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lua
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Resea
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I
J
E
RE
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13
,
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5
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8
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2810
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h
ttp
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ere.
ia
esco
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e.
co
m
Factors
ef
fec
ts on
e
-
lea
rne
rs’ sa
tisf
a
ction a
t
th
e high
er
educa
tion inst
itut
io
ns in Sa
udi A
ra
bia
At
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q Ahm
a
d,
Siti
F
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lin
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h P
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dlee,
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To
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lea
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e
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g
t
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rn
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p
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tera
c
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ly
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se
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fo
rm
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n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
.
Be
c
a
u
se
it
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
e
-
lea
rn
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rs
with
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s,
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to
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r
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h
e
COV
ID
-
1
9
e
p
id
e
m
ic.
Th
is
stu
d
y
’
s
p
ri
m
a
ry
g
o
a
l
is
to
a
ss
e
ss
h
o
w
in
tern
e
t
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
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(
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)
a
n
d
se
rv
ice
q
u
a
li
t
y
(S
VQ
)
a
ffe
c
t
e
-
lea
rn
e
r
sa
ti
sfa
c
ti
o
n
(
EL
S
)
.
T
h
is
st
u
d
y
a
ss
e
ss
e
d
t
h
e
e
ffe
c
ts
o
f
fa
c
to
rs
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se
rv
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q
u
a
li
t
y
a
n
d
i
n
tern
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o
n
n
e
c
ti
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n
)
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n
e
-
lea
rn
e
r
sa
ti
sfa
c
ti
o
n
in
S
a
u
d
i
Ara
b
ian
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
stit
u
ti
o
n
s.
Th
e
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
wa
s
c
a
rried
o
u
t
u
sin
g
a
q
u
a
n
ti
tati
v
e
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
.
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
wa
s
a
c
q
u
ired
f
r
o
m
S
a
u
d
i
Ara
b
ian
u
n
iv
e
rsiti
e
s.
A
t
o
tal
o
f
3
5
0
q
u
e
stio
n
n
a
ires
we
re
re
v
iew
e
d
.
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e
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
twe
e
n
fa
c
to
rs
(
se
r
v
ice
q
u
a
li
t
y
a
n
d
in
tern
e
t
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
)
a
n
d
th
e
ir
e
ffe
c
t
o
n
th
e
sa
ti
sfa
c
ti
o
n
o
f
e
-
lea
rn
e
rs
wa
s
e
x
a
m
in
e
d
u
sin
g
stru
c
tu
ra
l
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
(AMOS
S
E
M
).
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e
stu
d
y
’
s
re
su
lt
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
trate
d
th
a
t
fa
c
to
rs
in
c
lu
d
in
g
S
VQ
a
n
d
ICS
h
a
v
e
a
p
o
sit
iv
e
e
ffe
c
t
o
n
h
o
w
sa
ti
sfie
d
e
-
lea
rn
e
rs
a
re
.
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is
a
rti
c
le
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
s
th
a
t
re
sp
o
n
si
b
le
a
u
t
h
o
r
it
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p
a
y
sp
e
c
ial
a
tt
e
n
ti
o
n
t
o
e
n
su
ri
n
g
q
u
a
li
ty
a
n
d
e
x
isti
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g
re
g
u
lati
o
n
s a
n
d
st
a
n
d
a
rd
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a
d
d
re
ss
th
e
issu
e
s
th
a
t
c
o
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ld
a
ff
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c
t
ELS
with
e
-
lea
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g
i
n
S
a
u
d
i
Ara
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ian
h
ig
h
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r
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d
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c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
stit
u
ti
o
n
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
-
lear
n
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
E
lectr
o
n
ic
lear
n
in
g
Hig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
I
n
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
On
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
Sau
d
i A
r
ab
ia
Ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
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ing
A
uth
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r
:
Atee
q
Ah
m
ad
Facu
lty
o
f
B
u
s
in
ess
,
E
co
n
o
m
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cs,
an
d
So
cial
Dev
elo
p
m
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t,
Un
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s
iti Ma
lay
s
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T
er
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a
n
u
Ku
ala
Ner
u
s
,
T
er
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g
g
an
u
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail: m
aster
atq
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
E
lectr
o
n
ic
lear
n
in
g
(
e
-
lear
n
i
n
g
)
is
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
I
C
T
)
to
o
ls
th
at
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
in
-
p
er
s
o
n
a
n
d
r
em
o
te
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
1
]
.
T
h
is
k
in
d
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
an
d
ab
ilit
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o
n
a
lev
el
with
th
o
s
e
o
f
tr
ad
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al
s
ch
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o
ls
.
T
h
e
p
r
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n
cip
al
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
t
h
is
m
o
d
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o
f
i
n
s
tr
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n
is
th
at
it
p
e
r
m
its
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-
lear
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er
s
to
s
tu
d
y
at
th
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o
wn
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ac
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f
r
o
m
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y
lo
ca
tio
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o
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th
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g
l
o
b
e,
an
d
at
an
y
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
in
ten
s
ity
[
2
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
as
th
er
e
is
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
n
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f
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aid
a
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d
d
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v
elo
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th
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lear
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in
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p
r
o
c
ess
[
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
h
as
f
o
r
ce
d
all
co
lleg
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u
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ities
,
an
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ch
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th
e
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lo
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e
to
im
p
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t
e
-
lear
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in
g
[
4
]
.
E
-
lear
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s
h
av
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ev
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esp
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in
h
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r
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u
ca
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in
s
titu
tio
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s
[
5
]
.
All
f
ac
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o
f
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m
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ex
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clu
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u
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ex
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C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
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m
ic
[
6
]
,
f
in
an
cial
s
y
s
tem
[
7
]
,
in
t
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e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
[
8
]
,
b
u
y
in
g
an
d
s
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g
[
9
]
,
in
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u
ca
tio
n
[
1
0
]
,
a
n
d
m
a
n
ag
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n
t.
I
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p
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ticu
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th
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C
OVI
D
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1
9
p
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ev
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d
1
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2
b
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g
s
ter
s
f
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m
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in
g
s
ch
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o
l
[
1
1
]
.
T
o
k
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p
th
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u
ca
tio
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s
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s
tem
f
u
n
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in
th
is
way
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ctr
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in
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,
o
r
e
-
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n
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T
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ten
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m
m
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d
in
f
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r
m
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t
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ls
to
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p
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p
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I
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J
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8
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2
2
F
a
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s
effec
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s
a
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c
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titu
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s
in
S
a
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d
i A
r
a
b
i
a
(
A
teeq
A
h
ma
d
)
2811
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
k
n
o
wn
as
e
-
lear
n
in
g
.
Alter
n
ativ
ely
,
it
is
k
n
o
wn
as
th
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d
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n
i
n
g
p
r
o
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s
s
o
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lin
e
lear
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in
g
[
1
2
]
.
E
-
lear
n
in
g
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
b
en
ef
its
e
-
lear
n
er
s
with
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lik
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tim
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k
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lo
w
co
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t,
q
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esp
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s
e,
an
d
in
ter
ac
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lear
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g
m
eth
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d
s
[
1
3
]
.
Desp
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m
a
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th
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at
Sau
d
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Ar
ab
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s
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in
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s
till
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ices
[
1
4
]
.
T
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co
s
ts
,
a
lack
o
f
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
,
m
an
a
g
em
e
n
t
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
a
lack
o
f
in
ter
est,
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
ed
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
o
n
t
h
e
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
lev
els
o
f
e
-
lear
n
er
s
a
nd
e
v
al
u
ate
d
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
an
d
in
ter
n
et
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
on
e
-
lear
n
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
ar
ea
s
o
f
r
ese
ar
ch
i
n
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
al
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
r
e
ce
n
t
y
ea
r
s
h
as
b
e
en
t
h
e
id
e
a
o
f
e
-
le
ar
n
i
n
g
,
a
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
te
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
-
m
e
d
i
ate
d
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
wit
h
i
m
m
e
n
s
e
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
al
p
o
t
en
tia
l
[
1
5
]
.
R
eg
a
r
d
i
n
g
t
h
is
,
R
o
d
r
i
g
u
es
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
d
ef
in
es
i
t
as
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
i
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
E
-
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
cr
ea
t
es
n
ew
c
h
a
n
ce
s
f
o
r
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
ea
c
h
i
n
g
i
n
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
s
u
b
je
ct
a
r
e
as
o
u
ts
id
e
o
f
t
h
e
tr
ad
i
ti
o
n
al
c
lass
r
o
o
m
s
etti
n
g
[
1
6
]
.
E
-
le
ar
n
i
n
g
,
w
h
ic
h
w
as
c
r
e
ate
d
b
y
c
o
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
wi
th
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
,
is
cu
r
r
e
n
tl
y
a
p
o
we
r
f
u
l
to
o
l
f
o
r
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
,
es
p
e
cia
ll
y
wh
e
n
u
s
i
n
g
i
n
te
r
n
e
t
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
.
D
u
e
t
o
th
e
c
le
ar
b
e
n
e
f
its
o
f
e
-
le
a
r
n
in
g
in
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
,
t
h
e
r
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
e
-
l
ea
r
n
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
ca
ti
o
n
s
t
h
at
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
s
e
r
v
ices
[
1
7
]
.
E
-
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
is
n
o
w
r
e
g
ar
d
e
d
as
a
c
r
u
ci
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
S
au
d
i
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
a
l
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
t
o
f
f
er
s
l
ea
r
n
er
s
f
le
x
i
b
il
it
y
i
n
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
,
s
c
al
ab
i
lit
y
,
c
o
n
s
is
te
n
cy
,
an
d
a
n
ef
f
i
ci
en
t
l
ea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
to
g
u
a
r
an
tee
t
h
e
ir
s
a
tis
f
ac
ti
o
n
.
I
t a
ls
o
o
f
f
e
r
s
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
iti
es f
o
r
d
is
t
an
ce
l
ea
r
n
in
g
,
tim
el
y
less
o
n
d
e
li
v
e
r
y
,
u
p
d
a
te
d
co
n
t
en
t,
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
e
f
f
ic
ac
y
[
5
]
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
em
i
c
h
as
m
a
d
e
t
h
e
e
-
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
c
r
u
ci
al
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
n
ti
n
u
e
d
e
x
is
t
e
n
ce
o
f
S
au
d
i
A
r
a
b
ia
’
s
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
al
s
y
s
te
m
.
F
u
r
th
er
,
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
(
SVQ)
,
in
ter
n
et
c
o
n
n
e
ctio
n
(
I
C
S)
,
a
n
d
e
-
lear
n
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
(
E
L
S)
ar
e
e
x
p
lai
n
e
d
i
n
d
et
ail
.
As
a
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
SVQ
en
ab
les
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
b
etwe
en
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
er
v
i
ce
s
ee
k
er
s
'
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
e
r
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
'
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
1
8
]
.
E
x
a
m
in
e
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
E
L
S
a
n
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
e
-
lear
n
i
n
g
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
e
-
lear
n
in
g
,
c
o
u
r
s
e
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
SVQ
,
wh
ich
ar
e
b
o
th
r
elian
t
o
n
s
y
s
tem
q
u
ality
to
en
s
u
r
e
ELS
,
SVQ
is
v
iewe
d
as
a
cr
u
cial
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
en
s
u
r
in
g
E
L
S
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
th
u
s
s
h
o
ws
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
SVQ
an
d
ELS
[
2
0
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ab
b
ate
[
2
1
]
,
a
s
y
s
tem
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
s
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
“
in
ter
n
et
”
em
p
l
o
y
s
tw
o
o
r
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
d
ev
ices
to
tr
an
s
f
er
d
ata
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
m
an
y
p
ar
ties
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
ile
ac
c
ess
in
g
th
e
in
ter
n
et
f
o
r
wh
atev
er
r
ea
s
o
n
,
an
I
C
S
r
ef
er
s
to
a
d
ep
en
d
ab
le
I
C
S
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
t
h
e
u
p
k
ee
p
o
f
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
a
n
d
h
ar
d
war
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
th
e
lev
el
o
f
lea
r
n
e
r
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
e
-
lear
n
in
g
ar
e
ess
en
tial f
ac
to
r
s
to
co
n
s
id
er
.
I
n
g
en
er
al
ter
m
s
,
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
is
a
co
m
p
lex
,
v
alu
e
-
lad
en
co
n
c
ep
t th
at
ca
n
also
b
e
s
ee
n
as
a
d
ec
lar
atio
n
o
f
h
ap
p
i
n
ess
with
an
an
ticip
at
ed
o
u
tco
m
e
[
2
3
]
.
W
h
en
u
s
in
g
e
-
lear
n
in
g
,
ELS
r
ef
e
r
s
to
th
e
n
o
tio
n
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
s
atis
f
ied
with
th
eir
a
b
ilit
y
to
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
an
d
m
ee
t
th
eir
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
n
ee
d
s
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
h
y
p
o
th
esis
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t w
as c
o
v
er
ed
i
n
th
e
n
e
x
t p
ar
t
.
Ser
v
ice
q
u
ality
is
ex
a
m
in
ed
as
a
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
in
g
t
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
an
d
p
e
r
c
eiv
ed
s
er
v
ice
s
ee
k
er
s
[
1
8
]
.
A
n
aly
ze
e
-
lear
n
er
s
an
d
th
e
le
v
e
l
o
f
s
er
v
ice
th
at
th
e
e
-
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
o
f
f
er
s
to
its
cu
s
to
m
er
s
.
E
-
lear
n
in
g
,
co
u
r
s
e
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
SVQ
ar
e
th
e
o
th
er
two
cr
iter
ia
th
at
r
ely
o
n
s
y
s
tem
q
u
ality
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
o
f
e
-
lear
n
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
SVQ
is
r
eg
ar
d
e
d
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
s
a
tis
f
ac
tio
n
o
f
e
-
lear
n
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
clu
d
es
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
lin
k
b
etwe
en
ELS
an
d
SVQ
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
io
r
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
:
SVQ
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t o
n
ELS
(
H1
)
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
o
al
o
r
o
b
jectiv
e,
s
u
ch
as
ac
q
u
i
r
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
two
o
r
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
u
te
r
s
,
s
m
ar
t
p
h
o
n
es,
o
r
o
th
e
r
d
ev
ices
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
in
ter
n
et.
R
u
n
n
in
g
e
-
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
with
a
s
o
lid
I
C
S
is
a
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
th
at
h
as
a
b
ig
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
d
eter
m
in
in
g
h
o
w
s
atis
f
ied
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
with
th
e
e
-
lear
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
5
]
.
We
s
u
r
v
ey
ed
th
e
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
o
f
lear
n
er
s
wh
o
u
s
e
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
s
in
ce
its
in
ce
p
tio
n
,
th
e
in
ter
n
et
h
as
p
lay
ed
a
co
m
m
en
d
a
b
le
r
o
le
in
ter
m
s
o
f
o
b
tain
in
g
lim
itles
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
r
ec
eiv
in
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
n
ews,
s
u
b
m
itti
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
,
an
d
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
I
n
p
a
r
ticu
lar
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
asizes
h
o
w
th
e
in
ter
n
et
h
as
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ized
th
e
wa
y
th
at
p
eo
p
le
lear
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
th
em
with
a
wea
lth
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
2
6
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
u
g
g
ests
a
h
y
p
o
th
esis
th
at:
I
C
S
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t o
n
th
e
E
L
S
(
H2
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
h
o
w
s
atis
f
ied
e
-
l
ea
r
n
er
s
ar
e
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
is
,
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
f
o
llo
ws
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
v
ar
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le
s
th
at
e
v
alu
ated
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e
f
ac
to
r
'
s
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
ELS
at
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
Sa
u
d
i
Ar
ab
ia.
Par
ticu
lar
ly
,
th
i
s
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
h
as
s
p
ec
if
icall
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t a
n
d
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
les u
s
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
2
8
1
0
-
2816
2812
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
escr
ib
e
h
o
w
e
-
lear
n
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
at
Sau
d
i A
r
ab
ia
’
s
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
s
er
v
ice
q
u
alit
y
an
d
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
o
f
in
d
o
u
t
h
o
w
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
an
d
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
im
p
ac
ted
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lear
n
er
s
’
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
q
u
an
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
f
er
en
tial
an
aly
s
is
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
alid
ity
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
d
ata
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
am
o
n
g
th
e
v
ar
iab
les.
2
.
1
.
Sa
m
ple a
nd
po
pu
la
t
io
n
A
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
Hair
et
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
is
a
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
ed
s
et
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
als
o
r
o
b
jects
th
at
ca
n
b
e
q
u
esti
o
n
ed
o
r
watc
h
e
d
to
g
et
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
in
a
n
y
r
esear
ch
th
at
ai
m
s
to
i
n
f
er
p
o
p
u
latio
n
-
lev
el
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
a
s
am
p
le.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
u
n
its
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
u
r
v
ey
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
eliab
le
f
in
d
in
g
s
is
th
e
s
am
e
as
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
[
2
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
1
6
3
m
en
an
d
1
8
7
w
o
m
en
m
ad
e
u
p
th
e
8
4
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wh
o
an
s
wer
ed
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
2
5
.
1
%
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
in
th
e
3
0
to
4
0
ag
e
r
a
n
g
e.
T
o
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
s
tu
d
y
q
u
a
n
t
itativ
ely
,
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
g
at
h
er
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia
am
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
-
lev
el
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
A
to
tal
o
f
3
7
0
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
;
3
5
0
v
alid
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
wer
e
a
cc
ep
ted
s
in
ce
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
aid
th
at
th
ey
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
a
g
o
o
d
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
o
f
th
e
tar
g
e
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
2
0
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
is
r
esear
ch
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
m
is
s
in
g
v
alu
es;
o
n
ly
3
5
0
wer
e
ex
am
in
e
d
with
o
u
t a
n
y
m
is
s
in
g
v
alu
es.
2
.
2
.
Q
ues
t
io
nn
a
ire
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
wh
ich
wa
s
u
s
ed
as
th
e
m
ain
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
h
a
d
o
p
en
-
en
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
p
e
n
-
en
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ask
f
o
r
all
co
n
ce
iv
ab
le
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
r
p
r
e
-
wr
itten
r
esp
o
n
s
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Af
ter
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
a
r
e
p
r
o
m
p
ted
to
s
elec
t
th
eir
an
s
wer
s
.
I
n
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esear
ch
,
s
tatis
t
ics
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
u
s
in
g
th
is
m
eth
o
d
o
f
in
q
u
ir
y
[
3
0
]
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
a
co
n
ce
p
t
in
r
esear
ch
[
3
1
]
.
A
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
o
n
a
s
ev
en
-
p
o
in
t
L
i
k
er
t
s
ca
le
(1
-
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
d
is
ag
r
ee
s
to
7
-
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
s
)
was
p
r
esen
ted
to
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
ev
al
u
a
te
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
S
p
ec
if
ically
,
v
alid
ity
a
n
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
with
h
o
w
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e,
test
,
o
r
m
eth
o
d
ass
ess
ed
th
e
s
tu
d
y
g
o
a
ls
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n pro
ce
du
re
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
g
av
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
to
o
n
lin
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
at
s
ev
er
al
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ian
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
r
e
q
u
ested
th
at
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t
c
o
m
p
lete
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
l
e
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t w
as r
eq
u
ested
b
y
a
r
esear
ch
er
to
tak
e
p
ar
t in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
an
d
s
en
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es f
o
r
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
.
E
ac
h
q
u
er
y
is
a
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
t
lea
d
er
s
to
th
e
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
esea
r
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
in
clu
d
ed
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
ass
u
r
an
ce
s
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
'
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
an
d
a
n
o
n
y
m
ity
.
Fo
r
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
,
ab
o
u
t
3
7
0
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
g
iv
en
o
u
t.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
j
u
s
t
3
5
0
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
.
A
to
tal
o
f
2
0
co
m
p
leted
s
u
r
v
ey
s
wer
e
r
ejec
t
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
h
ad
d
u
p
licate
an
d
in
co
m
p
lete
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Data
an
aly
s
is
is
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
lo
o
k
in
g
at
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
ath
er
ed
d
u
r
in
g
a
n
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
o
r
s
u
r
v
ey
an
d
d
r
awin
g
in
f
er
en
ce
s
an
d
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
[
3
1
]
.
AM
OS
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
SEM
)
was
u
tili
ze
d
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
to
a
n
aly
ze
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
is
ef
f
icien
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
clu
d
e
d
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
a
n
aly
s
is
,
wh
ich
h
elp
ed
th
e
au
th
o
r
an
aly
ze
th
e
d
ata
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
g
r
am
was
s
elec
ted
d
u
e
t
o
its
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
wit
h
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
an
d
its
v
er
if
icatio
n
.
Int
er
n
e
t
C
o
n
n
e
ctio
n
Ser
vice Qual
i
t
y
El
ect
r
o
n
ic
Lear
n
er
s
’
Sa
t
isfa
cti
o
n
H1
H2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
F
a
cto
r
s
effec
ts
o
n
e
-
lea
r
n
ers
’
s
a
tis
fa
ctio
n
a
t th
e
h
ig
h
er e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
S
a
u
d
i A
r
a
b
i
a
(
A
teeq
A
h
ma
d
)
2813
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Co
nv
er
g
ent
v
a
lid
it
y
a
nd
re
lia
bil
it
y
T
o
g
u
a
r
an
tee
t
h
at
th
e
“
f
ac
to
r
l
o
ad
in
g
an
d
av
er
a
g
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
e
x
tr
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
ar
e
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
0
.
7
0
a
n
d
0
.
5
0
to
f
u
lly
f
u
lf
ill
th
e
cr
ite
r
ia
o
f
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
”
as
in
d
ica
ted
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[3
3
]
,
[3
4
]
.
Du
r
i
n
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el,
th
e
m
o
d
el
’
s
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
wer
e
f
ir
s
t
ev
alu
ated
.
T
ab
le
1
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates th
at
th
is
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t is m
et
b
y
all
p
e
r
tin
en
t v
alu
es.
3
.
2
.
Dis
cr
im
ina
nt
v
a
lid
it
y
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ia
b
le
’
s
co
r
r
elatio
n
,
w
h
ich
was
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
’
s
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
,
ar
e
d
is
p
lay
e
d
in
T
ab
l
e
2
.
T
o
g
et
t
o
th
e
s
tag
e
o
f
c
o
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
ex
am
in
atio
n
,
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
v
alu
es
m
u
s
t
b
e
at
least
0
.
5
0
AVE
an
d
th
e
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
eq
u
a
l
to
o
r
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
0
.
7
0
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Hen
s
eler
et
a
l
.
[
3
5
]
,
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws th
at
ev
er
y
late
n
t c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t w
as c
o
m
p
lete
ly
d
is
cr
im
in
ato
r
y
.
3
.
3
.
H
y
po
t
hes
is
T
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
in
d
icate
s
th
at
all
h
y
p
o
th
eses
h
av
e
a
f
av
o
r
ab
le
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
an
d
ar
e
th
er
ef
o
r
e
ac
ce
p
ted
,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
p
-
v
al
u
e
f
o
r
E
L
S
an
d
th
e
SVQ
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
v
alu
e
wer
e
7
.
7
2
2
an
d
0
.
0
0
0
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
p
-
v
alu
e
o
f
E
L
S
an
d
t
h
e
I
C
S
C
R
v
alu
e
wer
e
9
.
8
8
1
an
d
0
.
0
0
0
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
u
s
,
H1
an
d
H2
wer
e
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
.
3
.
4
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
’
s
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
E
L
S
th
at
i
s
p
o
s
itiv
e,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
H1
.
T
h
is
co
n
clu
s
io
n
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
[
2
6
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
w
n
th
at
lear
n
e
r
s
’
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
th
eir
e
-
lear
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
I
C
S
[
2
6
]
,
[
3
6
]
–
[
4
4
]
.
As
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
,
an
I
C
S
i
s
cr
u
cial
to
E
L
S,
wh
ich
is
a
cr
itical
m
etr
ic
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
’
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
H2
b
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
SV
Q
an
d
E
L
S.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
ag
r
e
es
with
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
0
]
,
[
4
5
]
.
Var
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
s
er
v
ice
h
as
a
m
ajo
r
im
p
ac
t
o
n
lear
n
er
s
’
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
th
eir
e
-
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
[
2
0
]
,
[
4
5
]
–
[
5
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
s
er
v
ice
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
n
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
th
u
s
im
p
l
y
th
at
th
ese
elem
en
ts
ar
e
c
r
u
cial
f
o
r
o
b
tain
in
g
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
b
etter
v
alu
e,
a
n
d
co
m
p
etitiv
en
ess
[
5
4
]
.
Fin
a
lly
,
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
er
s
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
o
n
h
o
w
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
estab
lis
h
m
en
ts
m
ig
h
t
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
lly
in
teg
r
ate
th
e
e
-
lear
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
to
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
ab
le
1
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
s
I
t
e
ms
Lo
a
d
i
n
g
CR
AVE
I
C
S
I
C
S
1
0
.
8
0
5
0
.
8
9
9
0
.
6
4
0
I
C
S
2
0
.
8
0
3
I
C
S
3
0
.
7
7
0
I
C
S
4
0
.
8
1
1
I
C
S
5
0
.
8
1
1
S
V
Q
S
V
Q
1
0
.
7
8
3
0
.
8
8
7
0
.
6
1
2
S
V
Q
2
0
.
7
7
2
S
V
Q
3
0
.
7
2
4
S
V
Q
4
0
.
8
1
4
S
V
Q
5
0
.
8
1
5
ELS
ELS1
0
.
7
9
4
0
.
8
9
8
0
.
5
9
6
ELS2
0
.
7
8
1
ELS3
0
.
7
4
2
ELS4
0
.
7
6
9
ELS5
0
.
7
6
8
ELS6
0
.
7
7
5
T
ab
le
2
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
d
ec
r
em
e
n
t
v
alid
ity
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
s
I
C
S
S
V
Q
ELS
I
C
S
0
.
8
0
0
S
V
Q
0
.
6
9
2
0
.
7
8
2
ELS
0
.
7
3
8
0
.
6
8
9
0
.
7
7
2
T
ab
le
3
.
Hy
p
o
th
eses
r
esu
lt
H
P
a
t
h
Est
i
m
a
t
e
s
S
t
.
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
CR
R
-
v
a
l
u
e
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
H1
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V
Q
→
ELS
0
.
4
1
8
0
.
0
5
2
7
.
7
2
2
0
.
0
0
0
S
u
p
p
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r
t
e
d
H2
I
C
S
→
ELS
0
.
5
7
2
0
.
0
4
9
9
.
8
8
1
0
.
0
0
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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:
2
2
5
2
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8
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2
I
n
t
J
E
v
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&
R
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d
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Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
2
8
1
0
-
2816
2814
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
d
i
ca
te
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
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c
o
n
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tiv
it
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,
s
er
v
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q
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d
e
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lear
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with
o
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co
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s
es.
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s
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s
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p
ac
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f
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tatio
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im
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.
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n
s
tr
ates
th
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lin
k
b
etwe
en
an
I
C
S
an
d
e
-
lear
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s
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p
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r
e.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
is
,
th
ese
f
ea
tu
r
es
m
ay
b
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
o
b
t
ain
in
g
s
atis
f
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,
g
r
ea
ter
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n
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en
th
e
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C
S
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
’
s
tr
o
n
g
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
tech
n
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
th
at
e
n
ab
les
e
x
ten
s
iv
e,
in
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
s
er
v
ices
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
b
ec
au
s
e
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia
’
s
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
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s
y
s
tem
r
ec
o
g
n
iz
es
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
o
n
lin
e
lear
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in
g
.
Or
g
an
izatio
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a
l
h
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m
an
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
m
u
s
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im
p
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v
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en
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it
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tr
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lear
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an
d
f
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r
p
a
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ticip
an
ts
to
u
tili
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tech
n
o
lo
g
y
with
ea
s
e.
T
o
s
u
p
p
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Sa
u
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Ar
ab
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ig
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is
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e
ce
s
s
ar
y
to
u
p
d
ate,
alter
,
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n
d
m
o
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if
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h
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n
ec
ess
ar
y
laws
an
d
r
eg
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latio
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s
.
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h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
o
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lin
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lea
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s
a
tis
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ac
tio
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ter
m
s
o
f
d
eliv
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wo
u
ld
r
is
e
as
a
r
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lt
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f
s
u
c
h
co
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u
o
u
s
r
ev
iews
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d
m
o
d
if
icatio
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s
.
Sin
ce
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lin
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g
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k
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wled
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Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ian
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ig
h
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u
ca
tio
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im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
d
e
v
elo
p
th
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
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th
at
en
ab
les
wid
esp
r
ea
d
,
lo
w
-
co
s
t
ac
ce
s
s
to
h
ig
h
-
q
u
alit
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
s
er
v
ices.
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
’
h
u
m
an
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
en
h
an
ce
d
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
r
ea
d
ily
u
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
e
-
lear
n
in
g
.
I
t
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
t
o
u
p
d
ate,
r
ev
is
e,
an
d
m
o
d
if
y
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
r
u
le
s
an
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
g
r
o
wth
an
d
s
u
cc
e
s
s
o
f
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia
’
s
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
e
-
lear
n
in
g
as
it
is
d
eliv
er
ed
wo
u
ld
in
cr
ea
s
e
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
s
u
ch
co
n
s
tan
t
ev
alu
atio
n
s
an
d
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
o
m
e
lim
itatio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
a
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize
an
d
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
o
n
ly
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
ev
alu
ated
in
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
with
a
lar
g
er
s
am
p
le
s
ize
an
d
in
v
ar
io
u
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ies.
T
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e
m
o
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el
co
u
ld
b
e
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alu
ate
d
in
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ies
b
y
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ath
er
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g
d
ata
with
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al
m
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ate
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.
RE
F
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NC
E
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[
1
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A
.
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,
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[
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.
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[
4
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[
5
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[
6
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[
7
]
Y
.
S
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,
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.
L
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.
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[
8
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[
9
]
J.
B
a
r
b
e
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o
,
J
.
J.
d
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Lu
c
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a
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.
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[
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1
]
F
.
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.
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,
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[
1
4
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A
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[
1
5
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J.
V
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a
d
stu
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a
s
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a
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d
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o
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De
v
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lo
p
m
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t
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a
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c
u
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t
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tere
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y
m
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it
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m
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fo
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s.
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c
a
n
b
e
c
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tac
ted
a
t
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m
a
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:
m
a
ste
ra
tq
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m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
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iti
F
a
li
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d
a
h
P
a
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n
As
so
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iate
P
ro
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a
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(M
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)
a
t
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Tere
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ss
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n
d
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De
v
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in
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s
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r
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c
to
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te
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s
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o
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sh
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.
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r
u
n
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m
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ra
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d
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m
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n
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r
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t
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it
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c
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m
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rk
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ism
m
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S
h
e
c
a
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b
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c
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tac
ted
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m
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:
siti
.
fa
li
n
d
a
h
@u
m
t.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Mo
h
d
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if
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th
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p
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siti
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r
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re
r
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t
th
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M
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Tere
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g
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u
’
s F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Bu
si
n
e
ss
,
Eco
n
o
m
ics
,
a
n
d
S
o
c
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De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
in
Ku
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la
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ru
s,
M
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lay
sia
.
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h
o
l
d
s
a
d
o
c
to
ra
l
d
e
g
re
e
.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
a
r
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a
s
o
f
in
tere
st
in
th
e
st
u
d
y
a
re
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t,
o
c
c
u
p
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ti
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l
h
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a
lt
h
,
sa
fe
ty
,
a
n
d
p
r
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d
u
c
ti
v
it
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imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t.
He
c
a
n
b
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c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
sa
ifu
l.
izw
a
n
@u
m
t.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
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