In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f E
v
al
u
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
R
e
se
arc
h
in
Ed
u
c
ation
(
IJERE
)
V
o
l.7,
N
o.4,
D
ece
mbe
r
201
8,
pp.
2
7
9
~
2
8
4
IS
S
N
: 2252-
88
22
D
O
I
: 10.
1
1
591
/i
jere
.v7
i
4.15
7
2
5
279
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
ERE
/
Mediati
o
n Effect of Resilience
on The Relatio
nship between
Self-Effi
cacy and Competitiven
ess am
ong University Students
Ki
n
g
ston
K.
F
.
Mo
k
e
,
Ca
lvi
n
K
.
W
.
Cha
n
g
,
Kususan
to
Pr
i
ha
d
i
,
Ch
ee
Leo
n
g
Goh
D
e
partm
e
n
t
o
f
Psy
c
ho
lo
gy,
H
E
L
P Un
i
v
ersity,
M
a
laysi
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Sep
2
5
,
2
018
Re
vise
d O
c
t
3,
2018
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
Oc
t
1
4
,
2
018
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
a
i
m
e
d
t
o
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
t
h
e
m
e
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
r
o
l
e
o
f
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
c
e
o
n
t
h
e
li
nk
bet
w
een
s
el
f-e
ffi
cacy
a
nd
c
om
petiti
veness
am
ong
university
s
t
u
d
en
ts
i
n
M
a
lay
s
ia.
On
e h
u
nd
red an
d t
h
i
r
ty
-six
p
ar
tici
p
ant
s
f
rom
s
e
veral
unive
r
si
ties
in
M
a
lay
s
ia
w
ere
recru
i
t
e
d
to
r
espo
nd
t
o
an
o
n
lin
e
f
o
rm
c
on
sis
t
ed
of
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
owin
g
s
cales:
adapt
e
d
v
e
rsio
ns
o
f
bri
e
f
resilience
s
c
ale
f
r
om
S
mit
h
e
t
al,
self
-efficacy
s
cale
f
r
o
m
B
i
e
mann,
K
earney
a
n
d
M
a
rg
graf
,
a
n
d
P
e
r
s
onal
Dev
e
lo
pm
ent
Com
p
eti
t
i
v
e
A
t
titude
S
cale
f
r
o
m
R
yck
m
an,
Hamm
er,
K
a
cz
o
r
a
n
d
G
o
l
d
.
D
a
t
a
w
a
s
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
S
P
S
S
w
i
t
h
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
M
a
c
r
o
a
n
d
f
u
ll
m
e
di
atio
n
h
a
s
been
obs
erv
e
d
.
B
i
a
s-co
rrec
t
ed
b
o
o
t
s
t
r
ap
c
on
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
interval
tes
t
i
n
d
i
cated
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
i
n
d
i
rect
e
ff
ect
o
f
s
e
lf
-effic
acy
o
n
com
petitiveness
was
si
gnif
i
c
a
n
t
a
n
d
t
he
S
o
b
el
t
est
had
con
f
irm
e
d
the
sig
n
ifican
ce
o
f
t
h
e
medi
at
ion.
F
urther
d
is
cussion
,
l
i
m
itat
i
on
a
nd
s
ug
gest
ion
are
di
s
c
us
sed
i
n
t
h
e
end
of
t
he
p
aper.
K
eyw
ord
:
Com
p
et
i
tive
n
e
s
s
Me
dia
t
ion
R
e
si
li
en
ce
Sel
f-Ef
f
i
c
acy
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
018 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
Scien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Kususanto Pr
i
h
adi,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
Psh
yc
o
l
og
y
,
H
ELP
U
nivers
it
y S
u
ba
ng 2,
N
o
.2,
Lot P
T
1
22
9
1
,
P
e
rsiara
n Ca
ker
a
w
a
la
, S
ec
ti
o
n
U
4,
4015
0,
S
h
ah Ala
m, S
elang
o
r,
Ma
l
ays
i
a.
Em
ail:
pri
h
ad
i.k@
he
lp.e
d
u
.m
y
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
C
o
m
p
e
t
iti
ve
ne
ss
is
c
o
n
sider
e
d
a
n
e
sse
n
tia
l
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
in
b
oth
e
duc
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
i
n
d
u
str
y
b
e
c
a
use
s
t
ud
ies
over a deca
de had be
e
n rep
o
rted
its sign
i
fica
nt
c
on
tri
b
uti
o
n
t
o
mo
tiv
a
t
io
n
[
1
],
i
nn
ov
at
ion
[
2
], c
o
m
p
e
t
e
nc
e
[3
],
ac
hi
e
v
em
en
t
[4],
c
orporate
p
e
rform
a
nc
e
[5],
a
nd
p
o
si
ti
ve
s
tr
ess
[
6].
The
a
f
orem
en
ti
o
n
e
d
tra
its
s
e
e
m
to
b
e
impor
ta
nt
t
o
be
acq
uire
d
b
y
u
n
i
versi
t
y
st
u
d
e
nt
s;
t
hu
s,
i
t
is
s
i
gn
ifica
n
t
t
o
i
nve
sti
g
ate
h
o
w
c
o
m
p
e
t
i
t
i
ve
ne
ss
ca
n
be
i
m
p
ro
ve
d
.
One
of
t
he
f
a
c
tors
o
f
com
p
eti
tiv
ene
s
s
i
s
s
e
l
f-ef
fica
cy
[
7]
,
be
c
ause
i
t
refers
t
o
the
per
s
on'
s
o
wn
perc
ep
ti
o
n
s
o
f
h
is
o
r
her
co
m
p
etenc
e
an
d
a
b
il
it
y
t
o
b
e
i
n
v
o
lve
d
i
n
a
n
y
form
o
f
co
mpe
tit
i
on.
I
n
gener
a
l,
self-e
ffic
acy
w
a
s
d
efi
n
e
d
a
s
be
lie
f
in
o
n
e
’s
c
a
p
ab
i
lit
ie
s
t
o
c
a
r
r
y
o
u
t
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
s
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
t
o
ac
com
p
lis
h
a
ta
sk
s
uc
ce
ssfu
l
l
y
w
i
t
h
the
s
k
i
l
ls
t
he
y
cur
r
ent
l
y
p
ossess
[8-10]
.
Thus,
it
can
b
e
ass
u
med
that
when
i
nd
i
v
id
u
a
ls
h
o
l
d
a
be
li
ef
t
ha
t
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
capa
b
l
e
o
f
a
ccom
p
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
t
hi
n
g
s,
t
hey
w
i
l
l
b
e
m
o
re
c
ompe
t
iti
ve
in t
ha
t pa
rt
i
c
u
l
a
r
field.
C
o
m
p
e
t
iti
ve
ne
ss
is
a
l
s
o
d
e
t
e
rm
in
e
d
b
y
va
rious
f
ac
t
o
rs
s
uc
h
as
c
ompe
te
nce
d
e
vel
o
pm
en
t,
deve
l
opm
en
t o
f
m
ature in
t
e
rp
er
sona
l
re
l
a
tio
nsh
i
p, an
d
e
mo
ti
o
n
m
ana
g
em
ent [11]
. Simil
a
r
l
y,
s
om
e se
n
s
es
t
ha
t
are
re
lated
t
o
t
he
a
f
o
rem
e
nt
i
o
ned
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
,
suc
h
a
s
sen
s
es
o
f
m
aster
y
,
r
e
late
d
n
ess
a
nd
e
m
oti
o
na
l
re
acti
v
i
t
y
deter
m
i
n
ed
r
es
il
i
e
nce
am
on
g
ado
l
esce
n
t
s
[1
2].
Link
be
twe
e
n
r
e
s
i
lie
nce
a
nd
c
o
mpe
tit
ive
n
ess
ha
ve
a
l
s
o
be
en
repor
t
e
d
in
o
th
e
r
f
i
e
lds
s
u
ch
a
s
sp
orts
[
13],
an
d
b
u
s
i
ne
ss
[
1
4
]
.
A
d
d
i
t
i
ona
lly,
i
t
w
as
a
lso
re
por
t
e
d
tha
t
s
el
f-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
i
s
a
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
o
f
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
c
e
[
1
5
-
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
s
e
l
f
-
efficac
y
predic
ts
b
o
t
h
c
o
mpe
t
i
t
i
v
e
n
ess
and
re
si
li
e
n
ce,
w
h
i
c
h
i
n
o
t
h
e
r
word
s
,
i
ndi
vidu
a
l
s
who
b
e
li
ef
i
n
th
e
ir
o
w
n
c
a
p
abi
l
ities
t
e
n
d
t
o
be
c
ompe
t
i
t
i
ve
a
n
d
at the
sam
e
t
i
m
e
,
w
ill b
o
unc
e
bac
k
t
o t
h
e
co
m
p
etit
i
on w
h
e
n
the
y
w
ere
take
n
dow
n.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2252-
8822
IJERE
V
ol
.
7,
N
o.
4,
D
ece
mbe
r
20
18
:
27
9
–
284
28
0
The
a
f
orem
ent
i
one
d re
por
ts le
a
d t
o
a
n
a
ssum
p
t
i
on
tha
t
w
h
e
n
in
d
i
vi
d
u
als
i
m
prove the
ir le
v
e
l
s of se
l
f-
efficac
y,
t
he
y
ten
d
t
o
de
ve
lop
h
i
gh
e
r
c
omp
e
t
i
t
i
v
e
ness
a
s
lon
g
a
s
they
p
ossess
adequate
l
ev
e
l
s
of
r
es
ili
e
n
c
e.
More
ove
r,
t
he
a
ssum
p
tio
n
fi
ts
t
he
c
riter
i
a
lis
ted
by
Ba
ro
n
and
K
e
n
n
y
f
o
r
a
m
e
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
i
t
i
s
hy
p
o
the
s
iz
e
d
t
hat
resi
lie
nce
me
diat
es the
p
r
e
dic
t
io
n o
f
self-e
f
fic
a
c
y
o
n co
m
p
eti
t
i
ve
nes
s
[18]
.
1.1.
C
o
mpe
t
itiven
ess
C
o
m
p
e
t
iti
ve
ne
ss
is
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
lise
d
a
s
per
s
o
n
a
l
i
t
y
t
rai
t
t
ha
t
aff
ec
ts
s
oc
ial
i
n
tera
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
p
e
r
sona
l
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
on
a
l
l
i
f
e
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
It
i
s
al
so
d
escri
b
e
d
a
s
a
st
rong
fee
lin
g
of
w
a
n
t
i
n
g
t
o
w
i
n
i
n
i
n
t
erpe
rso
n
a
l
s
it
ua
t
i
o
n
as
w
ell
as
b
e
b
e
t
t
er
t
ha
n
ot
he
r
s
[
21],
[2
2
]
.
P
e
op
le
t
ha
t
are
hi
g
h
l
y
c
om
pet
iti
ve
w
o
u
l
d
c
o
n
s
t
a
ntl
y
m
on
itor
the
i
r
perform
ance
t
o
e
n
sur
e
tha
t
the
y
ar
e
s
ur
passin
g
t
he
ir pe
e
rs [2
3
]
.
S
t
udie
s
o
ver
d
e
cade
s
h
a
v
e
repor
t
e
d
m
i
xe
d
r
e
su
lts
o
n
w
h
et
her
com
pe
t
iti
v
e
ne
ss
c
a
n
b
e
a
lter
e
d.
G
rill
&
D
e
e
t
e
r
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
c
o
m
p
e
t
i
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
i
s
a
t
r
a
i
t
,
t
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
i
t
i
s
no
t
an
a
bil
i
t
y
t
ha
t
c
o
uld
be
a
da
pt
e
d
[
2
0
].
I
n
con
t
ra
st
t
o
t
h
a
t
s
t
u
dy,
s
e
v
e
r
al
s
tu
d
i
e
s
r
ep
orte
d
t
h
a
t
c
o
m
pe
t
i
t
i
ve
nes
s
i
s
sha
p
e
d
b
as
e
on
per
s
ona
li
ty
a
nd
env
i
ro
nm
en
t [2
3]
, [17].
Thus, i
t
is
s
ug
ge
ste
d
t
ha
t c
o
mpe
t
it
iv
e
n
ess c
oul
d
b
e
a
l
t
e
r
e
d
i
n
var
i
o
u
s set
t
i
n
gs.
It
i
s
ad
vo
cat
ed
t
h
a
t
c
o
mp
etit
iv
en
ess
mig
h
t
ass
o
c
i
a
t
ed
w
it
h
s
e
lf
-e
ffi
c
acy
.
R
e
se
arc
h
s
ug
g
e
st
ed
t
h
a
t
self-e
ffic
acy
b
elie
f
pre
d
i
c
ts
s
cho
o
l
a
ch
ie
ve
me
nt
[
2
4
],
[
25
],
a
n
d
academic
e
ffort
[
26].
I
n
o
t
her
w
o
r
d
s,
s
e
l
f-
efficac
y
p
l
ays a
role
i
n
al
teri
n
g
c
om
pe
t
i
t
i
ven
e
ss
in
a
ca
de
mi
c
a
c
h
i
e
vem
e
n
t
.
A
stud
y
in Ma
l
ay
sia i
n
d
i
ca
te
d
t
h
a
t
w
h
en in
d
i
v
id
u
a
ls
a
re o
ver-de
p
en
de
nt
on
pre
f
ere
n
tia
l
p
o
lic
ie
s (l
ow
se
l
f-e
ffica
cy),
t
he
y w
ill
be
less
com
pe
tit
iv
e
com
p
are
d
t
o
ot
hers
[
27].
Re
se
arc
h
ers
als
o
a
rgue
d
t
h
at
i
n
d
i
v
id
ua
ls
w
h
o
a
r
e
o
ver-
depe
nde
nt
f
or
p
ri
v
i
l
e
ge
s
w
i
ll
e
v
en
tu
al
ly
l
ead t
o
l
o
w c
o
mp
eti
tiv
e
n
e
s
s [
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
F
u
rtherm
ore
,
c
om
pet
i
tive
n
e
ss
c
a
n
be
d
i
v
ide
d
i
n
t
o
t
w
o
d
i
s
t
i
n
c
t
c
o
n
s
t
ruc
t
s,
t
he
f
i
r
st
one
i
s
sup
e
rior
i
t
y
c
o
mp
e
tit
i
v
en
ess
(SC
)
a
n
d
ma
s
t
ery
co
mp
e
t
it
iv
e
n
e
s
s
(MC
)
[
3
0
]
.
It
w
a
s
exp
l
ai
ne
d
t
h
a
t
p
e
o
pl
e
w
ith
S
C
t
e
nd
to
see
com
p
e
t
i
tio
ns
a
s
a
n
a
ve
n
u
e
t
o
o
u
t
perfo
rm
o
ther
s,
w
h
ile
t
hose
w
it
h
MC
t
e
n
d
t
o
s
e
e
i
t
a
s
o
p
p
o
rt
uni
t
y
t
o
o
u
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
m
s
e
l
v
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
a
s
t
.
T
h
e
s
e
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
c
o
m
p
e
t
i
t
i
ve
n
e
ss
ca
n
have
d
i
f
fere
nt
i
m
p
li
ca
tio
n
tow
a
rds
stu
d
e
n
ts’
l
i
fe
a
nd
i
t
ca
n be
lin
ke
d
di
ffe
ren
t
ly w
i
t
h
ot
her
variab
le
s
in
t
h
i
s
curr
en
t st
udy.
1.2.
S
e
l
f
-E
ff
i
c
a
c
y
S
e
lf-
e
ffic
ac
y
is
d
efine
d
d
iffe
rent
l
y
b
y
differe
nt
a
uth
o
r
s
;
h
o
w
e
ve
r,
it
ca
n
b
e
c
on
den
s
ed
a
s
a
belie
f
o
f
self-c
on
fi
de
nc
e
i
n
t
heir
c
apa
b
i
l
i
t
ies
in
e
xec
u
ti
ng
ce
rta
i
n
t
a
sk
w
i
t
h
a
set
of
s
kill
s
[8],
[
26][31][32].
Acc
o
r
d
i
ng
to
B
a
ndur
a,
t
h
e
re
a
re
f
our
s
ource
s
of
s
el
f-e
f
fic
acy
w
h
i
ch
a
re
m
a
s
te
ry
e
xpe
r
i
ence
s,
v
i
car
i
o
us
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
nc
es,
verba
l
per
sua
s
ion
an
d p
h
y
s
i
o
log
i
ca
l
st
a
t
es [8]
.
Ex
tens
i
v
e
rese
arc
h
o
ver
de
c
a
de
s
re
p
o
rte
d
t
hat
se
lf-e
ffi
c
a
c
y
pl
a
ys
a
n
essen
t
ial
r
o
le
i
n
hum
a
n
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
d
if
fe
rent
s
etti
ng
s,
i
n
c
l
udi
ng
e
d
u
cati
o
n
,
h
e
a
l
t
h
,
s
p
o
rts
a
n
d
b
u
s
i
ness
[8]
,
[
3
3
].
H
ig
h
le
ve
l
s
o
f
s
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
w
o
u
l
d
l
e
a
d
t
o
i
n
d
i
v
i
dua
l
s
p
er
form
in
g
be
tter
[3
5],
b
e
i
n
g
m
ore
pe
r
s
i
s
te
n
t
,
ha
ve
b
e
tter
ma
nage
me
nt
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
an
x
i
et
y
[3
6]
,
w
o
rk
h
a
r
der
w
h
en
f
ac
e
d
w
i
t
h
f
ail
u
re
a
s
wel
l
as
c
opi
ng
m
o
r
e
eff
e
c
t
iv
el
y
w
ith
h
ars
h
er
c
og
n
i
t
i
ve
d
em
a
nds.
Ta
yl
or
a
nd
Re
yes
[37],
sug
g
es
te
d
t
h
a
t
h
i
g
h
a
cade
m
ic
achie
ve
rs
a
r
e
pos
ses
w
ith
h
i
gh
self-
e
ffic
acy
a
nd r
e
si
l
i
e
n
c
e
.
Rese
arc
h
o
ver
de
cade
s
h
a
v
e
c
onsta
n
t
l
y
c
it
e
d
s
elf-
eff
i
c
a
c
y
a
s
a
pred
ict
o
r
o
f
resil
ienc
e
a
nd asc
r
ibe
d
t
o
vari
ous
l
e
v
el
s
of
r
e
s
il
ie
nc
e
[3
8-4
0
].
L
ig
ht
se
y’s
the
o
r
y
p
ro
pos
e
d
t
h
at
i
ndi
vi
d
u
al
s’
s
elf-
effic
a
c
y
i
s
t
h
e
prim
ary
pred
ic
tor
t
o
t
h
e
ir
l
eve
l
o
f
resil
i
e
n
ce
[
41].
Thi
s
t
heory
is
s
up
por
t
e
d
b
y
a
n
em
pirica
l
s
t
ud
y
sug
g
e
s
ti
ng
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
rela
tio
ns
hip
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
se
lf-
e
ffi
c
a
c
y
a
n
d
r
esilie
nc
e
am
on
g
high
sc
h
o
o
l
s
tude
n
t
s
[42].
P
a
st
s
tudy
h
a
d
a
l
s
o
repor
t
e
d tha
t
s
e
l
f-ef
f
ic
ac
y is
a
sig
n
i
fi
c
a
n
t pre
d
i
c
tor
of
r
esil
i
e
nce
[4
3]
.
1.3.
R
e
silie
nce
Res
i
l
i
e
n
ce
has
bee
n
d
e
f
ine
d
d
iffe
ren
t
ly
o
v
e
r
deca
des,
i
n
g
e
nera
l,
it
re
fer
s
t
o
t
h
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
to
h
a
v
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
a
d
apt
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
f
ace
o
f
a
dv
ersit
y
[
44
-46
]
.
R
e
s
ilie
n
c
e
co
uld
b
e
c
h
a
rac
t
e
r
i
zed
a
s
a
t
r
a
i
t
o
r
a
s
tat
e
o
r
com
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
of bot
h [
47].
H
i
g
h
l
eve
l
s
of
r
esilie
nc
e
ha
ve
b
ee
n
ass
o
ci
ate
d
w
i
t
h
l
ow
er
v
ul
ne
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
dai
l
y
s
t
re
ssor
s
be
ca
use
it
serve
s
a
s
a
bu
f
f
er
t
o
t
h
em
[
4
8
]
,
[
49]
,
m
itig
ati
n
g
de
pre
s
si
o
n
s
y
mpt
o
ms
[
50
],
i
mp
rov
i
ng
l
i
f
e
sa
ti
sf
a
c
ti
on
[
5
1
]
.
In
t
he
c
on
t
e
xt
o
f
ac
adem
ic,
i
t
h
e
l
ps
s
tu
de
n
t
t
o
rec
over
fr
om
f
a
ilu
re
s.
A
c
a
d
e
mi
cal
ly
r
esil
i
e
nt
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
u
s
ua
ll
y
a
c
a
d
emi
c
a
l
l
y
su
c
cessf
ul
d
espi
t
e
t
h
e
i
r
b
a
c
kg
ro
und
[
52
].
P
a
st
s
t
u
die
s
h
a
v
e
s
u
gges
t
e
d
t
hat
resi
lie
nce
migh
t
re
lat
e
d
t
o
s
e
l
f-ef
f
icac
y
an
d
c
o
m
p
e
t
i
t
i
v
ene
s
s.
I
t
i
s
repor
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
i
nd
i
v
id
ua
l
w
ith
h
ig
h
l
e
ve
ls
o
f
h
a
rd
i
n
ess
(a
n
e
n
c
o
mpa
ssi
n
g
t
e
r
m
of
r
esi
l
ie
nce
[5
3])
usua
l
l
y
cha
r
ac
t
e
rize
d
wit
h
h
i
gh
se
l
f
-
e
fficac
y
[5
4].
Ther
e
has
be
en
l
e
s
s
r
e
s
ear
ch
f
ocu
s
i
n
g
o
n
a
c
a
d
em
ic
r
esi
lie
nc
e
[1
6]
,
as
m
ost
s
t
u
d
i
es
f
oc
use
s
o
n
b
u
s
i
n
ess
c
o
nt
e
x
t
.
H
ow
eve
r
,
pas
t
s
tu
d
y
repo
rt
e
d
t
h
a
t
re
sil
i
e
n
ce
mi
ght
c
o
n
t
r
ibu
t
e
to
ac
adem
ic
s
uc
c
e
ss,
which
r
equire
s
com
p
e
t
iti
vene
ss
t
o ac
h
i
e
v
e
[5
4
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJERE
I
S
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
M
e
d
i
at
io
n
Ef
fe
c
t
of
Res
i
li
e
n
ce
on
T
h
e
Re
lati
o
n
sh
ip be
tw
e
e
n
Sel
f
-
E
ff
ic
ac
y
… (Kin
gst
o
n
K
.
F.
Mok
e
)
28
1
1.4.
M
e
di
a
t
i
o
n
R
o
le
o
f
R
e
s
i
l
i
en
c
e
I
t
i
s
a
d
v
o
cate
d
t
ha
t
prese
n
c
e
o
r
abse
nc
e
o
f
r
esil
i
e
nc
e
c
o
uld
af
fec
t
a
n
i
n
d
i
vi
dua
ls’
dec
i
s
i
o
n
i
n
life
eve
n
t
[5
6].
Previ
o
us
s
tu
d
i
es
h
a
v
e
rep
o
rte
d
t
ha
t
re
silie
n
c
e
i
s
l
ink
e
d
to
s
e
l
f
-
e
ffi
ca
cy.
Th
e
af
o
r
emen
t
i
o
n
ed
lite
rat
u
res
[4
2]
[4
3],
ha
ve
e
mpir
ica
l
l
y
p
r
o
ve
n
t
h
at
s
e
l
f-effi
cac
y
is
a
s
i
g
n
i
fica
nt
p
r
e
d
i
ct
o
r
o
f
re
sil
i
ence
.
Whe
n
so
ci
a
l
c
ogn
itiv
e
v
a
ri
ab
l
e
s
(se
l
f
-
eff
i
c
acy
)
c
o
mbi
n
e
wi
th
p
erson
a
li
ty
(re
sili
en
c
e
),
a
n
d
e
n
vi
ro
n
m
e
n
t
(com
pet
i
t
i
ve
), it
co
u
l
d a
f
fe
c
t
an
in
div
i
du
al’s
goa
l
s
u
ch a
s ac
a
de
mic
succe
ss
[
57],
[58
]
.
The
r
e
la
t
i
ons
h
i
p be
t
w
e
e
n
resi
l
i
e
nce
an
d c
o
m
p
et
iti
ve
ne
ss ha
s
b
e
e
n w
i
de
ly stud
i
e
d
in
b
u
s
i
ness
c
o
nte
x
t
[5
9-6
1
].
I
n
ed
uc
at
ion
co
n
t
ex
t,
it
i
s
s
ug
ge
st
e
d
t
ha
t
sc
h
o
la
r
s
hi
p
i
s
one
o
f
the
fac
t
ors
p
r
omot
in
g
ac
a
d
em
ic
succe
ss
[
62]
.
Stu
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
u
n
i
v
ersit
y
n
e
e
d
to
c
om
pete
t
o
be
a
t
t
he
t
op
t
o
m
e
e
t
t
he
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
nt
f
or
s
c
h
o
l
arshi
p
.
If
a
s
tude
n
t
f
a
i
l
e
d
t
o
d
o so a
t
t
h
e fi
r
s
t
t
i
m
e
,
s/he
w
i
l
l ne
ver
t
r
y
aga
i
n
for
t
he sc
h
o
l
a
r
s
h
ip.
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
P
opu
l
a
tio
n
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
t
ud
y
is
u
ni
versi
t
y
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
,
and
s
n
ow
ba
ll
s
a
m
p
l
in
g
w
a
s
ut
ilize
d
i
n
th
is
c
urren
t
stud
y
i
n
o
rder
t
o
r
ecr
uit
t
h
e
n
u
mbe
r
s
u
gges
t
ed
b
y
t
h
e
G
*
P
o
w
e
r.
O
n
e
hun
dred
a
nd
th
irt
y
-six
(
1
36)
u
n
i
v
e
rsi
t
y
stude
n
t
s w
e
re
r
ecr
uite
d
fr
om sever
al
p
r
i
va
t
e
u
n
i
versi
tie
s
i
n
M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
. Re
crui
tme
n
t
w
a
s do
ne b
y
u
p
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
lin
k
to
t
he
G
oo
gle
f
o
rm
o
f
t
h
e
sca
l
es.
T
h
e
li
n
k
w
a
s
u
p
l
oade
d
in
t
he
s
oc
ial
me
di
a
,
s
uc
h
as
F
a
c
e
book,
T
w
itter
,
and
Wha
t
sA
p
p
Gr
ou
p
s
.
P
a
rtic
ipa
n
ts w
e
r
e
also aske
d
to pa
ss
t
he
l
i
nk
to
t
he
i
r
soc
i
a
l ne
tw
or
ks.
The
da
ta
w
a
s
c
ol
l
e
c
t
e
d
b
y
ut
iliz
in
g
o
n
line
G
o
o
g
l
e
f
orm
.
T
he
v
ar
ia
ble
X
(self-
eff
i
c
acy)
i
s
m
ea
sured
by
ut
i
liz
in
g
an adap
t
e
d
v
er
sio
n
o
f
se
lf-effica
c
y
s
c
a
le
(
8 i
t
e
m
s
)
[63].
V
a
riable
Y
(
C
o
m
p
e
t
i
t
i
ve
ness)
a
n
a
d
ap
te
d
versi
o
n
o
f
P
erson
a
l
D
e
vel
o
p
m
e
n
t
Com
p
et
it
ive
A
t
ti
tude
S
ca
le
(
1
5
item
s
)
[6
4].
V
a
r
i
a
b
le
M
(
Resi
lie
n
c
e)
i
s
me
asure
d
by
u
t
i
lii
n
g
a
da
pte
d
v
er
sion
ver
s
i
o
n
of
b
rief
r
esi
l
i
e
nc
e
sca
l
e
(6
i
t
e
ms)
[65]
.
The
data
c
o
lle
cte
d
w
ere
ana
l
yz
e
d
by
u
s
in
g
S
P
S
S
w
it
h
P
R
O
C
ES
S
Mac
r
o a
nd m
u
lti
p
l
e
r
e
gre
s
si
on i
n
or
d
er
t
o
see
the
m
e
dia
tio
n r
e
sul
t
.
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
DISCU
SSIO
N
Th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
im
ed
t
o
tes
t
t
he
hyp
ot
hes
i
s
:
R
e
s
ilie
nc
e
m
e
d
i
a
t
es
t
h
e
re
l
a
tio
n
s
h
i
p
be
tw
ee
n
s
e
lf-e
ffic
a
c
y
and
com
p
et
i
t
i
v
ene
s
s.
T
he
r
e
s
ul
t
su
g
g
e
s
te
d
t
h
at
r
e
s
i
l
ience
full
y
m
e
d
i
a
t
e
t
he
r
el
at
io
nshi
p
b
e
t
w
een
s
elf
-
ef
fi
ca
cy
and
c
o
mpe
t
i
t
i
v
e
n
ess.
P
RO
CE
S
S
M
ac
ros
3
h
a
s
be
en
u
t
iliz
e
d
i
n
orde
r
to
a
nal
y
se
t
he
d
a
t
a
,
a
nd
the
r
e
su
lt
s
ar
e
summ
ar
i
z
ed in
Table
1.
Ta
b
l
e
1.
S
ummary
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
d
i
ati
on
ana
l
ys
is
P
a
t
h
c
Se
lf
-e
ffica
cy on
C
o
m
p
e
t
itiv
e
n
e
s
s
Pat
h
a
S
e
lf-e
ff
i
c
a
c
y on
Res
i
li
en
ce
Pat
h
b
Re
silie
n
c
e on
C
o
m
p
e
tit
iv
e
n
e
s
s
Pa
th c
Se
lf
-e
f
f
ic
ac
y
a
nd
co
m
p
e
t
i
t
iv
en
es
s
o
n
Res
i
l
i
e
n
c
e
(
C
o
n
t
r
o
ll
ed
f
or
Re
s
i
l
i
e
n
ce)
F
F(2,
134
)
=
1
1
.
4
2
F
(
1,
135
)=
32.
16
F
(
2
,
134
)=
11.
42
F
(1,
135
)
=
7.
7
1
Be
t
a
.
31
.
41
.
78
.
63
R
2
.
17
.
28
.
17
.
10
Si
g
.
184
<
.
001
.
001
.
006
Ta
b
l
e
1
i
l
l
u
s
t
rates
th
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
of
t
he
m
ed
i
a
ti
o
n
a
na
lys
i
s
by
P
R
OCES
S
Macro
on
S
P
S
S.
P
ath
c
in
dic
a
t
e
s the
i
n
si
gn
ifica
n
t
pre
d
ic
t
i
o
n
o
f se
lf-
e
ffica
c
y
on c
o
m
p
eti
t
i
v
ene
s
s [F
(2,134)=
1
1.4
2
;
β
=
.03
8
;
R
2
=
.
131
; p
=
.
1
84],
w
h
ich
c
a
n
be
c
onc
e
p
tua
l
i
z
ed
a
s
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
bel
i
e
f
i
n
t
h
e
i
r
ca
pa
b
ili
ty
d
o
e
s
no
t
pr
ed
ict
t
h
e
i
r
com
p
et
i
tive
n
e
s
s.
S
ta
tist
i
c
a
l
ly
s
pea
k
i
n
g,
w
he
n
t
h
eir
be
l
i
ef
o
n
t
he
ir
o
w
n
c
a
p
ab
i
lit
y
im
pro
v
ed
by
1
p
o
i
n
t
,
their
c
o
mp
e
tit
i
v
en
ess
wil
l
i
n
c
re
a
s
e
b
y
0
.31
poi
nt
,
a
n
d
17
%
of
t
he
i
n
c
rea
s
e
i
n
c
ompet
i
t
i
ve
ness
can
b
e
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
e
d
b
y
the se
l
f-ef
f
icac
y im
p
r
o
v
em
ent
.
P
a
th
a
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
ific
ant
pre
d
i
c
ti
on
o
f
sel
f
-
e
ff
i
c
a
c
y
o
n
r
e
s
il
ie
n
c
e
[F
(1,
1
3
5
)
=
32.
16
;
β=.
4
1
;
R
2
=
.
28
;
p
<
.00
1
].
I
n
other
w
o
rds,
t
he
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
b
e
lie
f
in
t
he
i
r
c
a
pa
bi
l
ity
p
re
dic
t
s
t
h
e
i
r
be
in
g
re
si
lie
n
t
.
S
t
ati
s
t
i
c
a
lly
s
pe
aki
n
g,
w
hen
t
h
eir
be
l
i
e
f
on
the
i
r
ow
n
c
a
pa
bi
l
i
ty
i
m
p
rove
d
b
y
1
p
o
i
nt
,
t
h
eir
com
p
e
t
i
t
i
v
ene
s
s
w
ill
inc
r
ea
se
by
0.4
1
p
oi
n
t
,
2
8
%
o
f
t
h
e
i
ncr
ease
in
r
e
s
ilie
nc
e
can
b
e
exp
l
ai
n
e
d
b
y
th
e
se
lf
-eff
i
c
acy
impro
v
e
m
e
n
t, a
nd t
h
e
i
m
pro
v
e
m
e
nt
i
s
sign
i
f
ica
n
t
.
A
n
o
t
her
par
t
o
f
Ta
bl
e
1
e
x
p
l
a
i
ne
d
t
h
at
p
a
t
h
c’,
w
h
ich
i
l
l
u
s
tra
t
es
h
ow
t
h
e
i
nt
e
r
ac
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
een
s
e
l
f-
efficac
y
an
d
re
si
lie
nce
pred
ic
t
s
c
om
pe
t
iti
ven
e
ss.
In
t
hat
par
t
i
c
u
lar
pa
t
h
,
i
t
w
as
s
h
o
wn
t
ha
t
w
h
e
n
r
es
il
i
e
n
ce
is
con
t
ro
l
l
ed,
se
lf
-efficac
y
si
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
l
y
pred
ict
s
c
om
pet
i
tive
n
e
s
s
[F
(
1
,
135)
=
7
.71
;
β
=
.
6
3
;
R
2
=
.
10
;
p=
.0
06
],
t
h
e
i
r
com
p
et
i
tive
n
e
s
s
w
ill
incr
ease
by
0.63
po
int,
w
he
re
10%
o
f
the
s
ign
i
fica
nt
i
ncr
ease
o
f
c
om
peti
t
i
ve
nes
s
c
an
b
e
exp
l
a
i
ne
d
b
y
t
he
i
ncr
ease
o
f
s
elf-
eff
i
c
a
c
y
.
T
h
e
fo
l
l
ow
in
g
T
a
ble
2
s
h
o
ws
t
he
r
es
ul
t
o
f
b
i
a
s-cor
r
ec
t
e
d
b
o
o
t
s
trap
con
f
ide
n
t
i
n
t
e
rval
t
ha
t
c
o
nfirm
s
t
he
o
cc
u
rrenc
e
of
i
n
d
i
r
ect
e
ff
ec
t
of
s
elf-
effic
a
c
y
on
com
p
e
t
i
t
i
v
ene
s
s
thr
o
u
g
h
re
s
il
ie
nce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2252-
8822
IJERE
V
ol
.
7,
N
o.
4,
D
ece
mbe
r
20
18
:
27
9
–
284
28
2
Tab
l
e
2.
R
-squ
ar
ed m
edia
tio
n
e
ffe
ct size
(R-
s
q_m
e
d
)
E
ffec
t
B
oot
S
E
B
oot
L
L
C
I
B
oot
U
LC
I
R
e
silie
n
c
e
.0850
.
0445
.
0177
.
1987
Ta
b
l
e
2
sh
ow
s
a
bia
s
-
c
orr
ect
ed
b
oot
strap
c
o
n
f
ide
n
ce
i
n
t
e
r
val
fo
r
t
h
e
i
n
dir
ect
e
ffe
c
t
(
b=
0.32)
b
ased
o
n
5
00
0
boot
st
rap
s
a
mp
l
e
s
di
d
no
t
con
t
ain
z
e
ro
,
BC
a
CI
(
0
.
0
1
8
,
0
.
200),
h
e
n
c
e
t
h
e
i
n
d
i
re
c
t
e
f
f
ect
o
f
s
e
l
f
-
efficac
y
o
n
c
o
m
peti
t
i
ve
nes
s
t
hro
u
g
h
r
e
s
i
lie
n
c
e
is
s
ig
ni
fica
n
t
,
i
n
d
i
ca
t
i
ng
t
h
at
m
e
d
ia
tio
n
l
i
ke
ly
o
cc
urre
d.
T
ab
le
3 c
onf
irms
t
he
si
g
n
i
fica
nc
e of
the
m
e
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
.
Ta
b
l
e
3
sh
ow
s
tha
t
t
he
S
obe
l
t
e
st
h
as
c
onf
i
r
me
d
the
s
i
g
n
i
ficanc
e
of
r
e
s
il
i
e
nce
o
n
t
he
l
i
n
k
be
t
w
e
e
n
the
se
lf-efficac
y
a
nd
c
o
m
p
e
t
i
t
ive
n
ess
b
=
.3
2,
Z
=
2
.9
0,
p
=
.
0
04.
B
e
ca
use
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
rol
of
r
es
il
i
e
n
c
e
ch
a
n
ge
d
the
sign
ifica
n
ce
o
f
sel
f
-e
ffic
ac
y
(
f
r
o
m
i
n
sig
n
i
fic
a
nt
t
o
si
gni
fic
a
n
t),
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
c
onc
lu
de
d
tha
t
f
u
l
l
m
e
d
i
at
io
n
had
occ
u
rred
;
r
e
s
il
i
e
nce
fu
ll
y
m
e
diate
s
t
he
p
red
i
c
t
i
o
n
of
s
e
l
f-ef
f
i
cac
y
on
c
o
mpe
t
i
t
i
ve
ness,
a
n
d
t
he
r
e
s
u
l
t
has
be
en
c
o
nfi
r
me
d
b
y
S
o
b
e
l
t
e
st
. Thi
s
f
i
ndi
ng
s
uppo
rt
s t
h
e h
ypo
t
h
esi
s
p
ro
p
o
sed i
n
the
ea
r
l
i
e
r
p
art of th
i
s
pa
per
.
Ta
b
l
e
3.
S
obe
l
tes
t
of
t
h
e
m
e
diat
i
o
n
Ef
f
ect
S
E
Z
p
.
3212
.
11
06
2
.
9033
.
0037
F
i
ndi
ng
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
stud
y
i
n
d
i
ca
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
a
r
esi
l
i
e
nce
fu
lly
m
edia
t
es
t
he
l
ink
betw
ee
n
sel
f
-
e
ff
i
c
ac
y
a
n
d
com
p
et
i
tive
n
e
s
s.
T
he
l
in
k
be
t
w
ee
n
the
se
lf-
e
ffica
c
y
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
et
i
t
i
ve
ness
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
be
i
nsi
gni
fic
a
n
t
,
bu
t
w
h
en
t
he
r
e
s
ilie
nc
e
is
c
o
n
tr
olle
d
(
n
u
lli
fi
ed),
i
t
w
a
s
ind
i
ca
t
e
d
t
ha
t
sel
f-ef
f
icacy
s
i
gnifica
ntly
p
red
i
c
t
s
com
p
et
i
tive
n
e
s
s.
I
n
ot
her
w
o
rds,
t
he
c
on
ne
cti
o
n
be
tw
e
e
n
the
stu
de
n
t
s’
b
el
ief
o
n
t
he
i
r
a
bili
ties
a
n
d
the
i
r
com
p
et
i
tive
n
e
s
s
i
s
m
edia
t
e
d
by
t
he
ir
r
esilie
nc
e;
i
t
ca
n
be
c
o
n
c
ep
t
u
al
ize
d
t
ha
t
if
s
tude
nts
be
l
i
e
v
e
in
t
he
ir
abi
l
i
t
y
t
o
c
o
mp
lete
a
t
a
s
k,
a
nd
t
he
y
a
r
e
r
eady
to
b
o
unc
e
b
a
c
k
w
he
n
the
y
l
o
s
e,
t
hey
bec
o
me
m
ore
com
p
eti
t
i
v
e
t
h
a
n
t
h
o
s
e
w
h
o
a
r
e
n
o
t
r
e
a
d
y
t
o
b
o
u
n
c
e
b
a
c
k
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
i
s
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
w
a
s
ba
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
l
imite
d
be
ca
use
t
h
e
nat
u
re
o
f
com
p
et
iti
ve
ne
ss
i
s
un
know
n.
A
s
com
p
et
iti
ve
ne
ss
can
b
e
d
iv
i
d
ed
i
nt
o
Ma
st
e
r
y
a
n
d
S
u
pe
rior
i
t
y
Co
mp
e
tit
i
v
e
n
ess
[3
0
]
,
f
u
rt
h
e
r
st
ud
y
shou
l
d
b
e
co
ndu
c
t
e
d
i
n
th
e
f
u
tu
re
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
k
n
o
w
w
hi
ch
t
yp
e
of
com
p
et
i
tive
n
e
s
s
is
p
redic
t
e
d
b
y se
l
f-ef
f
icac
y
and
me
dia
t
e
d
b
y
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
ce.
Fu
rt
h
e
rmo
r
e,
i
t
wa
s
su
gg
e
s
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
s
e
l
f
-
e
f
fi
ca
cy
i
s
a
si
g
n
i
f
ic
a
nt
p
r
e
di
ct
or
o
f
re
silie
nc
e.
T
he
r
esul
t
i
s
in
l
ine
w
ith
L
i
g
h
t
se
y’s
t
h
e
o
r
y
[
41],
an
d
re
po
r
t
s
fr
om
s
ev
er
al
[
1
5
-1
7],
w
h
ic
h
pro
p
o
se
d
t
h
a
t
s
e
l
f-e
f
fi
ca
cy
i
s
c
e
n
t
ral
t
o
l
e
v
e
l
r
esi
l
i
e
n
c
e.
I
n
ot
he
r
wo
rd
s,
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
in
g
st
ud
e
n
t
s’
s
e
l
f-efficacy
m
i
ght
l
ead
t
hem
to
b
e
able
t
o
bo
u
n
ce
ba
c
k
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
e
t
i
tio
n
a
f
ter
be
i
ng
t
a
ke
n
d
o
w
n
b
y
s
o
me
a
d
v
e
r
sitie
s.
N
ev
e
r
the
l
ess,
t
her
e
i
s
a
li
m
i
ta
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
tu
dy
r
e
ga
r
d
ing
t
h
is
c
o
n
t
e
xt
;
th
e
da
ta
i
n
re
si
li
e
n
ce
h
a
s
bee
n
c
o
l
l
e
ct
ed
b
y
se
lf-re
p
o
rt
in
g
me
tho
d
,
th
us t
he part
i
c
i
pa
n
t
s m
i
gh
t
ha
ve
var
i
o
us u
nde
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
an
d perc
e
p
t
i
on a
b
o
u
t
a
d
v
e
r
si
t
i
e
s
.
S
o
me of t
h
e
p
a
rti
c
ip
an
ts
m
i
g
ht
h
av
e
ov
e
r
co
me
s
o
m
e
ad
ve
rsi
t
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
a
re
m
u
c
h
m
ore
i
n
te
nse
t
h
a
n
t
he
o
the
r
s
yet
re
p
o
rt
i
n
g
some
r
esil
i
e
nc
e
w
h
il
e
o
t
hers
m
ight
h
a
v
e
e
xper
i
e
n
ce
d
m
u
ch
l
igh
t
e
r
cha
l
len
g
es
y
et
r
e
p
ort
i
n
g
l
ow
s
co
re
s
in
resil
i
enc
e
.
S
im
i
l
ar
l
imita
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
l
s
o
a
c
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
d
n
te
r
m
o
f
s
elf
-
eff
i
cacy;
s
e
lf-repor
t
m
e
thod
m
i
ght
be
perc
ei
ved
di
ffe
r
e
n
tly
a
mo
ng
t
h
e
part
ic
ipa
n
ts
due
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
pe
rso
na
l
d
i
ffe
r
enc
e
s.
T
here
for
e
,
it
is
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
e
d
fo
r
the
fut
u
re
r
esea
rch
to
c
ontr
o
l
t
h
e
le
ve
l
of
a
dve
rs
i
t
ies
t
h
e
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
nts
ha
ve
g
o
n
e
thr
o
u
g
h
i
n
order
t
o
m
ea
sure
resilience and
self
-efficacy
i
n
a m
o
re
a
ccura
te w
ay.
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
O
v
e
r
all,
t
h
i
s
st
ud
y
s
ugge
s
t
s
tha
t
r
esi
l
i
e
n
c
e
m
e
d
i
a
te
t
he
r
elat
i
on
sh
ip
b
et
ween
s
e
l
f-effi
c
a
c
y
and
resil
i
enc
e
.
R
es
ults
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
u
dy
are
in
l
i
n
e
w
ith
m
os
t
o
f
t
he
pr
e
v
i
ous
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
a
n
d
t
he
or
ies,
a
nd
ther
efore
,
it
i
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
e
d
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
t
o
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
i
n
q
u
a
l
ita
t
i
ve
m
etho
d
in
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
ob
tai
n
r
i
c
her
data
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
e
no
me
no
n
.
T
hi
s
fi
ndi
ng
i
s
sign
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
fo
r
th
e
bod
y
of
k
no
w
l
e
d
ge
o
f
ed
uc
a
tio
na
l
ps
ych
o
l
o
g
y
b
eca
use
it
pro
v
i
d
es
f
urt
h
e
r
know
le
dge
o
n
h
o
w
to
i
m
p
r
ove
h
ea
lt
h
y
c
o
m
p
e
tit
i
o
n
am
ong
u
n
i
v
ersi
t
y
s
tu
de
nt
s
b
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
the
i
r se
nse
of c
om
pet
i
tive
n
e
ss,
r
esil
ie
nc
e
an
d
self-efficac
y.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
T
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
i
s
p
a
r
t
o
f
a
l
a
r
g
e
r
s
t
u
d
y
f
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
G
r
ant
S
c
hem
e
from
ELM
B
usine
s
s
S
c
hoo
l
,
H
ELP
U
ni
ver
s
ity,
S
uba
n
g
2,
Mala
ys
ia.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJERE
I
S
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
M
e
d
i
at
io
n
Ef
fe
c
t
of
Res
i
li
e
n
ce
on
T
h
e
Re
lati
o
n
sh
ip be
tw
e
e
n
Sel
f
-
E
ff
ic
ac
y
… (Kin
gst
o
n
K
.
F.
Mok
e
)
28
3
REFE
RENCES
[1]
Sl
owiak,
J
.M
.
S
e
l
f
-
s
olicited
f
eedback
:
Eff
ects
o
f
h
o
u
rly
p
a
y
an
d
i
n
d
i
vidu
al
m
onet
a
ry
i
ncen
ti
ve
p
ay.
Mi
chi
g
an
:
ProQue
st
L
LC
.
2
0
0
8
.
[2]
Bo
ld
rin,
M
.
,
&
Lev
i
n
e
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ectl
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c
om
petit
i
v
e
i
nn
ova
t
i
on
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Jour
na
l of
M
o
n
e
ta
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a
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en,
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cDo
n
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d,
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E
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t
c
hel
l
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K
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C
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e resou
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ce s
p
ecial
izati
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n
,
cau
sal ambig
u
ity, an
d t
h
e
creat
io
n
an
d
d
e
c
a
y
of
c
o
m
pet
i
t
i
ven
e
ss:
T
he
r
o
l
e
o
f
m
arketi
n
g
s
t
ra
te
g
y
i
n
n
e
w
p
r
od
uc
t
pe
rfo
r
ma
n
c
e
a
nd
s
h
areh
ol
der v
a
l
u
e.
Jou
r
na
l
of th
e
Aca
d
emy
of M
a
rketi
n
g
Sci
e
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19
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r
ban
c
ova,
H
.
C
o
m
p
e
titi
v
e
ad
van
t
ag
e
a
c
hi
evem
ent
t
h
rou
g
h
i
n
n
ovat
i
on
and
kn
ow
le
dg
e.
J
o
u
r
na
l of
Co
mp
etitiven
ess
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]
Saei
d
i
,
S.
P
.
,
S
o
f
i
a
n
,
S
.,
Saei
d
i
,
P.
,
Saeid
i
,
S.
P
.,
&
Saa
eidi,
S
.
A
.
Ho
w
do
e
s
c
orp
o
rat
e
s
oci
a
l
resp
ons
ibilit
y
co
nt
rib
u
te
t
o
f
i
rm
f
inan
cial
p
erform
ance
?
Th
e
m
e
d
i
ati
n
g
role
o
f
c
om
p
e
titiv
e
ad
van
t
ag
e
,
r
ep
ut
ation,
a
n
d
c
us
tom
e
r
satis
f
act
ion.
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
of
bu
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ss
re
se
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41-350;
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[6]
Buser,
T
.
,
D
re
ber,
A
.,
&
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e
r
strom
,
J
.
The
im
pact
o
f
s
t
re
s
s
o
n
t
o
u
r
n
a
m
e
nt
e
nt
ry
.
E
x
per
i
men
t
al
E
c
on
om
ics
,
20
(2
),
5
06
-53
0
;
20
17.
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]
Krish
n
an
,
B.
C
.,
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e
mey
e
r,
R
.
G.,
&
Bo
l
e
s,
J
.
S.
S
e
l
f
-
eff
i
cacy,
com
p
etitiv
enes
s,
a
nd
eff
o
rt
a
s
ant
ecedent
s
o
f
s
a
les
p
erson
perform
anc
e
.
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
Per
s
on
a
l
Se
lli
ng
&
Sales
M
ana
gem
e
n
t
,
22
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2
85
-29
5
;
20
02.
[8]
Ban
d
u
r
a,
A
.
S
e
lf
-efficacy:
to
wa
rd
a
u
ni
f
y
i
ng
t
h
eo
ry
o
f
beha
viora
l
c
h
a
ng
e
.
Psych
ol
og
ica
l
Revi
ew
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1
91;
19
77
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Ban
d
u
r
a,
A
.
.
T
he
e
xp
lanat
o
ry
a
nd
p
redict
ive
s
c
ope
o
f
s
e
l
f
-e
fficacy
t
heo
r
y.
J
o
ur
na
l of Soci
a
l
a
nd Clinica
l
P
s
ych
ol
ogy
,
4
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59
-37
3
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19
8
6
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[1
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B
and
u
ra, A.
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e
s
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S.
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fi
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eem
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awi
t
ri
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a
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f
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egu
l
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n
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o
r
t
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ent
s
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petitive
n
ess
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]
V
il
las
a
na,
M
e
rcedes
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ú
s
Al
o
n
so-T
api
a
,
and
M
i
g
u
el
A
.
Rui
z.
"
P
e
rso
n
al
f
act
ors
un
derly
i
ng
res
ili
ence
i
n
ad
ol
escenc
e
:
Cros
s-cu
lt
ural
v
a
lidi
t
y o
f
t
he
P
ri
nc
e-E
m
b
u
ry
m
od
el
."
The
S
p
a
n
i
sh J
o
urna
l o
f
P
s
y
c
h
olog
y
2
0;
2
0
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[13
]
S
ark
a
r,
M
.,
&
F
letch
e
r,
D
.
P
s
y
c
h
o
lo
gi
cal
r
esi
l
ience
in
s
p
o
rt
p
erf
o
rm
ers:
a
r
ev
iew
of
s
tres
so
rs
a
nd
p
rot
ecti
v
e
f
act
ors.
Jou
r
n
a
l
of
Sp
o
r
ts
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e
nces
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34;
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[14
]
D
ewi
.
F
.
“
M
anag
er
C
hara
cteri
s
tics
,
HR
r
en
ewal,
mark
eti
n
g
s
t
r
ategi
e
s,
p
artn
ership
m
o
t
i
v
ation,
w
ork
orientation,
work
s
tandardi
zati
o
n,
o
n
SM
ES
b
us
i
n
ess
res
ilie
nce
i
n
t
he
c
ompet
it
ion:
A
S
MES
stud
y
in
J
ak
art
a
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia”.
S
c
ho
led
g
e In
tern
at
io
na
l Jo
urn
a
l
of
M
a
n
a
g
em
ent &
D
evelo
p
m
e
nt
ISS
N
23
94
-337
8; V
o
l
3
,
No
2
;
32-48
;
20
16
.
[15
]
H
am
ill, S.
K.
“
Resi
lien
ce an
d s
e
lf
-efficacy:
T
h
e
im
port
a
nc
e o
f
e
fficacy
bel
ief
s
and cop
i
n
g
m
ech
a
n
is
m
s
i
n re
sil
i
en
t
ad
ol
escent
s
”.
Co
l
gat
e Un
iver
s
ity Jo
ur
nal
of t
h
e
S
c
ien
c
es
,
35
(1
),
115-1
4
6
;
2
00
3
.
[16
]
M
art
i
n,
A
.
J
.
,
&
M
a
rsh
,
H
.
W
.
“
A
cadem
ic
r
esi
l
i
e
nce
and
aca
d
e
m
i
c
b
u
o
y
an
cy
:
M
u
l
t
i
d
i
m
en
s
i
on
al
a
nd
h
ierarchi
cal
co
ncep
tu
al
f
ram
i
n
g
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f
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r
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tes
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F
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n
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A
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u
al
it
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y
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r
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r
v
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ria
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l
e
d
i
sti
n
c
t
i
o
n
in
s
oci
a
l
p
s
y
c
ho
lo
gical
r
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:
Co
ncep
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s
t
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c,
a
nd
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li
te
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e
ssi
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n
a
l
ath
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e
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e
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”.
P
e
rcept
u
a
l
an
d
Mo
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e
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re”.
R
e
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u
a
r
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l
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t
i
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s
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ts
o
f
s
a
les
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erso
n
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c
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Jou
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l
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f
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n
d
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om
a
i
n
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e
dge:
t
o
w
hat
ex
ten
t
d
oes
m
onit
o
ri
ng
m
e
di
ate
t
h
ei
r re
lat
i
o
n
ship with hy
p
erm
e
d
i
a l
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g
?
”
.
Metacognition
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Learni
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)
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L
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n
g
l
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ho
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c
i
a
l
a
nd
s
tud
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ki
ll
f
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u
t
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om
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A m
e
t
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W
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i
c
it
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e
lie
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l
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a
n
d
e
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ic
t
ens
i
ons
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M
a
l
a
ysi
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A
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American
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e
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vio
r
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E
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n
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Wh
y
M
a
lay
s
i
a
w
ill
n
o
t
f
oll
o
w
t
h
e
Ind
o
n
e
s
i
an
e
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
racial
r
el
ati
o
n
s
.
P
a
p
e
r
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ted
”
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a
t
th
e
2
n
d
Inter
n
a
t
i
onal
M
a
l
a
ysi
a
n
Stu
d
i
e
s Co
n
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Un
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o
f
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F
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I
n
f
l
u
n
c
e
o
n
P
s
y
c
ho
logical
A
dj
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ent
,
A
c
h
iev
e
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t
,
an
d
De
c
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n
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erceiv
e
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au
to
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y
:
R
el
a
t
i
ons
w
it
h
teacher
e
n
g
a
ge
me
n
t
,
job
sa
t
i
s
f
a
c
t
io
n,
a
nd
e
mo
tion
a
l e
x
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u
s
t
i
on
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Psy
c
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e
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8822
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7,
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D
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r
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t
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u
b
b
l
e
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o
r
b
u
i
l
d
s
t
e
a
m?
E
nt
re
p
r
eneu
rsh
i
p
ed
ucati
o
n
,
e
nt
repreneu
rial
s
elf
-
ef
fi
cacy, an
d
en
t
rep
r
eneuri
al i
nt
e
n
t
i
ons”.
Jou
r
nal of
Sm
a
ll
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u
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ve stu
d
y
o
n
m
e
n
t
al healt
h
and cou
r
se
o
f
st
ud
y
p
e
rceiv
e
d
s
e
lf
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o
f
n
u
rs
in
g stu
d
ent
s
[Chin
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rs
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ati
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linical
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n
flu
e
nce
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n
u
r
sing
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e
nts'
e
xp
e
r
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nc
e
o
f
b
e
l
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ging
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e
ss”
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Aus
t
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l
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sian Jour
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e
E
n
t
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eurs
M
ore
Ov
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i
d
ent
t
han
O
t
h
e
rs
?
,
”
Jour
na
l
of
B
u
si
nes
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Ven
t
ur
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g
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3
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e
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l
e
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lience
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cc
al
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rsi
ng
st
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d
ent
s
”.
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rn
a
tio
na
l J
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urna
l o
f
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elf
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ef
ficacy
,
re
si
li
ence
an
d
acad
em
i
c
achi
e
vem
e
nt
a
m
ong
A
f
r
i
can
A
m
erican
u
rban
ad
o
les
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s
”. D
o
c
t
o
ral
D
i
ssert
ation
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s
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C
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rsity
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Inv
e
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g
atio
n
of
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h
e
r
el
ati
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
et
ween
r
esi
l
i
e
nce,
m
in
d
f
u
l
ness,
a
n
d
acad
em
ic
s
e
l
f
-effi
c
acy”.
O
p
en Jour
na
l
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o
ci
al
Sc
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e
nces
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r
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e ro
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f
com
p
e
t
e
nce i
n
d
i
cato
r
s
in
c
hildren
at
r
isk
”
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9
9
1.
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T
edes
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R
.
G
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n,
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G
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o
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t
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h
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C
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ep
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oun
da
t
i
o
n
s
an
d
em
p
i
rical
e
v
i
d
e
nce”.
P
s
ych
ol
ogi
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l
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i
r
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P
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y
c
hom
et
ric
ass
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
W
agnil
d
a
n
d
Y
o
u
n
g
'
s
r
es
ili
e
nc
e
s
cale
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K
an
o,
N
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g
e
ria”.
BMC R
e
s.
Notes
4
:
50
9
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2
0
1
1
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doi:
10.
1
1
86
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75
6-05
00
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09
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e Resili
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T
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ard
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n
e
ss
and
s
o
ci
al
s
up
po
r
t
a
s
m
o
derators
o
f
st
res
s
”
.
Jou
r
nal of Clin
ical
P
s
ych
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13
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0
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[49]
A
l
m
ei
da,
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d
M.
"
Resilien
ce
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vul
nerabili
ty
t
o
dai
l
y
s
tres
sors
a
ss
ess
e
d
v
i
a
diary
m
e
th
ods
."
Cur
r
ent
D
i
r
ecti
ons i
n
P
s
ych
olo
g
i
c
al
Sci
e
nce
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4.
2
:
6
4-6
8
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20
05.
[5
0]
W
ing
o
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P.
,
Wrenn
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G
.,
Pel
l
e
t
i
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m
a
n
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A.
R
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dle
y
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Res
s
l
e
r,
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J.
“
M
o
derati
ng
e
ff
ects
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on
d
epressi
on
i
n
i
ndividuals
w
ith
a
h
ist
o
r
y
o
f
chi
l
d
h
o
o
d
a
bus
e or
t
raum
a
expo
su
re”.
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
Affect
ive
Diso
rd
e
r
s
,
12
6
(
3
), 41
1
-4
14
;
2
0
1
0
.
[5
1]
C
oh
n,
M
.
A
.
,
Fr
e
d
ric
k
so
n,
B
.
L
.
,
Bro
w
n,
S
.
L.,
Mike
ls,
J.
A.
,
&
Conw
ay,
A
.
M
.
“
H
ap
pin
e
ss
unpacked
:
po
si
ti
v
e
em
o
t
i
o
n
s
i
ncrease l
i
f
e
sati
s
f
action b
y
b
u
i
lding
res
i
li
ence”.
Em
o
t
io
n
,
9
(3
),
3
61;
2
009.
[52
]
E
rberb
e
r,
E
.
,
S
t
ep
hen
s
,
M
.
,
M
a
m
e
dov
a,
S
.,
F
ergus
on
,
S.
,
&
K
r
o
e
ger,
T
.
“
S
o
c
ioeco
no
mi
call
y
D
is
advan
t
ag
ed
S
t
ud
ents
W
ho
A
re
A
cadem
ical
ly
S
u
ccess
f
u
l
:
Exam
i
n
in
g
Acad
em
ic
R
e
sil
i
en
ce
Cros
s-N
a
ti
onally
”
.
Po
li
cy
B
rief
No
. 5
.
In
ter
nati
o
n
a
l Associ
atio
n
for
th
e Eva
l
u
a
tio
n
o
f
E
ducati
o
n
a
l Ach
i
evemen
t
.
2
0
15.
[53]
K
umpf
er
,
K.
“
Fa
ctors
and
processes cont
ribu
ting
t
o
R
esilie
nce.
The resi
l
i
e
nce f
r
amewo
r
k”. In
M
.
D
. Glan
tz an
d
J.
L
.
J
oh
n
s
on
(
Eds.),
Resilience
and Development: P
o
si
t
i
ve Life Adap
t
a
tions
.
A
c
a
d
em
ic/
P
lenu
m
P
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
rs,
NY,
pp.
1
7
9
–
1
1
4
;
1
999.
[54
]
L
ik
hach
e
v
a,
E
.
V.,
O
g
n
e
v
,
A
.
S
.
,
&
K
azakov
,
K.
A
.
“
H
ard
i
ne
ss
and
p
u
rp
oses
i
n
lif
e
of
m
o
d
ern
Rus
s
i
a
n
s
t
u
d
en
ts
”.
Mi
ddle E
a
st Jo
ur
na
l
of S
c
ientific R
e
se
a
r
ch
,
14
(6),
795-79
8.
201
3.
[55]
Ç
el
ik,
D.
A
.
,
Ç
et
in,
F
.,
&
T
u
tku
n
,
E
.
“
The
role
o
f
prox
ima
l
and
distal
r
es
i
l
i
e
nce
f
acto
r
s
and
lo
c
u
s
of
c
ontro
l
i
n
u
n
d
e
rst
a
ndi
ng
h
o
p
e,
s
elf
-
esteem
a
nd
acade
m
ic
a
ch
iev
e
m
e
nt
a
m
o
ng
Tu
rki
s
h
p
r
e-ado
l
esc
e
n
t
s
”
.
Cur
r
ent
P
s
ych
ol
ogy
,
34
(2),
3
21
-34
5
;
20
1
5
.
[56
]
F
ai
rcloth,
A
.
L
.
“
R
esili
e
nce
as
a
M
ed
iato
r
of
t
he
R
elat
io
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
ween
N
egat
iv
e
Life
E
vents
and
P
s
ych
o
lo
g
i
cal
W
e
ll
-Be
i
ng
”.
2
0
1
7.
[57
]
L
ent
,
R
.W.
&
Bro
w
n,
S
.D
.
“
S
o
c
i
a
l
co
gnitive
a
p
p
ro
ach
t
o
car
eer
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
nt:
A
n
o
v
e
rvi
e
w”.
Car
eer
D
evelo
p
men
t
Q
u
a
r
t
e
r
l
y
,
4
4
(
4),
3
1
0–3
21
;
1
9
9
6
.
[
5
8
]
B
u
l
l
ou
gh
,
A.
,
Ren
ko,
M
.,
&
M
y
a
t
t
,
T
. “D
a
ng
er
z
on
e
ent
r
epr
en
eur
s
:
T
h
e
im
po
rtance of
r
es
il
ience and self
‐effi
cacy
f
o
r en
t
r
epreneurial
intent
i
ons”.
Ent
r
ep
reneu
r
s
h
i
p
T
h
eory
and
P
r
act
i
ce
,
38
(3)
, 47
3
-
49
9; 20
1
4
.
[59]
J
orgensen,
A.L
.
a
nd
K
nudese
n,
J
.
S
.
“Su
s
tai
n
ab
l
e
c
ompetiti
v
enes
s
in
g
l
obal
val
u
e
chain
s
:
ho
w
d
o
s
m
a
ll
D
an
is
h
fi
rms behave”.
Co
rp
ora
t
e
Gov
e
r
na
nc
e
, 8
(
4),
44
9–
46
2
;
2
00
6
.
[6
0]
Gu
na
se
ka
ra
n,
A
.,
S
ub
ra
ma
n
i
a
n
,
N.
,
&
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
S.
“
Sup
p
l
y
c
h
ain
res
ili
ence:
r
o
l
e
of
c
om
p
l
exiti
e
s
and
strat
e
gi
es”.
20
15
.
[6
1]
Gu
na
se
ka
ra
n,
A
.,
Ra
i,
B
.
K
.,
& G
r
iffi
n
,
M
.
“Resil
ien
c
e
an
d co
m
p
eti
t
i
v
en
ess o
f
s
m
a
ll
and
m
edi
u
m
size en
terpri
ses
:
an
em
p
i
r
ical
res
earch
”.
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l J
o
urn
a
l
o
f
Pro
d
u
c
t
io
n
Re
se
a
r
c
h
,
49
(1
8),
5
4
8
9
-5
509
;
201
1
.
[62
]
B
rei
t
en
s
t
ei
n, D
. “
As
i
a
n stu
d
en
ts
carry h
ig
h ex
pec
t
atio
ns
f
or s
uccess
”
.
US
A
To
da
y
. 2
01
3.
[63
]
B
i
e
m
a
nn,
T
.,
K
earney
,
E
.,
&
M
a
rg
graf
,
K
.
”Emp
o
w
erin
g
leader
s
h
ip
a
nd
m
a
nag
e
rs'
care
e
r
p
e
r
cepti
on
s:
E
xamin
i
n
g
ef
f
ects at both
the in
di
v
i
du
al an
d
t
he t
eam lev
el”.
T
h
e L
e
ad
ers
h
ip
Q
uar
terly
,
26(5
)
,
7
75-7
89;
2
01
5
.
[
6
4
]
R
y
c
k
m
a
n
,
R
.
M
.
,
H
a
m
m
e
r
,
M
.
,
K
a
c
z
o
r
,
L
.
M
.
,
&
G
o
l
d
,
J
.
A
.
“
Con
s
truc
tion
o
f
a
pe
rson
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
op
me
nt
co
m
p
et
itive
attitu
de s
cale”.
J
o
ur
na
l of
P
e
rs
on
a
lity
Ass
e
ss
men
t
,
66
(2), 37
4
-
38
5;
19
9
6
.
[6
5]
S
mi
th
,
B.
W
.,
Dalen,
J
.
,
W
igg
i
ns
,
K.
,
Too
l
ey
,
E
.,
Ch
r
i
s
t
o
p
her,
P
.,
&
B
ernard
,
J
.
“
Th
e
brief
res
i
li
ence
scal
e:
assessi
n
g
the
ability
t
o bounc
e
b
ack”.
Int
e
rna
t
i
onal
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
Be
h
a
vio
r
a
l
M
e
di
cin
e
,
15
(3),
194
-2
0
0
;
20
08.
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