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s
h
o
w
n
t
o
b
e as
s
o
ci
at
ed
w
i
t
h
acad
e
m
i
c ach
i
ev
e
m
e
n
t
.
A
cco
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
P
.
R
.
P
i
nt
r
i
c
h a
nd
D
.
H
.
S
c
hu
n
k
[
7
]
m
o
t
i
va
t
i
o
n
i
n
f
l
ue
nc
e
s
ho
w
a
n
d
w
h
y
p
e
o
p
l
e
l
e
a
r
n
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
ho
w
t
he
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
.
I
n
t
he
s
t
ud
y
o
n
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
n
g
s
t
ud
e
nt
s
uc
c
e
s
s
w
i
t
h t
he
L
e
a
r
ni
n
g a
nd
S
t
ud
y
S
t
r
a
t
e
gi
e
s
I
n
v
e
nt
o
r
y
(
L
A
S
S
I
)
,
A
.
B
.
H
e
nd
r
i
c
ks
o
n
[
8
]
f
o
und
t
ha
t
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
an
d
at
t
i
t
u
d
e
w
er
e t
h
e b
es
t
p
r
ed
i
c
t
or
s
of
s
t
u
de
n
t
gr
a
de
poi
n
t
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
.
M
o
t
i
va
t
e
d
s
t
ud
e
nt
s
e
nga
ge
i
n
t
h
e
t
as
k
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
a
n
d
f
e
el
i
n
g
,
w
h
er
eas
u
n
m
o
t
i
v
at
ed
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
p
r
o
cr
as
t
i
n
at
e
a
n
d
i
n
d
i
cat
e
i
n
o
t
h
er
w
a
y
s
t
ha
t
t
he
y
w
o
ul
d
r
a
t
he
r
d
o
s
o
m
e
t
hi
ng e
l
s
e
[
9
]
.
S
t
ud
e
nt
s
’
m
o
t
i
va
t
i
o
n i
s
m
a
d
e
up
o
f
f
act
o
r
s
t
h
a
t
can
b
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
as
i
n
t
r
i
n
s
i
c o
r
i
n
t
er
n
a
l
f
act
o
r
s
an
d
e
x
tr
in
s
ic
o
r
e
x
te
r
n
a
l f
a
c
to
r
s
.
A
s
tu
d
e
n
t
w
h
o
is
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
a
ll
y
m
o
tiv
a
te
d
u
n
d
e
r
ta
k
e
s
a
n
a
c
ti
v
it
y
"
f
o
r
its
o
w
n
s
a
k
e
,
f
o
r
th
e
e
n
j
o
y
m
e
n
t it p
r
o
v
id
e
s
,
th
e
le
a
r
n
i
n
g
it p
e
r
m
it
s
,
o
r
th
e
f
e
e
l
in
g
s
o
f
a
c
c
o
m
p
li
s
h
m
e
n
t it e
v
o
k
e
s
"
[1
0
]
.
I
n
tr
in
s
ic
f
a
c
to
r
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
in
te
r
e
s
t,
s
e
lf
-
e
f
f
i
cac
y
,
n
eed
f
o
r
ach
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
,
a
ch
i
ev
e
m
e
n
t
g
o
al
s
,
ex
p
ect
an
ci
e
s
an
d
v
al
u
es
an
d
f
ai
l
u
r
e av
o
i
d
an
ce.
E
x
t
r
i
n
s
i
c f
act
o
r
s
i
n
cl
u
d
e h
o
m
e en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
,
s
ch
o
o
l
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
,
t
each
er
’
s
f
act
o
r
s
a
nd
p
e
e
r
gr
o
up
.
T
e
a
c
h T
ho
u
ght
M
o
ti
v
a
tio
n
t
he
o
r
y e
xp
l
a
i
n
s
t
ha
t
b
o
t
h
i
n
tr
in
s
ic
an
d
ex
t
r
i
n
s
i
c,
i
s
a
k
e
y
f
act
o
r
i
n
t
h
e
s
u
cce
s
s
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
at
al
l
s
t
ag
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
ed
u
cat
i
o
n
[
1
1]
.
M
an
y
r
es
ear
ch
s
t
u
d
i
es
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
e r
el
at
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
et
w
ee
n
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
m
o
t
i
v
at
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
ei
r
at
t
i
t
u
d
e
to
w
a
r
d
th
e
le
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
f
m
a
th
e
m
a
tic
s
.
A
s
t
u
d
y
t
itle
d
“
A
ttit
u
d
e
s
to
w
a
r
d
s
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
tic
s
:
E
f
f
e
c
ts
o
f
I
n
d
i
v
id
u
a
l
,
M
ot
i
v
a
t
i
on
a
l
,
a
n
d
S
oc
i
a
l
S
u
p
por
t
F
a
c
t
or
s
”
f
oun
d t
h
a
t
m
o
t
i
v
at
i
o
n
r
el
at
ed
v
ar
i
ab
l
e
s
ar
e t
h
e
m
ai
n
p
r
ed
i
ct
o
r
s
o
f
a
ttitu
d
e
s
to
w
a
r
d
s
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
tic
s
[
1
2]
.
W
he
n
r
e
v
ie
w
i
n
g
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
a
i
m
e
d
a
t
u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
in
g
a
ttit
u
d
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
ir
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t i
n
r
e
la
tio
n
to
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
id
e
n
ti
f
ie
d
m
o
tiv
a
tio
n a
s
o
ne
o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
e
nt
s
’
f
a
c
to
r
s
th
a
t p
la
y
a
v
ita
l r
o
le
i
n
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
i
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
a
tti
tu
d
e
to
w
a
r
d
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
tic
s
[
13
]
.
S
iti a
n
d
E
ffa
n
d
i
[
14
]
in
th
e
ir
s
t
u
d
y
tit
l
e
d
“
t
h
e
le
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
te
a
c
h
e
r
’
s
f
a
c
to
r
s
a
n
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
’
a
ttit
u
d
e
s
a
m
o
n
g
s
t
e
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
t
e
c
h
no
l
o
g
y
s
t
ud
e
nt
s
”
,
f
o
u
nd
t
ha
t
t
h
e co
r
r
el
at
i
o
n
b
et
w
een
l
ear
n
i
n
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
a
n
d
at
t
i
t
u
d
e
t
o
w
ar
d
s
m
at
h
e
m
at
i
cs
w
a
s
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
l
y
m
o
d
er
at
e an
d
t
h
a
t
g
en
er
al
l
y
,
l
ear
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
t
eac
h
er
’
s
f
a
c
to
r
a
r
e
t
w
o
f
a
c
to
r
s
t
h
a
t n
e
e
d
th
e
in
s
t
itu
tio
n
s
’
c
o
n
s
id
e
r
a
t
io
n
in
p
r
o
d
u
c
in
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
w
it
h
p
o
s
itiv
e
a
tt
itu
d
e
to
w
a
r
d
s
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
tic
s
.
Y
o
u
n
g
c
h
ild
r
e
n
’
s
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
m
o
ti
v
a
tio
n
to
le
a
r
n
(
i.
e
.
,
d
e
s
ir
e
to
le
a
r
n
f
o
r
i
t
s o
w
n
s
a
k
e
)
,
acco
r
d
i
n
g
to
G
ear
y
[1
5
],
i
s
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
el
y
co
r
r
el
at
ed
w
i
t
h
acad
em
i
c o
u
t
co
m
es
i
n
m
at
h
e
m
at
i
cs
an
d
o
t
h
er
d
o
m
ai
n
s
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
i
n
t
r
i
n
s
i
c
m
o
t
i
v
at
i
o
n
d
ecl
i
n
es
acr
o
s
s
g
r
ad
es
,
es
p
eci
al
l
y
i
n
m
at
h
e
m
at
i
cs
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
c
i
en
ces
,
a
s
m
a
t
er
i
al
b
eco
m
e
s
i
n
cr
eas
i
n
g
l
y
co
m
p
l
e
x a
nd
a
s
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
o
na
l
f
o
r
m
a
t
s
c
ha
n
ge
.
T
h
e l
i
t
er
at
u
r
e r
ev
i
e
w
ed
ab
o
v
e
i
n
d
i
cat
ed
t
h
at
e
m
p
h
as
es
h
a
v
e b
een
l
ai
d
o
n
t
h
e r
el
at
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
et
w
een
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
c
o
lle
c
ti
v
e
m
o
ti
v
a
tio
n
a
l
f
a
c
to
r
s
a
n
d
th
e
ir
a
t
tit
u
d
e
s
to
w
a
r
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
tic
s
b
u
t
little
o
r
n
o
a
tte
n
tio
n
h
a
s
b
een
p
ai
d
o
n
t
h
e t
y
p
e o
f
e
f
f
ect
each
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
t
i
v
at
i
o
n
al
f
act
o
r
s
h
a
s
o
n
t
h
e at
t
i
t
u
d
e o
f
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
t
o
w
ar
d
m
at
h
e
m
a
t
i
cs
.
T
h
e ai
m
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
w
as
t
o
u
s
e p
at
h
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
t
o
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
at
e t
h
e t
y
p
e
o
f
d
i
r
ect
e
f
f
ec
t
t
h
at
each
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
t
i
v
at
i
o
n
al
f
act
o
r
s
h
as
o
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
a
tti
tu
d
e
to
w
a
r
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
tic
s
.
F
a
b
ie
n
id
e
n
ti
f
ie
d
i
n
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
a
tio
n
,
H
o
m
e
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
P
e
e
r
m
o
tiv
a
t
io
n
,
S
c
h
o
o
l S
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
T
each
er
’
s
m
o
t
i
v
at
i
o
n
as
t
h
e s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
m
o
t
i
v
at
i
o
n
al
f
act
o
r
s
[
20]
.
Y
a
h
a
ya
(
2010)
i
de
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
t
each
er
,
p
eer
-
gr
o
up
,
f
a
m
i
l
y
,
S
c
h
ool
e
n
v
i
r
onm
e
nt
,
a
n
d l
a
n
gu
a
g
e
a
s
s
t
u
de
n
t
s
’
e
xt
r
i
ns
i
c
m
ot
i
v
a
t
i
on
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
.
F
or
t
h
e
pu
r
pos
e
o
f
t
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
I
nt
r
i
ns
i
c
,
H
o
m
e
E
nvi
r
o
n
m
e
nt
,
S
c
ho
o
l
E
nvi
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
,
P
e
e
r
-
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
t
each
er
f
act
o
r
s
w
er
e u
s
ed
a
s
s
t
ud
e
n
ts
’
m
o
t
iv
a
t
io
n
a
l f
a
c
to
r
s
.
F
ig
u
r
e
1
is
th
e
pr
opos
e
d pa
t
h
m
ode
l
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
E
R
E
I
SSN
:
2252
-
8822
A
P
at
h A
n
al
y
s
i
s
of
t
he
E
f
f
e
c
t
s
of
St
ude
nt
s
'
M
ot
i
v
at
i
onal
F
ac
t
or
s
.
.
.
.
(
Sam
s
on
O
yel
o
l
a
O
yed
ej
i
)
279
F
i
g
ur
e
1
.
P
r
o
pos
e
d
P
a
t
h D
i
a
gr
a
m
2.
S
I
G
N
IF
I
C
A
N
C
E O
F
TH
E S
TU
D
Y
T
h
i
s s
t
u
d
y
w
a
s
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g
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i
f
i
can
t
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es
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l
t
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h
e t
each
er
s
t
h
e
n
eed
t
o
d
ev
el
o
p
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
a
ttitu
d
e
to
w
a
r
d
s
t
h
e
te
a
c
h
i
n
g
o
f
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
tic
s
a
n
d
e
m
p
lo
y
t
e
a
c
h
in
g
s
tr
a
te
g
ie
s
t
h
a
t
w
i
ll
m
o
tiv
a
te
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
th
e
r
e
b
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
ir
a
ttitu
d
e
to
w
a
r
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
tic
s
.
B
o
th
f
e
d
er
al
an
d
s
t
at
e
g
ov
e
r
nm
e
nt
s
,
on
t
h
e
i
r
pa
r
t
w
o
u
ld
r
e
a
lis
e
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
g
o
o
d
s
c
h
o
o
l e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t t
h
a
t
w
il
l f
a
c
ilita
te
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
p
o
s
i
tiv
e
a
ttit
u
d
e
t
o
w
ar
d
m
at
h
e
m
at
i
cs
a
n
d
co
n
s
eq
u
en
t
l
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e t
h
ei
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
i
n
m
at
h
e
m
at
i
c
s
.
P
ar
en
t
s
w
o
u
l
d
b
e ab
l
e t
o
cr
e
at
e co
n
d
u
ci
v
e
h
o
m
e e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
t
h
at
w
o
u
l
d
m
o
t
i
v
at
e t
h
ei
r
c
h
i
ld
r
e
n
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
p
o
s
itiv
e
a
ttit
u
d
e
to
w
a
r
d
m
a
t
he
m
a
t
i
c
s
a
nd
m
o
ni
t
o
r
t
he
t
y
p
e
o
f
f
r
i
e
nd
s
t
he
i
r
c
hi
l
d
r
e
n/
w
a
r
d
s
ke
e
p
i
n s
c
ho
o
l
.
3.
P
AT
H
ANAL
YS
I
S
M
O
DE
L
P
a
th
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
i
s
a
n
e
x
te
n
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
r
e
g
r
e
s
s
io
n
m
o
d
e
l.
I
ts
a
i
m
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
e
s
ti
m
a
te
s
o
f
th
e
m
ag
n
i
t
u
d
e a
n
d
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
can
t
o
f
h
y
p
o
t
h
es
i
s
ed
cau
s
al
co
n
n
ect
i
o
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
s
e
t
s
o
f
v
ar
i
ab
l
es
.
P
at
h
an
al
y
s
i
s
i
s
a
c
om
pr
e
h
e
ns
i
v
e
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
a
ppr
oa
c
h
t
o t
e
s
t
i
ng
hy
pot
h
e
s
e
s
a
bou
t
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
a
m
o
ng
obs
e
r
v
e
d a
n
d l
a
t
e
nt
v
a
r
i
a
bl
e
s
.
I
t
i
s
a m
et
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
r
ep
r
es
en
t
i
n
g
,
es
t
i
m
at
i
n
g
,
an
d
t
es
t
i
n
g
a t
h
eo
r
et
i
cal
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
f
l
i
n
ea
r
r
el
at
i
o
n
s
b
et
w
een
v
ar
i
ab
l
es
[
16
]
.
P
at
h
an
al
y
s
i
s
,
acco
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
M
acC
a
l
l
u
m
a
n
d
Au
s
t
i
n
[
17
]
t
e
s
t
s
hy
pot
he
s
i
z
e
d
p
a
tte
r
n
s
o
f
d
ir
e
c
tio
n
a
l a
n
d
n
o
n
-
di
r
e
c
t
i
ona
l
r
e
l
a
t
i
on
s
hi
ps
a
m
ong
a
s
e
t
of
obs
e
r
v
e
d (
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d)
a
n
d u
n
obs
e
r
v
e
d (
l
a
t
e
n
t
)
v
ar
i
ab
l
es
.
P
at
h
an
al
y
s
i
s
i
s
a s
t
at
i
s
t
i
cal
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
e u
s
ed
p
r
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m
a
r
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l
y
t
o
ex
a
m
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n
e t
h
e co
m
p
ar
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v
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t
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en
g
t
h
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f
d
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r
ect
a
n
d
in
d
ir
e
c
t r
e
la
tio
n
s
h
ip
s
a
m
o
ng va
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
[
1
8
]
.
P
a
t
h
m
ode
l
i
s
us
u
a
l
l
y
de
pi
c
t
e
d i
n
a
c
l
os
e
d r
e
g
i
on a
n
d a
r
r
ow
f
i
gu
r
e
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
s
i
n
gl
e
h
e
a
de
d a
r
r
ow
s
i
n
d
i
cat
e cau
s
at
i
o
n
.
A
r
e
g
r
es
s
i
o
n
i
s
d
o
n
e o
n
eac
h
v
ar
i
ab
l
e i
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
as
a d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
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o
t
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er
s
w
h
i
c
h
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
i
n
d
i
cat
es
ar
e cau
s
es
.
T
h
e r
eg
r
es
s
i
o
n
w
ei
g
h
t
s
p
r
ed
i
ct
ed
b
y
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
ar
e co
m
p
ar
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d
w
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t
h
t
h
e o
b
s
er
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co
r
r
el
at
i
o
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m
at
r
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x
f
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t
h
e
v
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ab
l
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d
a
g
o
o
d
n
es
s
-
of
-
f
it
s
ta
tis
tic
s
i
s
c
a
lc
u
la
te
d
.
T
h
e
b
e
s
t
f
itti
n
g
m
o
d
e
l
is
s
el
ect
ed
b
y
t
h
e r
e
s
ear
ch
er
a
s
t
h
e b
e
s
t
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
e
nt
of
t
h
e
or
y.
A
n
e
x
a
m
pl
e
of
pa
t
h
m
ode
l
is
p
r
es
en
t
ed
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e 2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
22
52
-
8822
IJ
E
R
E
V
o
l.
6
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o
.
4
,
D
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b
er
2
01
7
:
277
–
28
7
280
F
i
g
ur
e
2
.
E
x
a
m
pl
e
of
P
a
t
h D
i
a
gr
a
m
Va
r
ia
b
le
1
a
nd
v
ar
ia
b
le
2
ar
e cal
l
ed
ex
o
g
en
o
u
s
v
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i
ab
l
es
.
E
x
o
g
en
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s
v
ar
i
ab
l
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n
p
at
h
an
al
y
s
i
s
m
o
d
e
l
a
r
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t
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va
r
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a
b
l
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s
w
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no
e
xp
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i
t
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us
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s
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no
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r
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w
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go
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o
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m
o
t
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t
ha
n
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m
e
a
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ur
e
m
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e
r
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m
E
)
.
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f
ex
o
g
en
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s
v
ar
i
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es
ar
e co
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el
at
ed
,
t
h
i
s
i
s
i
n
d
i
c
at
ed
b
y
d
o
u
b
l
e
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he
a
d
e
d
a
r
r
o
w
s
c
o
nne
c
t
i
n
g t
he
m
.
V
ar
3
an
d
V
ar
4
ar
e cal
l
ed
en
d
o
g
en
o
u
s
v
ar
i
ab
l
es
.
E
n
d
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
v
ar
i
ab
l
es
i
n
cl
u
d
e i
n
t
er
v
e
n
i
n
g
v
ar
i
ab
l
es
,
ca
u
s
al
va
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
a
nd
d
e
p
e
nd
e
nt
va
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
.
I
nt
e
r
ve
ni
n
g e
nd
o
ge
no
us
va
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
ha
ve
b
o
t
h i
nc
o
m
i
ng a
nd
o
ut
go
i
n
g
a
r
r
o
w
s
i
n t
he
p
a
t
h d
i
a
gr
a
m
.
T
he
d
e
p
e
nd
e
nt
va
r
i
a
b
l
e
ha
s
o
nl
y i
nc
o
m
i
ng a
r
r
o
w
.
P
i
j
ar
e t
h
e p
at
h
co
ef
f
i
c
i
en
t
s
.
A
p
at
h
co
ef
f
i
ci
e
n
t
i
s
a
s
t
an
d
ar
d
i
s
ed
r
eg
r
es
s
i
o
n
co
ef
f
i
ci
e
n
t
(
b
et
a
w
e
i
g
h
t
)
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
e d
i
r
ect
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
a
n
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
i
ab
l
e o
n
a d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
i
ab
l
e i
n
a p
at
h
m
o
d
el
.
T
hus
w
h
e
n
t
he
m
o
d
el
h
as
t
w
o
o
r
m
o
r
e cau
s
a
l
v
ar
i
ab
l
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,
p
at
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co
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f
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ci
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t
s
ar
e p
ar
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al
r
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r
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co
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ci
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w
h
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xt
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f
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c
t
s
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va
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n a
no
t
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i
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p
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c
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f
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p
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va
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us
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d
at
a.
4.
ME
T
HOD
T
he
t
a
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t
p
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p
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t
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n o
f
t
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a
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d
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t
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S
en
at
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r
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D
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r
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ct
.
T
w
el
v
e S
en
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eco
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ar
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S
ch
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w
er
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a
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d
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m
l
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el
ect
ed
a
n
d
30 s
t
u
de
n
t
s
w
e
r
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r
an
d
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m
l
y
s
el
ect
ed
f
r
o
m
eac
h
o
f
t
h
e s
ch
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o
l
s
.
A
t
o
ta
l o
f
t
h
r
ee 3
6
0
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t
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d
en
t
s
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s
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.
A
s
el
f
-
de
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d f
ou
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li
k
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t s
c
a
le
q
u
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tio
n
n
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ir
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title
d
“
S
t
u
d
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M
o
ti
v
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tio
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F
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A
t
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M
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Q
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e s
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q
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tio
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A
w
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M
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w
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s
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to
f
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(
5
)
s
ub
-
se
c
t
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s
–
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n
t
r
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s
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c
f
act
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s
,
H
o
m
e f
act
o
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s
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ch
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f
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p
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p
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each
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a
c
to
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s
.
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e
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tio
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B
o
f
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q
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e
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ir
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w
a
s
ti
tle
d
“
S
tu
d
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ts
’
A
tt
itu
d
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to
w
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M
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t
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C
r
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a
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lp
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g
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2
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IJ
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
E
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I
SSN
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2252
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8822
A
P
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o
nge
r
i
nt
r
i
n
s
i
c
m
o
tiv
a
tio
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
tic
s
.
5.
2.
2.
E
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
H
o
m
e
E
nv
i
r
o
n
m
e
nt
o
n St
ude
nt
s
’ A
tti
tu
d
e
s
to
w
a
r
d
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
T
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y
i
nd
i
c
a
t
e
d
t
ha
t
ho
m
e
e
nvi
r
o
n
m
e
nt
ha
s
p
o
s
i
t
i
ve
a
nd
s
i
gni
f
i
c
a
nt
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
ns
hi
p
(
.
4
0
0
)
w
i
t
h
t
h
e s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
at
t
i
t
u
d
es
t
o
w
ar
d
m
at
h
e
m
at
i
cs
an
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e o
t
h
er
m
o
t
i
v
at
i
o
n
al
f
act
o
r
s
.
T
h
e r
es
u
l
t
s
a
ls
o
r
e
v
e
a
le
d
th
a
t H
o
m
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
h
a
s
p
o
s
iti
v
e
e
f
f
ect
(
.
1
7
1
)
o
n
t
h
e s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
at
t
i
t
u
d
es
t
o
w
ar
d
m
at
h
e
m
at
i
cs
a
n
d
it c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
(
.
0
8
5
)
to
th
e
p
r
e
d
ic
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
a
ttit
u
d
e
s
to
w
a
r
d
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
tic
s
is
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
a
t p
<
.
0
5
.
T
h
es
e
r
es
u
l
t
s
ar
e
s
i
m
i
l
ar
t
o
t
h
e
o
n
es
o
b
t
ai
n
ed
b
y
P
a
d
lic
k
-
F
ie
ld
[
22
]
.
P
a
d
lic
k
-
F
ie
ld
[
22
]
,
in
h
is
s
tu
d
y
t
itle
d
“
T
h
e
I
m
pa
c
t
of
t
h
e
H
o
m
e
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
on
C
hi
l
dr
e
n’
s
A
t
t
i
t
u
de
s
T
ow
a
r
ds
L
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
”
,
f
ound t
h
a
t
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
h
o
m
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
a
lo
n
g
w
i
th
p
a
r
e
n
ta
l a
ttit
u
d
e
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
e
n
ta
l in
v
o
lv
e
m
e
n
t,
p
o
s
itiv
e
l
y
i
m
p
a
c
t a
c
h
ild
’
s
a
ttitu
d
e
s
to
w
a
r
d
s
l
i
t
er
ac
y
.
H
e co
n
cl
u
d
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
i
n
t
er
a
ct
i
o
n
s
t
h
at
a ch
i
l
d
h
a
s
w
i
t
h
h
i
s
o
r
h
er
p
ar
en
t
s
,
car
eg
i
v
er
s
,
a
n
d
o
t
h
er
f
a
m
i
l
y
m
e
m
b
er
s
,
a
l
o
n
g
w
i
t
h
o
t
h
er
as
p
ect
s
o
f
t
h
e
h
o
m
e e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
,
al
l
p
l
a
y
a r
o
l
e i
n
t
h
e a ch
i
l
d
’
s
l
i
t
er
ac
y
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
an
d
h
el
p
t
o
f
o
r
m
ear
l
y
at
titu
d
e
s
to
w
a
r
d
s
lite
r
a
c
y
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
S
.
B
.
H
eat
h
[
23
]
p
a
r
e
n
ts
a
r
e
t
h
e
ir
c
h
ild
’
s
f
ir
s
t
te
a
c
h
e
r
,
a
n
d
m
o
s
t o
f
th
e
lite
r
a
c
y
e
x
p
e
r
ie
n
c
e
s
th
a
t a
c
h
i
ld
b
r
in
g
s
to
s
c
h
o
o
l
w
i
t
h
t
he
m
a
r
e
b
o
r
n o
u
t
o
f
t
he
c
o
nt
e
xt
o
f
t
ha
t
c
hi
l
d
’
s
ho
m
e
e
nvi
r
o
n
m
e
nt
.
T
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
a
l
s
o
c
o
n
c
u
r
wi
t
h
S
. B
.
H
eat
h
[
24
]
s
ta
te
d
t
h
at
t
h
er
e a
p
p
ear
s
t
o
b
e
a l
ar
g
e b
o
d
y
o
f
ev
i
d
en
ce t
h
at
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
s
t
h
e h
o
m
e en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
a
f
f
ect
s
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
ach
i
ev
e
m
en
t
,
b
u
t
a
l
s
o
t
h
ei
r
ab
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
at
t
i
t
u
d
es
t
o
w
ar
d
s
m
at
h
e
m
at
i
cs
.
H
e s
t
r
es
s
ed
t
h
at
ef
f
o
r
t
s
t
o
g
et
p
ar
en
t
s
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
i
n
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
m
at
h
e
m
at
i
cs
l
ear
n
i
n
g
ca
n
i
n
d
eed
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
he
s
t
ud
e
nt
s
’
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ces
.
T
h
e
i
m
pl
i
c
a
t
i
on
of
t
h
e
s
e
r
e
s
ul
t
s
i
s
t
h
a
t
m
a
j
or
i
t
y
of
t
h
e
S
e
n
i
or
S
e
c
on
da
r
y
S
c
h
ool
s
t
u
de
n
t
s
i
n
E
do
S
o
u
t
h
S
en
at
o
r
i
al
D
i
s
t
r
i
ct
,
N
i
g
er
i
a,
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
h
o
m
es
w
h
er
e s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
at
t
i
t
u
d
es
t
o
w
ar
d
m
at
h
e
m
at
i
cs
ar
e
pr
om
ot
e
d.
P
a
r
e
n
ta
l a
ttit
u
d
e
s
,
e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
a
l
a
s
p
ir
a
tio
n
s
,
a
n
d
s
o
c
io
-
eco
n
o
m
i
c
s
t
at
u
s
ar
e
al
l
p
ar
t
o
f
a
s
t
u
d
en
t
’
s
ho
m
e
e
n
vi
r
o
n
m
e
nt
[
22
]
.
A
s
t
u
d
e
nt
’
s
ho
m
e
e
n
vi
r
o
n
m
e
nt
c
a
n
b
e
s
e
e
n
a
s
a
n
a
ge
nc
y t
ha
t
a
i
d
s
i
n t
he
c
o
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
t
at
t
i
t
u
d
es
t
o
w
ar
d
m
a
t
h
e
m
at
i
cs
a
n
d
m
at
h
e
m
at
i
c
s
ach
i
ev
e
m
e
n
t
.
P
ar
en
t
al
as
p
i
r
at
i
o
n
s
an
d
ex
p
e
c
ta
tio
n
s
ex
er
t
s
t
r
o
n
g
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce o
n
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
at
t
i
t
u
d
es
t
o
w
ar
d
t
h
e l
e
ar
n
i
n
g
o
f
m
a
t
h
e
m
at
i
c
s
.
P
ar
en
t
s
w
h
o
as
p
i
r
e an
d
e
x
p
e
c
t th
e
ir
c
h
ild
r
e
n
to
s
tu
d
y
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
tic
s
o
r
m
a
th
e
m
a
tic
s
r
e
la
te
d
c
o
u
r
s
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
te
r
tia
r
y
i
n
s
ti
tu
t
io
n
s
w
o
u
ld
d
o
a
l
l
pos
s
i
bl
e
be
s
t
t
o de
v
e
l
op p
o
s
iti
v
e
a
ttit
u
d
e
s
in
t
h
e
ir
c
h
ild
r
e
n
r
ig
h
t f
r
o
m
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l.
W
h
e
n
p
a
r
e
n
ts
a
r
e
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
e
x
h
ib
it
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
a
tti
tu
d
e
s
a
n
d
b
eh
av
i
o
u
r
t
o
w
ar
d
t
h
ei
r
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
.
I
n
a
h
o
m
e
w
h
er
e
p
ar
en
t
s
a
r
e
act
i
v
el
y
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
i
n
t
h
ei
r
ch
i
l
d
r
en
e
d
uc
a
t
i
o
n,
p
a
r
e
n
ts
a
r
e
a
b
le
to
le
a
r
n
h
o
w
to
p
e
r
c
e
iv
e
th
e
ir
c
h
i
ld
r
e
n
’
s
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
a
b
ilitie
s
a
n
d
s
k
ill
s
in
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
tic
s
,
a
n
d
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
ab
l
e
t
o
d
ef
i
n
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
i
at
e
l
ev
el
s
o
f
ex
p
ect
at
i
o
n
s
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
.
H
e
n
c
e
p
ar
t
n
er
s
h
i
p
an
d
co
o
p
er
at
i
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
h
o
m
es
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ar
e i
m
p
o
r
t
an
t
w
h
en
i
t
co
m
es
t
o
m
at
h
e
m
at
i
c
s
b
ecau
s
e h
o
w
t
h
e
p
ar
en
t
s
s
o
ci
al
i
s
e t
h
ei
r
ch
i
l
d
r
en
can
g
r
eat
l
y
a
f
f
ect
t
h
ei
r
ch
i
l
d
r
en
’
s
at
t
i
t
u
d
es
t
o
w
ar
d
m
a
t
h
e
m
at
i
c
s
an
d
a
c
hi
e
ve
m
e
nt
i
n
m
a
t
he
m
a
t
i
c
s
.
5.
2.
3.
E
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
Sc
ho
o
l
E
nv
i
r
o
n
m
e
nt
o
n St
ude
nt
s
’ A
tti
tu
d
e
s
to
w
a
r
d
m
a
th
e
ma
t
i
c
s
T
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y r
e
ve
a
l
e
d
t
ha
t
t
he
s
c
ho
o
l
e
n
vi
r
o
n
m
e
nt
ha
s
ne
ga
t
i
ve
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
ns
hi
p
(
-
.
051)
w
i
t
h
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
a
ttit
u
d
e
s
to
w
a
r
d
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
tic
s
a
n
d
th
e
r
e
la
tio
n
s
h
ip
is
n
o
t s
i
g
n
if
ic
a
n
t a
t p
<
.
0
5
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t o
f
s
c
h
o
o
l
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
a
tt
itu
d
e
s
to
w
ar
d
m
at
h
e
m
a
t
i
cs
i
s
n
eg
a
t
i
v
e (
-
.
2
4
1
)
a
n
d
its
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
p
r
e
d
ic
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
a
tt
i
tu
d
e
s
to
w
a
r
d
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
ic
s
i
s
a
ls
o
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
(
-
.
2
5
0
)
.
T
h
es
e r
es
u
l
t
s
ar
e co
n
t
r
ar
y
t
o
th
e
o
n
e
o
b
ta
in
e
d
b
y
S
iti
&
E
f
f
a
n
d
i (
2
0
1
0
)
in
th
e
ir
s
tu
d
y
tit
le
d
“
t
he
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
,
t
each
er
’
s
f
act
o
r
an
d
s
t
ud
e
nt
s
’
a
t
t
i
t
ud
e
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
m
a
t
he
m
a
t
i
c
s
a
m
o
n
gs
t
e
n
gi
ne
e
r
i
n
g
t
e
c
hno
l
o
g
y
s
t
ud
e
nt
s
”
.
T
he
y
f
o
und
t
ha
t
t
h
er
e i
s
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
r
el
at
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
et
w
e
en
t
h
e
v
ar
i
ab
l
es
w
i
t
h
m
o
d
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P
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s
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n
s
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r
q
u
e
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tio
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n
m
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e
m
a
tic
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la
s
s
.
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e
n
io
r
s
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o
n
d
a
r
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s
c
h
o
o
l is
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t p
e
r
io
d
o
f
tim
e
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n
a
n
a
d
o
le
s
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e
n
t
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li
f
e
.
I
t is
a
t th
i
s
le
v
e
l o
f
ed
u
cat
i
o
n
t
h
at
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
ar
e m
ak
i
n
g
d
eci
s
i
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
t
h
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i
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co
u
r
s
e t
ak
i
n
g
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e ed
u
cat
i
o
n
al
a
n
d
car
eer
p
l
an
s
.
I
t
i
s
al
s
o
t
h
e t
i
m
e
w
h
en
p
ar
en
t
a
l
au
t
h
o
r
i
t
y
i
s
b
ei
n
g
c
h
al
l
e
n
g
ed
b
y
p
eer
p
r
es
s
u
r
e.
L
i
nd
gr
e
n
[
32
]
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
,
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
al
s
n
ee
d
t
o
r
el
at
e t
o
t
h
ei
r
p
eer
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
y
ar
e d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
o
n
t
h
ei
r
at
t
i
t
u
d
es
,
f
eel
i
n
g
s
,
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
c
ta
tio
n
s
to
h
e
lp
th
e
m
c
o
n
s
tr
u
c
t t
h
e
ir
o
w
n
v
ie
w
s
o
f
th
e
w
o
r
ld
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
P
.
Ga
r
a
a
n
d
Da
v
i
s
U.
C
.
[
33
]
,
P
eer
s
can
ex
er
t
ex
t
r
ao
r
d
i
n
ar
y
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
ce
o
v
er
each
o
t
h
er
p
ar
t
i
cu
l
ar
l
y
i
n
r
eg
ar
d
t
o
acad
em
i
c as
p
i
r
a
tio
n
s
a
n
d
at
t
i
t
u
d
es
t
o
w
ar
d
s
s
ch
o
o
l
.
T
h
e d
eg
r
ee o
f
i
t
s
i
m
p
act
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
each
i
n
d
i
v
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d
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al
s
t
u
d
en
t
.
P
e
e
r
s
w
it
h
p
o
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iti
v
e
a
ttitu
d
e
s
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
r
s
to
w
a
r
d
ed
u
cat
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o
n
,
w
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l
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al
l
o
w
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d
t
each
each
o
t
h
er
t
o
s
et
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al
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at
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l
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o
r
tu
n
itie
s
to
le
a
r
n
a
n
d
a
c
h
ie
v
e
[
34]
.
W
a
n
t
i
n
g t
o be
pa
r
t
of
a
g
r
ou
p a
n
d a
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ns
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of
be
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on
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ng
a
m
o
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g
t
h
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r
f
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s
s
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m
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to
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p
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io
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it
y
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lth
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g
h
a
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th
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x
p
e
n
s
e
o
f
n
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t
ta
k
i
n
g
m
a
t
h
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m
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tic
s
s
e
r
io
u
s
l
y
.
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t is
th
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
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ut
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t
he
p
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eq
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ce t
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5.
2.
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E
f
f
ect
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T
ea
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F
a
ct
o
r o
n St
ude
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s
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tti
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d
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w
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M
a
th
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ti
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T
h
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i
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p
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et
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t
each
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’
s
f
act
o
r
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d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
a
tt
itu
d
e
s
to
w
a
r
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
tic
s
(
.
0
9
3
)
b
u
t th
e
le
v
e
l
o
f
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
a
n
c
e
is
.
0
5
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
a
l
s
o
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v
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le
d
t
h
at
t
eac
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’
s
f
ac
t
o
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h
as
p
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t
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f
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n
t r
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la
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ip
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a
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to
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p
r
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tio
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tu
d
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ts
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a
ttit
u
d
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s
to
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a
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m
a
th
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m
a
t
ic
s
a
n
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its
e
f
f
e
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t
o
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
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a
ttitu
d
e
s
to
w
a
r
d
m
a
t
h
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m
a
tic
s
a
r
e
b
o
th
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
u
t n
o
t s
ig
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t a
t p
<
.
0
5
.
T
h
e i
m
p
l
i
cat
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
es
e r
es
u
l
t
s
i
s
t
h
at
t
h
e r
el
at
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
et
w
ee
n
t
each
er
’
s
f
act
o
r
an
d
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
a
ttitu
d
e
s
to
w
a
r
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
t
ic
s
w
a
s
m
a
r
g
in
a
l a
n
d
its
e
f
f
e
c
t o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
a
ttit
u
d
e
s
to
w
a
r
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
tic
s
w
a
s
n
o
t
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
at
p
<.
0
5
.
T
h
es
e r
es
u
l
t
s
w
er
e n
o
t
i
n
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
t
h
e o
n
es
o
b
t
ai
n
ed
b
y
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
es
ear
c
h
er
s
.
F
o
r
i
ns
t
a
nc
e
[
14
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t th
e
r
e
la
tio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
t
w
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e
n
te
a
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h
e
r
’
s
f
a
c
to
r
a
n
d
s
tu
d
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n
ts
’
a
ttit
u
d
e
to
w
a
r
d
s
m
a
th
e
m
a
tic
s
w
a
s
s
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g
ni
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i
c
a
n
t
a
t
p<
.
05
w
i
t
h
m
ode
r
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t
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pos
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t
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v
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or
r
e
l
a
t
i
on
(
r
=
0.
432,
n
=
102,
p =
0.
00)
.
Y
ar
a
[
35
]
f
o
und
i
n
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
en
ti
tle
d
“
S
t
u
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s
A
tti
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d
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to
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as
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.
T
h
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ce i
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s
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each
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s
’
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
E
R
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SSN
:
2252
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8822
A
P
at
h A
n
al
y
s
i
s
of
t
he
E
f
f
e
c
t
s
of
St
ude
nt
s
'
M
ot
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v
at
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F
ac
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or
s
.
.
.
.
(
Sam
s
on
O
yel
o
l
a
O
yed
ej
i
)
285
l
o
w
m
o
r
al
e a
n
d
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
t
l
y
af
f
ec
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t
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w
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e t
each
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g
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each
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’
at
t
i
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u
d
es
t
o
w
ar
d
l
ear
n
i
n
g
[
36
]
-
[
41
]
.
T
each
er
’
s
f
act
o
r
,
acco
r
d
i
n
g
to
B
al
o
zi
a
nd
N
j
unge
[
3
8
]
,
p
l
ay
s
an
i
m
p
o
r
t
an
t
r
o
l
e i
n
af
f
ect
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
at
t
i
t
u
d
e t
o
w
ar
d
s
m
at
h
e
m
at
i
c
s
.
T
each
er
s
ar
e r
o
l
e
m
o
d
el
s
w
h
o
s
e b
e
h
av
i
o
u
r
s
ar
e ea
s
i
l
y
co
p
i
ed
b
y
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
.
W
h
at
t
each
er
s
l
i
k
e o
r
d
i
s
l
i
k
e,
ap
p
r
e
ci
at
e an
d
h
o
w
t
h
e
y
f
e
el
ab
o
u
t
t
h
ei
r
l
ear
n
i
n
g
o
r
s
t
u
d
i
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co
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l
d
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a
ve
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t e
f
f
e
c
t o
n
th
e
ir
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
[
4
1
]
.
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
d
r
a
w
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ir
te
a
c
h
e
r
s
’
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
to
f
o
r
m
th
e
ir
o
w
n
a
t
t
i
t
ud
e
s
w
h
i
c
h
e
ve
nt
ua
l
l
y
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
t
he
i
r
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
o
ut
c
o
m
e
s
[
42
]
.
T
h
e m
at
h
e
m
at
i
cal
k
n
o
w
l
ed
g
e,
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
a
c
tio
n
s
p
o
s
itiv
e
a
tti
tu
d
e
s
a
n
d
h
ig
h
e
x
p
ect
at
i
o
n
s
o
f
m
a
t
h
e
m
at
i
cs
t
eac
h
er
s
,
acco
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
N
T
M
C
[
43
]
,
le
a
d
to
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
tic
s
le
a
r
n
in
g
,
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
a
ttit
u
d
e
to
w
a
r
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
tic
s
o
n
th
e
p
a
r
t
o
f
a
ll s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
.
I
t is
th
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
s
u
f
f
ic
e
s
to
s
a
y
th
a
t t
h
e ef
f
ect
i
v
e at
t
i
t
u
d
es
an
d
a
c
tio
n
s
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
b
y
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
tic
s
t
each
er
s
u
l
t
i
m
at
el
y
can
m
a
k
e
a p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e d
i
f
f
er
en
ce o
n
t
h
e
at
t
i
t
u
d
es
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
t
o
w
ar
d
m
at
h
e
m
at
i
c
s
.
T
each
er
’
s
w
a
y
o
f
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
an
d
h
i
s
i
n
w
ar
d
f
eel
i
n
g
s
w
h
i
ch
ar
e
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
as
o
u
t
w
ar
d
b
eh
av
i
o
u
r
h
a
v
e s
i
g
n
i
f
i
can
t
e
ffe
c
t
s
o
n
t
h
e s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
at
t
i
t
u
d
e t
o
w
ar
d
l
ear
n
i
n
g
es
p
eci
al
l
y
m
at
h
e
m
at
i
cs
.
M
a
t
h
e
m
at
i
c
s
t
e
ach
er
s
,
as
m
e
n
t
o
r
s
an
d
r
o
l
e m
o
d
el
s
,
ar
e t
h
er
ef
o
r
e ex
p
ect
ed
t
o
d
ev
el
o
p
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e at
t
i
t
u
d
es
t
o
w
ar
d
t
h
e t
each
i
n
g
o
f
m
at
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
i
r
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
di
t
i
on
s
of
t
h
e
s
c
h
ool
e
nv
i
r
onm
e
n
t
a
n
d
a
d
o
p
t te
a
c
h
i
n
g
s
tr
a
te
g
ie
s
th
a
t
w
ill
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
o
s
iti
v
e
a
ttit
u
d
e
s
to
w
a
r
d
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
tic
s
.
6.
CO
NCL
U
S
I
O
N
B
a
s
e
d
o
n t
he
f
i
nd
i
n
gs
o
f
t
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
,
i
t
c
a
n b
e
c
o
nc
l
ud
e
d
t
ha
t
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
i
n
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
ti
v
a
tio
n
a
l f
a
c
to
r
,
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
h
o
m
e en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
t
each
er
f
act
o
r
s
h
a
v
e p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e d
i
r
ect
ef
f
ect
s
o
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
at
t
i
t
u
d
es
t
o
w
ar
d
m
at
h
e
m
a
t
i
cs
i
n
s
en
i
o
r
s
eco
n
d
ar
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
.
S
tu
d
e
n
t
s
’
in
tr
i
n
s
i
c
m
o
ti
v
a
tio
n
a
l f
a
c
to
r
is
ha
vi
n
g t
he
s
t
r
o
n
ge
s
t
a
nd
m
o
s
t s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t p
o
s
itiv
e
e
f
f
e
c
t o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
a
ttit
u
d
e
s
to
w
a
r
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
tic
s
.
I
t c
a
n
a
l
s
o be
c
on
c
l
u
de
d t
h
a
t
poor
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g e
n
vi
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
nd
p
e
e
r
gr
o
up
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
c
a
n
ha
ve
ne
ga
t
i
ve
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
n s
t
ud
e
nt
s
’
a
t
t
i
t
ud
e
s
t
o
w
a
r
d
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
tic
s
.
7.
RE
CO
M
M
E
NDAT
I
O
N
S
T
o
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
’
p
o
s
iti
v
e
a
tt
itu
d
e
s
to
w
a
r
d
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
tic
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
tu
d
e
n
t’
m
o
tiv
a
tio
n
,
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
r
eco
m
m
e
n
d
at
i
o
n
s
ar
e
m
ad
e:
I
n
t
r
i
ns
i
c
m
ot
i
v
a
t
i
on
s
h
ou
l
d
be
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d a
m
o
ng
t
h
e
s
t
ude
n
t
s
.
T
h
i
s
c
a
n
be
don
e
b
y
pr
om
ot
i
ng
s
t
ud
e
nt
s
’
p
e
r
s
o
na
l
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
a
ut
o
no
m
y,
gi
vi
n
g
m
a
t
he
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
t
a
s
ks
t
ha
t
a
r
e
c
ha
l
l
e
ng
i
n
g a
nd
r
e
l
e
va
nt
t
o
s
t
ud
e
nt
s
’
e
ve
r
y
d
a
y
l
i
f
e
,
c
r
e
a
tin
g
s
o
c
ia
l r
e
la
tio
n
s
h
ip
s
t
h
a
t a
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
t
h
e
le
a
r
n
i
n
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
t
h
at
ar
e p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
l
y
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
i
cal
l
y
s
a
f
e.
I
n
m
a
ki
ng
i
n
s
t
r
uc
t
i
o
n i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
i
n
g i
n l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
a
t
he
m
a
t
i
c
s
,
i
t
i
s
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
nd
e
d
t
ha
t
m
e
t
ho
d
s
/
s
tr
a
te
g
ie
s
a
n
d
m
a
te
r
ia
l/
m
e
d
ia
w
h
i
ch
w
i
l
l
m
a
k
e t
h
e l
ear
n
i
n
g
o
f
m
at
h
e
m
at
i
cs
,
act
i
v
e,
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
at
i
v
e an
d
ad
v
en
t
u
r
o
u
s
as
m
u
c
h
a
s
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e e
m
p
l
o
y
ed
b
y
t
h
e
m
at
h
e
m
at
i
c
s
t
eac
h
er
s
.
S
u
c
h
m
et
h
o
d
s
al
s
o
m
u
s
t
b
e o
n
es
t
h
at
t
ak
e i
n
t
o
acco
u
n
t
,
l
ear
n
er
’
s
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ces
a
n
d
at
t
i
t
u
d
es
t
o
w
ar
d
s
m
at
h
e
m
a
t
i
cs
as
a
s
u
b
j
ect
.
M
a
th
e
m
a
tic
s
te
a
c
h
e
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
d
e
s
ig
n
le
s
s
o
n
s
th
a
t
w
o
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ld
a
llo
w
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
p
a
r
tic
ip
a
te
in
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
g
a
c
tiv
itie
s
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
t
h
e
y
w
o
u
l
d
u
n
d
er
s
t
a
n
d
t
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at
l
ear
n
i
n
g
i
s
a p
r
o
ces
s
an
d
m
i
s
t
ak
e
s
ar
e a n
at
u
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
l
ear
n
i
n
g
.
I
t
i
s
al
s
o
r
eco
m
m
e
n
d
ed
t
h
at
m
at
h
e
m
a
t
i
cs
t
each
er
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e p
r
o
act
i
v
e i
n
p
r
o
m
o
t
i
n
g
a
cl
as
s
r
o
o
m
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
f
r
ee
f
r
o
m
i
n
t
i
m
i
d
at
i
o
n
a
n
d
f
ear
o
f
p
ar
t
i
ci
p
at
i
o
n
.
Mat
h
e
m
a
t
i
cs
t
eac
h
er
s
an
d
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
s
ee
m
i
s
t
a
k
es
a
s
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
l
ear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ces
s
a
n
d
co
r
r
ect
i
n
g
s
u
c
h
m
i
s
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
s
a
m
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
le
a
d
t
o
t
h
e cr
eat
i
o
n
o
f
n
e
w
k
n
o
w
l
ed
g
e.
A
l
ear
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
w
h
er
e s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
ar
e ac
t
i
v
e p
ar
t
i
ci
p
an
t
s
as
in
d
iv
id
u
a
ls
a
n
d
a
s
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
o
f
c
o
lla
b
o
r
a
tiv
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
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o
u
ld
b
e
c
r
e
a
te
d
.
M
a
th
e
m
a
tic
s
te
a
c
h
e
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
m
o
ti
v
a
te
s
t
ud
e
nt
s
,
e
nc
o
ur
a
ge
t
he
m
t
o
accep
t
r
es
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
t
h
ei
r
o
w
n
l
ear
n
i
n
g
,
acco
m
m
o
d
at
e t
h
e d
i
v
er
s
e l
ear
n
i
n
g
n
e
e
ds
a
n
d nu
r
t
u
r
e
t
h
e
i
r
de
s
i
r
e
t
o l
e
a
r
n
i
n a
s
a
f
e
,
h
e
a
l
t
hy
a
n
d s
u
ppor
t
i
v
e
e
nv
i
r
onm
e
n
t
w
hi
c
h
de
v
e
l
ops
co
m
p
a
s
s
i
o
n
an
d
m
u
t
u
al
r
es
p
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t
.
A
c
o
nd
uc
i
ve
ho
m
e
a
nd
s
c
h
o
o
l
e
nvi
r
o
n
m
e
nt
s
t
h
a
t
w
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m
o
tiv
a
te
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t
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n
t
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to
d
e
v
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p
p
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itiv
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at
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t
o
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ar
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m
at
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e
m
at
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t
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eb
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r
p
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a
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ces
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d
b
e cr
eat
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b
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o
t
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t
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d
s
ch
o
o
l
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d
m
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t
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at
i
o
n
s
.
T
o
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cr
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e
s
a
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ac
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w
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ex
p
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ce an
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n t
ur
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d
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t
o
w
ar
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m
at
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at
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an
d
co
n
s
eq
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p
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f
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r
m
an
c
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m
at
h
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m
at
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cs
,
t
h
e w
el
l
-
be
i
n
g of
t
h
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s
t
u
de
nt
s
s
h
oul
d n
ot
be
c
om
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o
m
i
s
e
d.
P
ar
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d
t
each
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
22
52
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8822
IJ
E
R
E
V
o
l.
6
, N
o
.
4
,
D
ecem
b
er
2
01
7
:
277
–
28
7
286
R
EF
ER
EN
C
ES
[
1]
M
. W
.
E
n
o
s
e
,
“
P
ia
g
e
t’
s
th
e
o
r
y
o
f
in
te
lle
c
tu
a
l d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t a
n
d
its
im
p
lic
a
tio
n
f
o
r
in
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
a
l
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
at
p
r
e
-
s
eco
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
l
ev
el
,”
E
duc
a
t
i
ona
l
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
an
d R
e
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l/i
s
s
u
e
:
5(
7)
,
p
p.
36
6
-
37
1
,
20
10
.
[
2]
B.
Oj
o
se
,
“
A
ppl
y
i
ng
P
i
a
g
e
t
’
s
T
he
or
y
of
C
og
ni
t
i
v
e
D
e
v
e
l
op
m
e
n
t to
M
a
th
e
m
a
tic
s
I
n
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
,”
T
he
M
at
he
m
at
i
c
s
E
duc
a
t
or
,
v
o
l/is
s
u
e
:
18(
1)
,
pp.
26
–
30
,
20
08
.
[
3]
M.
N
ic
o
la
id
o
u
a
nd P
hi
l
i
pp
ou G
.,
“
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
es
t
o
w
ar
d
s
m
at
h
e
m
at
i
cs
,
s
el
f
-
e
f
f
i
ca
c
y
an
d
ach
i
ev
e
m
en
t
i
n
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
o
l
vi
n
g,
”
E
u
r
o
p
ean
R
es
ear
ch
i
n
M
at
h
em
at
i
cs
E
d
u
cat
i
o
n
I
I
I
,
M
.
A
.
M
a
r
io
tti,
Ed
.
,
U
n
iv
e
r
s
it
y
o
f
P
is
a
,
P
is
a
,
I
ta
ly
,
p
p
.
1
–
11
,
2
00
3.
[
4]
A
. E
.
G
o
ttf
r
ie
d
,
e
t a
l.
,
“
C
ont
i
n
ui
t
y
of
a
c
a
de
m
i
c
i
nt
r
i
ns
i
c
m
ot
i
v
a
t
i
on f
r
om
c
hi
l
dhoo
d t
hr
oug
h l
a
t
e
a
dol
e
s
c
e
nc
e
:
A
lo
n
g
itu
d
i
n
a
l s
tu
d
y
,”
J
our
nal
of
E
duc
at
i
o
nal
P
s
y
c
hol
o
gy
,
v
o
l.
93
,
pp
.
3
–
13
,
20
01
.
[
5]
W
ik
ip
e
d
ia
.
M
o
tiv
a
tio
n
,
h
tt
p
://e
n
.
w
i
k
ip
e
d
ia
.
o
r
g
/w
ik
i/M
o
tiv
a
tio
n
.
[
6]
J.
G
r
een
,
e
t a
l.
,
“
M
ot
i
v
a
t
i
on a
n
d
e
ng
a
g
e
m
e
nt
i
n E
ng
l
i
s
h,
m
a
t
he
m
a
t
i
c
s
a
nd s
c
i
e
nc
e
hi
g
h s
c
hool
s
ubj
e
c
t
s
:
T
o
w
a
r
ds
a
n
unde
r
s
t
a
n
di
ng
of
m
ul
t
i
di
m
e
ns
i
ona
l
dom
a
i
n s
pe
c
i
f
ic
it
y
,”
L
e
ar
ni
n
g
and
I
n
di
v
i
d
ua
l
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
,
v
o
l/is
s
u
e
:
17
(3
),
pp.
269
-
27
9
,
20
07
.
[
7]
P
.
R
.
P
i
n
tr
ic
h
a
n
d
D.
H.
S
c
hu
n
k,
“
M
o
tiv
a
tio
n
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
: T
h
eo
r
y
,
r
es
ear
ch
,
an
d
ap
p
l
i
cat
i
o
n
,”
E
n
g
le
w
o
o
d
C
lif
f
s
,
N
J
: P
r
e
n
tic
e
-
H
al
l
I
n
c.
,
19
96
.
[
8]
A.
B
.
H
e
ndr
i
c
k
s
on,
“
P
r
e
d
ic
tin
g
st
u
d
en
t
s
u
cces
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e L
ear
n
i
n
g
a
nd S
t
u
d
y
S
t
ra
t
e
g
i
e
s
In
v
e
n
t
o
ry
(L
A
S
S
I)
,”
Un
p
u
b
l
i
sh
e
d
m
a
st
e
r
’
s t
h
e
si
s.
I
o
wa
S
t
a
t
e
Un
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
Am
e
s,
I
A
,
199
7
.
[
9]
A.
K
ap
l
an
,
“
I
n
tr
in
s
ic
a
n
d
Ex
tr
in
s
ic
M
o
tiv
a
tio
n
,
”
20
10
.
h
tt
p
://w
w
w
.
e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
.
c
o
m
/r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
/a
r
tic
le
/in
tr
i
n
s
ic
-
an
d
-
e
x
tr
in
s
ic
-
m
o
tiv
a
tio
n
/
.
[
1
0]
M
. R
.
L
ep
p
er
,
“
M
ot
i
v
a
t
i
ona
l
C
on
s
i
de
r
a
t
i
ons
i
n t
he
S
t
udy
of
I
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
on
,”
C
ogni
t
i
o
n an
d I
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
on
,
v
o
l/is
s
u
e
:
5(
4)
,
pp
.
2
89
-
309
,
19
88
.
[
1
1]
T
ea
ch
T
houg
ht
,
“
21
S
i
m
pl
e
I
de
a
s
T
o I
m
pr
ov
e
S
t
ude
nt
M
ot
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
20
12
.
h
ttp
:
//w
w
w
.
te
a
c
h
th
o
u
g
h
t.
c
o
m
/te
a
c
h
in
g
/2
1
-
s
im
p
le
-
i
d
eas
-
to
-
i
m
pr
ove
-
s
t
ude
nt
-
m
o
tiv
a
tio
/
.
[
1
2]
M
.
L.
M
at
a,
e
t a
l.
,
“
A
ttitu
d
e
s
to
w
a
r
d
s
M
a
th
e
m
a
tic
s
: Ef
f
e
c
ts
o
f
I
n
d
iv
i
d
u
a
l,
M
o
tiv
a
tio
na
l
,
a
nd
S
oc
i
a
l
S
up
por
t
F
act
o
r
s
,”
C
h
i
l
d
D
evel
o
p
m
en
t
R
es
ea
r
ch
,
v
ol
.
2
01
2,
20
12
.
[
1
3]
M
oha
m
e
d L
.
an
d
W
ah
eed
H
.,
“
S
e
c
onda
r
y
S
t
ude
nt
s
’
A
t
t
i
t
ude
t
ow
a
r
ds
M
a
t
he
m
a
t
i
c
s
i
n
a S
el
ec
t
ed
S
ch
o
o
l
o
f
M
al
d
i
v
es
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
o
nal
J
our
n
al
of
H
um
ani
t
i
e
s
an
d
Soc
i
a
l
Sc
i
e
nc
e
,
v
o
l/is
s
u
e
:
1
(
15
)
, p
p
.
27
7
-
2
81
,
20
11
.
[
1
4]
M
. B
. M
.
S
iti
a
nd
Z
.
E
ffa
n
d
i
,
“
T
h
e L
ear
n
i
n
g
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
,
T
e
ach
er
’
s
F
act
o
r
an
d
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
A
ttitu
d
e
t
ow
a
r
ds
M
a
t
he
m
a
t
i
c
s
A
m
ong
s
t
E
ng
i
ne
e
r
i
ng
T
e
c
hnol
og
y
S
t
ude
nt
s
,”
I
n
t
e
r
n
at
i
o
nal
J
our
nal
o
f A
ca
d
em
i
c R
es
ea
r
ch
,
v
o
l/is
s
u
e
:
2(
2)
,
pp
.
16
-
20
,
20
10
.
[
1
5]
G
. C
.
G
ear
y
,
e
t a
l.
, “
R
e
por
t
of
t
he
T
a
s
k
G
r
oup
o
n
L
ear
n
i
n
g
P
r
o
ces
s
es
,
”
200
8
.
[
1
6]
E
. E
.
R
i
gd
on
,
“
S
t
r
uc
t
ur
a
l
e
q
ua
t
i
on
m
o
d
e
llin
g
,”
i
n
M
ode
r
n m
e
t
hods
f
or
bus
i
ne
s
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
G
.
A
.
M
a
r
c
oul
i
de
s
(
e
di
t
or
)
.
M
a
hw
a
h,
N
J
:
L
a
w
r
e
nc
e
E
r
l
ba
um
A
s
s
oc
i
a
t
e
s
,
P
u
bl
i
s
he
r
s
,
p
p.
2
51
-
29
4
,
19
98
.
[
1
7]
R.
C.
M
acC
al
l
u
m
a
nd J
.
T
.
A
u
s
tin
,
“
A
p
p
lic
a
tio
n
s
o
f
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
a
l
e
qua
t
i
o
n m
od
el
i
n
g
i
n
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
i
cal
r
es
e
ar
ch
,”
A
nn
ual
R
e
v
i
e
w
of
P
s
y
c
h
ol
o
gy
,
vol
.
51
,
pp.
20
1
-
2
26
,
20
00
.
[
1
8]
C.
L
l
er
as
,
“
P
a
th
A
n
a
ly
s
is
,”
E
n
c
y
c
l
o
p
ed
i
a o
f
S
o
ci
al
M
eas
u
r
em
en
t
,
E
l
s
er
v
i
er
I
n
c
.,
vo
l
.
3
,
20
05
.
[
1
9]
C.
Li
u
,
“
F
act
o
r
s
t
h
at
I
n
f
l
u
en
ce S
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
L
e
a
r
ni
ng
A
t
t
i
t
ude
s
t
ow
a
r
d C
o
m
put
e
r
C
our
s
e
s
f
or
T
e
c
hnol
og
y
a
nd
V
o
cat
i
o
n
a
l I
n
s
t
itu
te
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
i
n
T
a
i
w
a
n
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
on
al
J
o
ur
nal
of
A
ppl
i
e
d M
an
age
m
e
nt
E
duc
a
t
i
o
n a
n
d
D
evel
o
p
m
en
t
,
v
ol
/
i
ssu
e
:
1
(3
)
, p
p
.
1
-
11
,
20
02
.
[
2
0]
J.
F
ab
i
en
,
“
M
o
tiv
a
ti
o
n
: f
a
c
to
r
s
a
f
f
e
c
tin
g
s
t
ude
n
t
m
o
tiv
a
tio
n
,
”
20
13
.
[
2
1]
Bo
ri
c
h
G
.
D
.
a
nd T
o
m
ba
r
i
M
.
L
.,
“
E
duc
a
t
i
ona
l
P
s
y
c
hol
og
y
:
A
C
ont
e
m
por
a
r
y
A
ppr
oa
c
h (
2
nd
e
d
itio
n
)
,”
A
u
s
tin
,
U
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
o
f
T
ex
as
,
199
6
.
[
2
2]
P
ad
l
i
ck
-
F
ie
ld
,
“
T
he
I
m
pa
c
t
of
t
he
H
om
e
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
on C
hi
l
dr
e
n’
s
A
t
t
i
t
ude
s
t
o
w
ar
d
s
L
i
t
er
ac
y
,
”
2011
.
[
2
3]
S
.
B.
H
eat
h
,
“
P
r
o
t
ean
s
h
ap
es
i
n
l
i
t
er
ac
y
ev
en
t
s
:
E
v
er
-
s
h
if
tin
g
o
r
a
l
a
n
d
lite
r
a
te
tr
a
d
itio
n
s
,”
i
n
E
. C
u
s
h
m
a
n
&
E
. R
.
K
i
n
t
g
e
n
&
B.
B K
ro
l
l
&
M
.
Ro
s
e
(E
d
s
.
),
L
i
t
er
ac
y
:
A
cr
i
t
i
cal
S
o
u
r
ceb
o
o
k
,
B
os
t
o
n:
B
e
df
or
d/
S
t
.
M
a
r
t
i
n’
s
,
pp
.
4
43
-
466
,
20
01
.
[
2
4]
S
. B
.
S
h
e
l
do
n,
“
In
S
c
ho
ol
,
f
a
m
i
l
y,
a
nd c
om
m
uni
t
y
pa
r
t
ne
r
s
hi
ps
:
Y
our
ha
n
db
ook
f
or
a
c
t
i
on
(
3r
d e
d.
)
,”
U
S
A:
C
o
r
wi
n
P
r
es
s
,
20
09
.
[
2
5]
M
. C
.
O
p
d
en
ak
k
er
,
e
t a
l.
,
“
D
o
C
l
as
s
es
an
d
S
ch
o
o
l
s
h
av
e an
E
f
f
ect
o
n
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
es
t
o
w
ar
d
s
M
at
h
em
at
i
c
s
?
”
2004
.
[
2
6]
F
.
F
a
lo
b
i,
“
In
f
ra
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
al
d
ecay
i
n
L
ag
os
s
c
hool
s
,
”
D
ai
l
y
I
n
d
ep
en
de
n
t
,
20
13
.
[
2
7]
O
s
ond
u J
.
N
.,
“
P
u
b
lic
E
duc
a
t
i
o
n i
n N
i
g
e
r
i
a
a
t
t
he
C
r
os
s
r
oa
ds
,”
N
ig
e
r
ia
w
o
r
ld
,
20
08
.
[
2
8]
D.
O.
O
w
u
a
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