Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of E
valua
tio
n
an
d
Rese
arch
in
Educati
on (I
JE
RE)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
699
~
704
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ije
r
e
.
v
8
i
4
.
20300
699
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJE
R
E
English
for spe
cifi
c techni
ca
l
and
en
gineeri
ng acade
mic
pu
rposes: An
analysis
on ES
L practiti
oner
s’ c
h
allen
ge
s
No
r
Yaz
i Kham
is
1
, A
z
w
in A
ri
f
A
bdul
Rah
im
2
, S
up
yan
Hussin
3
1
,
2
Depa
rtment
of
English L
angu
a
ge
,
C
ent
r
e
for
Modern
L
angua
g
e
s
,
Univer
sit
i
Ma
l
a
y
si
a
Pah
ang, Ma
lay
si
a
3
Sus
ta
ina
bilit
y
o
f
La
ngu
age Sci
e
nce
s Re
se
arc
h
C
ent
er
,
Fa
cul
t
y
of
Social
Sci
ences
and
Hum
ani
ties
,
Univer
siti
Keba
ngsaa
n
Mal
a
y
s
ia,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
27
, 201
9
Re
vised
Oct
2
9
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Nov
2
5
, 201
9
The
fa
ci
l
it
a
ti
on
of
Engl
ish
for
Speci
fi
c
Engi
n
ee
ring
Ac
ade
m
i
c
Purpos
es
appr
oac
h
at
Ma
lay
s
ia
n
technica
l
and
engi
n
ee
rin
g
te
rt
ia
r
y
insti
tu
ti
ons
is
an
eff
ort
to
r
evi
t
al
ise
the
ped
a
gogic
a
l
m
et
hod
s
of
ESL
lea
rning
and
comm
unic
at
ion
skill
s
at
th
e
inst
it
uti
ons.
A
cl
os
e
exa
m
ination
o
n
the
ESL
pra
ctiti
on
ers’
co
nte
xt
has
ind
ica
te
d
a
cri
t
ic
a
l
g
ap
bet
we
en
the
dive
rsifi
ed
req
uire
m
ent
s
of
skill
s
and
sou
nd
peda
gog
ic
a
l
m
odel
s
to
d
eterm
ine
th
e
pra
ctiti
on
ers’
qu
al
ity
.
In
under
st
andi
ng
the
nece
ss
ity
of
th
e
app
roa
ch,
th
is
stud
y
ai
m
s
to
expl
ore
and
inve
stigate
the
cha
l
le
ng
es
fa
ce
d
b
y
th
e
pra
ctiti
on
ers
in
f
ac
i
li
t
at
ing
the
ap
proa
ch.
Th
e
stud
y
comprised
da
ta
gat
her
ed
from
sem
i
structured
in
te
rvi
ews
o
f
14
ESL
exp
e
rts
and
an
on
li
n
e
surve
y
on
42
ESL
pra
ctiti
o
ner
s
in
t
ec
hn
ic
a
l
and
eng
ineeri
ng
fie
lds
.
Int
erv
i
e
w
questi
ons
for
the
expe
r
ts
were
deve
lop
e
d
to
find
out
about
the
ch
al
l
enge
s
and
compete
nc
ie
s
to
over
come
t
he
hurdle
s.
A
se
lf
-
assess
ed
instrument
with
a
five
-
L
ike
rt
sca
le
of
importanc
e
on
the
competenci
es
was
used
to
gauge
the
pra
ctiti
on
ers’
vi
ew
onn
the
ap
proa
ch.
Frequ
en
ci
es
and
per
ce
n
ta
ges,
and
Braun
and
C
la
rk
e’s
(2006)
six
-
st
age
m
et
hod
of
t
hemati
c
anal
y
s
is
were
used
to
ana
l
y
se
th
e
dat
a
.
Findings
from
the
both
inqui
rie
s
rev
eal
ed
seve
ra
l
cha
l
le
nges
whic
h
le
d
to
the
ne
ces
sit
y
of
wide
r
kn
owledge
and
un
der
standi
n
g
of
the
appr
oa
c
h
and
the
pre
val
en
t
of
spec
i
fic
compet
enc
i
es
for
the
pra
ctiti
on
ers
in
over
coming
the
cha
llenges.
Th
e
pra
c
ti
t
ione
rs’
compete
n
c
y
was
subs
ta
nti
al
l
y
indi
spensab
le
bec
ause
i
t
coul
d
aff
ect
the
ir
l
ea
rn
ers’
int
ere
st
in
l
ea
rning
th
e
s
kil
ls
as
well a
s
i
n
under
stand
ing the
cont
en
t
subj
e
ct
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
En
glish
f
or
s
pecific
acade
m
ic
pur
po
ses
Pr
act
it
ion
e
rs
Tech
nical
and
e
ng
i
neer
i
ng
com
petency
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Nor Yazi
Kh
a
m
is,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f En
glish La
ngua
ge
,
Ce
ntre f
or Moder
n
La
ng
uag
e
s
Un
i
ver
sit
i M
al
ay
sia
Pah
a
ng
,
26600 Pe
kan,
Paha
ng, Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
:
nyazi
@u
m
p.
edu.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
facil
it
at
ion
of
E
ngli
sh
for
S
pecific
Aca
dem
ic
P
urp
os
es
par
ti
c
ularly
f
or
e
ng
ineerin
g
a
nd
te
chn
ic
al
c
on
t
ext
w
hic
h
is
t
erm
ed
as
ESE
P
(E
ngli
sh
f
or
Sp
eci
fic
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng
acad
e
m
ic
Pu
r
poses)
in
t
his
stud
y,
certai
nl
y
entai
ls
dev
el
op
in
g
an
d
as
sist
ing
le
arn
e
r
s’
la
ngua
ge
stud
y
to
pe
rfo
r
m
eff
ect
ively
in
an
academ
ic
con
te
xt.
T
he
both
f
ocus
m
or
e
on
l
angua
ge
in
c
onte
xt,
rather
t
ha
n
ESL
gram
m
ar
and
st
ru
ct
ur
es
for
flue
ncy
in
dail
y,
inf
or
m
al
setting
s.
T
he
fo
c
us
influ
e
nces
t
he
way
the
la
ng
uag
e
a
nd
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
are
ta
ught
and
e
vi
den
tl
y
ESA
P
nee
ds
t
o
be
m
or
e
pr
a
ct
ic
al
ly
div
ersified,
e
nc
om
passing
li
ng
uisti
c,
cogniti
ve
a
nd
so
ci
o
-
cultural
or
psy
cho
l
og
ic
al
asp
ect
s
[1
]
.
Corre
sp
on
dingly
,
this
conn
otes
the
needs
for
pe
da
gogical
m
e
thods
tha
t
are
p
a
rall
el
w
it
h
the
e
ng
i
ne
erin
g
ed
ucati
on
dev
el
op
m
ents
[2
]
.
In
ot
he
r
w
ords
,
desp
i
te
the
wi
de
s
pr
ea
d
distrib
ution
of
the
app
r
oac
h
w
hich
has
br
oa
de
ne
d
ESL
pr
a
ct
it
ion
ers
’
sco
pes,
ESEP
facil
it
at
ion
is
foregr
ounded
by
the s
pecifici
ty
[
3,
4] of tech
nical
and e
ngin
e
erin
g
aca
dem
i
c co
ntexts.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
201
9
:
69
9
-
7
0
4
700
In
asm
uch
,
the
pr
act
it
io
ner
s
are
c
onfro
nt
ed
with
var
i
ous
c
halle
nges
from
sta
keholde
rs
who
dem
and
ed
e
ngineers
to
ha
ve
a
good
c
omm
a
nd
of
the
la
ng
uag
e
.
The
pr
ac
ti
ti
on
ers
nee
d
to
kee
p
in
pace
with
the
ra
pid
w
or
l
dw
i
de
dev
el
opm
ent
in
en
gi
ne
erin
g
e
du
cat
i
on
f
or
the
past
two
deca
des
[
5].
P
uteh
a
nd
Mohd
Ism
ail
al
so
urg
e
for
si
gn
i
fican
t
changes
t
o
th
e
existi
ng
pe
da
gogical
ap
proa
ch
in
the
fiel
d
du
e
to
it
s
si
gn
i
fican
t
ro
le
s [
6],
i
n
prepari
ng
e
ngine
erin
g
le
ar
ner
s
w
it
h
f
uture workplace
a
nd
e
nvir
on
m
ent
[7
]
. Mo
re
s
pecifica
ll
y,
the
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs
s
hould
be
a
ble
to
inte
rpret
the
needs,
desi
gn
syl
la
bi,
sel
ect
and
e
xp
l
oit
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
m
at
e
rial
s
to
ta
il
or
to
sp
eci
fic
discipli
nar
y
con
te
nts
an
d
ta
sk
s
[
8
-
10]
.
H
oweve
r,
S
hatr
ov
a
con
te
nds
the
com
plica
ti
on
s
of
th
e
ro
le
s
as
it
in
volves
decisi
on
m
aking
a
bout
cu
rr
ic
ula
[
11]
.
T
he
pr
act
it
io
ner
s
are
c
halle
ng
e
d
with
te
achin
g
unfam
iliar
disc
ipli
nes
a
nd
the
nee
d
t
o
e
ng
a
ge
with
sub
j
ect
sp
eci
al
ist
s.
T
he
se
ha
ve
cause
d
th
e
pr
act
it
ione
rs
t
o
face
‘sub
j
ect
knowle
dge
dile
m
m
a’
[12],
a
nd
feel
te
ns
i
on
i
n
t
heir
desire
t
o
overc
om
e
the
infe
rio
rity
co
m
plex
,
in pr
ov
i
ng to b
e ‘in
te
ll
ect
ually
capab
le
’ of
c
op
i
ng w
it
h s
ubj
ect
conte
nt [1
3].
Nev
e
rtheless
,
des
pite
the
grow
i
ng
pr
e
ssur
es
on
t
he
pra
ct
it
ion
ers
in
f
aci
li
ta
t
ing
En
gl
ish
m
edium
con
te
nt
kno
wledg
e
,
there
is
scarcit
y
of
dis
cussion
on
ES
EP
pr
act
it
ione
rs’
chall
e
ng
es
at
Ma
laysia
n
fo
cu
s
un
i
ver
sit
ie
s.
H
ence,
this
stu
dy
cal
ls
fo
r
an
inv
e
sti
gation
on
ESEP
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs’
ped
a
go
gical
pr
act
ic
es
at
the
local
te
chn
ic
al
and
en
gin
ee
ri
ng
higher
ed
uc
at
ion
ins
ti
ti
tutio
ns.
Sp
eci
fical
ly
,
the
ob
j
ect
iv
es
are
to
exp
l
ore
the
exp
e
rts’
vie
ws
on
chall
en
ges
and
com
petenc
ie
s
require
d
by
the
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs
in
facil
it
at
ing
ES
EP,
an
d
t
o
fi
nd
ou
t t
he practi
ti
on
e
rs
’ view
on
the
require
d
c
om
petencies i
n o
ver
c
om
ing
th
e chall
en
ges
.
2.
LIT
ERATUR
E REVIE
WS
2.1.
The
cri
tic
al E
AP
t
he
ory
The
Crit
ic
al
EAP
the
or
y
by
Be
nesch
[14]
that
supports
th
is
stud
y
is
influ
ence
d
by
He
nr
i
Gir
oux’s
crit
ic
al
ped
ag
ogy
on
pr
a
ct
it
i
on
e
rs
’
disaf
fec
ti
on
with
thei
r
current
sta
tus
quo
[
15
]
.
T
he
theor
y
“a
ppeal
to
te
ach
ers
who
are
unha
ppy
with
cu
rr
e
nt
c
onditi
ons,
see
ki
ng
ways
to
br
ing
a
bout
pe
da
gogical
,
insti
tuti
on
al
,
and
s
ocial
cha
ng
e
on
be
half
of
an
d
with
t
he
ir
[lear
ne
rs]”
[14].
T
he
t
heory
ad
vocat
es
pe
dago
gy
as
pa
rt
of
knowle
dge
pr
oductio
n,
he
nce
i
m
plica
te
s
how
le
ar
ner
s
’
id
entit
ie
s
wer
e
pro
duced
[16].
This
is
to
em
ph
asi
se
that
“diff
e
re
nt
form
s
of
ped
a
gogy
pro
duce
diff
e
re
nt
ty
pes
of
kn
ow
le
dge
and
le
ar
ners’
identit
y”
.
Hence
,
it
is
vital
for
E
SEP
pr
act
it
io
ner
s
to
crit
ic
al
ly
reali
se
the
im
pac
t
of
t
heir
c
ompete
ncies
beca
us
e
it
af
fects
t
hei
r
le
arn
er
s’
i
den
ti
ty
.
More
ov
e
r,
t
he
facil
it
at
ion
of
academ
ic
la
ng
ua
ge
us
in
g
te
chn
ic
al
a
nd
en
gin
ee
rin
g
aca
dem
ic
ta
sk
s,
te
xts
and
c
on
t
ent
has
acco
r
de
d
ESEP
a
highly
pr
a
gm
atic
appr
oach.
ESE
P
pr
a
gm
at
is
m
that
acce
ntu
at
e
s
on
const
ant
in
vestigat
ion
s
of
nee
ds
[
17]
has
le
ft
m
ini
m
a
l
cho
ic
e
for
ESE
P
pra
ct
it
ion
ers
to
c
onf
or
m
to
wh
at
[18]
con
te
nd
ESE
P
as
“an
a
ppr
oa
ch
to
la
ngua
ge
te
achin
g
in
w
hich
al
l
decisi
on
s
as
to
c
onte
nt
an
d
m
et
ho
d
are
base
d
on
the
le
arn
e
r’
s
reason
for
le
arn
i
ng
”
.
This
co
nf
or
m
ity
to
con
te
nt
fie
ld
has
re
du
ce
d
ESEP
pract
it
ion
ers
’
sta
tus
as
“t
he
bu
tl
ers”
[14].
The
pra
gm
atis
m
assu
m
es
ESEP
pr
act
it
io
ners
to
su
bo
rd
i
nate
their
instruc
ti
on
t
o
the
dem
and
s,
beh
a
viour
s
and
a
rr
a
ngem
ents,
“pe
r
petu
at
ing
a
sub
ordinate
r
ole
to
co
ntent
discip
li
ne
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs”
[14].
T
he
“
prim
acy
and
na
rrowness
of
f
acult
y
per
ce
pt
ion
s
surr
oundi
ng
ESL
le
a
rners
’
perform
ance
al
ong
wit
h
the
un
e
qual
po
wer
relat
ion
s”
[
19]
exp
ect
s
ES
E
P
pract
it
ion
ers
no
t
t
o
quest
io
n
th
e
pr
act
ic
al
it
y
of
ped
a
gogical
act
ivit
ie
s.
Ther
ef
or
e
,
the
the
or
y
urge
s
ES
EP
pr
a
ct
it
ion
e
rs
to
be
c
riti
cal
wh
e
n
te
aching
discip
li
nar
y
con
te
nt,
rather
t
han
pas
sively
accom
mo
datin
g
[
20]
,
as
conve
ntion
al
l
y
assum
ed
in
m
os
t
ESEP se
tt
ing
s.
2.2.
The
sp
eci
fit
y of ESE
P
W
it
h
re
gards
to
the
sp
eci
fici
t
y
of
ESEP
,
w
hich
s
hould
be
in
accor
dan
ce
to
the
con
te
nt
fiel
ds
,
[
18
]
br
i
ng
s
f
ort
h
th
ree
chall
en
ges.
The
three
are
the
la
ck
of
co
nv
e
ntio
n
to
prov
i
de
a
read
y
m
ade
gu
ide
,
th
e
new
fiel
ds
of
kn
owle
dg
e
E
SEP
pract
it
ion
ers
ha
ve
to
c
op
e
,
an
d
the
c
hange
i
n
ELT
sta
tu
s.
Firstl
y,
the
la
ck
of
conve
ntion
for
read
ym
ade
ESEP
pe
da
gogi
cal
m
at
erial
s
hav
e
le
d
to
issu
es
of
‘a
uth
e
nti
ci
ty
’.
The
issu
e
of
not
hav
i
ng
s
pecifi
c
gu
i
deline
in
us
in
g
aut
hen
ti
c
or
ina
uth
e
ntic
m
at
erial
s
ha
s
caused
uncer
ta
inti
es
a
m
on
g
ESEP
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs.
The
pr
act
it
io
ne
rs
need
to
de
ci
de
on
t
he
r
ol
e
of
m
at
erial
s
befor
e
it
can
be
ada
pted
t
o
be
us
e
d.
The deci
sio
n
is
b
ase
d o
n gen
e
ral guideli
ne
s a
nd the
so
l
ution i
s r
at
he
r n
ot c
on
cl
us
ive
.
Seco
nd
ly
,
le
a
r
ner
s
’
knowle
dge
of
s
ubj
ect
c
on
te
nt
is
a
no
t
he
r
hurd
le
f
or
pract
it
ion
ers
w
ho
hav
e
on
ly
gen
e
ral
E
ngli
sh
(G
E
)
trai
ning.
GE
re
qu
i
re
s
f
un
ct
io
nal
li
te
racy
or
c
omm
un
ic
at
ive
co
m
petence
in
s
ocial
set
ti
ng
s
us
i
ng
read
y
-
m
ade
m
at
erial
s
wh
erea
s
ESEP
in
vo
l
ve
s
eng
i
neer
i
ng
sp
eci
al
ist
kn
owle
dge
an
d
la
ngua
ge
of
the
s
pecific
fiel
d
[21].
Th
e
chall
eng
es
a
re
in
te
rm
s
of
the
m
at
erial
sp
eci
fici
ty
,
the
diff
ic
ulty
of
ESEP
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs
to
com
pr
ehend
the
sub
j
ect
m
atter,
an
d
the
ki
nd
of
knowle
dge
ESEP
pr
act
it
ion
ers
ne
ed
.
ESE
P
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs
ne
ed
both
c
on
t
ent
and
form
al
schem
a
know
le
dg
e
i
n
the
en
gin
ee
rin
g
fiel
d
s
o
th
at
the
p
racti
ti
on
e
rs
c
an
be
a
dv
is
ors
and
facil
it
a
tors
of
le
ar
ne
rs’
c
omm
un
icati
ve
pr
act
ic
es
[22],
as
wel
l
as
colla
borato
rs,
researc
hers,
a
nd
e
valuat
or
s
of
the
m
at
erial
s
they
hav
e
pr
ov
i
ded
f
or
le
a
rn
e
rs’
le
ar
ning
[
23
]
.
These
r
oles
re
qu
i
re
consi
de
r
able
a
m
ou
nt
of
eff
or
t
and
ti
m
e,
wh
ic
h
co
uld
necessit
at
e
the
pr
act
it
ion
er
s’
change
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
En
glish for s
pe
ci
fi
c tec
hn
ic
al
and
e
ngineeri
ng
ac
ade
mic pu
rp
ose
s:
An
anal
ysi
s…
(
Nor
Yazi
Khamis
)
701
of
at
ti
tud
e
i
n
e
ns
uri
ng
e
ff
ect
ua
l
le
arn
in
g.
T
he
un
ea
siness
t
o
com
pr
ehe
nd
t
he
sub
j
ect
m
att
er
is
act
ually
der
ive
d
from
the
pr
act
it
ion
ers
’
rel
uctance
to
ge
t
ou
t
of
the
c
om
fo
rt
zon
e
,
w
hich
is
us
ua
ll
y
con
fi
ne
d
in
the
te
ac
hi
ng
of
Lit
eratur
e
a
nd
so
ci
al
En
glish
[18].
A
ddit
iona
ll
y,
the
fact
that
their
sta
t
us
“cha
ng
es
f
rom
being
a
sub
je
ct
to
a
serv
ic
e
in
du
st
r
y
for
oth
e
r
spe
ci
al
is
m
”
is
the
cause
f
or
s
om
e
infer
i
or
it
y
feeli
ng
in
the
m
[1
8].
T
his
f
eel
ing
howe
ve
r
, is c
om
m
on
. H
e
nce,
there is a
n
i
ne
vi
ta
ble n
ee
d
f
or
a close c
oope
r
at
ion
with t
he
s
ubj
ect
s
pecial
ist
s.
As
ind
i
viduals,
Savaş
chara
ct
erises
ESEP
pr
act
it
ion
ers
as
pro
fessio
nals
w
ho
s
e
values
ar
e
m
or
e
than
the
pe
da
gogica
l
trai
ts
[2
4].
T
he
pract
it
ion
e
r
s
shou
l
d
be
wi
ll
ing
to
le
ar
n,
po
s
sess
s
om
e
knowle
dge
of
con
te
nt
su
bject
s,
work
well
in
a
te
a
m
,
li
ste
n
to
and
m
ot
ivate
le
arn
ers,
an
d
are
cri
ti
cal
in
think
in
g.
ESE
P
pr
act
i
ti
on
ers
al
so
car
ry
res
pons
i
bili
ti
es
t
o
keep
co
ntex
t
and
com
pr
e
hensi
bili
ty
in
their
inst
ru
ct
i
on,
sel
ect
an
d
ada
pt
authe
ntic
m
at
e
rial
s
fo
r
le
ss
ons,
prov
i
de
sc
affoldin
g
f
or
le
arn
e
rs’
li
ng
uisti
c
con
te
nt
le
arn
i
ng,
an
d
cr
eat
e
le
arn
er
-
ce
ntre
d
cl
assr
oo
m
s.
A
tt
an,
et
al
.
a
ntici
pate
the
pr
ac
ti
ti
on
ers
t
o
int
egr
at
e
or
im
bed
prof
e
ssio
nal
values
that
are
r
eq
uire
d
a
t
en
gin
e
erin
g
relat
ed
w
ork
places
es
pecial
ly
in
te
rm
s
of
le
arn
e
rs’
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
[
7]. Braca
j
al
so
supports
t
he
inclusi
on
of
at
titud
e
or
val
ues
in
the
prac
ti
ti
on
ers’
r
oles
apar
t
from
the
existi
ng
know
le
dg
e
and
s
kill
s
j
us
t
ifie
d
in
relat
ed
ESAP
li
te
ratur
e
[
9].
This
m
eans
apar
t
from
te
aching
,
pro
vid
in
g
m
ater
ia
ls,
desig
ning
a
syl
la
bu
s,
c
ollab
orat
ing
with
subj
ect
s
pecial
ist
s,
co
nductin
g
researc
h
an
d
e
valuati
ng
the
course
and
le
ar
ner
s
a
s
li
ste
d
by
the
earli
er
stud
ie
s
,
ESEP
pract
it
ion
e
rs’
r
oles
ha
ve
m
a
tured
with
so
m
e
val
ues
or
at
ti
tud
es att
ach
ed.
Mi
sh
ra
furthe
r
sp
eci
fies
t
he
values
i
n
the
ro
le
s
al
ong
wi
th
the
s
hift
of
ESEP
f
ro
m
ped
ag
ogy
to
andra
gogy
bec
ause
the
natu
r
e
of
E
SEP
le
arn
e
rs
w
ho
ar
e
al
read
y
in
a
sp
eci
fic
fiel
d
of
st
ud
ie
s,
possess
schem
at
a
in
the
la
ng
ua
ge,
a
nd
are
dr
i
ve
n
by
their
need
to
know
[
25]
.
Th
ese
so
rts
of
le
arn
e
rs
act
ually
req
ui
re
andra
gogical
appr
oach
tha
n
t
ho
s
e
prescri
be
d
by
pe
da
gogi
cal
m
od
el
[26
]
wh
ic
h
diff
e
r
s
in
te
rm
s
of
their
qu
al
ific
at
io
n
a
nd
pa
ssio
n
for
te
achi
ng
;
kn
ow
le
dg
e
on
r
ecent
dev
el
opm
en
ts
in
s
pec
ific
fiel
ds
;
s
ki
ll
an
d
patie
nce in de
ve
lop
in
g
le
a
rn
e
r
s’
s
kill
s; eng
a
gem
ent in r
esea
r
ch
a
nd
publica
t
ion
w
orks
to
cr
eat
e lea
rn
er
ce
ntric
cl
assroom
;
reco
gnit
ion
as
la
ngua
ge
sp
eci
al
ist
s
within
a
s
pe
ci
fic
fiel
d;
a
nd
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
of
to
-
date
cl
as
sroom
te
chn
iq
ues
an
d
act
ivit
ie
s.
F
or
that
reas
ons,
th
e
di
ver
sifie
d
na
ture
of
E
SEP
has
gr
a
nte
d
the
te
rm
‘p
racti
ti
oners
’
instea
d
of
instr
ucto
rs
[
27]
,
w
hich
i
nd
ee
d,
ca
rr
ie
d
m
or
e
co
m
plex
ro
le
s
a
nd
re
spo
ns
ibil
it
ie
s
tha
n
as
‘edu
cat
or
s
’
[9
]
.
A
bove
al
l,
ESEP
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs
re
qu
i
res
m
or
e
than
pe
da
gogical
know
le
dg
e
an
d
sk
il
ls;
it
has
e
xpa
nded
in
it
s
pr
act
ic
es
and
value
s,
in
li
gh
t
of
it
s
le
arn
e
rs’
nee
ds
and
w
hat
it
requires
.
This
therefo
re,
cal
ls
fo
r
inv
est
igati
ons
on
t
he
chall
en
ge
s f
aced
by ES
EP p
r
act
it
ion
er
s,
befo
re s
peci
f
ic
ESEP practi
ti
on
e
rs’
c
om
pet
ency
can
be
ide
ntifi
ed.
2.3.
ESE
P
pr
act
iti
on
ers
’
c
omp
e
t
enci
es
Com
petencies
ha
ve
been
interc
hangea
bly
us
e
d
with
di
ff
ere
nt
nam
es
an
d
ca
us
al
ly
li
nk
e
d
t
o
perform
ance
or
as
set
s
of
de
sirable
be
ha
vio
urs.
Woolla
c
ott
ou
tl
ines
co
m
petency
in
t
hr
ee
el
em
ents
[28]:
a
la
te
nt,
acqu
ire
d
or
de
velo
pe
d
at
tribu
te
pos
sessed
by
a
per
son;
relat
ed
to
the
intenti
on
al
execu
ti
on
of
ta
sk
s
;
i
m
plied
a
value
judgm
ent
on
the
qual
it
y
of
the
abili
ty
,
capaci
ty
or
char
act
erist
ic
against
f
or
m
al
ly
or
inf
or
m
al
l
y defi
ned c
rite
ria
‘Com
petency’
in
this
stud
y
there
fore
inclu
des
pe
rs
on
al
it
y
trai
ts
rather
than
s
olely
on
the
ov
e
rall
achievem
ent
-
ori
ented
beh
a
vi
our
[
29
]
.
T
herefo
re,
based
on
the
chall
en
ge
s
discuss
e
d
e
arli
er,
the
ex
pe
rts
an
d
ESEP
pract
it
io
ner
s
’
vie
wpoint
s
are
colle
ct
ed
in
identify
in
g
the
require
d
co
m
petency
fo
r
ESEP
pract
it
io
ner
s
.
This
is
beca
use
the
ex
per
ts
a
nd
pract
it
ion
er
s
are
the
in
divi
du
al
s
who
ha
ve
face
d
the
c
halle
ng
e
s.
It
is
well
assum
ed
that
the
pract
it
ion
e
r
s
know
best
w
hat
is
re
qu
ire
d
for
their
ESL
eng
i
neer
i
n
g
le
arn
e
rs.
Sit
uatin
g
this
stud
y
in
Ma
la
ysi
an
eng
i
neeri
ng
HE
co
ntex
ts,
three
Ma
la
ysi
an
Teache
r
Stand
a
rds
[
30]
pr
inciple
s
(val
ues
,
knowle
dge a
nd sk
il
ls) a
re a
da
pted
i
n
ide
ntify
ing
t
he
c
om
petencies f
or ES
E
P practi
ti
on
e
rs.
3.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
This
stu
dy
use
d
b
ot
h
qua
ntit
at
ive
an
d
qual
i
ta
ti
ve
inquirie
s
in
achie
ving
t
he
ai
m
of
the
stud
y.
Tw
o
gro
up
s
wer
e
se
le
ct
ed
to
be
in
cl
ud
e
d
in
the
s
tud
y
i.e.
ES
AP/
ESEP
ex
per
ts
and
pr
act
it
io
ne
rs
f
ro
m
fo
ur
publi
c
te
chn
ic
al
a
nd e
ng
i
neer
i
ng terti
ary insti
tuti
ons
.
Data coll
ect
ion p
ro
ce
sses b
e
ga
n
with ser
ie
s
of
inter
view
se
ssion
s
with 14
identifie
d
e
xp
e
rts. A
li
st of
sem
i
structur
e
d
inte
rv
ie
w
quest
io
ns
was
us
e
d
to
ge
nerat
e
the
ex
pe
rts’
prof
es
sio
nal
view
points.
L
at
er,
a
n
on
li
ne
sur
vey
on
the
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs
was
ca
rri
ed
out
f
or
the
m
to
s
el
f
-
asses
s
their
c
om
petencies.
A
fi
ve
-
Liker
t
scal
e
of
im
po
r
ta
nce
quest
io
nnai
re
wh
ic
h
co
m
pr
ise
d
it
e
m
s
from
the
three
MTS
pri
ncipl
es
wer
e
a
da
pte
d
an
d
m
ade
avail
abl
e
on
li
ne.
T
here
wer
e
42
ES
EP
pract
it
ion
e
rs
res
ponde
d
vo
l
un
ta
rily
.
The
inst
ru
m
ents
went
thr
ough
se
ver
a
l t
est
s to
en
sur
e their tr
us
t
wor
thiness a
nd a
uth
entic
it
y, as
w
el
l as it
s v
al
idit
y and reli
abili
ty
.
Brau
n
an
d
Cl
ark
e
’s
six
-
sta
ge
m
et
ho
d
of
the
m
at
ic
analy
sis
(TA)
was
use
d
to
analy
se
the
qu
al
it
at
ive
data
[
31]
an
d
Atla
s.ti
to
ai
d
t
he
pr
ese
ntati
on
of
dat
a.
T
he
quantit
at
ive
da
ta
wer
e
analy
se
d
us
in
g
m
ean
score
s
for
the
th
ree
pri
nciples.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
201
9
:
69
9
-
7
0
4
702
4.
RESU
LL
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
Find
i
ngs
f
ro
m
the
qual
it
at
ive
inquiry
re
veale
d
se
ver
al
c
halle
ng
e
s
that
were
cl
assifi
ed
un
der
t
he
t
hr
ee
m
ajo
r
them
es
wh
ic
h
were
the
three
pr
i
nciples
fr
om
[3
0]
see
in
Table
1.
Th
e
first
th
e
m
e
was
on
ESE
P
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs
’
c
halle
ng
e
s
on
the
la
ck
of
guideli
ne
for
s
pec
ific
pro
fessio
na
l
values
re
qu
i
red
in
E
SEP
le
arn
i
ng
and
facil
it
at
ing
in
te
c
hn
ic
a
l
and
e
nginee
rin
g
fiel
d.
M
os
t
of
the
e
xperts
m
ade
connecti
ons
be
tw
een
prof
e
ssio
nal
va
lues
an
d
soft
sk
il
ls
that
wer
e
nee
ded
by
ESEP
pract
it
ion
ers.
T
hey
al
so
put
forth
the
i
m
po
rtance
of
prof
e
ssio
nal
values
es
pecia
ll
y
wh
en
cat
e
r
ing
to
le
ar
ner
s
’
nee
ds
i
n
le
arn
i
ng
ESEP
c
ourses
(Lear
ner
F
ocus).
It
was
kn
own
f
or
a
fact
that
the
ir
le
ar
ner
s
we
re
al
re
ady
in
t
heir
c
ho
s
en
fiel
d
of
stud
i
e
s
(enginee
rin
g),
po
s
sess
sc
hem
at
a
in
the
la
ng
uag
e
,
an
d
wer
e
dr
i
ven
by
thei
r
nee
d
to
know
.
Co
ncurr
e
nt
w
it
h
the
li
te
ratur
e,
the
exp
e
rts
rec
omm
end
ed
t
he
s
hift
of
f
ro
m
ped
a
gogy
to
a
ndra
gogy
ap
proach.
N
ote
th
at
the
andra
gogical
appr
oach
has
diff
e
ren
t
te
achi
ng
m
et
ho
ds
an
d
pr
act
ic
es
as
di
scusse
d
earli
er.
Als
o,
the
e
xpert
s
agr
ee
d
with
Ja
vid’s
[27]
on
t
he
div
e
rsified
natu
re
of
ESE
P
w
hic
h
has
gr
anted
the
te
rm
‘practi
ti
on
er
s’
because
ESEP
re
spo
ns
ibil
it
ie
s
hav
e
e
x
pa
nded
i
n
de
finiti
on
s
a
nd
pract
ic
es
in
li
ght
of
it
s
le
arn
e
r
s’
nee
ds
a
nd
wh
at
it
requires
in faci
li
ta
ti
ng
ESEP
c
ourses.
Table
1.
T
he
c
halle
ng
e
s in
f
a
ci
li
ta
t
ing
ES
EP
The
m
es/
Ch
allen
g
es
ESE
P
Pr
o
f
ess
io
n
al Values
Kn
o
wled
g
e &
Und
erstand
in
g
of
E
SEP
Lear
n
in
g
&
Facilit
atin
g
ESE
P
Skills
Co
d
es
-
So
f
t Skill
s
-
Lear
n
er
Focu
s (an
d
rago
g
y
)
-
Practition
ers
-
Kn
o
wled
g
e of
T
echn
ical
-
Gen
eral En
g
lish
(
GE)
vs
Spe
cif
ic
(E
SP
)
-
Eng
in
eering
Acade
m
ic
Co
n
tex
t
-
W
o
rkp
lace Requ
ir
e
m
en
t
Seco
nd
them
e
was
on
the
kn
ow
le
dg
e
an
d
unde
rstan
ding
r
equ
i
red
in
th
e
le
arn
in
g
a
nd
f
aci
li
ta
t
ing
a
sp
eci
fic
fiel
d
l
ike
f
or
te
ch
nical
and
en
gin
ee
rin
g
ed
ucati
on.
Ma
j
ori
ty
of
th
e
ex
per
ts
wer
e
eq
ually
insist
ent
of
the
sign
i
ficanc
e
of
te
ch
nical
know
le
dge
and
unde
r
sta
ndi
ng.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
chall
en
ges
are
in
te
rm
s
of
the
m
at
erial
sp
eci
fici
ty
and
aut
hen
ti
ci
ty
,
the
diff
ic
ulty
to
com
pr
ehe
nd
t
he
su
bject
co
nt
ent
an
d
the
ki
nd
of
knowle
dge
ES
EP
pract
it
ion
er
s
need.
F
or
t
ha
t,
ESEP
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs
we
re
ad
vised
t
o
look
a
t
the
whole
pu
rpos
e
of
le
ar
ning.
A
te
aching
m
at
erial
that
cause
s
diff
ic
ulti
es
to
t
he
pr
act
it
io
ners
can
deter
m
eanin
gful
le
ar
ni
ng
a
nd
creati
ng
le
ss
i
nterest
am
on
g
le
arn
ers
.
T
he
so
luti
on
the
n,
de
pends
on
the
pr
act
it
io
ne
rs’
c
om
petency
in
sel
ect
ing
m
at
e
rial
s
‘that
acc
omm
o
date
their
ow
n
ca
pacit
ie
s’.
In
this
se
ns
e,
t
his
is
the
ad
van
ta
ge
of
ESE
P
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs
w
ho
play
the
ro
l
e
as
syl
la
bu
s
de
sign
e
rs
an
d
m
at
erial
wr
it
ers
in
co
ntrast
to
th
e
GE
ed
ucato
rs
w
ho
hav
e
no
powe
r
on
syl
la
buses
an
d
m
at
erial
s
sel
ect
ion
.
Ac
qu
i
rin
g
s
om
e
t
ech
nical
know
le
dg
e
of
e
ng
i
ne
erin
g
would
be
an
a
dv
a
ntage
to
th
e
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs.
Nev
e
rtheless,
the
exp
e
rts
voic
ed
co
nce
rn
on
the
e
xtent
of
th
e
require
d
E
SEP
techn
ic
al
knowle
dge a
nd un
der
sta
nd
i
ng.
As
for
the
thir
d,
m
os
t
of
the
ex
pe
rts b
el
ie
ve
d
the
sk
il
ls of
ESEP
le
a
rn
i
ng an
d
te
achin
g
c
om
pli
m
ented
the
ot
her
tw
o
dom
ai
ns
.
The
e
xp
e
rts
a
gr
ee
d
t
hat
ESE
P
pr
act
it
ion
ers
nee
de
d
the
s
kill
s
in
re
la
ti
ng
their
le
arn
i
ng
and
facil
it
at
ing
pract
ic
es
wit
h
the
e
ng
i
neeri
ng
aca
dem
ic
con
te
xts
an
d
i
n
accom
m
od
at
ing
E
SL
e
ng
i
ne
erin
g
le
arn
e
r
s’
w
ork
place
requirem
ents.
I
nteresti
ngly
,
the
i
m
po
rt
ance
of
the
sk
i
ll
echo
ed
the
e
xp
e
rts’
view
on
the
fact
that
the
le
arn
e
rs
w
ere
a
dult
s
who
al
rea
dy
possesse
d
t
he
sc
hem
at
a
i
n
the
la
ng
uag
e
and
were
dri
ve
n
by
their
need
s
[
25]
to
le
ar
n
te
chn
ic
al
a
nd
e
ng
i
neer
i
ng
rel
at
ed
co
ntents
.
Consi
ste
ntly
,
this
reit
erate
d
the
per
ce
ptible
nee
d for a
sh
ift i
n ESEP lea
rn
i
ng
and facil
it
at
ing t
o
a
ndra
gogic
al
ap
pr
oach.
In
overall
,
t
he
ex
per
ts
a
dm
itted
the
se
rio
usness
of
the
c
ha
ll
eng
es
faced
by
the
ESE
P
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs
and
ca
utio
n
ed
on
it
s
ne
gative
eff
ect
s
to
the
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs’
cl
assroom
pr
act
ic
es,
as
po
se
d
by
Be
nesc
h
[14]
.
Conver
sel
y,
the
chall
eng
es
,
if
it
is
ta
ckle
d
strat
egical
ly
,
co
uld
upli
ft
the
pr
act
it
ione
rs’
sig
nifica
nc
e
in
beco
m
ing
t
he
la
nguag
e
s
pecial
ist
in
the
fiel
d
es
peci
al
ly
with
reg
a
rds
t
o
MTS
,
wh
ic
h
aim
s
at
ge
nerat
ing
su
ccess
fu
l
pro
f
essional
pract
ic
es in aca
dem
i
c fiel
d base
d o
n
the
n
at
io
nal s
ta
nd
a
rd
s
.
The
fi
nd
i
ngs
f
ro
m
the
qu
a
nt
it
at
ive
analy
ses
concu
rr
e
d
w
it
h
the
qual
it
at
ive
on
the
im
portance
of
ESEP
kn
ow
le
dg
e
a
nd
un
der
sta
nd
i
ng
as
th
e
pr
evale
nt
co
m
petency
fo
r
the
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs
in
ov
e
rc
om
i
ng
the
identifie
d chall
eng
e
s see i
n
Ta
ble 2.
Table
2.
Me
a
n
scor
e
s fo
r
eac
h p
rinciple
of th
e com
petency
Co
m
p
eten
c
y
Princip
le I
ESE
P
Pr
o
f
ess
io
n
al Values
Princip
le I
I
Kn
o
wled
g
e &
Un
d
erstand
in
g
Princip
le I
I
I
ESE
P
L
ea
rnin
g
&
Facilitatin
g
Skills
Mean Sco
res
0
.75
4
0
.79
5
0
.79
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
En
glish for s
pe
ci
fi
c tec
hn
ic
al
and
e
ngineeri
ng
ac
ade
mic pu
rp
ose
s:
An
anal
ysi
s…
(
Nor
Yazi
Khamis
)
703
The
pract
it
ione
rs
vie
wed
E
S
EP
knowle
dge
and
unde
rstan
ding
as
the
m
os
t
sign
ific
a
nt
com
petency,
as
com
par
ed
to
Sk
il
ls
an
d
V
al
ues.
T
he
la
ck
of
te
ch
nical
knowle
dge
an
d
unde
rsta
nd
i
ng
as
re
vealed
in
the
qu
al
it
at
ive
fi
nding
s
ha
d
ca
us
e
d
the
pract
it
ione
rs
the
dif
ficul
ti
es
in
prepa
rin
g
m
at
erial
s
fo
r
ESEP
le
ar
ning
a
nd
te
aching
pr
act
i
ces.
The
la
ck
of
te
ch
nical
kn
owle
dge
an
d
unde
rstan
ding
con
c
urre
d
with
the
al
le
gati
on
s
on
reasons
wh
y
ESL
pract
it
ione
rs
we
re
fou
nd
incapa
ble
of
te
aching
la
ng
uag
e
a
nd
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
sk
il
ls
in
eng
i
neer
i
ng
fi
el
ds
.
As
rem
ark
ed
by
H
utchi
ns
on
a
nd
Wat
ers,
t
he
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs
felt
unc
ertai
n
du
e
to
l
ack
of
conve
ntion
f
or
read
ym
ade
ESEP
te
achi
ng
and
le
a
rn
i
ng
m
at
erial
s
[1
8,
21
]
.
T
he
s
peci
fici
ty
in
ESEP
was
a
cru
ci
al
m
at
te
r
on
the
basis
that
eac
h
prof
e
ssion
al
an
d
ac
adem
ic
discourse
c
om
pr
ise
d
a
va
riet
y
of
s
pe
ci
fic
li
te
racies.
The
var
ia
ti
on
s
in
eng
inee
rin
g
prof
e
ssio
nal
di
scourses,
wh
i
ch
wer
e
es
po
us
e
d
by
t
ext
analy
sis
researc
hes, exi
ste
d
in
term
s o
f
c
on
te
nts,
to
pi
cs an
d v
ocabul
aries [
4].
To
a
dd,
ESE
P k
no
wled
ge
a
nd
un
der
sta
nd
i
ng
was
al
so
re
quired
in
dif
fer
e
nt
ia
ti
ng
G
E
a
nd ESEP.
T
his
was
essenti
al
bec
ause G
E
has diffe
re
nt o
bject
ives and o
f
fers
m
or
e g
ene
ral la
ngua
ge
sk
il
ls t
hat h
ad
no s
pe
ci
fi
c
connecti
on
with
the
c
onte
nt
fiel
d.
Evi
de
nt
ly
,
the
quanti
ta
ti
ve
fin
dings
suppo
rted
t
he
seco
nd
pr
in
ci
ple
(Knowle
dg
e
a
nd
U
ndersta
ndin
g
of
ESE
P)
as
the
m
os
t
im
po
rtant
pri
nciple
f
or
ESEP
pract
it
ion
ers
’
com
petency
i
n
overc
om
ing
m
os
t
of
th
e
m
entioned
diff
ic
ulti
es.
The
pract
it
ion
e
rs
belie
ve
d
that
acqu
i
rin
g
knowle
dge
an
d
un
der
sta
nd
i
ng
of
eng
i
neer
i
ng
ac
adem
ic
and
pr
of
essi
onal
nee
ds
co
uld
hel
p
them
to
br
ea
k
away
from
the
‘u
nea
siness’
in
c
om
pr
ehendin
g
the
‘un
pr
e
dicta
ble
and
unfa
m
ilia
r’
te
chn
i
cal
and
eng
i
neer
i
ng contents.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
ESL
ES
E
P
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs
’
chall
en
ges
w
ere
com
par
abl
e
with
the
li
te
ratur
e
but,
not
m
uch
at
te
ntion
has
bee
n
giv
e
n
in
spe
ci
fiy
ing
the
re
quired
com
petencies
fo
r
s
pecific
a
cadem
ic
fiel
d.
Cl
early
,
the
ESEP
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs
’
ne
ed
s
pecific
co
m
petencies
fo
r
eff
ect
ua
l
ESE
P
le
arn
i
ng
a
nd
facil
it
at
ing
.
T
he
stu
dy
ada
pt
ed
the
three
MTS
pri
nciples
of
com
petencies
to
cl
assify
the
pr
ac
ti
ti
on
ers’
c
halle
ng
e
s.
Acc
ordi
ng
to
the
e
xp
e
r
ts,
the
chall
enges
occ
urred
due
t
o
th
e
inade
quacy
of
guideli
nes
f
or
ESE
P
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs
’
s
pecific
p
r
ofessi
onal
va
lues,
the
extent
of
t
echn
ic
al
kn
owle
dg
e
a
nd
unde
rstan
ding,
a
nd
ESE
P
sp
eci
f
ic
le
arn
in
g
an
d
facil
it
at
ing
s
kill
s.
Partic
ularly
on
the
need
f
or
ESEP
kn
ow
le
dge
an
d
unde
rst
and
i
ng,
the
pra
ct
it
ion
ers
acco
rd
e
d
the
pri
nci
ple
as
the m
os
t si
gn
if
ic
ant co
m
peten
cy
in
in
overc
om
ing
m
os
t of
t
he
m
entione
d
c
halle
ng
e
s.
The
fi
nd
i
ngs
r
easserte
d
t
he
ov
e
rlo
okin
g
of
ESEP
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs
’
com
petency
in
deali
ng
with
t
he
chall
enges,
a
nd
it
s
sign
ific
a
nt
eff
ect
s
on
le
arn
e
rs,
a
nd
i
n
su
pp
or
ti
ng
the
con
te
nt
subj
e
ct
.
The
fi
nd
i
n
gs
al
so
highli
gh
te
d
the
req
ui
red
ES
E
P
com
petencies,
wh
ic
h
co
uld
le
ad
to
info
r
m
at
ion
on
pro
f
essional
de
vel
op
m
ent
trai
ning
for
the
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs
in
el
evati
ng
the
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs’
sta
tus
and
recogn
it
io
n
as
the
la
ngua
ge
sp
eci
al
ist
s
in
the
fiel
d
of
te
chn
ic
al
and
eng
inee
rin
g
at
tho
se
insti
tuti
on
s
.
It
fu
rt
her
i
m
plicated
the
need
f
or
the
local
qu
al
it
y
agen
ci
es
to
sp
eci
fy
ESEP
pr
act
it
io
ner
s
’
qual
ific
a
ti
on
s,
in
c
ontr
ast
to
oth
er
G
E
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs
.
The
gu
i
delines
al
so
cou
ld
facil
it
ate
the
pr
act
it
ione
rs
in
prepa
rin
g
su
it
a
ble
com
m
un
ic
at
ive
activiti
es
that
centre
on
le
arn
er
s’ p
urp
ose
of lear
ning t
he
la
ng
uag
e
a
nd s
kill
s.
The
fi
nd
i
ngs
f
r
om
this
stud
y
do
not
al
low
f
or
ge
ner
al
iz
at
ion
;
howe
ver,
they
pro
vid
e
i
nsi
gh
ts
to
the
crit
ic
al
issues
in
ELT
t
o
en
gi
neer
i
ng
le
a
rn
e
r
s.
To
m
eet
the
dem
and
s
of
e
ng
i
neer
i
ng
w
ork
force
in
t
he
era
of
global
m
ob
il
ity
it
is
i
m
po
rtant
to
e
nsure
e
xc
hange
a
nd
s
ha
rin
g
of
idea
s
and
pract
ic
es
a
m
on
g
al
l
sta
ke
ho
l
der
s
par
ti
cula
rly
,
t
he
ESEP
pra
ct
it
ion
ers.
T
he
pr
act
it
ion
er
s
’
per
s
pecti
ves
and
act
ive
involvem
ent
i
n
the
eng
i
neer
i
ng
ac
adem
ic
and
w
ork
place
pre
pa
rati
on
are
eq
ua
ll
y
i
m
po
rtant
in
im
pr
ov
i
ng
l
earn
e
rs’
E
ng
li
s
h
a
nd
com
m
un
ic
at
ive
sk
il
ls
espec
ia
ll
y
in
aug
m
enting
t
he
sig
nificance
of
inter
discipli
nary
le
arn
in
g
be
twee
n
la
nguag
e
an
d
eng
i
neer
i
ng.
T
he
e
pistem
olo
gical
s
tu
dies
s
pecifica
ll
y
in
c
at
ering
to
E
SL
en
gin
ee
rin
g
le
arn
e
rs’
academ
ic
needs
an
d
j
ob prepa
rati
on
ha
ve
bec
om
e
cru
ci
al
wi
th
the
i
ncr
ease
d
pr
io
rity
of
pr
of
essi
onal
sk
il
ls
an
d
work inte
gr
at
e
d
c
urricula i
n
t
he fie
ld.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
resea
rch
a
nd
publica
t
ion
are
suppo
rted
by
the
Ma
la
ysian
Fun
dam
ent
al
Re
search
Grant
Schem
e
(F
RG
S)
grant
(
FRGS/1/
2016/
SS09/UMP/
03
/
1).
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