Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of E
valua
tio
n
an
d
Rese
arch
in
Educati
on (I
JE
RE)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
3
,
Septem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
557
~
562
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
,
DOI:
10
.11
591/
ije
r
e
.
v
8
i
3
.
20240
557
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJE
R
E
Entrep
reneuri
al in
tention
of stude
nts revie
wed fr
om
s
elf
-
effic
acy
and
family s
up
port
i
n vocati
onal hi
gh
sc
ho
ol
Fat
w
a
Te
n
tama
,
Tr
i Har
ti
na
Paput
un
gan
Facul
t
y
of
Ps
y
ch
olog
y
,
Univ
ersitas Ahm
ad
Dahlan Yog
y
aka
rt
a, I
n
donesia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
5
, 201
9
Re
vised
A
ug 1
0
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Aug 29
, 201
9
Self
-
eff
i
cac
y
an
d
famil
y
support
is
one
of
th
e
fac
tors
assoc
ia
t
ed
with
ent
rep
r
ene
ur
ia
l
i
nte
nti
ons
in
Vo
ca
t
iona
l
High
S
chool
studen
ts.
Thi
s
stud
y
ai
m
s
to
exa
m
ine
empiric
a
lly
th
e
role
of
self
-
e
ffic
a
c
y
and
famil
y
suppor
t
towar
ds
ent
r
epr
ene
uri
al
int
en
ti
o
ns
in
student
s
o
f
Voca
t
iona
l
Hi
gh
Schools.
The
subje
ct
s
of
t
his
stud
y
ar
e
stu
dent
s
of
class
XII
of
Stat
e
Voc
ational
High
School
5
Yog
y
a
kar
ta.
Th
e
sam
pl
ing
techniqu
e
w
as
ran
dom
iz
ed
u
sing
cl
uster
ran
dom
sam
pli
ng
te
chni
qu
e.
Me
thods
of
col
lecting
dat
a
ar
e
the
s
ca
l
e
of
self
-
eff
icac
y
,
f
amil
y
support
sca
le,
and
sc
ale
of
ent
r
epr
en
eur
ial
intenti
on
.
Anal
y
sis
of
rese
ar
ch
data
is
conduc
te
d
b
y
using
m
ult
ipl
e
li
ne
ar
reg
ression
te
chn
ique
s.
Th
e
result
s
show
ed
tha
t
1)
the
r
e
was
a
ver
y
signifi
ca
n
t
rel
a
ti
onship
b
etw
ee
n
self
-
eff
i
cac
y
and
famil
y
s
upport
sim
ult
an
eousl
y
wit
h
ent
rep
r
ene
ur
ia
l
i
nte
nti
ons
indica
t
ed
b
y
a
signif
icanc
e
va
lue
of
p
=
0.
001,
2)
the
re
was
a
ver
y
significan
t
positi
ve
re
la
t
ionshi
p
bet
wee
n
self
-
e
ffic
a
c
y
and
ent
rep
r
ene
ur
ia
l
i
nte
nti
on
with
a
signifi
c
ance
v
al
u
e
of
p
=
0.
000
,
3)
the
re
was
a
signifi
c
ant
positi
ve
r
el
a
ti
onship
bet
wee
n
famil
y
support
and
ent
r
epr
ene
ur
ia
l
int
entions
with
a
significan
ce
l
e
vel
of
p
=
0.
04
5
.
Self
-
eff
icac
y
and
fam
i
l
y
support
toge
th
e
r
cont
ribu
te
d
8
.
6%.
Self
-
eff
i
cac
y
as
an
in
te
r
nal
fa
ct
or
cont
ributes
m
ore
dom
ina
nt
l
y
th
an
famil
y
suppo
rt
as
an
ext
ern
al
factor.
T
h
e
eff
ective
cont
r
i
buti
on
of
self
-
e
ff
ic
a
c
y
with
entrepre
neur
ial
intenti
ons
was
8.
032%
and
t
he
cont
r
ibut
ion
of
famil
y
su
pport
with
en
t
rep
ren
eur
ial
int
entions was 0
.
611%.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Entre
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l i
ntentio
n
Fam
il
y sup
port
Self
-
e
ff
ic
acy
Stud
e
nt
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Fatwa Te
ntam
a,
Faculty
of P
sy
sch
ology
,
Un
i
ver
sit
as
A
hm
ad
Da
hlan
,
Kap
a
s Street
9, Sem
aki, Y
ogy
akar
ta
,
Indo
nes
ia
Em
a
il
:
fatwa.tentam
a@p
sy.ua
d.
ac.i
d
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Vo
cat
io
nal H
i
gh S
ch
ool i
s a sch
ool w
hose c
urriculum
an
d l
earn
in
g
pr
oces
s ar
e d
esi
gn
e
d t
o
pr
e
pa
re a
sk
il
le
d
an
d
rea
dy
-
to
-
use
wor
kfor
ce
.
The
ed
ucati
on
pro
gr
a
m
at
the
Vo
ca
ti
on
al
High
Sc
hool
is
sp
eci
fical
ly
create
d
f
or
stu
den
ts
who
have
certai
n
intere
sts
and
a
re
rea
dy
to
w
ork
an
d
ope
n
jobs
th
at
are
ta
il
or
ed
to
the
sk
il
ls
and
ta
le
nt
s
they
po
sse
ss
ed,
f
or
exam
ple
by
entre
pr
e
ne
ur
s
hip.
E
ntre
pr
e
ne
ur
s
hip
ha
s
an
im
po
rtant
ro
le
in
so
ci
et
y, nam
ely as a to
ol to
m
ake im
pr
ovem
ents a
nd ch
a
ng
es in
reali
zi
ng the
qu
al
it
y o
f p
eop
le
'
s li
ves
[1]
.
The
P
rinci
ples
an
d
V
ocati
on
al
High
Sc
hool
ed
ucati
on
pr
ogram
s
a
re
in
f
act
cu
rr
e
ntly
very
con
t
rad
ic
to
ry
wh
e
n
viewe
d
f
ro
m
un
em
plo
ym
ent
data
wh
i
ch
sta
te
s
t
hat
Vo
cat
io
nal
Hi
gh
Sc
hools
a
re
in
t
he
top
rank
for
unem
plo
ym
ent
at
the
ed
ucati
on
le
vel
wh
il
e
i
t
sh
ould
b
e
present
as
a
gove
rn
m
ent
so
luti
on
t
o
erad
ic
at
e g
r
ow
ing
unem
plo
ym
ent. O
ne
im
p
or
ta
nt p
r
ogram
to
al
le
viate
pover
ty
an
d un
e
m
plo
yme
nt is
t
o
create
a
business
fiel
d
an
d
t
his
m
e
ans
cr
eat
ing
e
ntre
pr
e
neurs.
Vo
cat
io
nal
High
Scho
ols
ar
e
enc
ourag
e
d
to
pri
nt
resou
rces
as
r
e
ady
-
to
-
use
wor
ker
s
, nam
ely n
ew
e
ntre
pr
e
neurs
in
In
donesia.
So
m
e
researchers
an
d
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs
widely
r
ecognize
that
e
ntre
pr
e
neurs
hip
is
one o
f
the m
ai
n
dr
ive
r
s
of
a
co
untry
'
s
econom
ic
dev
e
lop
m
ent
[2]
.
T
he
e
ntre
pr
e
neurial
process
in
vo
l
ves
a
series
of
act
ivit
ie
s
su
ch
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
3
,
Sept
e
m
ber
201
9
:
557
-
562
558
opport
un
it
y
re
cogniti
on,
bus
iness
co
nce
pt
fo
rm
ulati
on
,
identific
at
ion
and
ac
quisi
ti
on
of
res
ource
s,
an
d
bu
si
ness
la
unc
h.
Entre
prene
urshi
p
c
on
t
rib
utes
to
c
reati
ng,
dev
el
op
i
ng,
a
nd
im
pr
ovin
g
business
pr
oduc
ts
an
d
serv
ic
es
[
3]
.
The
be
nef
it
s
r
esulti
ng
f
r
om
entre
pr
e
neurs
hi
p
can
co
ntribute
to
econo
m
ic
dev
el
op
m
ent
by
increasin
g
the
qu
al
it
y
of
li
fe,
offer
i
ng
new
job
s
,
prom
oting
sect
or
pro
duct
ivit
y,
increasin
g
eco
nom
ic
grow
t
h,
facil
it
at
ing
so
c
ia
l
m
ob
il
it
y,
a
nd
s
o
on
[
4]
.
T
hu
s
grad
uates
of
Vocat
ion
al
High
Sc
hool
ar
e
exp
ect
e
d
to
be
able
to cr
eat
e t
heir ow
n j
ob
s
by ent
rep
re
ne
ur
s
hip
in apply
ing t
he
knowled
ge
a
nd s
kill
s that ha
ve been
acq
uir
ed.
Hav
i
ng
e
ntre
preneuria
l
intenti
on
s
is
the
first
ste
p
in
the
process
of
creati
ng
a
long
-
te
rm
su
sta
inable
bu
si
ne
ss
[5
-
7]
.
The
inte
ntion
o
f
e
ntre
pr
e
ne
urshi
p
re
pr
e
sent
s
an
in
div
i
du
al
'
s
com
m
itm
ent
to
sta
rting
a
bu
siness
[8]
.
In
te
ntion
of
e
ntre
pr
e
ne
urshi
p
is
see
n
a
s
an
at
trib
ute
that
can
i
nf
lu
en
ce
the
em
erg
ence
of
e
ntre
pr
e
neurial
beh
a
vior
in
t
he
fu
t
ur
e
[10]
.
Indivi
du
al
s
with
ent
reprene
ur
ia
l
intenti
on
s
belie
ve
that
th
ey
hav
e
the
a
bi
li
t
y
to
su
ccess
fu
ll
y st
art a
new busin
ess
[
11
]
.
Entre
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
intenti
on
s
a
re
the
intenti
on
to
sta
rt
a
busin
ess
an
d
or
to
l
aun
c
h
a
new
business
[
12
]
.
The
will
ingnes
s
of
i
nd
i
viduals
to
ca
rr
y
o
ut
entre
pr
e
neurial
be
ha
viour,
e
ngage
in
ent
reprene
ur
ia
l
act
io
ns
,
or
bu
il
d
ne
w
busi
nesses
t
hat
te
nd
to
in
vo
l
ve
c
oura
ge,
am
bitio
n,
a
nd
feeli
ngs
t
o
sta
nd
i
n
the
m
idst
of
i
ntens
e
com
petit
ion
from
la
bo
r
[
12
]
.
Entre
pr
e
ne
ur
i
al
intenti
on
s
a
r
e
descr
i
bed
as
expresse
d
behavio
ur
al
inte
ntion
s
t
o
beco
m
e
an
e
nt
reprene
ur
[
13]
.
Co
gn
it
iv
e
re
presentat
io
n
of
act
ion
s
m
us
t
be
ta
ken
by
in
div
id
uals
to
buil
d
new
ind
e
pende
nt
business
es
[
14]
.
Com
m
itm
ent
to
sta
rtin
g
a
ne
w
b
us
i
ness
a
nd
a
te
ndency
to
act
is
the
m
ai
n
force
that ena
bles t
he
creati
on
of ne
w bu
si
nesses
[15].
Self ef
ficac
y a
nd
en
trepre
ne
urial i
nt
e
nt
io
n
W
i
de
r
re
searc
h
on
ent
repre
neurs
hip
has
exp
l
or
e
d
t
he
e
ff
ect
s
of
sel
f
-
eff
ic
acy
on
e
nt
rep
re
ne
ur
ia
l
intenti
ons
[13,
16
-
18]
.
T
he
pe
rsiste
nce
of
i
nd
i
vidual
e
ntre
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
inte
ntions
is
m
uch
infl
uen
ce
d
by
sel
f
-
eff
ic
acy
(V
a
dn
j
al
&
Mi
sh
e,
2018
).
So
m
e
stud
ie
s
have
fou
nd
how
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
play
s
a
ro
le
in
entrep
re
ne
ur
ia
l
intenti
ons.
Sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
is
an
i
m
po
rta
nt
predict
or
of
en
trepr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
intenti
ons
[
19
]
.
Self
-
ef
ficacy
as
a
con
struct is u
s
efu
l t
o
ex
plain
the d
ynam
ic
p
ro
cess of ev
al
ua
ti
on
and choice
that su
rro
unds t
he
dev
el
op
m
ent o
f
entre
pr
e
neurial
intenti
ons
a
nd
subse
qu
e
nt d
e
ci
sion
s
t
o
e
ng
a
ge
in
ent
repren
eur
ia
l beh
a
viour
[
20
]
. S
el
f
-
ef
ficacy
act
s synergist
ic
al
ly
to
bu
il
d
e
nt
rep
re
ne
ur
ia
l i
nt
entions i
n
i
nd
i
viduals
[
21]
.
Self
-
e
ff
ic
acy
is
a
facto
r
that
play
s
an
im
po
rta
nt
ro
le
i
n
determ
ining
in
div
id
ual
c
ho
ic
es,
le
vel
of
effor
t,
a
nd
pe
rs
ever
a
nce
[22]
.
Self
ef
ficacy
is
al
so
a
n
i
nd
i
vid
ual'
s
assessm
ent
of
his
a
bili
ty
and
c
om
petence
in
carr
yi
ng
ou
t
a
ta
sk
an
d
i
n
a
chievin
g
a
go
al
,
or
w
hen
overc
om
ing
a
pro
blem
[23]
.
Confide
nce
a
bout
t
he
ind
ivi
du
al
'
s
ab
il
ity
to
le
arn
or
co
nduct
be
ha
vior
at
a
sp
eci
fied
le
vel,
a
nd
th
e
ex
pected
res
ults
ref
e
r
to
his
belie
fs
ab
out
the
possible
c
on
s
eq
ue
nces
of
his
be
ha
vior
[
24
]
.
S
el
f
-
e
f
ficacy
is
def
i
ned
a
s
a
pe
rs
on
al
assessm
ent
of
a
per
s
on'
s
abili
ty
to
adopt
cer
ta
in
be
hav
i
or
s
and
act
ion
s
to
achieve
ce
rtai
n
go
al
s
a
nd
e
xpect
ed
resu
lt
s
[25]
.
Family
sup
port wi
th
e
nt
re
p
reneuri
al in
te
nt
ion
In
a
dd
it
io
n
fa
m
ily
su
ppor
t
i
s
al
s
o
consi
de
red
as
a
res
ou
rce
that
can
protect
the
entr
epr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
intenti
ons
of
ind
i
viduals
[20
]
.
The
co
ntributi
on
of
fam
ily
support
t
o
t
he
intenti
on
of
entre
pr
e
neurs
hi
p
is
to
convince
the
i
nd
i
vidual'
s
intenti
on
t
o
bec
om
e
an
entre
pr
e
ne
ur
[26]
.
Fam
il
ie
s
pr
ovi
de
instr
um
ental
and
aff
ect
ive s
uppo
rt to
ind
ivi
du
al
s,
and
fam
i
ly
s
upport w
il
l enhance ind
i
vidual
f
eel
ing
s r
el
at
e
d
to the in
te
nti
on
to
op
e
n
a
busines
s
[27]
.
Ther
e
f
or
e
,
the
gr
eat
e
r
the
support
a
vaila
ble
by
the
fam
il
y
will
make
the
stron
ge
r
the
entre
pr
e
neuria
l i
ntentio
n of t
he
ind
i
vidual
[
28]
.
So
ci
al
suppo
rt
is
an
ind
i
vid
ual
inte
racti
on
with
fam
i
ly
m
e
m
ber
s,
co
ll
eagu
es,
a
nd
peer
s
w
ho
com
m
un
ic
at
e
inf
or
m
at
ion
,
ap
pr
eci
at
io
n,
pr
act
ic
al
,
or
em
otion
al
assist
ance
[
29]
.
S
ocial
sup
port
is
ps
yc
holo
gical
,
m
at
erial
,
infor
m
at
ion
,
a
nd
as
sessm
ent
resou
rces
th
at
are
be
nef
ic
ia
l
to
an
ind
i
vidual'
s
abili
ty
to
cop
e w
it
h
stres
s
in
the
face o
f
chall
eng
e
s
an
d
press
ur
es
[30
]
.
So
ci
al
su
pp
ort
can
be
giv
e
n
from
anyon
e, b
e
it
a
sp
ouse
,
par
e
nt,
fam
ily,
fr
ie
nd
,
healt
h
e
xp
e
rt,
or
e
nv
ir
onm
e
nt
an
d
com
m
un
it
y
[31]
.
Acc
ordin
g
t
o
Ba
r
on
a
nd
By
rn
e
[
23]
fa
m
ily
su
pp
or
t
c
an
be
inter
pret
ed
as
giv
i
ng
a
feeli
ng
of
bei
ng
physi
cal
ly
and
ps
yc
ho
l
og
ic
al
l
y
com
fo
rtable
by
the
fam
i
ly
in
deali
ng
w
it
h
st
ress.
Fam
il
y
su
pport
accor
ding
to
Fr
ie
dm
an
[32]
is
an
at
ti
tud
e,
a
n
act
of
fam
ily
acce
ptance
of
fam
i
ly
m
e
m
be
rs,
i
n
the
for
m
of
inform
ation
al
s
upport,
instru
m
ental
su
pp
or
t
assessm
ent su
pport
, a
nd em
oti
on
al
sup
port.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1.
Pop
ul
at
i
on
and sam
ple
The
popula
ti
on
in
this
st
udy
was
al
l
stud
ents
of
cl
ass
XII
in
Stat
e
Vo
cat
io
nal
Hi
gh
Scho
ol
5
Yogyaka
rta
wi
th
a
total
of
27
9
stu
de
nts.
T
he
sam
ple
in
this
stud
y
was
st
ud
e
nts
of
t
he
s
a
m
e
cl
ass
with
a
total
of
171
stu
de
nts
from
diff
erin
g
m
ajo
rs,
nam
el
y:
cera
m
ic
s,
visu
al
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
desig
n,
w
ood,
anim
at
ion
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Entrep
rene
ur
i
al intenti
on o
f
stud
e
nts revie
we
d
fro
m sel
f
-
ef
ic
ation
and f
a
mily
s
upport i
n
.
..
(
F
atwa
Te
ntama
)
559
m
et
al
,
le
at
her
,
and
te
xtil
es.
The
sel
ect
io
n
of
resea
rc
h
su
bject
s
was
rando
m
iz
ed
us
in
g
cl
us
te
r
rand
om
sam
pling
techni
qu
e.
2.2.
Measuri
n
g
i
ns
trumen
t
The
m
et
ho
d
of
data
colle
ct
ion
in
this
stu
dy
us
es
a
scal
e.
The
scal
e
of
e
ntre
pr
e
neurial
intenti
on
i
s
arr
a
ng
e
d
base
d
on
the
dim
ension
s
of
e
ntrepr
eneurial
intenti
on
acco
rd
i
ng
to
Van
Gel
der
e
n,
B
rand,
Va
n
Pr
aa
g,
Bod
e
wes,
P
outs
m
a,
and
Va
n
Gils
[
33]
,
na
m
el
y:
desires,
prefe
ren
ces
,
plans
,
a
nd
ex
pe
ct
ant
be
ha
vior.
T
he
scal
ing
m
od
el
us
e
d
f
or the
ent
rep
re
ne
ur
ia
l i
nt
ention sca
le
uses the
Likert
s
cal
e
m
od
el
.
The
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
a
cy
scal
e
was
prepare
d
base
d
on
the
dim
ension
s
of
s
el
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
accor
ding
to
Ba
ndur
a
[34]
,
nam
el
y:
m
agn
it
ud
e
,
str
uctu
re,
a
nd
ge
ner
al
it
y.
The
s
cal
ing
m
od
el
use
d
f
or
t
he
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
scal
e
us
in
g
the Like
rt scal
e m
od
el
.
The
scal
e
of
fa
m
ily
su
ppor
t
is
based
on
as
pe
ct
s
of
fam
ily
su
pp
or
t
acco
r
di
ng
to
Sara
fin
o
and
Sm
it
h
[31]
,
nam
el
y:
inf
or
m
at
ion
,
e
m
ot
ion
al
sup
port,
a
ppreciat
ion,
an
d
i
ns
tr
um
ental
su
ppor
t.
The
scal
in
g
m
od
el
us
e
d
f
or f
am
il
y
suppo
rt scale
us
es a
Like
rt s
cal
e
m
od
el
.
2.3.
Va
li
dit
y an
d r
el
iabil
ity of m
easu
ri
n
g
ins
tr
uments
The
res
ults
of
the
tria
l
analy
sis
of
74
s
ubj
ec
ts
on
the
scal
e
of
e
ntre
pr
e
ne
uri
al
intenti
on
obta
ined
t
he
resu
lt
s
of
the
reli
abili
ty
coef
fici
ent
(α)
of
0.888
with
the
range
of
c
orr
ect
ed
it
e
m
-
total
cor
relat
io
n
m
ov
in
g
from
0
.251 to
0.715. Vali
d a
nd r
el
ia
ble it
e
m
s that will
b
e u
se
d for
resear
ch
a
re
16 it
e
m
s.
The
resu
lt
s
of
the
tria
l
analy
s
is
of
74
s
ubj
ec
ts
on
the
s
el
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
scal
e
obta
ined
the
res
ults
of
the
reli
abili
ty
coef
fici
ent
(
α
)
of
0.861
with
the
range
of
c
orr
ect
ed
it
e
m
-
total
cor
relat
io
n
m
ov
i
ng
from
0.340
t
o
0.659. Vali
d a
nd r
el
ia
ble it
e
m
s that will
b
e u
se
d for
resear
ch
a
re
21 it
e
m
s.
The
re
su
lt
s
of
t
he
tria
l
analy
sis
of
74
s
ubj
ect
s
on
the
fam
i
ly
support
scal
e
ob
ta
ine
d
t
he
re
su
l
ts
of
the
reli
abili
ty
coef
fici
ent
(α)
of
0.951
with
the
range
of
c
orr
ect
ed
it
e
m
-
total
cor
relat
io
n
m
ov
i
ng
from
0.366
t
o
0.746. Vali
d a
nd r
el
ia
ble it
e
m
s that will
b
e u
se
d for
resear
ch
a
re
28 it
e
m
s.
2.4.
Data
a
na
l
ys
is
The
m
et
ho
d
f
or
a
naly
zi
ng
da
ta
us
es
pa
ra
m
et
ric
sta
ti
s
ti
c
al
m
et
ho
ds
.
D
at
a
analy
sis
was
perf
or
m
ed
us
in
g
S
PSS
19.
0
f
or
wi
ndows,
t
hroug
h
m
ul
ti
ple
reg
re
ssion
te
st
te
c
hniq
ues,
nam
ely
a
sta
ti
sti
cal
analy
sis
te
chn
iq
ue
t
o
determ
ine
the
relat
ion
s
hip
betwee
n
sel
f
-
e
ff
i
cacy
an
d
fa
m
ily
su
pport
with
e
ntre
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
intenti
ons.
Tes
t
assum
ption
s
m
ade
befor
e
the
hypothesis
te
st
con
sist
of
no
rm
al
it
y
te
s
t,
li
near
it
y
te
s
t
and
m
ul
ti
colli
near
it
y t
est
.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
In
this
sect
io
n,
it
is
exp
la
ined
the
res
ul
ts
of
resea
rch
and
at
the
sam
e
tim
e
is
giv
en
th
e
com
pr
ehe
ns
ive
discussi
on.
Re
su
lt
s
can
be
presented
i
n
fi
gures,
gr
a
phs,
ta
bl
es
and
ot
her
s
t
hat
m
ake
the
r
eade
r
unde
rstan
d
eas
il
y
[2
, 5]
. T
he discussi
on
is
m
ade in se
ver
al
s
ub
-
c
hap
te
r
s.
3.1.
Prere
quisi
te
t
est
3.1.1.
N
orm
ality
t
e
st
Ba
sed
on
the
r
esults
of
the
a
naly
si
s
of
nor
m
al
i
ty
te
sts
in
t
able
1,
it
is
known
that
t
he
sig
nificanc
e
values
of
entre
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
intenti
on,
sel
f
-
e
ff
i
cacy
,
and
fam
i
ly
su
ppor
t
va
riables
are
0.5
24,
0.2
18,
an
d
0.1
89
wh
ic
h
ha
ve
p>
0.
05
.
It
m
ea
ns
t
hat
each
da
ta
is
no
rm
all
y
distribu
te
d
s
o
that
it
can
be
con
cl
ude
d
th
at
each
var
ia
ble is no
r
m
al
l
y dist
rib
uted.
Table
1
.
N
or
m
al
it
y t
est
f
or
distribu
ti
on
Variable
Sco
re
K
-
SZ
Sig
.
Exp
lan
atio
n
Entrep
reneu
rial
Int
en
tio
n
0
.
813
0
.
5
24
No
r
m
al
Self
E
f
f
icacy
1
.
0
52
0
.
218
No
r
m
al
Fa
m
il
y
Sup
p
o
rt
1
.08
6
0
.18
9
No
r
m
al
3.1.2.
Li
nearit
y
t
es
t
The
l
inea
rity
te
st
resu
lt
s
s
ho
wn
i
n
t
able
2
obta
ined
a
sig
ni
ficance
le
vel
(
p)
of
0.6
76
a
nd
0.216
wh
ic
h
m
eans
li
near
or
the
re
is
a
li
ne
that
co
nn
e
ct
s
betwee
n
var
ia
bl
es
of
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
with
ent
re
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
inte
ntions
and b
et
ween fa
m
ily supp
or
t a
nd en
t
reprene
uri
al
intenti
ons.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
3
,
Sept
e
m
ber
201
9
:
557
-
562
560
Table
2
.
Li
neari
ty
test
Variable
F Deviatio
n
f
ro
m
L
in
earit
y
Sig
n
if
ican
ce
Ru
les
Exp
lan
atio
n
Self
E
f
f
icacy
0
.86
2
0
.
676
P
> 0
.
05
Linear
Fa
m
il
y
Sup
p
o
rt
1
.19
6
0
.21
6
P
>
0
.
05
Linear
3.1.3.
M
ulticoll
ine
arit
y
t
e
st
Ba
sed
on
t
a
ble
3,
it
can
be
se
en
that
sel
f
-
ef
f
ic
acy
and
fam
il
y
su
pport
ha
ve
VIF
val
ues
=
1.101
(VIF
<
10)
a
nd
t
oleran
ce
0.9
09
(tolera
nce
>
0.1
)
so
t
hat
there
is
no
m
ulti
colli
near
it
y
betwe
en
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
an
d
fam
i
ly
su
pport
.
Table
3
.
M
ulti
colli
near
it
y
t
est
Variable
Tolerance
VIF
Exp
lan
atio
n
Ef
ik
asi Diri
0
.
909
1
.10
1
No
m
u
ltico
llin
earit
y
Du
k
u
n
g
a
n
Keluarga
0
.
909
1
.1
0
1
No
m
u
ltico
llin
earit
y
3.1.4.
M
ultipl
e re
gr
ession
analy
s
is test
Ba
sed
on
t
abl
e
4,
it
can
be
seen
that
the
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
sel
f
-
e
f
ficacy
an
d
e
ntrepren
e
uri
al
intenti
ons
is
obta
ined
f
r
om
t
he
value
of
r
=
0.2
91
wit
h
a
sig
nificance
le
vel
of
p
=
0.000,
(
p
<
0.0
1)
wh
ic
h
m
eans
there
is
a
ver
y
sig
nifi
cant
posit
ive
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p
bet
ween
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
and
e
ntrepren
e
ur
ia
l
inten
ti
on
.
The
relat
ionshi
p
betwee
n
fam
il
y
su
pp
ort
an
d
entre
pr
e
ne
uri
al
intenti
on
obta
ined
a
val
ue
of
r
=
0.130
with
a
sign
ific
a
nce
le
vel
of
p
=
0.0
45
(
p
<
0.0
5)
wh
ic
h
m
eans
there
is
a
sig
ni
ficant
po
sit
ive
rela
ti
on
s
hip
be
twee
n
fam
i
ly
su
pport
and ent
repren
e
ur
ia
l i
nte
ntions
.
Table
4
.
M
ulti
ple
re
gr
e
ssio
n analy
sis t
est
Variable
r
Sig
.
Ru
les
Exp
lan
atio
n
Self
-
ef
f
icacy
and
en
trepreneu
rial
in
t
en
tio
n
0
.
291
0
.
000
P <
0
.
01
There
is
a ver
y
sig
n
if
ican
t r
elatio
n
sh
ip
Fa
m
il
y
Sup
p
o
rt
an
d
en
trepreneu
rial
in
t
en
tio
n
0
.13
0
0
.
045
P <
0
.
05
There
is
a sig
n
if
ican
t
relation
sh
ip
B
ased
on
t
he
resu
lt
s
of
t
he
regressio
n
a
na
ly
sis
as
sh
ow
n
in
t
a
ble
5
,
t
he
res
ults
s
how
that
sel
f
-
eff
ic
acy
an
d
fa
m
ily
su
pport
sim
ul
ta
neo
usl
y
con
t
rib
ute
to
th
e
le
vel
of
st
udent
entre
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
intenti
ons
at
the
Stat
e V
ocati
on
al
H
igh
Scho
ol 5
Yo
gyakar
ta
.
Th
ese
resu
lt
s i
nd
ic
at
e that t
he
f
irst hyp
ot
hesis is accepte
d
s
o
that
the v
ariable o
f
entre
pr
e
neurial
intenti
on
can be p
re
dicte
d
ba
sed
on self
-
e
ff
i
cacy
an
d
fam
i
l
y sup
port
. Tog
et
her,
the
two
in
dep
e
nd
e
nt
va
riables
con
tri
bu
te
d
8.6%
to
the
entr
epr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
intenti
on
s
o
that
the
rem
ai
nin
g
91.
4%
cou
l
d be in
flue
nced by
oth
e
r varia
bles.
Table
5
.
M
ulti
ple
re
gr
e
ssio
n analy
sis
Variable
R
R Sq
u
are
Sig
.
Ru
les
Exp
lan
atio
n
Self
-
ef
f
icacy
and
f
a
m
il
y
su
p
p
o
rt
to
wards
en
trepreneu
rial
in
t
en
tio
n
0.
294
0
.0
86
P =
0
.00
1
P <
0
.01
There
is
a ver
y
sig
n
if
ican
t
relation
sh
ip
The
re
su
lt
s
of
the
analy
sis
of
each
var
ia
ble
ind
ic
at
e
that
th
e
seco
nd
hypo
thesis
is
acce
pt
ed,
w
hic
h
m
eans
that
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
has
a
ro
le
i
n
e
ntre
preneurs
hip
i
ntentions
of
st
ud
e
nts
at
Stat
e
V
oc
at
ion
al
Hi
gh
School
5
Y
ogya
ka
rta
.
Self
-
e
ff
ic
acy
increase
s
an
i
ndivid
ual'
s
conf
idence
i
n
entre
pr
e
ne
ur
s
hip
a
nd
the
will
ingn
ess
to
ta
ke
risks
w
it
h
respo
ns
ibil
it
y
[35]
.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
ac
y
will
aff
ect
how
m
uch
ind
ivi
du
al
ent
repre
ne
ur
ia
l
intenti
on,
be
ha
vior
to
be
in
volved,
le
vel
of
e
ffo
rt
to
do,
a
nd
pe
rsev
e
ra
nce
to
face
diff
ic
ul
ti
es
in
the
world
of
work
[
20]
.
In
t
he
case
of
ent
r
epr
e
ne
ur
s
,
ind
i
viduals
who
ha
ve
the
intenti
on
to
ent
repre
neurs
hip
beca
use
they
feel
confide
nt
to
su
ccee
d
in
their
fiel
ds
an
d
this
belie
f
c
an
le
ad
to
ent
reprene
uri
al
beh
avi
or,
besi
de
s
that
ind
ivi
du
al
s
w
it
h
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
will
ex
pl
or
e
n
e
w bu
si
ness o
ppor
t
un
it
ie
s in
th
e surr
oundin
g env
i
ronm
ent
[36]
.
The
r
esults
of
the
analy
sis
on
the
thir
d
hypo
thesis
are
acce
pted
wh
ic
h
m
e
ans
the
re
is
a
sign
ific
a
nt
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
f
am
ily
su
pp
or
t
a
nd
e
ntre
pr
e
neurial
intenti
ons
i
n
s
tud
e
nts
at
Stat
e
V
ocati
on
al
High
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Entrep
rene
ur
i
al intenti
on o
f
stud
e
nts revie
we
d
fro
m sel
f
-
ef
ic
ation
and f
a
mily
s
upport i
n
.
..
(
F
atwa
Te
ntama
)
561
School
5
Y
ogya
kar
ta
.
A
stu
dy
sh
ows
t
hat
the
avail
abili
ty
of
fam
i
ly
su
pport
is
relat
ed
to
ind
i
vidual
su
cc
ess
in
entre
pr
e
neurs
hi
p,
because
fa
m
ily
su
pp
or
t
play
s
an
im
portant
r
ol
e
in
f
or
m
ing
in
div
i
du
al
e
ntre
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
intenti
ons
[37,
38]
.
Fam
il
y
s
upport
is
one
of
the
facto
rs
that
infl
uence
an
i
nd
i
vidual'
s
intenti
on
t
o
be
have
,
because
fam
ily
su
pp
or
t
fun
ct
ion
s
as
a
f
aci
li
ta
tor
that
i
m
pr
oves
c
ontr
ol
of
per
ce
ived
be
hav
i
or
[39]
.
F
am
il
y
su
ppor
t
aff
ect
s
direc
tl
y
to
ind
ivid
ual
at
ti
tud
es
in
be
hav
i
ng
li
ke
the
creati
on
of
e
ntre
pr
e
neurial
intenti
ons
[
40,
41]
.
The
im
plica
ti
o
ns
of
the
st
udy
sh
ow
t
hat
se
lf
-
ef
ficacy
an
d
fam
ily
su
ppor
t
hav
e
a
ro
le
i
n
pr
e
par
i
ng
stud
e
nts
to
get
good
knowle
dge,
s
kill
s,
unde
rstan
ding
an
d
per
s
on
al
it
y
in
school.
Self
-
e
ff
ic
acy
is
an
inter
nal
factor
a
nd
par
e
ntal
su
pp
or
t
is
a
com
ple
m
enta
ry
extern
al
fact
or
in
f
os
te
ri
ng
entre
pr
e
neurial
intenti
on
s
.
Par
ents
m
us
t be ab
le
to
create
a positi
ve
fam
il
y env
iron
m
ent su
c
h
a
s p
r
ovidin
g
m
otivati
on
, su
pport
and ev
e
n
fac
il
ities
to
sti
m
ulate
t
heir
c
hild
ren
to
sta
rt
e
ntre
pr
e
ne
ur
s
hip.
Th
us
st
ud
e
nts
will
be
bett
er
pr
e
par
e
d
to
sta
rt
entre
pr
e
neurs
hi
p
rig
ht
after
grad
uatin
g
f
ro
m
Vo
cat
io
nal
Hi
gh
Scho
ol.
T
he
resu
lt
s
of
thi
s
stud
y
ca
n
al
s
o
be
us
e
d
as
a
re
fe
r
ence
t
o
dev
el
op
e
ntre
pr
e
ne
urship
trai
ni
ng
m
od
ules
f
or
V
ocati
on
al
Hi
gh
Scho
ol
stu
de
nts
by
ta
kin
g i
nto acc
ount inte
rn
al
fa
ct
or
s,
n
am
el
y sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
and e
xter
nal f
act
or
s
, nam
ely f
am
ily supp
or
t.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Self
-
e
ff
ic
acy
a
nd
fam
ily
su
pport
is
one
fa
ct
or
that
has
a
ro
le
i
n
ent
r
epr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
int
entions
in
Vo
cat
io
nal
Hi
gh
Sc
hool
stu
den
ts
.
In
this
stud
y
it
ca
n
be
co
nclu
de
d
t
hat
sel
f
-
ef
ficac
y
an
d
fam
i
ly
su
pp
or
t
tog
et
he
r
hav
e
a
ro
le
on
e
ntre
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
inte
ntions,
the
re
is
a
ver
y
si
gn
ifi
cant
posit
ive
r
el
at
i
on
sh
i
p
bet
wee
n
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
and
e
ntrepre
ne
ur
ia
l
intenti
on
and
there
is
a
sign
ific
ant
posit
ive
relat
ion
sh
i
p
betwee
n
fa
m
il
y
su
pp
or
t
a
nd
e
ntre
pr
e
neurial
intenti
ons.
Self
-
e
ff
ic
acy
a
nd
fam
ily
su
pp
ort
to
gethe
r
c
ontrib
uted
8.6
%
.
Self
-
eff
ic
acy
as
an
internal
fact
or
co
ntribute
s
m
or
e
do
m
inantly
than
fam
i
l
y
su
pport
as
a
n
exter
nal
fact
or.
The
eff
ect
ive
co
ntr
ibu
ti
on
of
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
with
entreprene
uri
al
intenti
on
s
was
8.0
32%
and
the
c
on
tri
buti
on
of
fam
i
ly
su
pport
with e
ntre
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l i
nte
ntions was
0.61
1%.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
uthor
s
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
t
o
t
ha
nk the
Faculty
of Psych
ology
of Unive
rsita
s
Ah
m
ad
Da
hlan
and State
Vo
cat
io
nal
High Sc
hool
5 Y
ogya
ka
rta f
or th
e tec
hn
ic
al
as
sist
ance in
this st
ud
y.
T
he
a
utho
rs
al
s
o
tha
nk al
l
par
ti
ci
patin
g
st
ud
e
nts,
teac
he
r
s,
s
c
hool a
dm
i
nistrato
rs,
a
nd
oth
e
r
in
div
i
du
a
ls for t
heir
e
ffo
rts, assista
nce, and
involvem
ent in
this r
e
searc
h.
REFERE
NCE
S
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Z.
H.
Frince
s
,
"
The
import
anc
e
of
the
ent
r
epr
en
eur
ial
profe
ss
ion
in
Indone
si
a
(i
n
Baha
sa)
,
"
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n
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ht
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rcí
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z
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rriol
uengo
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ara
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Interrel
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iv
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,
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vat
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and
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urship,
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ink
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ki
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"
Us
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y
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f
p
la
nned
b
eha
v
iou
r
to
assess
ent
r
e
pre
neur
ship
te
a
c
hing
pro
gra
m
s:
A
first
exp
eri
m
enta
ti
on,
"
Annual Int
Ent
Conf
ere
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rs
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S.
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ee
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K.
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ong,
"
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ora
tor
y
st
ud
y
of
technopr
ene
uri
al
int
en
ti
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n
s:
A
ca
re
er
anchor
per
spec
ti
ve
,
"
Journal
of
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ess V
ent
uring
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v
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(
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)
,
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.
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-
2
8,
2004
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[7]
F.
Li
ñ
án,
and
Y
.
W
.
Ch
en,
"
Te
s
ti
ng
th
e
ent
rep
r
e
neur
ial
in
te
nt
ion
m
odel
on
a
tw
o
-
count
r
y
sam
pl
e,
"
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t
d'Ec
onomia
d
e l'E
mpr
esa
,
pp.
1
-
28,
2006
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[8]
F.B.
Za
pkau
,
C.
Schwen
s,
H.
Stei
nm
et
z,
and
R.
Kabst,
"
Disentangling
the
eff
ec
t
of
prior
ent
rep
r
ene
uri
al
exposur
e
on
ent
r
epr
en
eur
i
al
int
en
ti
on,
"
J
o
urnal
of Busine
s
s R
ese
arch
,
vol
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(
3
)
,
pp
.
639
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6
53,
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[9]
N.
F.
Kruege
r,
M.
D.
Rei
lly
,
a
nd
A.
L.
Carsrud,
"
Com
pet
ing
m
odel
s
of
ent
rep
ren
eur
i
al
intent
ions,"
Journal
of
Busine
ss
Ve
n
turi
ng
,
vol
.
15
(
5
-
6
)
,
pp.
411
-
432
,
20
10.
[10]
H.
Zha
o,
S
.
E.
Seibe
r
t,
and
G.
H
.
Hill
s,
"
The
m
edi
at
ing
rol
e
of
self
-
eff
icac
y
in
the
deve
lopment
of
ent
rep
r
ene
u
r
ial
int
entions,"
Journal
of
Applied
P
syc
hology
,
vo
l. 9
0
(
6
)
,
pp
.
1265
-
1
272,
2005
.
[11]
N.
F.
Kruege
r,
"
Ent
rep
r
ene
uri
al
i
nte
nti
ons
a
re
de
ad:
Long
l
ive
en
tre
pre
n
eur
i
al
in
t
ent
ions,"
In
t
ernati
onal
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ie
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reprene
urs
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,
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-
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S.
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e
ll
,
"
An
inve
stig
at
io
n
of
under
gra
duat
e
student
self
-
emplo
y
m
en
t
int
ent
ion
and
the
impact
of
ent
rep
r
ene
urship
educ
ation
and
pre
vi
ous
ent
rep
r
ene
uri
al
experie
nce
,
"
(
Doctor
of
Phi
losophy
),
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ydne
y
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si
t
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dn
e
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Zha
o,
S.
E
.
Seibe
rt
,
and
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T.
L
um
pkin,
"
T
he
rel
a
ti
onship
of
per
sonali
t
y
t
o
ent
rep
r
ene
uri
a
l
int
en
ti
ons
and
per
fo
rm
anc
e
:
A
m
et
a
-
anal
y
tic
r
e
vie
w,"
Journal
o
f
Manage
men
t
,
v
ol.
36
(
2
)
,
pp
.
38
1
-
404,
2010
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
3
,
Sept
e
m
ber
201
9
:
557
-
562
562
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Z.
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ad,
S.
R
.
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r,
and
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r,
"
Exa
m
ini
ng
entrepre
neur
ial
int
e
nti
on
through
co
gnit
ive
ap
p
roa
c
h
using Ma
lay
si
a GEM da
ta,"
Jou
rnal
of
Or
gani
z
a
ti
onal
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e
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re
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ren
eur
i
al
c
areer
s
among
busines
s
gra
duat
es:
M
atch
-
m
aki
ng
using
the
or
y
of
pl
a
nne
d
beha
v
ior,
"
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onal Journal
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rs
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2005.
[16]
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h
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and
M.
Frese,
"
Let
's
put
the
per
so
n
bac
k
in
to
en
t
rep
ren
eur
ship
re
sea
rch
:
A
m
eta
-
ana
l
y
s
is
on
th
e
rel
a
ti
onship
be
t
wee
n
business owners'
per
sona
li
t
y
tr
ai
ts
,
business
cre
a
ti
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and
su
cc
ess,"
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n
Journal
of
Wo
rk
and
Or
ganizati
onal
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,
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)
,
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3
53
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385,
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[17]
S.
Shane,
and
N
.
Nicolaou,
"
Cre
at
iv
e
per
sonal
ity,
opportuni
t
y
r
ecogn
it
ion
and
th
e
te
ndency
to
star
t
businesses:
A
stud
y
o
f
th
ei
r
ge
net
i
c
pre
d
isposit
ions
,"
Journal
of
Busine
ss
V
ent
ur
ing
,
vo
l. 30
(
3
)
,
p
p.
407
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