
r
esp
ec
t
n
ee
d
s
:
p
er
s
o
n
ality
an
d
r
esp
ec
t
th
at
o
th
er
s
g
iv
e
,
an
d
s
atis
f
y
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
tr
an
s
lato
r
’
s
p
er
s
o
n
ality
allo
ws
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
to
f
ee
l
co
n
f
id
en
t
in
h
is
s
tr
en
g
th
,
v
a
lu
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
ca
p
ab
le
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
all
ar
ea
s
o
f
life
,
wh
en
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
lack
s
p
er
s
o
n
ality
,
h
e
is
d
ep
r
ess
ed
an
d
h
elp
less
an
d
la
ck
s
s
u
f
f
icien
t
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
to
f
a
ce
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
Ma
s
lo
w
[
1
6
]
e
x
p
lain
ed
th
at
r
esp
ec
t
an
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
ality
to
b
e
au
t
h
en
ti
c
m
u
s
t
r
em
ain
a
r
ea
lis
tic
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
co
m
p
eten
ce
a
n
d
g
en
u
in
e
r
esp
ec
t.
T
wo
p
e
o
p
le
d
eser
v
e
it f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
[
1
7
]
.
All
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
th
at
ch
ar
ac
ter
izes
th
e
em
o
tio
n
al
life
(
em
o
tio
n
al)
o
f
th
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
an
d
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
in
t
h
ese
asp
ec
ts
p
u
t
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
d
is
tin
ct
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
.
T
h
e
p
er
s
o
n
ali
ty
r
ef
er
s
t
o
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
s
en
s
e
o
f
p
r
id
e
wh
en
th
e
c
h
ild
b
eliev
es
th
at
h
e
ca
n
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
s
o
m
e
th
in
g
s
al
o
n
e
with
o
u
t
h
elp
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
o
cializa
tio
n
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
th
r
ee
y
ea
r
s
.
E
v
o
l
u
tio
n
o
f
p
r
ae
s
id
iu
m
v
in
e
g
ar
f
o
r
th
ese
s
e
v
en
s
tag
es
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
g
r
ad
u
al
an
d
last
s
f
r
o
m
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
to
t
h
e
p
er
io
d
i
n
ad
o
lescen
ce
,
an
d
th
e
s
tr
u
g
g
le
o
f
s
elf
p
r
iv
ac
y
d
u
r
in
g
a
d
o
lescen
ce
al
l
th
ese
asp
ec
ts
u
n
ite
u
n
d
er
th
e
ter
m
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
v
ar
iab
les
ass
o
ciate
d
with
tr
an
s
lato
r
’
s
p
er
s
o
n
ality
,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
an
d
in
ter
p
r
et
h
u
m
a
n
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
an
d
is
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
with
h
is
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
an
d
b
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
[
1
9
].
Sch
iltz
[
19
]
s
ay
s
th
at
wh
ile
th
e
s
elf
i
s
f
lu
id
,
b
u
t
it
is
a
co
n
s
tan
t
elem
en
t
an
d
an
o
r
g
a
n
ized
u
n
it.
Po
s
itiv
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
lead
s
to
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
a
lack
o
f
it
lead
s
to
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
tr
a
n
s
lato
r
’
s
p
er
s
o
n
ality
co
m
es m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
f
r
o
m
with
in
o
u
r
s
elv
es
th
a
n
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
an
d
b
ec
o
m
es
a
s
tr
o
n
g
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
en
to
b
e
s
atis
f
ied
an
d
f
u
lf
illed
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
m
ain
tain
it
g
r
ad
u
ally
[
1
7
]
.
L
if
e
ex
p
r
ess
es a
ce
r
tain
lack
o
f
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
,
an
d
is
a
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
th
is
n
ew
tr
en
d
in
s
elf
-
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
ca
u
s
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
e
h
av
io
r
a
n
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
h
is
weig
h
t
[
1
7
]
.
Nar
ciss
i
s
m
is
n
o
t
tr
u
e
s
elf
-
lo
v
e,
b
u
t
r
ath
er
a
n
ex
ag
g
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
i
d
ea
l
s
elf
in
its
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
.
W
e
ar
e
all
-
n
o
r
m
al
an
d
n
er
v
o
u
s
,
a
s
elf
-
im
ag
e
an
d
a
n
id
ea
l
im
ag
e
o
f
o
u
r
s
elv
es
th
at
m
a
y
o
r
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
b
ased
o
n
r
e
ality
.
T
h
is
im
ag
e
is
elim
in
ated
b
y
th
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
u
n
ity
an
d
p
er
f
ec
tio
n
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
r
o
m
wh
i
ch
it
r
ev
o
lv
es
an
d
c
o
m
es
clo
s
e
to
o
u
r
s
elv
es
an
d
o
th
er
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
ea
ch
s
elf
-
r
e
aliza
tio
n
,
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
a
n
d
ac
h
iev
e
o
u
r
p
o
ten
tial,
o
u
r
s
elf
-
im
ag
e
m
u
s
t r
ef
lect
o
u
r
s
elv
es to
r
ea
lity
(
r
ea
lis
m
)
,
an
d
im
a
g
e
with
tr
u
th
b
e
f
lex
ib
le
a
n
d
d
y
n
am
ic
c
h
an
g
e
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
ch
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
[
8
]
.
E
llis
[2
0
]
ass
er
ts
th
at
h
u
m
an
b
ein
g
s
ar
e
b
o
r
n
with
a
willin
g
n
ess
to
ac
t
r
atio
n
ally
an
d
ir
r
atio
n
al
ly
.
Peo
p
le
s
ay
th
e
y
a
r
e
b
i
o
lo
g
ic
ally
in
s
talled
to
t
h
in
k
twis
ted
o
n
m
an
y
o
c
ca
s
io
n
s
o
r
to
d
e
f
ea
t
th
em
s
elv
es,
to
ex
ag
g
er
ate
ev
er
y
t
h
in
g
,
to
f
ee
l
ex
tr
em
e
e
x
citem
en
t
a
n
d
to
ac
t
v
er
y
s
tr
an
g
ely
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
s
t
tr
iv
ial
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
R
ea
d
y
f
o
r
em
o
tio
n
al
em
o
tio
n
an
d
m
en
tal
d
is
o
r
d
e
r
an
d
th
e
n
af
ter
b
ir
th
an
d
g
r
o
wth
e
x
p
o
s
e
d
to
s
itu
atio
n
s
an
d
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
h
elp
h
im
to
ac
h
iev
e
wh
at
h
e
h
as
m
u
s
h
r
o
o
m
ed
,
b
u
t
alth
o
u
g
h
E
llis
[2
0
]
b
eliev
es
th
at
m
an
f
in
d
s
it
m
o
r
e
co
m
f
o
r
tab
le
to
ac
t
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
,
h
e
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
d
o
s
o
.
E
llis
[2
0
]
s
tates
th
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ar
e
b
io
lo
g
ically
in
s
talled
o
n
two
ty
p
es
o
f
r
atio
n
al
an
d
ir
r
atio
n
al,
d
escr
ib
in
g
th
is
b
y
s
ay
in
g
th
at
th
ey
th
in
k
cr
o
o
k
e
d
o
n
m
an
y
o
cc
asio
n
s
,
o
r
d
e
f
ea
t
th
em
s
elv
e
s
an
d
ex
ag
g
er
ate
ev
er
y
th
in
g
a
n
d
f
ee
l
ex
cited
an
d
b
eh
av
e
s
tr
an
g
ely
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
s
t
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
an
d
also
h
av
e
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
s
I
n
n
ate
t
o
t
h
in
k
e
f
f
icien
tly
a
n
d
n
atu
r
ally
,
th
ey
ar
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
an
d
lear
n
f
r
o
m
th
eir
m
is
tak
es,
an
d
ch
an
g
e
th
e
m
s
elv
es
m
an
y
tim
es
E
llis
’s
[2
0
]
th
eo
r
y
ass
er
ts
th
at
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
r
atio
n
al
th
er
a
p
y
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
lo
g
ical
th
er
a
p
ies
b
ec
au
s
e
it
s
ay
s
th
at
m
an
ca
n
ac
c
ep
t
h
im
s
elf
en
tire
l
y
ju
s
t
b
ec
au
s
e
h
e
is
aliv
e
o
n
ly
b
ec
au
s
e
h
e
ex
is
ts
,
Hu
m
an
s
m
u
s
t
n
o
t
ass
er
t
th
eir
v
alu
e
in
a
n
y
way
.
Ma
n
ca
n
d
ev
is
e
h
is
o
wn
g
o
als.
He
d
o
es n
o
t n
ee
d
m
ag
ic
o
r
an
y
o
th
e
r
t
o
r
ely
o
n
h
im
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
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[
1
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E
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[
2
1
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[2
0
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ar
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[
8
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A
f
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ally
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0
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ar
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m
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I
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lam
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tr
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l.
Dan
g
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I
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s
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b
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p
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d
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th
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g
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t
h
an
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im
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ely
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Pas
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n
o
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e
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o
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ex
clu
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d
.
T
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in
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p
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an
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b
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a
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d
p
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s
o
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.
T
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p
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r
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tio
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to
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v
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p
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d
th
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s
o
lu
tio
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m
u
s
t
b
e
r
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ch
ed
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th
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wis
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th
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r
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m
e
tr
ag
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an
d
th
is
is
an
ir
r
at
io
n
al
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d
ea
.
Ab
d
u
llah
[
3
]
n
o
tes
th
at
Alice
id
en
tifie
d
a
s
et
o
f
f
ea
tu
r
es
th
at
ch
ar
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ter
ize
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lac
k
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to
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em
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s
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in
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h
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wan
ts
m
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s
t
in
ev
itab
ly
b
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ac
h
iev
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T
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in
d
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id
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attr
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is
ac
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s
an
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wr
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b
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ter
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is
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ep
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esen
ted
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h
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co
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tin
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o
u
s
b
lam
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o
f
th
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s
elf
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d
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.
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in
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r
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h
ts
ar
e
n
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t
d
er
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d
f
r
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m
th
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m
p
ir
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ex
p
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t
h
at
is
a
cc
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r
ate
an
d
h
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n
est.
E
x
ter
n
al
an
d
in
ter
n
al
p
r
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o
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th
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in
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p
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e
co
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u
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n
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f
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h
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ly
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T
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t
h
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h
av
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an
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o
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ce
p
t
o
f
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r
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a
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th
o
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p
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in
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m
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Ar
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th
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r
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r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
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n
[
6
]
,
ir
r
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n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
an
d
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
Stre
s
s
[
4
]
,
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
an
d
an
x
iety
,
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
.
T
h
eir
r
esu
lts
r
esu
lted
in
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t c
o
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
ir
r
at
io
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
an
d
a
n
x
iety
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
[
2
].
Sh
en
awy
[
4
]
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
h
ig
h
-
h
o
p
er
s
h
av
e
a
d
is
tin
ctio
n
i
n
t
h
in
k
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
ely
f
r
o
m
lo
w
-
h
o
p
er
s
,
a
n
d
also
ca
n
s
et
th
eir
g
o
als
an
d
c
an
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
m
,
with
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
th
eir
a
b
ilit
y
,
u
n
lik
e
t
h
e
lo
w
-
h
o
p
e
r
s
to
b
e
ab
le
to
s
et
g
o
als
th
at
f
it
th
eir
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
I
b
r
a
h
im
[
3
]
f
o
u
n
d
n
o
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
b
etwe
en
m
ales a
n
d
f
em
ales [
3
]
.
H
aseeb
[
9
]
aim
ed
to
id
en
tify
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
ex
es
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
b
y
(
9
6
.
1
%).
T
h
e
id
ea
o
f
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
d
is
aster
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
r
an
k
ed
f
ir
s
t
an
d
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
v
al,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
id
ea
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
al
p
er
f
e
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
Ah
m
ad
[
1
]
also
p
o
in
ted
to
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
was
m
o
r
e
am
o
n
g
m
ales.
T
h
e
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
am
o
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t p
eo
p
le.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
r
r
a
tio
n
a
l th
o
u
g
h
ts
o
f th
e
tr
a
n
s
la
to
r
’
s
p
ers
o
n
a
lity in
a
s
s
e
s
s
i
n
g
th
e
q
u
a
lity o
f …
(
Ja
b
b
a
r
F
r
a
yy
eh
S
h
r
a
id
a
)
1067
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
is
c
h
ap
ter
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ex
p
lain
th
e
s
tep
s
an
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
tak
e
n
in
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
s
i
d
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
a
n
d
th
e
t
o
o
l
s
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
an
d
th
e
s
t
atis
tical
tr
ea
tm
en
t
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
tes
t
d
ata.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
lim
its
th
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
tr
an
s
lat
io
n
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
a
n
d
I
r
aq
i
tr
an
s
lato
r
s
’
ass
o
ciatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
y
ea
r
2
0
1
8
-
2
0
1
9
.
3
.
1
.
Def
ine
t
er
m
s
3
.
1
.
1
.
I
rr
it
a
t
io
n t
ho
ug
hts
Ab
d
u
llah
[
3
]
d
ef
i
n
es
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
as
f
alse
in
tellectu
al
b
elief
s
b
u
ilt
b
y
th
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
ab
o
u
t
h
im
s
elf
an
d
th
e
wo
r
ld
ar
o
u
n
d
h
im
,
th
u
s
lead
in
g
to
th
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
al
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
o
f
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al.
3
.
1
.
2
.
T
ra
ns
la
t
io
n
T
h
e
ter
m
tr
an
s
latio
n
is
eith
er
t
h
e
ac
t
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
r
tin
g
o
n
e'
s
wr
itten
o
r
s
p
ea
k
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
to
an
o
t
h
er
lan
g
u
ag
e
[
2
2
]
.
H
o
u
s
e
[
2
3
]
ass
u
r
es
th
at
th
at
th
e
in
ter
est
o
f
t
r
an
s
latio
n
is
o
n
h
o
w
T
T
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
th
eir
T
L
cu
ltu
r
es,
r
ath
er
th
an
o
n
tex
tu
al
r
esem
b
lan
ce
s
b
etwe
en
SL
an
d
T
L
[
2
4
,
2
5
]
.
I
t
also
in
clu
d
es
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
in
te
r
p
r
etin
g
an
y
o
t
h
er
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
asp
ec
t
i
n
to
an
o
th
er
f
o
r
m
[
2
6
]
.
Als
o
,
C
ap
o
n
e
a
n
d
Me
y
[
2
7
]
elu
cid
ate
th
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
is
a
s
o
cial
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
wh
ich
,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
o
r
ie
n
tatio
n
to
war
d
s
tr
an
s
latio
n
,
ca
n
o
n
ly
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
ad
eq
u
ately
o
n
th
e
lev
el
o
f
tr
an
s
latio
n
[
2
8
]
.
Gö
p
f
er
ich
[
29
]
v
e
r
if
ied
th
at
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
em
an
d
s
a
tr
an
s
latio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
co
n
v
ey
th
e
r
ea
lity
o
f
th
e
SL
tex
t
to
th
e
T
L
tex
t
to
d
ev
e
lo
p
th
e
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
g
en
e
r
al.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
tr
an
s
latio
n
ca
n
b
e
f
ig
u
r
e
d
o
u
t a
s
f
ig
u
r
ativ
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
[
3
0
, 3
1
].
3
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h c
o
m
m
un
it
y
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
m
m
u
n
ity
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
6
6
4
2
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
in
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
o
f
B
a
g
h
d
ad
an
d
I
r
aq
i
T
r
an
s
lato
r
s
Ass
o
ciatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
2
0
1
8
-
2
0
1
9
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
was
ch
o
s
en
b
y
s
im
p
le
r
an
d
o
m
tech
n
iq
u
e
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
was
4
6
4
9
.
T
h
e
a
p
p
lied
s
am
p
le
was
s
elec
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
[
3
2
]
tab
le
(
3
4
4
)
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esear
ch
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
b
y
(
1
9
4
)
m
ales
an
d
(
1
5
0
)
f
em
ales.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
h
as
n
eg
lecte
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
at
th
e
r
an
k
o
f
ass
is
tan
t
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
,
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
h
ip
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
p
u
r
p
o
s
es r
elate
d
to
ag
e
a
n
d
s
cien
tific
lev
el
th
at
in
d
icate
th
at
t
h
ey
ar
e
m
o
r
e
m
at
u
r
e
an
d
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
r
esear
ch
co
m
m
u
n
ity
Ti
t
l
e
N
u
mb
e
r
b
y
t
i
t
l
e
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
A
ssi
st
a
n
t
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
2
6
2
3
3
9
.
4
0
%
Te
a
c
h
e
r
2
0
2
6
3
0
.
5
0
%
A
ssi
st
a
n
t
p
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
1
3
5
0
2
0
.
3
0
%
P
r
o
f
e
sso
r
6
4
3
9
.
6
0
%
3
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h
t
o
o
ls
T
h
e
test
o
f
r
atio
n
al
an
d
i
r
r
at
io
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
:
Pre
p
ar
ed
b
y
R
ih
an
i
[
1
8
]
a
n
d
I
r
r
atio
n
al
t
h
o
u
g
h
ts
as
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
Alice
elev
e
n
id
e
as
an
d
R
ih
an
i
a
d
d
ed
two
id
ea
s
to
f
it
th
is
s
ca
le
with
th
e
Ar
a
b
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t,
an
d
ea
ch
id
ea
h
as
f
o
u
r
p
a
r
ag
r
a
p
h
s
o
n
t
h
e
s
ca
le
to
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ag
r
ap
h
s
.
T
h
e
tes
t
as
a
wh
o
le
is
5
2
p
ar
ag
r
a
p
h
s
,
th
e
an
s
wer
o
f
wh
i
ch
is
y
es
f
ir
s
t.
A
v
alu
e
o
f
(
2
)
was
g
iv
en
to
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
in
d
i
ca
tin
g
th
e
s
u
b
ject'
s
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
id
ea
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
th
e
p
h
r
ase
an
d
(
1
)
to
th
e
an
s
wer
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
s
u
b
je
ct
's
r
ejec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t.
Af
ter
t
h
at,
th
e
s
ca
le
was
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
A
b
d
u
l
Fattah
Ab
d
u
l
Qad
e
r
Mo
h
am
m
ed
Ab
u
Sh
i
r
eh
in
2
0
0
7
m
o
d
if
ied
b
y
R
ih
an
i
[
1
8
]
,
f
o
r
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
p
er
io
d
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
ex
tr
ac
ted
th
e
h
o
n
esty
o
n
ly
to
b
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
e
I
r
aq
i e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t w
h
e
r
e
h
e
u
n
d
e
r
wen
t sev
er
al
ar
b
itra
to
r
s
.
3
.
4
.
Virt
ua
l
v
a
lid
it
y
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
in
itial
h
o
n
esty
is
ev
id
en
t
b
y
lo
o
k
in
g
at
t
h
e
p
ar
a
g
r
ap
h
s
an
d
k
n
o
win
g
w
h
at
th
e
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e,
th
en
m
atch
i
n
g
th
at
with
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
to
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
I
f
th
e
t
wo
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
t
h
e
s
ca
le
is
h
o
n
est,
an
d
t
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
h
o
n
esty
is
ac
h
iev
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wh
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d
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with
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T
h
is
r
esu
lt
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
r
e
ar
e
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
in
q
u
esti
o
n
an
d
t
h
is
r
esu
lt
co
in
cid
es
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
A
h
m
ed
[
1
]
in
Yem
en
,
wh
ich
c
o
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
ir
r
atio
n
al
t
h
o
u
g
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ts
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e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
am
o
n
g
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
teac
h
er
s
.
Al
-
R
ih
an
i's
s
tu
d
y
[
1
8
]
in
Sy
r
ia
em
p
h
asized
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
i
r
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Ma
s
lo
w
[
1
6
]
in
d
icate
d
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
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n
s
wer
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
an
d
T
-
test
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
two
in
d
ep
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d
en
t sam
p
les o
n
t
h
e
s
ca
le
o
f
ir
r
atio
n
al
t
h
o
u
g
h
ts
,
as sh
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
s
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if
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ce
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d
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f
f
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s
in
th
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r
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th
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A
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5
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3
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5
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5
2
0
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5
T
h
e
m
ea
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
co
r
e
s
(
2
6
.
2
8
)
m
ales
an
d
f
em
ales
(
2
4
.
5
8
)
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
(
3
5
4
)
u
n
iv
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s
ity
p
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f
ess
o
r
s
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n
th
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s
ca
le
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ir
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tio
n
al
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u
g
h
ts
.
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h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
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is
(
5
.
3
6
2
)
(
5
.
1
0
3
)
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eg
r
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s
.
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h
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test
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th
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p
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was
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s
ed
T
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test
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s
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h
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T
v
alu
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is
(
3
.
2
5
)
d
e
g
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s
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is
s
h
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ws
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at
t
h
e
d
if
f
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e
n
ce
is
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
at
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
(
0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
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f
f
r
e
ed
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m
is
(
3
5
2
)
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
f
av
o
r
o
f
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
s
co
r
es
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f
th
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m
ale
s
am
p
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is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
Ah
m
ed
[
1
]
in
Yem
e
n
wh
er
e
it
in
d
icate
d
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
s
tatis
tical
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
b
etwe
en
teac
h
er
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
g
en
d
er
,
an
d
in
f
av
o
r
o
f
m
ales,
R
ih
an
i's
s
tu
d
y
[
1
6
]
in
d
icate
d
a
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
m
ales a
n
d
f
em
ales.
T
h
is
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
th
e
th
e
o
r
y
o
f
E
llis
[
2
0
]
,
wh
o
p
o
in
te
d
o
u
t
t
h
at
s
ick
f
am
ily
ca
n
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
k
ee
p
in
g
t
h
e
f
am
ily
in
th
e
wr
o
n
g
s
itu
atio
n
.
T
o
av
o
id
o
r
r
esi
s
t
an
y
d
is
co
v
er
y
o
f
n
ew
alter
n
ativ
es
is
th
e
r
ig
id
f
am
ily
th
at
b
e
h
av
es
ir
r
atio
n
a
lly
in
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
at
a
tim
e.
W
h
en
th
e
f
am
ily
s
u
cc
ee
d
s
r
atio
n
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
in
ad
ap
ti
n
g
th
e
u
n
av
o
id
ab
le
p
r
ess
u
r
es
in
life
,
p
r
eser
v
in
g
its
co
n
tin
u
ity
an
d
co
h
esio
n
ar
e
th
e
cr
itiq
u
es th
at
h
elp
t
o
id
en
ti
f
y
th
e
r
atio
n
al
b
elief
s
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
lato
r
’
s
p
er
s
o
n
ality
in
id
e
n
tify
in
g
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ir
r
atio
n
ality
b
elief
s
am
o
n
g
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
em
io
tic,
lin
g
u
is
tic,
s
o
cio
lin
g
u
is
tic,
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
,
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
t
h
at
ca
n
h
elp
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lin
g
u
is
tic,
cu
ltu
r
al,
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
ac
t
o
f
estab
lis
h
in
g
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
eq
u
i
v
alen
ce
s
.
S
o
m
e
v
a
r
iab
les,
s
u
ch
as
r
esil
ien
ce
,
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
q
u
al
ity
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
life
,
etc.
w
o
u
ld
b
est
b
e
s
u
ited
as
tech
n
i
q
u
es
to
b
e
im
p
o
s
ed
,
with
o
u
t
lo
s
in
g
s
ig
h
t
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
g
o
als
o
f
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
it
is
clea
r
th
at
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
r
atio
n
al
b
elief
s
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
tr
an
s
latio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
er
io
u
s
n
ess
o
f
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
as
it
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
i
n
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
an
d
its
s
er
io
u
s
n
ess
o
n
th
e
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
th
at
w
as
d
o
n
e,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
p
a
y
atten
tio
n
to
r
atio
n
al
b
elief
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
o
cializin
g
a
n
d
wo
r
k
to
r
e
f
u
te
th
e
i
r
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
an
d
r
e
f
u
te
th
em
an
d
r
ep
l
ac
e
r
atio
n
al
b
elief
s
.
I
n
s
tead
,
wo
r
k
in
g
to
d
e
v
elo
p
s
cien
tific
ca
d
r
es
to
d
is
ca
r
d
i
r
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
u
r
s
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8
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a
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lity in
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(
Ja
b
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a
r
F
r
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1069
an
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atio
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ests
s
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r
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am
s
t
o
g
et
r
id
o
f
ir
r
atio
n
al
th
o
u
g
h
ts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
.
Ab
d
u
ll
a
h
,
“
Irra
ti
o
n
a
l
id
e
a
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
ir
Re
latio
n
sh
i
p
wi
th
P
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
B
u
rn
in
g
a
m
o
n
g
Tea
c
h
e
rs
o
f
Taiz
Cit
y
,
”
Un
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
M
a
ste
r
T
h
e
sis,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
S
a
n
a
'
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ye
m
e
n
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
]
A.
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
M
.
Alsa
y
e
d
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ab
d
u
l
lah
,
“
Irra
ti
o
n
a
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
ts i
n
c
h
il
d
re
n
a
n
d
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts
a
n
d
th
e
i
r
re
latio
n
s
h
ip
to
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
sta
t
u
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
ra
c
teristic
o
f
a
n
x
iety
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
c
e
n
ter,”
P
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
S
t
u
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
1
5
-
4
4
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
]
A
.
H
.
Ib
ra
h
im,
“
Th
e
imp
a
c
t
o
f
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
th
e
ra
p
y
t
o
re
d
u
c
e
th
e
lev
e
l
o
f
d
e
p
re
ss
io
n
in
u
n
iv
e
rsity
y
o
u
t
h
,
”
Un
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
d
o
c
to
ra
l
th
e
sis,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
,
Zag
a
z
ig
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
,
2
0
1
3
.
[4
]
El
-
S
h
e
n
a
wy
,
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
M
a
h
ro
u
s,
“
Th
e
o
ries
o
f
c
o
u
n
se
li
n
g
a
n
d
p
sy
c
h
o
th
e
ra
p
y
,
”
Da
r
G
h
a
rib
f
o
r
p
rin
t
in
g
,
p
u
b
l
ish
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
Ca
ir
o
,
2
0
1
3
.
[5
]
K
.
W
.
M
u
sta
fa
,
“
Th
e
Eff
e
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
a
Ra
ti
o
n
a
l
Ad
v
is
o
ry
P
r
o
g
ra
m
to
Re
d
u
c
e
S
tres
sfu
l
Li
fe
Ev
e
n
t
s
in
a
S
a
m
p
le
o
f
Un
iv
e
rsity
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts,”
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
i
c
a
l
S
t
u
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
6
9
-
5
9
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[6
]
D
.
Ro
lan
d
,
“
M
e
th
o
d
o
f
P
s
y
c
h
o
a
n
a
ly
sis
a
n
d
F
re
u
d
ian
D
o
c
tri
n
e
,
”
Tran
sla
ti
o
n
o
f
Co
n
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
o
f
B
e
a
u
ty
J,
Be
iru
t,
Ara
b
F
o
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
fo
r
S
tu
d
ies
a
n
d
P
u
b
li
s
h
in
g
.
5
-
Ka
m
a
l,
Ali
(1
9
8
7
)
se
lf,
e
m
o
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
d
ise
a
se
s
a
n
d
trea
tme
n
t,
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
,
Da
r
Was
it
,
2
0
1
4
.
[7
]
J
.
De
li
sle
,
L
a
tra
d
u
c
ti
o
n
r
a
iso
n
n
é
e
M
a
n
u
e
l
d
’in
i
ti
a
t
io
n
à
la
tr
a
d
u
c
ti
o
n
p
r
o
fes
sio
n
n
e
ll
e
d
e
l’a
n
g
l
a
is
v
e
rs
le
fra
n
ç
a
is
,
(3
e
é
d
it
i
o
n
e
d
.
)
.
Ot
taw
a
:
Les
P
re
ss
e
s d
e
l‘Un
iv
e
rsité
d
‘Ottaw
a
,
2
0
1
3
.
[8
]
G
.
Ra
m
a
d
a
n
,
Gu
i
d
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
ic
a
l
c
o
u
n
se
li
n
g
,
F
irst
e
d
it
io
n
.
Da
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
Be
ir
u
t,
2
0
1
2
[9
]
A
.
M
.
Ab
d
u
ll
a
h
Ha
se
e
b
,
“
Irra
ti
o
n
a
l
id
e
a
s
a
n
d
th
e
ir
Re
lati
o
n
s
h
ip
with
t
h
e
Lo
n
e
li
n
e
ss
a
n
d
De
p
re
ss
io
n
o
f
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
ry
a
n
d
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
In
sti
tu
te
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
tu
d
ies
(Ca
iro
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
),
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
3
.
p
p
.
4
3
-
7
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
0
]
H
.
A
.
Al
i,
“
S
o
c
ial
A
n
x
iet
y
a
n
d
it
s
Re
latio
n
sh
i
p
wit
h
Irra
ti
o
n
a
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
ts
a
m
o
n
g
P
re
p
a
ra
to
r
y
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
P
u
b
li
c
S
c
h
o
o
ls i
n
G
a
z
a
G
o
v
e
rn
o
ra
te,
p
.
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
1
]
A.
Ka
fa
fi,
F
a
mily
C
o
u
n
se
li
n
g
a
n
d
Psy
c
h
o
t
h
e
ra
p
e
u
ti
c
Per
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
S
y
ste
mic
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
F
irst
Ed
it
io
n
.
Ca
iro
D
a
r
Al
-
F
ik
r
Al
-
Ara
b
i
,
p
.
3
2
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
2
]
Ja
m
e
s C.
Dig
g
o
ry
,
S
e
lf
-
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
:
Co
n
c
e
p
ts a
n
d
S
t
u
d
ies
.
Th
e
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
M
ic
h
ig
a
n
,
Wi
le
y
,
1
9
6
6
.
[1
3
]
A
.
Ka
fa
fi,
“
S
e
lf
-
e
ste
e
m
in
re
latio
n
t
o
p
a
re
n
ti
n
g
a
n
d
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
ica
l
se
c
u
rit
y
,
a
stu
d
y
i
n
th
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
o
f
se
lf,
”
T
he
Ar
a
b
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Hu
ma
n
it
ies
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
1
6
-
3
4
8
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
4
]
Wes
terh
e
ij
d
e
n
,
D.
F
.
,
S
ten
sa
k
e
r
,
B.
,
a
n
d
Jo
a
o
Ro
sa
,
M
,
Qu
a
li
ty
Assu
ra
n
c
e
in
Hi
g
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
t
io
n
:
T
re
n
d
s
i
n
Reg
u
l
a
ti
o
n
T
r
a
n
sl
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
T
r
a
n
s
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
.
Vo
l.
2
0
.
Do
r
d
re
c
h
t:
S
p
rin
g
e
r,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
5
]
H
.
Li
n
d
se
y
,
Th
e
o
ries
o
f
P
e
rso
n
a
li
ty
,
Tran
sla
ted
b
y
F
a
ra
j
a
n
d
Ka
d
ri
Ha
n
a
fi
a
n
d
Lo
tfi
F
a
ti
m
,
An
g
lo
-
Eg
y
p
t
ia
n
Li
b
ra
ry
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
6
]
M
a
slo
w,
A.
H.
,
T
o
wa
rd
a
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
b
e
i
n
g
.
P
ri
n
c
e
to
n
,
NJ
:
Va
n
No
stra
n
d
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
7
]
Hu
e
rtas
-
Ba
rro
s,
El
sa
,
Va
n
d
e
p
i
tt
e
,
S
.
,
a
n
d
I
g
les
ias
-
F
e
rn
a
n
d
e
z
,
E
,
“
Qu
a
li
ty
a
ss
u
ra
n
c
e
a
n
d
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
i
n
tran
sla
ti
o
n
a
n
d
in
ter
p
re
ti
n
g
,
”
IGI
Glo
b
a
l
,
Un
it
e
d
S
tate
s o
f
Am
e
rica
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
8
]
S
.
Rih
a
n
i,
“
Irra
ti
o
n
a
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
ts
o
f
th
e
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsi
ty
o
f
J
o
rd
a
n
a
n
d
th
e
Re
latio
n
s
h
ip
o
f
S
e
x
a
n
d
Sp
e
c
ializa
ti
o
n
wi
th
Irra
ti
o
n
a
l
Th
i
n
k
i
n
g
,
”
Dir
a
sa
t
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
1
1
-
2
5
0
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
9
]
D
.
S
c
h
il
tz,
T
h
e
o
ries
o
f
P
e
rso
n
a
l
it
y
,
tran
sla
ted
b
y
Ha
m
a
d
Da
ly
a
l
-
Ka
rb
o
u
li
Ab
d
a
l
-
Ra
h
m
a
n
a
l
-
Qa
isi
.
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
Un
iv
e
rsity
P
re
ss
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
0
]
El
li
s,
A.
,
Ov
e
rc
o
min
g
re
sista
n
c
e
:
A
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
e
mo
t
ive
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
th
e
r
a
p
y
i
n
teg
ra
te
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
(2
n
d
e
d
.
).
Ne
w
Yo
rk
:
S
p
rin
g
e
r,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
1
]
S
u
n
,
L,
“
Tran
sla
ti
o
n
a
n
d
re
a
d
e
r
s'
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
v
e
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
:
A
m
a
c
ro
sc
o
p
ic
p
e
rs
p
e
c
ti
v
e
(Ord
e
r
N
o
.
1
0
4
7
3
7
2
7
),
”
P
ro
Qu
e
st
Diss
e
rtatio
n
s
&
Th
e
se
s
G
lo
b
a
l
,
2
0
1
1
.
[On
li
n
e
].
Av
a
i
l
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
se
a
rc
h
.
p
r
o
q
u
e
st.co
m
/d
o
c
v
iew
/
1
8
7
0
6
8
4
2
6
8
?
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
id
=
1
4
6
4
5
[2
2
]
A
.
Kh
u
d
d
ro
,
L
in
g
u
is
ti
c
Iss
u
e
s
a
n
d
Qu
a
li
ty
Asse
ss
me
n
t
o
f
En
g
li
sh
-
Ara
b
ic
A
u
d
i
o
v
isu
a
l
T
ra
n
sla
ti
o
n
.
Ca
m
b
ri
d
g
e
S
c
h
o
lars
P
u
b
l
ish
i
n
g
,
UK
;
2
0
1
8
.
[2
3
]
Ju
li
a
n
e
Ho
u
se
,
T
r
a
n
sl
a
ti
o
n
q
u
a
li
t
y
a
ss
e
ss
me
n
t:
p
a
st
a
n
d
p
re
se
n
t
.
Ro
u
tl
e
d
g
e
,
Tay
l
o
r
&
F
ra
n
c
is
G
ro
u
p
,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
4
]
Co
li
n
a
,
S
,
F
u
n
d
a
me
n
ta
ls
o
f
T
ra
n
s
la
ti
o
n
.
Ca
m
b
ri
d
g
e
:
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
P
re
ss
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
5
]
He
b
e
n
stre
it
,
G
e
rn
o
t,
“
De
fin
i
n
g
p
a
tt
e
rn
s in
Tran
sla
ti
o
n
S
tu
d
ies
,
”
T
a
r
g
e
t
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
9
7
–
2
1
5
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
6
]
Bielsa
,
Esp
e
ra
n
ç
a
,
“
Co
sm
o
p
o
li
ta
n
ism
a
s T
ra
n
sla
ti
o
n
,
”
Cu
l
tu
ra
l
S
o
c
io
lo
g
y
, v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
9
2
–
4
0
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
7
]
Ca
p
o
n
e
,
Ale
ss
a
n
d
r
o
a
n
d
M
e
y
,
Ja
c
o
b
L,
I
n
ter
d
isc
ip
li
n
a
ry
S
tu
d
ies
in
Pra
g
m
a
ti
c
s,
Cu
l
tu
re
a
n
d
S
o
c
iet
y
.
S
witze
rlan
d
:
S
p
rin
g
e
r
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
P
u
b
l
ish
i
n
g
,
2
0
1
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
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d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
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.
4
,
Dec
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b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
10
63
-
107
0
1070
[2
8
]
M
e
rk
le,
D,
“
Co
m
p
te
re
n
d
u
d
e
,”
in
A
.
P
y
m
,
M
.
S
h
les
in
g
e
r
a
n
d
Z
,
Je
tt
m
a
ro
v
á
E
d
.
,
S
o
c
io
c
u
lt
u
ra
l
Asp
e
c
ts
o
f
T
ra
n
sl
a
ti
n
g
a
n
d
I
n
ter
p
re
ti
n
g
.
Am
ste
rd
a
m
/P
h
il
a
d
e
lp
h
ia,
Jo
h
n
Be
n
jam
in
s
P
u
b
l
ish
i
n
g
C
o
m
p
a
n
y
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
5
–
2
5
8
,
2
0
0
6
.
[2
9
]
S
.
G
ö
p
fe
rich
,
“
To
wa
rd
s
a
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
tran
sla
ti
o
n
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
a
n
d
it
s
a
c
q
u
isit
io
n
:
t
h
e
lo
n
g
it
u
d
i
n
a
l
stu
d
y
Tran
sCo
m
p
,
”
In
S
.
G
ö
p
fe
rich
,
A.
L
.
Ja
k
o
b
se
n
a
n
d
I.
M
.
M
e
e
s
(e
d
s),
Beh
i
n
d
th
e
M
i
n
d
:
M
e
th
o
d
s,
M
o
d
e
ls
a
n
d
Res
u
lt
s
in
T
ra
n
sl
a
ti
o
n
Pr
o
c
e
ss
Res
e
a
rc
h
.
Co
p
e
n
h
a
g
e
n
:
S
a
m
fu
n
d
slit
tera
tu
r
,
p
p
.
1
1
–
3
7
,
2
0
0
9
[3
0
]
Lö
rsc
h
e
r,
W
.
,
“
Bil
in
g
u
a
li
sm
a
n
d
tran
sla
ti
o
n
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
e
,
”
S
Y
NA
PS
–
A
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Pro
fes
sio
n
a
l
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
p
p
.
3
-
1
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[On
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:/
/h
d
l.
h
a
n
d
le.
n
e
t/
1
1
2
5
0
/
2
3
9
3
9
7
1
[3
1
]
T
.
M
a
h
a
d
i,
T
.
S
e
p
o
ra
a
n
d
M
.
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
T
e
x
t
-
wise
in
tra
n
sl
a
ti
o
n
.
M
a
lay
sia
P
e
a
rso
n
M
a
lay
sia
S
d
n
.
Bh
d
,
2
0
0
6
.
[3
2
]
Kre
jcie
,
RV
.
a
n
d
M
o
r
g
a
n
,
DW
.,
“
De
term
in
in
g
sa
m
p
le
siz
e
fo
r
re
se
a
rc
h
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
ica
l
me
a
su
re
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
30
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
0
7
-
6
1
0
,
1
9
7
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.