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261
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sc
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stu
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b
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t
sta
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l
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g
is
n
o
t
sh
o
w
e
d
th
e
d
if
f
e
re
n
c
e
s.
T
h
e
f
u
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re
stu
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y
is
re
q
u
ired
to
m
o
re
in
v
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stig
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tera
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s
:
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s
s
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cie
ty
L
o
ca
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w
is
d
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m
S
cien
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u
ca
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io
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S
cien
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iter
ac
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T
ea
ch
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e
d
u
ca
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n
T
h
is i
s
a
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e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
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-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
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s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
R
.
Ah
m
ad
Z
a
k
y
E
l I
s
la
m
i
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
Scie
n
ce
E
d
u
ca
t
io
n
,
Facu
lt
y
o
f
T
ea
ch
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T
r
ain
in
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a
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d
E
d
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ca
tio
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s
Su
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Ag
e
n
g
T
ir
ta
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asa
,
C
i
w
ar
u
R
a
y
a
No
.
25
Stre
et
,
C
i
p
o
co
k
J
ay
a,
Ser
an
g
,
B
an
ten
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
.
E
m
ail:
za
k
y
i
s
la
m
i
@
u
n
tirta
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Scien
ce
li
ter
ac
y
is
ter
m
ed
th
a
t
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
b
u
t
s
eld
o
m
d
ef
i
n
e
d
[
1
]
.
I
t
is
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
in
f
iel
d
o
f
s
tu
d
y
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
a
b
r
o
ad
co
n
ce
p
t
en
co
m
p
as
s
in
g
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
t
h
e
m
e
s
th
at
h
a
v
e
s
h
if
ted
o
v
er
ti
m
e
[
2
]
.
Scien
ce
li
ter
ac
y
i
s
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
in
s
cie
n
ce
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
i
n
w
h
ic
h
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ec
is
io
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
,
c
u
lt
u
r
e
s
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
an
d
s
cien
ce
att
itu
d
e
s
[
3
]
.
C
itizen
s
h
a
v
e
to
lear
n
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
w
h
a
t
s
cien
ce
i
s
an
d
h
o
w
s
cie
n
ce
w
o
r
k
s
.
Scie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
h
elp
s
p
er
s
o
n
ab
le
to
ask
,
m
ak
e
i
n
q
u
ir
i
n
g
q
u
est
io
n
s
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
an
s
w
er
s
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
c
u
r
io
s
it
y
ab
o
u
t
ev
er
y
d
a
y
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
A
l
s
o
,
p
er
s
o
n
ca
n
d
escr
ib
e,
ex
p
lain
,
p
r
ed
ict,
in
v
esti
g
ate,
a
n
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ab
o
u
t
n
atu
r
al
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
[
4
]
.
T
h
at
is
,
s
cien
ce
l
iter
ac
y
i
s
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
f
o
r
all
citizen
,
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
b
u
t
s
cie
n
ce
in
d
ail
y
a
n
d
it
s
u
s
ef
u
l
ar
e
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
I
t
b
r
id
g
es
p
er
s
o
n
to
s
cien
t
if
ic
is
s
u
e
s
a
n
d
cu
lt
u
r
e
b
y
e
x
p
r
ess
in
g
p
o
s
itio
n
s
t
o
p
u
b
lic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
cie
n
ti
f
i
c
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
its
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
it
ca
n
b
e
e
v
alu
a
te
d
b
y
liter
at
e
p
er
s
o
n
[
2
,
5
,
6
].
Scien
ce
l
iter
ac
y
lead
s
p
er
s
o
n
t
o
liter
ate
s
cie
n
ce
an
d
c
u
lt
u
r
e
i
n
w
h
ic
h
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
in
o
u
r
s
o
ciet
y
.
C
i
tize
n
ca
n
ex
p
r
ess
attit
u
d
es
to
w
ar
d
s
cien
ce
in
p
o
s
itiv
el
y
,
it
h
elp
s
p
er
s
o
n
k
n
o
w
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
o
f
w
h
a
t
s
cien
ce
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e,
an
d
also
m
o
tiv
ate
p
er
s
o
n
to
h
av
e
cr
itical
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
ar
g
u
m
e
n
t
atio
n
w
it
h
n
at
u
r
al
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
[
7
,
8
].
I
f
citizen
lack
o
f
liter
ac
y
m
a
y
b
e
cu
lt
u
r
e
o
f
s
cien
ce
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
an
d
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
to
th
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
[
9
]
.
W
h
ile
as
teac
h
er
i
s
a
k
e
y
a
g
en
t
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
cien
ce
l
iter
ac
y
in
to
class
r
o
o
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
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8822
I
n
t
.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
0
:
2
6
1
-
2
6
8
262
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
cie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
t
o
y
o
u
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
an
d
y
o
u
t
h
s
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
li
c
y
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
lear
n
i
n
g
s
o
ciet
y
b
y
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
s
cie
n
ce
to
lif
e
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
h
as
to
d
o
as w
ell
a
s
o
th
er
co
n
ten
t
s
.
So
cie
t
y
also
n
ee
d
s
s
cien
ce
to
th
eir
r
ea
l
lif
e
s
it
u
atio
n
s
f
o
r
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
t
in
g
s
cie
n
ce
to
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
at
all.
T
ea
ch
er
ca
n
e
m
b
ed
s
cien
ce
to
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
a
n
d
lead
to
q
u
alit
y
o
f
cit
izen
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
f
o
r
teac
h
er
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
b
e
ab
le
to
in
cu
b
ate
s
cie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
an
d
n
atu
r
e
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
as
w
ell
[
10
].
T
h
en
,
liter
ate
teac
h
er
s
ca
n
p
r
o
m
o
te
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
cie
n
ce
.
Scien
ce
a
n
d
s
o
ciet
y
w
ill
b
e
m
et
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
all.
T
h
e
s
cien
tif
ic
liter
ac
y
i
n
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
fo
r
I
n
tern
a
tio
n
a
l
S
tu
d
e
n
t
A
s
s
ess
men
t
(
P
I
SA
)
d
i
v
id
ed
in
f
o
u
r
d
o
m
ai
n
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
co
n
ten
t
o
f
s
cien
ce
,
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
/co
m
p
e
ten
ce
,
s
cie
n
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
s
cien
ce
attitu
d
e
[
11
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
to
co
m
p
ar
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
liter
ac
y
b
et
w
ee
n
I
n
d
o
n
esian
an
d
T
h
ai
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
s
c
ien
ce
teac
h
er
s
s
u
c
h
as
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
,
co
n
te
n
t
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
an
d
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
a
v
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b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
.
Nu
a
n
g
c
h
aler
m
an
d
E
l
I
s
la
m
i
[
12
]
s
u
r
v
e
y
ed
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ian
a
n
d
T
h
ai
n
o
v
ice
s
c
ien
c
e
teac
h
er
s
t
u
d
en
ts
,
th
e
r
es
u
lts
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
er
e
w
as
n
o
s
tati
s
ticall
y
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
b
et
w
ee
n
T
h
ai
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
n
.
Nu
a
n
g
c
h
aler
m
an
d
E
l
I
s
la
m
i
[
13
]
s
u
r
v
e
y
ed
th
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ian
a
n
d
T
h
ai
n
o
v
ice
s
c
ien
c
e
teac
h
er
s
t
u
d
en
ts
,
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
s
h
o
w
ed
th
er
e
w
a
s
n
o
s
tat
is
tical
l
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
b
e
t
w
ee
n
T
h
ai
a
n
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
.
E
l
I
s
la
m
i
et
al
[
14
]
s
u
r
v
e
y
ed
th
e
s
c
ien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
an
d
T
h
ai
n
o
v
ic
e
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
t
u
d
en
ts
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
T
h
ai
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates
h
ad
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
a
n
th
o
s
e
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ian
s
cie
n
ce
te
ac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ates
at
0
.
0
5
lev
el
o
f
s
tatis
tics
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
s
e
t
h
r
ee
s
t
u
d
ies
ab
o
u
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
li
ter
ac
y
o
n
l
y
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
n
o
t
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
s
cien
ti
f
ic
lite
r
ac
y
a
s
a
u
n
it
y
,
s
o
th
is
r
esear
ch
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
k
n
o
w
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
s
cien
tific
li
ter
ac
y
b
et
w
ee
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
a
n
d
T
h
ai
n
o
v
ice
s
cie
n
ce
teac
h
er
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
I
n
P
I
S
A
2
0
0
0
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
s
cien
ti
f
i
c
liter
ac
y
o
f
T
h
ai
s
tu
d
en
t
s
was
at
3
2
th
r
an
k
in
g
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ian
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
w
a
s
at
3
9
th
r
an
g
k
i
n
g
[
15
]
.
I
n
P
I
SA
2
0
0
3
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
s
c
ien
t
if
ic
liter
ac
y
o
f
T
h
ai
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
w
as
at
3
6
th
r
an
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
w
as
at
3
8
th
r
an
k
in
g
[
16
]
.
I
n
P
I
SA
2
0
0
6
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
liter
a
c
y
o
f
T
h
ai
s
tu
d
en
ts
w
a
s
at
4
4
th
r
a
n
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
w
a
s
at
5
0
th
r
an
k
in
g
[
11
].
I
n
P
I
SA
2
0
0
9
,
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
o
f
s
cien
t
if
ic
liter
ac
y
o
f
T
h
ai
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
w
a
s
at
4
9
th
r
an
k
in
g
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia
w
a
s
at
6
2
th
r
an
k
in
g
[
17
]
.
I
n
P
I
SA
2
0
1
2
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
lite
r
ac
y
o
f
T
h
ai
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
w
as
a
t
4
4
th
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esi
an
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
w
as
at
63
th
r
an
g
k
in
g
[
18
]
.
I
n
P
I
SA
2
0
1
5
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
s
cien
ti
f
ic
liter
ac
y
o
f
T
h
ai
s
tu
d
en
ts
w
a
s
at
4
4
th
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
w
a
s
in
6
2
th
r
an
k
i
n
g
[
19
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
r
e
s
u
lt
s
o
f
P
I
S
A
2
0
0
0
-
2
0
1
5
o
n
s
cien
ti
f
ic
liter
ac
y
o
f
T
h
ai
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
tu
d
n
ets
ca
n
b
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
PISA
R
es
u
lt
s
s
i
n
ce
y
e
ar
2
0
0
0
u
n
til
2
0
1
5
,
ca
n
b
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
th
e
T
h
ai
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
c
ien
t
if
ic
lite
r
ac
y
al
w
a
y
s
b
et
ter
t
h
a
n
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
is
s
u
r
v
e
y
w
er
e
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
t
h
e
s
ch
o
o
l
le
v
el,
s
o
w
e
m
u
s
t c
o
n
d
u
cted
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
i
n
u
n
iv
er
s
it
y
lev
e
l
s
u
c
h
as
i
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esian
a
n
d
T
h
ai
n
o
v
ice
s
cie
n
ce
teac
h
er
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
P
I
SA
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
T
h
ai
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
'
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
liter
ac
y
a
v
er
ag
e
d
u
r
in
g
2
0
0
0
-
2
0
1
5
Scien
ce
i
s
a
c
u
lt
u
r
e
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
it
y
i
n
h
ar
m
o
n
io
u
s
l
y
an
d
g
u
id
i
n
g
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
s
o
cial
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
20
]
.
I
t
is
v
er
y
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
s
ep
ar
ate
s
cien
ce
an
d
cu
ltu
r
e
f
r
o
m
o
u
r
co
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
b
ec
au
s
e
it
i
s
co
-
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
t
ex
ts
.
T
h
e
eld
er
l
y
ca
n
tr
an
s
f
er
s
o
m
e
u
s
ef
u
l
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
to
t
h
e
n
ex
t
g
e
n
er
atio
n
b
y
n
o
m
ea
n
s
o
f
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
e
x
p
l
an
atio
n
,
b
u
t
it
li
n
k
s
cu
ltu
r
e
a
n
d
s
cien
ce
to
g
et
h
er
.
P
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
cien
ce
i
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ati
n
g
n
e
w
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
to
ex
p
lain
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a,
b
u
t
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
elate
d
to
o
u
r
li
v
es.
Scien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
to
estab
li
s
h
lear
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
teac
h
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
cie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
i
n
o
u
r
s
o
ciet
y
a
s
w
ell
[
21
]
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
p
ag
ated
b
y
cr
ea
tiv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
f
o
r
in
th
e
w
a
y
o
f
e
m
b
ed
d
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
a
n
d
s
o
cial
g
r
o
w
t
h
s
[
22
]
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
at
s
cie
n
ce
l
iter
ac
y
co
n
tain
s
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
s
cien
ti
f
ic
co
n
ce
p
t
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
v
al
&
R
e
s
E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
s
tu
d
y
o
f scien
tifi
c
liter
a
cy
:
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
a
n
d
Th
a
i p
r
e
-
s
ervice
…
(
R
.
A
h
ma
d
Za
ky
E
l I
s
la
mi
)
263
an
d
in
q
u
ir
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
m
a
k
i
n
g
d
ec
i
s
io
n
,
s
o
cial,
cu
l
tu
r
al,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ica
l
p
r
o
d
u
cts
[
23
]
.
W
e
ca
n
co
n
s
id
er
th
at
s
cie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
al
lo
w
s
s
o
m
eo
n
e
to
h
a
v
e
s
cie
n
ce
lit
er
ac
y
co
v
er
i
n
g
its
s
ci
e
n
ti
f
ic
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ill
s
,
an
d
s
cie
n
ce
atti
tu
d
e.
Scien
ce
is
n
o
t o
n
l
y
s
u
b
j
ec
t
m
a
tter
,
b
u
t it
i
s
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
.
Scie
n
ce
ca
n
e
x
p
lai
n
o
f
w
h
at
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e,
s
etti
n
g
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
a
n
d
id
en
ti
f
y
p
r
o
b
lem
,
co
n
d
u
ct
a
r
eliab
le
m
et
h
o
d
to
s
tu
d
y
,
an
d
d
r
a
w
a
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
b
ased
o
n
te
s
ta
b
le
ev
id
en
ce
s
.
L
a
u
g
k
s
ch
[
24
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
at
s
cie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
i
s
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
f
o
r
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
t
ca
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
s
cien
t
i
f
ic
w
a
y
s
to
s
o
ciet
y
.
C
u
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
a
n
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
h
av
e
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
to
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ci
en
ce
as
w
ell
as
m
ak
i
n
g
liter
ate
p
er
s
o
n
f
o
r
s
o
cial
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
P
er
s
o
n
is
elig
ib
le
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
m
a
k
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
s
cien
t
if
ic
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
Scie
n
ce
li
ter
ac
y
s
h
o
u
ld
m
at
ter
to
all
c
itize
n
s
b
e
ca
u
s
e
it
s
h
ap
es
th
e
m
th
i
n
k
a
n
d
d
o
as
s
c
ien
t
is
t
s
.
I
t
en
ab
les
p
e
o
p
le
to
w
eig
h
o
p
tio
n
s
a
n
d
m
ak
e
s
t
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
a
s
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
an
d
as
cit
izen
s
o
f
a
d
e
m
o
cr
ac
y
.
W
h
e
n
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
as
cu
lt
u
r
al
a
n
d
ae
s
t
h
etic
en
r
ich
m
e
n
t,
it
ca
n
p
r
o
m
o
te
b
etter
s
te
w
ar
d
s
h
ip
o
f
th
e
s
c
ien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
f
o
c
u
s
i
n
g
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
l
ea
r
n
in
g
,
s
o
cio
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
is
s
u
e
s
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
v
ar
io
u
s
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
to
s
cien
ce
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
it c
a
n
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
cie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
to
all
[
25
].
Ou
r
s
o
ciet
y
is
n
o
w
f
ac
i
n
g
w
it
h
r
ap
id
l
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
ed
g
e
an
d
n
e
w
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
.
T
h
at’
s
w
h
y
all
n
ee
d
s
c
ie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
elp
s
lear
n
er
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
k
n
o
w
led
g
e.
Scie
n
ce
teac
h
er
s
a
r
e
ch
an
g
e
a
g
en
t
to
s
cie
n
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
liter
ate
s
c
ien
ce
,
a
n
d
r
ef
o
r
m
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
in
th
is
er
a
n
ee
d
to
p
r
ep
ar
e
f
o
r
a
ch
an
g
i
n
g
w
o
r
ld
b
y
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
s
cien
ce
to
r
ea
l
w
o
r
ld
an
d
cu
ltu
r
a
l
ch
an
g
es
[
26
-
29
]
.
W
e
ca
n
n
o
t
r
ej
ec
t
th
at
teac
h
er
i
s
k
e
y
a
g
e
n
t
to
b
r
in
g
s
c
ien
ce
liter
ac
y
th
at
allo
w
s
cit
izen
to
d
escr
ib
e
s
cien
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
s
k
ill
s
,
a
n
d
attit
u
d
es.
T
ea
ch
er
ca
n
tr
a
n
s
f
er
s
c
ie
n
ti
f
ic
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
to
class
r
o
o
m
,
b
u
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
cien
ce
an
d
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
ca
n
im
p
le
m
e
n
t
in
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
teac
h
i
n
g
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
r
etain
k
n
o
w
l
ed
g
e
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
th
e
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
[
4
].
I
t
o
f
f
er
ed
a
s
er
ies
o
f
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
at
io
n
s
f
o
r
r
ef
o
r
m
i
n
g
o
u
r
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
to
h
o
lis
tic
s
cien
ce
.
DeB
o
er
[
2
]
p
o
in
ted
th
at
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
e
m
er
g
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
)
teac
h
in
g
s
cie
n
ce
s
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
s
c
ien
ce
s
as
a
cu
ltu
r
al
f
o
r
ce
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
er
a,
ii)
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
to
f
ac
e
th
e
w
o
r
ld
o
f
w
o
r
k
,
iii)
teac
h
in
g
s
cie
n
ce
s
an
d
lear
n
in
g
s
cie
n
ce
s
w
it
h
ev
er
y
d
ay
li
v
i
n
g
co
n
te
x
t,
iv
)
teac
h
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
en
ts
to
b
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
citizen
s
,
v
)
lear
n
in
g
s
cien
ce
s
as
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
w
a
y
o
f
ex
a
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
atu
r
al
w
o
r
ld
,
v
i)
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
r
ep
o
r
ts
an
d
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
s
o
f
s
cien
ce
th
at
ap
p
ea
r
in
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
lar
m
ed
ia,
v
ii)
lear
n
i
n
g
s
cie
n
ce
s
f
o
r
it
s
ae
s
t
h
etic
ap
p
ea
l,
v
ii
i)
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
citize
n
s
w
h
o
ar
e
s
y
m
p
at
h
etic
to
s
cie
n
ce
,
an
d
i
v
)
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
th
e
n
atu
r
e
a
n
d
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
s
cien
ce
.
W
e
ca
n
n
o
t
clai
m
th
at
u
n
e
x
p
lain
ab
le
n
atu
r
al
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
b
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
.
Du
e
to
s
cien
ce
n
ee
d
s
ev
id
en
ce
an
d
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
to
citizen
in
clea
r
l
y
b
ased
o
n
s
cie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
[
30
].
Pre
p
ar
in
g
a
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
te
ac
h
er
n
ee
d
to
l
o
o
k
q
u
alit
y
o
f
teac
h
er
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
w
h
o
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
is
cip
lin
e
s
i
n
t
o
class
r
o
o
m
.
T
h
e
y
h
av
e
to
p
er
ce
iv
e
an
d
b
r
in
g
s
c
ien
ce
to
class
r
o
o
m
as
w
ell
as its
n
atu
r
e.
Scien
ce
liter
ac
y
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
lear
n
in
g
s
cie
n
ce
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
t
r
ateg
ies,
g
o
al
s
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
,
co
n
ten
t,
an
d
p
r
o
c
ess
es
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
ea
ch
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
p
ar
t
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
tea
ch
er
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
is
i
n
i
tial
p
o
in
t
o
f
teac
h
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
L
iter
ate
teac
h
er
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
w
il
l
cr
ea
te
lear
n
i
n
g
p
er
s
o
n
an
d
d
o
as
s
cien
ti
s
ts
i
n
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e.
I
f
th
e
y
h
ad
h
i
g
h
o
r
p
r
em
i
u
m
q
u
alit
y
,
w
e
ca
n
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
o
ciet
y
i
n
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e.
B
ased
o
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
th
er
e
i
s
n
o
r
esear
ch
to
co
m
p
ar
e
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
b
et
w
ee
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
an
d
T
h
ai
n
o
v
ice
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
s
o
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
is
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
a
n
d
n
e
w
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
ai
m
s
to
co
m
p
ar
e
n
o
v
ice
s
cie
n
ce
teac
h
er
s
in
s
cie
n
ce
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
b
et
w
ee
n
T
h
ail
an
d
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
w
il
l
h
elp
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
l
ite
r
ac
y
to
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
to
h
av
e
lear
n
in
g
s
o
ciet
y
i
n
th
e
ir
lear
n
i
n
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
n
o
v
ic
e
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
t
u
d
en
ts
.
N
in
et
y
-
f
i
v
e,
en
r
o
lled
in
1
st
an
d
2
nd
y
ea
r
o
f
b
ac
h
elo
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
in
s
ci
en
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
r
o
m
Ma
h
asa
r
ak
h
a
m
Un
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
,
T
h
ailan
d
.
No
v
ice
s
cie
n
ce
tea
ch
er
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
o
f
7
1
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
n
ar
e
al
s
o
g
at
h
er
ed
d
ata
f
r
o
m
Un
i
v
er
s
ita
s
Su
l
tan
Ag
e
n
g
T
ir
tay
a
s
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
ese
t
w
o
u
n
i
v
er
s
it
ies
ar
e
a
p
u
b
lic
u
n
iv
er
s
it
y
i
n
ea
ch
co
u
n
tr
y
,
s
o
w
e
ca
n
co
llect
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
e
t
w
o
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
.
T
h
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
s
c
i
en
ti
f
ic
l
iter
ac
y
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
w
a
s
ad
o
p
ted
f
r
o
m
P
I
SA
2
0
0
6
,
b
ec
au
s
e
in
P
I
S
A
2
0
1
6
w
as
m
o
r
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
cien
ce
[
1
1
]
.
Scien
ce
liter
ac
y
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
cien
ce
l
iter
ac
y
i
n
v
e
n
to
r
y
ad
o
p
ted
f
r
o
m
[
31
]
.
I
t
i
s
4
-
m
u
l
tip
le
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
4
d
o
m
ai
n
s
o
f
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
;
co
n
te
n
t
o
f
s
ci
en
ce
,
co
n
tex
t
o
f
s
c
ien
ce
,
s
cie
n
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
s
cien
ce
attitu
d
e.
T
h
r
ee
s
itu
atio
n
s
w
it
h
9
q
u
esti
o
n
s
let
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
co
n
ce
r
n
lo
ca
l
s
cien
ce
,
B
ad
u
y
’
s
s
o
ciet
y
an
d
th
eir
tr
ad
itio
n
s
o
f
liv
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
g
r
atin
g
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
u
s
ed
is
g
i
v
en
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
n
t
.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
0
:
2
6
1
-
2
6
8
264
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
[
3
]
D
o
mai
n
o
f
sci
e
n
c
e
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
o
f
sc
i
e
n
c
e
N
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
l
i
g
h
t
T
h
e
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s o
f
l
i
g
h
t
T
h
e
i
mp
a
c
t
o
f
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
c
h
e
mi
c
a
l
s
N
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
a
i
r
A
i
r
c
i
r
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
sc
i
e
n
c
e
B
a
d
u
y
h
o
u
se
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
U
se
o
f
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
c
h
e
mi
c
a
l
s
B
a
d
u
y
t
r
i
b
e
h
o
u
se
f
o
r
m
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
P
r
o
c
e
ss
I
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
sci
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
i
ss
u
e
s
Ex
p
l
a
i
n
t
h
e
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i
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f
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c
p
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U
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i
c
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
R
e
sp
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
s
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
i
n
q
u
i
r
y
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
co
llected
d
ata
i
n
J
an
u
ar
y
-
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
1
8
in
ea
ch
u
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
s
c
ien
ce
liter
ac
y
in
v
e
n
to
r
y
w
a
s
g
i
v
en
to
teac
h
er
s
tu
d
en
ts
w
h
o
ar
e
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
g
in
th
e
1
st
an
d
2
nd
y
ea
r
o
f
s
tu
d
y
.
E
v
e
n
th
o
u
g
h
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
,
b
u
t
T
h
ai
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
w
it
h
lo
ca
l
w
i
s
d
o
m
an
d
m
a
k
e
th
e
i
r
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
ab
o
u
t
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a.
T
h
en
,
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
to
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
ex
p
lan
at
io
n
.
Data
is
g
ath
er
ed
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ci
n
g
lo
ca
l
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
B
ad
u
y
’
s
s
o
ciet
y
a
n
d
th
e
ir
tr
ad
itio
n
s
;
l
ater
,
p
an
el
p
ar
ti
cip
an
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
b
y
th
e
m
s
elv
e
s
.
T
h
ey
h
a
v
e
f
r
ee
l
y
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
ea
ch
ite
m
s
,
n
o
m
o
r
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
b
e
f
o
r
e
co
m
p
lete
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es.
Data
i
s
co
llect
ed
b
y
s
u
r
v
e
y
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
w
o
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
p
er
io
d
o
f
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
th
e
n
r
esea
r
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
a
c
h
ec
k
in
g
t
h
e
co
m
p
leten
e
s
s
in
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
.
M
an
n
-
W
h
itn
e
y
U
te
s
t
ar
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
test
i
n
g
th
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esi
s
a
n
d
an
s
w
er
in
g
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
o
f
s
t
u
d
y
.
Fi
n
d
in
g
s
ar
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
i
n
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
al
y
s
is
a
n
d
s
tati
s
tical
tes
tin
g
.
T
o
k
n
o
w
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
o
f
s
c
ien
ce
li
ter
ac
y
b
et
w
ee
n
T
h
ai
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
n
o
v
ice
s
cie
n
ce
tea
ch
er
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
w
e
h
a
v
e
ca
lc
u
la
ted
b
o
th
o
f
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
o
f
s
ci
en
ce
liter
ac
y
s
co
r
e
an
d
co
m
p
ar
e
it,
th
e
n
u
s
ed
th
e
Ma
n
n
-
W
h
itn
e
y
U
te
s
t
to
k
n
o
w
th
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
c
y
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
o
f
s
cien
c
e
liter
ac
y
av
er
a
g
e
b
et
w
ee
n
T
h
ai
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
[
32
].
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
ar
e;
co
n
ten
t
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
,
co
n
tex
t
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
,
s
cie
n
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
s
cien
ce
att
itu
d
e
ar
e
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
.
Fin
d
in
g
i
n
d
icate
d
th
at
n
o
v
ice
s
c
ien
ce
teac
h
er
s
h
a
d
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
c
ted
at
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
tate
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
f
r
o
m
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
a
n
d
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
ate
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
f
r
o
m
T
h
ailan
d
.
B
y
t
h
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
,
T
h
ai
n
o
v
ic
e
s
cie
n
ce
teac
h
er
s
h
ad
m
ea
n
h
i
g
h
er
th
e
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ian
n
o
v
ice
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
n
o
n
-
p
ar
a
m
etr
ic
s
ta
tis
tic
s
ca
n
b
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
ec
ap
o
v
er
all
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
T
h
a
i
(
M
e
a
n
)
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
(
M
e
a
n
)
M
a
n
n
-
W
h
i
t
n
e
y
U
t
e
st
(
α)
52
47
0
.
0
8
7
>
0
.
0
5
W
e
ca
n
s
ee
o
n
T
ab
le
2
th
at
t
h
e
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
o
f
T
h
ai
h
ad
s
co
r
e
s
lig
h
tl
y
b
etter
th
an
I
n
d
o
n
esian
,
alth
o
u
g
h
is
n
o
t
s
tati
s
ticall
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
(
Si
g
.
0
.
0
8
7
)
.
I
t
is
n
o
t
a
d
is
ti
n
ctio
n
r
ep
o
r
t
to
clai
m
th
a
t
T
h
ai
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
h
ad
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
liter
ac
y
i
n
w
h
ich
s
cie
n
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
r
eq
u
ir
es.
I
t
n
ee
d
s
to
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
lar
g
e
co
h
o
r
ts
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
is
r
esu
lt
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
ep
o
r
t
o
f
th
e
last
P
I
S
A
s
u
r
v
e
y
i
n
2
0
1
5
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
t
h
e
s
cie
n
ce
li
ter
ac
y
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
’
s
s
tu
d
e
n
t
i
n
5
4
th
p
o
s
itio
n
a
n
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia
i
n
6
2
th
p
o
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
7
1
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
[
19
].
T
h
ailan
d
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
lo
ca
ted
in
So
u
t
h
ea
s
t
Asi
a,
b
o
th
o
f
th
e
m
in
cl
u
d
e
in
ASE
A
N
(
Ass
o
ciatio
n
o
f
So
u
t
h
ea
s
t
A
s
ia
n
Natio
n
s
)
an
d
th
e
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
an
d
also
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ee
m
s
to
b
e
c
o
-
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
.
As
w
e
k
n
o
w
,
SE
A
M
E
O
an
d
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
o
f
A
SE
AN
d
ea
ls
w
it
h
cu
l
tu
r
e
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
,
lo
ca
l
w
i
s
d
o
m
-
b
as
ed
s
tu
d
y
,
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
-
b
ased
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
p
o
lic
y
to
w
ar
d
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
ailan
d
h
as
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
,
b
u
t
th
e
c
u
lt
u
r
e
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
ca
ll
s
f
o
r
lo
ca
l
s
cien
ce
o
r
lin
k
i
n
g
lo
ca
l
s
cien
ce
to
g
lo
b
al
s
cien
ce
.
P
I
SA
h
o
ld
s
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
test
i
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
,
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
co
n
te
n
t
s
,
cu
l
tu
r
e
o
f
lear
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
w
a
y
s
o
f
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
s
cien
ce
b
ased
o
n
co
n
te
x
ts
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
ed
co
u
n
tr
ies.
W
h
ile
T
h
ailan
d
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia
tr
y
to
lear
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
o
u
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
te
m
,
w
e
ca
n
n
o
t
d
en
y
lo
ca
l c
u
lt
u
r
e
an
d
s
cie
n
c
e
to
o
u
r
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
T
ea
ch
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p
r
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p
ar
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n
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
i
n
T
h
ailan
d
a
n
d
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
b
y
d
u
r
ati
o
n
ti
m
e
o
f
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ea
ch
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
in
T
h
ailan
d
co
n
d
u
ct
s
4
y
ea
r
s
f
o
r
th
eo
r
etica
l
u
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
w
it
h
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ea
r
f
o
r
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a
r
a
tive
s
tu
d
y
o
f scien
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liter
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cy
:
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n
d
o
n
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a
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Th
a
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s
ervice
…
(
R
.
A
h
ma
d
Za
ky
E
l I
s
la
mi
)
265
s
ch
o
o
l
p
r
ac
ticu
m
,
b
u
t
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ian
p
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e
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v
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teac
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u
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s
r
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o
m
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d
p
r
ac
ticu
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in
s
ch
o
o
l
f
o
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y
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r
s
.
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t
ca
n
g
i
v
e
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
p
r
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s
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t
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ch
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eo
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e
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e
s
s
io
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a
l
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
to
g
ai
n
t
h
eir
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
ab
ilit
y
,
co
m
p
ete
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
attr
ib
u
tes
to
p
r
ep
a
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
teac
h
er
s
[
33
].
I
t
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
ex
ten
s
io
n
ti
m
e
f
o
r
in
cu
b
ati
n
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
ey
also
h
a
v
e
to
lea
r
n
co
n
d
en
s
ed
co
n
ten
t
s
an
d
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ill
s
as
w
e
ll
as
s
cie
n
ce
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
d
o
.
I
t
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
is
r
esear
ch
o
u
tp
u
t
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
cie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
o
f
T
h
a
i
s
lig
h
tl
y
b
etter
th
an
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
n
.
Ma
n
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
f
r
o
m
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
s
ch
o
lar
s
as
e
f
f
o
r
ts
to
d
ev
elo
p
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
r
teac
h
er
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
Saef
u
lla
h
et
al
[
34
]
co
n
d
u
cted
in
u
n
iv
er
s
it
y
le
v
el
b
y
i
n
clu
d
e
d
th
e
lo
ca
l
w
is
d
o
m
o
f
B
ad
u
y
t
r
ib
e
in
th
e
g
u
id
ed
in
q
u
ir
y
lear
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
el
s
o
ciet
y
o
r
ien
ted
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
,
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
t
h
er
e
w
as
a
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
i
n
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
'
s
cie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
af
ter
g
u
id
ed
in
q
u
ir
y
lea
r
n
in
g
w
as
ap
p
lied
as
s
h
o
w
n
w
it
h
N
-
Gai
n
=
0
.
1
6
w
h
ich
w
a
s
i
n
clu
d
ed
i
n
th
e
lo
w
ca
te
g
o
r
y
.
A
s
w
e
k
n
o
w
n
a
lo
ca
l
s
cien
ce
ca
n
en
g
a
g
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
lear
n
s
cie
n
ce
,
b
u
t
a
u
n
i
v
er
s
al
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
r
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
to
w
ar
d
s
s
cien
c
e
n
ee
d
to
b
e
p
r
o
m
o
ted
in
t
h
e
t
ea
ch
er
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
E
l
I
s
lam
i
e
t
al
[
35
]
im
p
le
m
e
n
ted
th
e
i
n
q
u
ir
y
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
in
s
c
h
o
o
l
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
,
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
er
e
w
a
s
n
o
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
in
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
o
f
s
cien
ce
l
iter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
s
cie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
m
i
g
h
t
w
an
t
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
i
n
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
,
s
cien
ce
a
n
d
s
o
ciet
y
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
s
o
cio
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
i
s
s
u
es
-
b
ased
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
a
n
d
em
b
ed
d
i
n
g
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
to
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
me
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
R
a
k
h
m
a
w
an
e
t
al
[
36
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
th
e
in
q
u
ir
y
lear
n
in
g
b
ased
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
ac
ti
v
it
y
o
r
ien
ted
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
s
k
ill
s
o
f
h
ig
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
t
in
a
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
less
o
n
as
th
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
f
r
o
m
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
d
ev
e
lo
p
s
cien
ti
f
ic
liter
ac
y
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
at
is
,
s
cien
t
if
ic
liter
ac
y
is
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
co
n
ten
t
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
cien
ce
,
b
u
t
al
s
o
n
atu
r
e
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
c
u
lt
u
r
e
h
elp
th
e
m
to
m
ee
t
th
e
g
o
als
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
w
h
ich
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
lit
er
ac
y
r
elied
.
Nu
a
n
g
c
h
aler
m
[
8
]
r
e
p
o
r
ted
th
at
s
cien
ce
ed
u
c
atio
n
teac
h
er
s
h
ad
n
atu
r
e
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
an
d
s
o
cio
s
ci
en
ti
f
ic
is
s
u
es,
w
h
ich
r
elate
d
to
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
.
I
f
th
e
y
lac
k
o
f
th
ese
it
ten
d
s
to
b
e
s
tu
d
en
t
les
s
s
cie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
.
I
t
is
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
d
o
m
ai
n
in
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
.
A
ls
o
,
citize
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
liter
ate
in
s
cie
n
ce
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
an
d
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
cien
ce
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
o
f
s
cien
ce
is
n
o
w
r
ap
id
ly
c
h
a
n
g
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
o
r
i
n
ter
n
et
b
o
o
m
.
Scie
n
t
if
ic
l
iter
ac
y
is
n
o
t
co
n
ce
r
n
o
n
l
y
o
f
w
h
at
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
k
n
o
w
b
u
t
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
to
cr
itiq
u
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
allo
w
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
to
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ate
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
a
n
d
b
io
lo
g
ical
w
o
r
ld
s
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
m
.
Fin
all
y
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
T
h
ai
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esian
n
o
v
ice
s
cie
n
ce
teac
h
er
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
i
n
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
.
I
t
is
a
p
r
elim
i
n
ar
y
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
g
t
h
e
s
cie
n
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
p
ar
ad
ig
m
n
ee
d
s
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
in
m
i
n
d
s
et
o
f
n
o
v
ice
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
tu
d
en
ts
i
n
s
c
ien
ce
l
iter
ac
y
n
ee
d
to
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
.
No
t
o
n
l
y
T
h
ailan
d
a
n
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
ar
e
n
o
w
s
ee
k
i
n
g
th
e
alter
n
ati
v
e
w
a
y
s
u
p
r
is
i
n
g
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
cien
c
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
b
u
t
all
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
th
e
w
o
r
ld
.
Fak
h
r
i
y
a
h
,
et
al.
[
37
]
s
tu
d
ied
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esian
teac
h
er
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
r
es
u
lts
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
o
f
p
r
i
m
ar
y
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
h
ad
a
co
n
ce
p
t
f
o
r
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
s
cien
ce
w
it
h
o
th
er
d
is
cip
lin
es
i
n
th
e
n
o
m
i
n
al
lev
el.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
m
o
s
tl
y
s
till
m
is
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
w
h
er
ea
s
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
(
3
3
.
8
%)
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
s
c
ien
t
if
ic
th
eo
r
y
an
d
ca
n
ex
p
lai
n
s
cien
ti
f
ic
co
n
ce
p
ts
in
co
r
r
ec
tl
y
.
T
h
e
y
h
ad
n
ar
r
o
w
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
a
n
d
u
n
ab
le
to
ex
p
lai
n
co
n
ce
p
t.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Han
d
a
y
an
i
[
38
]
,
ar
g
u
es
th
at
th
e
i
m
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
cien
ce
lite
r
ac
y
af
f
ec
t
s
p
er
s
o
n
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ak
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
s
cie
n
ce
is
s
u
e
s
i
n
w
h
ic
h
p
er
s
o
n
al
o
p
in
io
n
s
,
lo
ca
l
-
b
ased
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
to
s
u
r
v
i
v
e,
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
.
Scie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
ca
n
b
e
d
escr
ib
e
d
in
th
e
lo
ca
l
-
g
lo
b
al
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
th
at
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
.
C
u
l
tu
r
al
asp
ec
ts
m
a
y
b
e
m
ad
e
liter
ac
y
to
b
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
as
it
ab
o
v
e.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
an
d
T
h
ai
teac
h
er
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
in
th
e
m
o
d
e
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
an
d
it
s
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
[
1
3
,
3
0
]
.
C
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
e
m
p
h
a
s
ized
in
s
u
ch
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
s
k
ills
f
o
r
teac
h
er
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
n
ee
d
to
b
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
it
ca
n
b
e
ch
a
n
g
ed
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
p
o
lic
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
t
ca
n
in
d
icate
to
q
u
a
lit
y
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
h
e
lp
s
s
cie
n
ce
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
to
s
ee
k
th
e
alter
n
ati
v
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
to
all.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
e
r
a
is
n
o
w
ad
ap
ti
n
g
b
y
u
n
i
v
er
s
al
s
cie
n
ce
an
d
lo
ca
l
s
cien
ce
n
ee
d
ex
p
licit
ex
p
l
an
atio
n
,
m
ee
t
th
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
cien
ce
,
p
r
o
v
ab
le
to
p
u
b
lic,
an
d
d
o
co
n
te
m
p
o
r
ar
y
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
[
39
].
T
h
ai
n
o
v
ice
s
cie
n
ce
teac
h
er
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
h
ad
b
etter
th
an
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
n
o
v
ice
s
cie
n
ce
teac
h
er
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
D
u
e
to
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
a
n
d
t
ea
ch
in
g
s
tr
ate
g
ies
w
h
ich
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
a
n
d
s
cie
n
c
e
teac
h
er
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ef
in
ed
th
e
ir
co
m
p
ete
n
c
y
a
n
d
attr
ib
u
te
s
.
T
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
to
ex
p
r
ess
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
b
u
t
also
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
an
d
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
.
Yu
e
n
y
o
n
g
an
d
Nar
j
aik
ae
w
[
40
]
ex
p
lain
ed
th
at
T
h
ailan
d
s
cie
n
ce
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
th
e
ca
s
e
s
lo
ca
l
w
i
s
d
o
m
in
t
h
e
lear
n
i
n
g
to
d
ev
elo
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
.
I
t
is
w
a
y
o
f
l
if
e
an
d
w
a
y
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
s
c
ien
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
cien
ce
.
T
h
e
lo
ca
l
w
i
s
d
o
m
w
h
ic
h
u
s
ed
i
n
s
c
ien
ce
lear
n
i
n
g
esp
ec
iall
y
K
i
n
g
B
h
u
m
ib
o
l
A
d
u
lad
ej
’
s
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
o
f
s
u
f
f
u
cie
n
c
y
ec
o
n
i
m
u
,
m
o
r
al
i
n
f
u
s
io
n
,
an
d
th
e
w
a
y
o
f
ea
s
ter
n
lif
e.
So
f
ian
i
et
al
[
41
]
ex
p
lain
ed
th
at
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
h
a
v
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
attit
u
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
s
cien
ce
in
m
ed
iu
m
lev
el.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
th
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
an
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
w
er
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8822
I
n
t
.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
0
:
2
6
1
-
2
6
8
266
co
n
f
id
e
n
t
w
it
h
t
h
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
n
s
cie
n
ce
,
b
u
t
th
e
y
h
av
e
n
o
t
h
i
g
h
m
o
tiv
a
tio
n
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
m
o
r
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
ab
o
u
t scien
ce
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
Sae
f
u
lla
h
et
al
[
34
]
im
p
le
m
e
n
ted
th
e
lo
ca
l
w
i
s
d
o
m
o
f
B
ad
u
y
’
s
s
o
ciet
y
in
l
ea
r
n
in
g
o
f
s
cien
ce
i
n
o
n
e
o
f
u
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
g
u
id
ed
in
q
u
ir
y
lear
n
in
g
b
u
t
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
liter
ac
y
w
it
h
t
h
i
s
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
is
s
till
lo
w
.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
n
ee
d
s
to
m
ak
e
t
h
e
b
es
t
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
to
d
ev
elo
p
s
cien
ce
f
o
r
n
o
v
ice
s
cien
ce
tea
ch
er
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
h
a
s
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
th
e
n
e
w
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
n
a
m
el
y
“
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
2
0
1
3
”,
in
th
i
s
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
i
n
teg
r
ati
n
g
d
ail
y
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
in
lear
n
in
g
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
2
0
1
3
is
n
o
t
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
y
et.
Scie
n
ce
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
f
o
r
y
o
u
n
g
citizen
s
b
y
t
h
e
r
ea
d
in
ess
o
f
teac
h
er
s
a
n
d
s
c
h
o
o
ls
i
n
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
th
e
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
2
0
1
3
,
th
e
av
ailab
ili
t
y
o
f
i
n
f
r
as
tr
u
ctu
r
f
ac
il
ities
is
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t,
b
u
t
teac
h
er
s
s
till
h
ad
d
if
f
ic
u
ltie
s
i
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
lear
n
in
g
to
o
ls
a
n
d
m
an
a
g
i
n
g
th
e
clasr
o
o
m
w
it
h
u
s
i
n
g
s
cien
t
if
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
42
].
Scien
ce
f
o
r
o
u
r
ch
ild
r
en
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
,
teac
h
er
tak
e
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
o
f
lo
ca
l
w
i
s
d
o
m
a
n
d
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
i
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
i
th
s
u
itab
le
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
43
]
.
E
s
p
ec
iall
y
,
t
h
e
n
e
w
er
a
o
f
lear
n
in
g
,
y
o
u
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
i
n
ter
n
et
f
o
r
tak
i
n
g
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
w
o
r
ld
.
T
h
ey
ca
n
s
ee
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
o
f
w
h
at
s
cie
n
ce
th
in
k
a
n
d
d
o
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
li
n
e
lear
n
in
g
,
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia,
an
d
s
o
cial
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
cu
lt
u
r
e
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
is
c
h
a
n
g
ed
,
n
o
v
ice
s
cie
n
ce
teac
h
er
s
m
u
s
t
p
r
ep
a
r
e
th
e
m
s
el
v
e
s
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
cien
ce
,
w
o
r
ld
v
ie
w
to
s
cien
ce
,
an
d
allo
w
s
cie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
to
m
o
d
er
n
class
r
o
o
m
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
u
n
tr
ies,
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
tex
ts
,
b
u
t
s
cie
n
c
e
ca
n
e
x
p
lain
its
el
f
a
s
w
ell
a
s
r
eliab
le
m
e
th
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
s
h
o
u
ld
i
n
v
ite
a
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
lear
n
i
n
g
m
u
c
h
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
co
g
n
iti
v
e
lear
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
ai
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
teac
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
m
u
s
t
co
n
ce
r
n
h
o
w
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
n
atu
r
e
o
f
s
cien
ce
.
Als
o
,
b
r
id
g
i
n
g
th
e
g
a
p
b
et
w
ee
n
lo
ca
l
c
u
lt
u
r
e
an
d
m
o
d
er
n
s
cien
ce
in
to
class
r
o
o
m
i
s
t
h
e
w
a
y
to
m
a
k
e
a
s
i
m
p
l
y
s
cie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
cien
ce
li
ter
ac
y
o
f
T
h
ai
n
o
v
ice
s
cie
n
ce
teac
h
er
s
t
u
d
en
ts
h
ad
s
lig
h
tl
y
b
etter
s
co
r
e
th
an
t
h
o
s
e
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
n
o
v
ice
s
cie
n
ce
teac
h
er
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
b
u
t
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
T
h
ai
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
n
o
v
ice
s
c
ien
ce
te
ac
h
er
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
i
n
s
cie
n
ce
lite
r
ac
y
s
tati
s
ticall
y
.
Fi
n
d
i
n
g
s
ca
n
b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ab
o
u
t
teac
h
er
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e.
T
h
ai
n
o
v
ice
s
cie
n
ce
teac
h
er
s
h
ad
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
co
r
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
in
s
c
ien
ce
s
b
y
ea
r
l
y
y
ea
r
o
f
s
t
u
d
y
.
T
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
to
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
o
f
teac
h
er
s
i
n
th
e
4
th
o
r
5
th
y
ea
r
in
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
o
f
s
t
u
d
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r
,
lo
ca
l
s
cien
ce
i
s
s
ti
ll
n
ee
d
to
b
e
lear
n
ed
as
w
ell
a
s
m
o
d
er
n
s
cien
ce
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
in
h
er
i
ted
lo
ca
l
w
is
d
o
m
,
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
lear
n
ed
it
d
ir
ec
tl
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
eir
o
w
n
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
a
n
d
in
d
ir
ec
tl
y
f
r
o
m
th
eir
an
ce
s
to
r
s
.
Scien
t
if
ic
ex
p
lan
atio
n
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
to
n
e
w
co
h
o
r
ts
an
d
also
g
en
er
alize
s
to
m
o
d
er
n
lif
e.
I
t
w
as
h
ig
h
l
y
in
te
g
r
ated
an
d
lin
k
ed
to
p
eo
p
le’
s
w
a
y
s
o
f
lif
e.
Dif
f
er
en
tl
y
,
lo
ca
l
w
is
d
o
m
e
m
e
r
g
es
f
r
o
m
s
p
ir
it
u
al
f
ac
to
r
s
a
n
d
let
t
h
e
m
to
s
u
r
v
iv
e
w
ith
n
at
u
r
e
i
n
f
r
ien
d
l
y
.
P
eo
p
le
ca
n
li
v
e
w
i
th
o
th
er
o
r
g
a
n
i
s
m
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
b
ased
o
n
b
alan
ce
o
f
lif
e
t
h
an
th
o
s
e
ca
p
ital
m
ar
k
ets.
Mo
d
er
n
s
cien
ce
ca
n
cr
ea
te
an
d
in
v
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
s
er
v
i
n
g
o
u
r
li
f
e,
b
u
t
it
ea
s
y
t
o
d
escr
ib
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
li
v
e
w
it
h
p
h
y
s
ica
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
s
w
h
ile
as
s
p
ir
it
u
al
i
s
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
li
v
in
g
s
.
Scie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
ca
n
m
ak
e
a
lin
k
ag
e
b
et
w
ee
n
lo
ca
l
s
cien
ce
an
d
m
o
d
er
n
s
cien
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
c
ien
ce
in
d
ail
y
l
iv
e
s
.
I
t
i
s
n
o
t
s
ep
ar
ated
f
r
o
m
o
u
r
s
o
ciet
y
,
b
u
t
it
is
a
n
ec
ess
ar
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
an
d
d
o
in
g
.
Me
an
s
co
r
e
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
in
d
icat
ed
th
at
T
h
ai
n
o
v
ice
s
cien
ce
te
ac
h
er
h
ad
b
etter
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
o
r
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
b
ec
au
s
e
T
h
ai
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
ad
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
te
x
ts
.
W
e
p
r
ep
ar
e
o
u
r
n
o
v
ice
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
ed
u
c
atio
n
p
o
lic
y
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
es
s
io
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
ec
ted
lear
n
i
n
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
w
ell
-
d
esi
g
n
ed
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
an
d
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
teac
h
er
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
n
ee
d
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
f
o
r
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
2
1
st
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
cie
n
ce
teac
h
er
s
s
u
c
h
as
u
s
e
a
n
d
d
ev
el
o
p
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
lear
n
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
ST
E
M
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
as
in
te
g
r
ated
lear
n
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
li
ter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
f
u
t
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
R
e
s
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d
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.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
s
tu
d
y
o
f scien
tifi
c
liter
a
cy
:
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
a
n
d
Th
a
i p
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e
-
s
ervice
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(
R
.
A
h
ma
d
Za
ky
E
l I
s
la
mi
)
267
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
J.
D
.
M
il
ler
,
“
S
c
ien
ti
f
ic l
it
e
ra
c
y
:
A
c
o
n
c
e
p
tu
a
l
a
n
d
e
m
p
iri
c
a
l
re
v
iew
,”
Da
e
d
a
lu
s
,
p
p
.
29
-
48
,
1
9
8
3
.
[2
]
G
.
E.
De
Bo
e
r
,
“
S
c
ie
n
ti
f
ic
li
tera
c
y
:
A
n
o
th
e
r
lo
o
k
a
t
it
s
h
isto
rica
l
a
n
d
c
o
n
tem
p
o
ra
ry
m
e
a
n
in
g
s
a
n
d
it
s
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
t
o
sc
ien
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
re
f
o
rm
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
R
e
se
a
rc
h
i
n
S
c
ien
c
e
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
,
v
o
l.
37
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
8
2
-
6
0
1
,
2
0
0
0
.
[3
]
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Re
se
a
rc
h
Co
u
n
c
il
(NRC
)
,
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
sc
ien
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
st
a
n
d
a
rd
s
.
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
A
c
a
d
e
m
ie
s P
re
ss
,
1
9
9
6
.
[4
]
Am
e
rica
n
A
ss
o
c
iatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
(
AA
A
S
)
,
Ben
c
h
ma
rk
s
fo
r
sc
ien
c
e
li
ter
a
c
y
.
Ox
f
o
rd
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
P
re
ss
,
1
9
9
4
.
[5
]
R.
M
i
ll
a
r,
“
T
w
e
n
t
y
f
irst
c
e
n
tu
ry
sc
ien
c
e
:
In
sig
h
ts
f
ro
m
th
e
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
sc
ien
ti
f
ic
li
tera
c
y
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
in
sc
h
o
o
l
sc
ien
c
e
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
28
,
n
o
.
13
,
p
p
.
1
4
9
9
-
1
5
2
1
,
2
0
0
6
.
[6
]
R
.
T.
M
u
sk
a
n
ia
a
n
d
I
.
W
il
u
je
n
g
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
ro
jec
t
-
b
a
se
d
lea
rn
in
g
to
o
ls
f
o
r
e
q
u
ip
p
in
g
f
o
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
a
l
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
sc
ien
ti
f
ic l
it
e
ra
c
y
(in
Ba
h
a
sa
)
,
”
Ca
k
ra
wa
la
Pen
d
id
ika
n
,
v
o
l.
3
5
,
n
o
.
1,
pp.
34
-
43
,
2
0
1
7
.
[7
]
S.
D.
Ko
lst
ø
,
“
S
c
ien
ti
f
ic
li
tera
c
y
f
o
r
c
it
ize
n
sh
ip
:
T
o
o
ls
f
o
r
d
e
a
li
n
g
w
it
h
th
e
sc
ien
c
e
d
im
e
n
sio
n
o
f
c
o
n
tro
v
e
rsia
l
so
c
io
sc
ien
ti
f
ic i
ss
u
e
s
,”
S
c
ien
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
,
v
o
l.
85
,
n
o
.
3,
p
p
.
2
9
1
-
3
1
0
,
2
0
0
1
.
[8
]
P.
Nu
a
n
g
c
h
a
lerm
,
“
En
g
a
g
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
t
o
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
n
a
tu
re
o
f
s
c
ien
c
e
th
ro
u
g
h
s
o
c
io
sc
ien
ti
f
ic
i
ss
u
e
s
-
b
a
se
d
i
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
,
”
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
34
-
37
,
2
0
1
0
.
[9
]
J.
Ho
l
b
ro
o
k
a
n
d
M
.
Ra
n
n
ik
m
a
e
,
“
T
h
e
n
a
tu
re
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
sc
ien
ti
f
ic
li
tera
c
y
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
29
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
4
7
-
1
3
6
2
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
0
]
P.
W
o
n
g
sri
a
n
d
P
.
Nu
a
n
g
c
h
a
l
e
r
m
,
“
L
e
a
rn
in
g
o
u
tco
m
e
s
b
e
twe
e
n
s
o
c
io
sc
ien
ti
f
ic
i
ss
u
e
s
-
b
a
se
d
l
e
a
rn
in
g
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
l
e
a
rn
i
n
g
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
ia
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
4
0
-
2
4
3
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
1
]
OECD
,
Exe
c
u
ti
v
e
su
mm
a
ry
PIS
A
2
0
0
6
:
S
c
ien
c
e
c
o
mp
e
ten
c
ies
f
o
r
to
mo
rr
o
w’s
wo
rld
.
OECD
P
u
b
li
sh
i
n
g
,
P
a
ris
-
F
ra
n
c
e
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
2
]
P.
Nu
a
n
g
c
h
a
lerm
a
n
d
R.
A
.
Z.
El
Isla
m
i
,
“
Co
n
tex
t
o
f
s
c
ien
c
e
o
n
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
c
o
n
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
:
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
s
tu
d
y
b
e
tw
e
e
n
T
h
a
i
a
n
d
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
n
o
v
ice
s
c
ien
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,”
J
u
rn
a
l
Pen
e
li
ti
a
n
d
a
n
Pem
b
e
l
a
ja
r
a
n
IPA
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
60
-
67
,
2
0
1
8
a
.
[1
3
]
P.
Nu
a
n
g
c
h
a
lerm
a
n
d
R.
A
.
Z.
El
Isla
m
i,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
stu
d
y
b
e
t
we
e
n
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
a
n
d
T
h
a
i
n
o
v
ice
s
c
ien
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
c
o
n
ten
t
o
f
s
c
ien
c
e
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
f
o
r
t
h
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Gif
ted
Y
o
u
n
g
S
c
ien
t
ists
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
pp.
23
-
29
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
4
]
R.
A
.
Z
.
El
Isla
m
i
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
c
ien
c
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
o
f
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
c
o
n
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
:
A
c
ro
ss
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
s
tu
d
y
o
f
T
h
a
i
a
n
d
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
p
re
-
se
rv
ice
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
rs
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
f
o
r
th
e
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Gif
t
e
d
Y
o
u
n
g
S
c
ien
ti
sts
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
pp.
72
-
80
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
5
]
OECD
,
Kn
o
wle
d
g
e
a
n
d
sk
il
ls f
o
r
li
fe f
irst re
su
lt
fr
o
m P
IS
A
2
0
0
0
.
O
ECD
P
u
b
li
sh
i
n
g
,
P
a
ris
-
F
ra
n
c
e
,
2
0
0
1
.
[1
6
]
OECD
,
L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
fo
r
t
o
mo
rr
o
w’s
w
o
rld
f
irst
r
e
su
lt
fro
m
PIS
A
2
0
0
3
.
OECD
P
u
b
li
sh
in
g
,
P
a
ris
-
F
ra
n
c
e
,
2
0
0
4.
[1
7
]
OECD
,
PIS
A
2
0
0
9
re
su
lt
s:
W
h
a
t
stu
d
e
n
ts
k
n
o
w
a
n
d
c
a
n
d
o
-
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
in
re
a
d
i
n
g
,
m
a
th
e
ma
t
ics
a
n
d
sc
ien
c
e
(V
o
l
u
m
e
I)
.
OECD P
u
b
li
s
h
in
g
,
P
a
ris
-
F
ra
n
c
e
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
8
]
OECD
,
PIS
A
2
0
1
2
re
su
lt
s:
W
h
a
t
stu
d
e
n
ts
k
n
o
w
a
n
d
c
a
n
d
o
-
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
in
re
a
d
i
n
g
,
m
a
th
e
ma
t
ics
a
n
d
sc
ien
c
e
(V
o
l
u
m
e
I)
.
OECD P
u
b
li
s
h
in
g
,
P
a
ris
-
F
ra
n
c
e
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
9
]
OECD
,
PIS
A
2
0
1
5
re
su
lt
s i
n
fo
c
u
s
.
OECD
P
u
b
li
sh
i
n
g
,
P
a
ris
-
F
ra
n
c
e
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
0
]
Y
.
Ku
sm
a
rn
i
a
n
d
M.
Ho
li
la
h
.
,
“
T
h
e
e
c
o
lo
g
ica
l
w
isd
o
m
v
a
lu
e
s
o
f
a
g
ricu
lt
u
ra
l
lan
d
u
ti
li
z
a
ti
o
n
b
y
th
e
in
d
ig
e
n
o
u
s
p
e
o
p
le
o
f
Cig
u
g
u
r
Ku
n
in
g
a
n
,
W
e
st
Ja
v
a
,”
IOP
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
e
rie
s:
Ea
rth
a
n
d
En
v
iro
n
me
n
ta
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
4
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
1
]
S
.
P
.
N
o
rris
a
n
d
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2
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.
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l.
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ter
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3
.
[2
3
]
D
.
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n
i,
“
S
c
ien
ti
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ic
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it
e
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d
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p
.
2
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9
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2
0
0
9
.
[2
4
]
R.
C.
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g
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sc
h
, “
S
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ic l
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:
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ie
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0
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.
[2
5
]
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o
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l.
,
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s
k
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ls
a
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,”
In
ter
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l
J
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rn
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v
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l.
3
,
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2,
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1
-
22
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2
0
0
9
.
[2
6
]
L
.
Da
rli
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-
Ha
m
m
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d
,
“
Tea
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Ed
u
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P
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A
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A
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s
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l.
8
,
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o
.
1
,
2
0
0
0
.
[2
7
]
L.
Da
rli
n
g
-
Ha
m
m
o
n
d
a
n
d
J.
Bra
n
sf
o
rd
,
(Ed
s.)
,
Pre
p
a
rin
g
tea
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h
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rs
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r
a
c
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n
g
in
g
wo
rld
:
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h
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t
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n
d
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o
.
Jo
h
n
W
il
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y
&
S
o
n
s
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
8
]
H.M
.
A
ff
a
n
d
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
K
n
o
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led
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,
a
tt
it
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re
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ier
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ly
tec
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n
ics
a
c
a
d
e
m
ics
,”
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o
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rn
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l
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f
T
e
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ica
l
Ed
u
c
a
ti
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a
n
d
T
ra
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n
in
g
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
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o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
11
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
9
]
N.A
.
S
a
m
a
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
E
x
p
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n
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ten
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y
a
n
d
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m
p
lo
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a
b
il
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y
s
k
il
ls
,”
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
T
e
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h
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ica
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d
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c
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ti
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d
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ra
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g
,
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l
.
10
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
82
-
90
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
0
]
S
.
Ch
e
n
g
,
“
A
c
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tex
tu
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l
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o
n
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t
o
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ien
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e
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Ba
lt
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Histo
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ia
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e
t
Ph
il
o
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S
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m
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l.
4
,
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o
.
2
,
p
p
.
53
-
68
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
1
]
R.
A
.
Z
.
El
Isla
m
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
De
v
e
lo
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me
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0
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6
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.
[3
2
]
J
.
R
.
F
ra
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l
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,
Ho
w
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n
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Ne
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Yo
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:
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c
G
ra
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Hill
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2
0
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2
.
[3
3
]
V
.
P
ra
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h
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o
l,
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t
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l.
,
“
P
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o
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o
.
1
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p
.
41
-
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,
2
0
1
6
.
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268
[3
4
]
A.
S
a
e
f
u
ll
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h
,
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a
l.
,
“
Ef
f
o
rts
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[3
5
]
R.
A
.
Z
.
El
Isla
m
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e
t
a
l.
,
“
Bu
il
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(in
Ba
h
a
sa
)
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u
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p
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.
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6
]
A
.
Ra
k
h
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a
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,
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t
a
l
.,
“
De
sig
n
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h
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sa
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.
[3
7
]
F.
F
a
k
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,
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t
a
l
.
,
“
S
tu
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t’s
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it
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h
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t
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e
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rn
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l
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id
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In
d
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l.
6
,
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.
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p
p
.
81
-
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0
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.
[3
8
]
N.N.L
.
Ha
n
d
a
y
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n
i
,
“
Bu
il
d
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a
Na
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ro
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h
a
sa
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in
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min
a
r N
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M
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a
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
9
]
R.
Zi
d
n
y
a
n
d
I.
Ei
lk
s
,
“
I
n
d
ig
e
n
o
u
s
k
n
o
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led
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e
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io
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lt
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f
s
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ien
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e
to
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a
ti
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ti
o
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f
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s
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sta
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le
d
e
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n
t:
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h
ts
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se
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tu
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n
T
h
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d
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y
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m
m
u
n
it
y
(In
d
o
n
e
sia
)
.
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In
Ei
lk
s,
I.
,
M
a
rk
ic,
S
.
a
n
d
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ll
e
,
B.
(
Ed
s.)
.
Bu
il
d
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rid
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ro
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li
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e
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ti
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d
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re
.
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Co
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o
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In
v
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P
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p
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In
sp
ire
d
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e
24
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h
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Ch
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U
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,
p
p
.
2
4
9
-
2
5
6
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8
.
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0
]
C.
Yu
e
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y
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g
a
n
d
P
.
Na
rjaik
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e
w,
“
S
c
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li
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ter
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rn
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&
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u
c
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ti
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n
,
v
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l.
4
,
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o
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3
,
p
p
.
3
3
5
-
3
4
9
,
2
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0
9
.
[4
1
]
D.
S
o
f
ian
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
G
e
n
d
e
r
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iff
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tt
it
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d
e
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