Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of E
valua
tio
n
an
d
Rese
arch
in
Educati
on (I
JE
RE)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
676
~
685
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ije
r
e
.
v
8
i
4
.
20307
676
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJE
R
E
Neurodi
versity
awaren
ess: Is M
alaysia the
re yet
?
Aida A
. Ra
hm
an
1
, Wo
ollar
d
J
.
2
1
La
nguag
e
Ac
ad
em
y
,
Univ
ersit
i
Te
knologi Mal
a
y
sia
,
Ma
lay
si
a
2
Southampton Educa
t
ion
School
,
Univer
sit
y
of
Southampton,
Uni
t
ed
Kingdom
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
27
, 201
9
Re
vised
Oct
30
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Nov 14
, 201
9
Scie
nti
f
ic
rese
ar
ch
on
d
y
slexia
has
ta
ken
place
for
the
past
50
y
e
ars
during
which
ti
m
e
arg
um
ent
s
on
bra
in
def
ic
i
ency
ha
ve
cre
a
te
d
t
ensi
ons
bet
wee
n
educ
a
ti
on
and
co
gnit
ive
n
eur
osci
enc
e
rese
arc
h
ers.
How
eve
r,
clini
ca
l
rese
arch
on
d
y
slex
ia
thr
ough
func
ti
on
al
m
agne
ti
c
r
esona
nce
imaging
(fMRI)
has
fina
lly
r
eveal
ed
tha
t
a
d
y
sl
exic’s
bra
in
works
diffe
ren
t
l
y
.
Th
e
fin
dings
hav
e
fina
lly
brought
i
n
a
new
sy
ner
g
y
bet
wee
n
rese
arch i
n
educ
at
ion
a
nd
cogni
ti
v
e
neur
oscie
n
ce
a
nd
empiric
all
y
supported
the
neur
odive
rsit
y
m
ovem
ent
.
Rec
en
tly
,
neur
o
dive
rsit
y
has
be
en
used
as
a
fra
m
ework
for
spec
ific
l
ea
rn
in
g
diffi
cu
lt
i
es
(SpLD)
justi
ce
and
t
o
support
d
y
sl
e
xia
in
inc
lusiv
e
educ
a
ti
on
.
Thi
s
qualitativ
e
stud
y
was
conduc
t
ed
to
under
stand
th
e
Malay
sia
n
m
ai
nstrea
m
pri
m
ar
y
school
t
eache
rs
’
belief
s
a
bout
SpLD
and
the
cur
r
ent
fra
m
ework
for
Malay
s
ia
n
li
t
erac
y
support
progr
amm
e.
The
d
ata
col
l
ec
t
ion
is
through
socia
l
m
edi
a
foc
us
group
discuss
ion
and
indi
vi
dual
insta
nt
m
essaging
int
er
vie
ws
with
forty
-
one
t
eache
rs.
The
findi
ngs
re
vea
l
th
at
the
cu
rre
nt
progra
m
m
e
is
buil
t
on
t
heor
ie
s
of
reme
dia
ti
on
and
that
the
t
eache
rs
have
exhi
b
ited
good
le
vel
s
of
under
standi
ng
o
f
remedi
ation,
but
not
y
et
under
stand
neur
odive
rsit
y
.
It
m
a
kes
rec
om
m
enda
ti
ons
with
reg
ar
d
to
te
a
cher
profe
ss
iona
l
d
ev
el
opm
ent
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Dysle
xia
Eq
ual educat
io
n
Lit
eracy
suppo
rt prog
ram
m
e
Ma
instream
p
rim
ary school
Neur
od
i
ver
sit
y
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Aida A.
Rahm
an,
Lan
gu
a
ge Aca
dem
y
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Te
knol
og
i M
al
ay
sia
,
Su
lt
an I
br
a
him
Cha
ncell
ery Buil
ding, Ja
la
n I
m
an,
81
310 Sk
ud
ai
,
J
ohor, M
al
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
:
ai
dar
ah
m
an@
utm
.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Adva
nces
in
c
li
nical
te
chn
iq
ues
an
d
the
a
dv
a
ncem
ent
in
neurosci
ence
unde
rstan
ding
br
i
ng
ne
w
opport
un
it
ie
s
f
or
e
nsuri
ng
a
m
or
e
inclusive
educat
ion
f
or
le
arn
e
rs
wit
h
dysle
xia.
T
he
pro
blem
arise
s
that
te
achers
do
not
necessa
rily
apprecia
te
the
i
m
pl
ic
at
ion
s
of
tho
se
de
velo
pm
ents
an
d
s
o
t
he
e
du
cat
io
n
pro
vid
e
d
is l
ess inclusi
ve
and
perha
ps
i
napp
ropr
ia
te
.
Ther
e
is
a
ge
ne
ral
co
nce
rn
in
de
velo
ping
c
ount
ries
that
e
ducat
ion
f
or
pe
op
le
with
disa
bili
ti
es
is
at
the
lo
wer
le
vel
of
a
war
e
ness
[1,
2].
T
his,
t
oget
he
r
with
t
h
e
so
ci
et
y’s
belie
fs
a
nd
values
towa
r
ds
people
with
disabili
ti
es,
effe
ct
s
the
prov
is
ion
s
a
nd
decis
ion
s
that
ca
n
be
m
ade
reg
ar
ding
pe
ople
w
it
h
disabili
ti
es.
For
instance,
fail
ure
to
disti
ng
uish
bet
wee
n
sp
e
ci
fic
le
arn
in
g
di
ff
ic
ulti
es
(SpL
D)
a
nd
le
ar
ning
di
ff
i
c
ulti
es
(LD
)
i
s
on
e
of
the
bigg
est
thr
eat
s to
a su
ccess
fu
l i
m
p
lem
entat
ion
o
f i
nclusiv
e e
du
c
at
ion
. In
Ma
la
ysi
a, ev
en
th
ough
th
e
Mi
nistry
of
Ed
ucati
on
pr
e
ferr
ed
the
te
rm
Sp
eci
fic
Learn
in
g
Diff
ic
ulti
es
to
be
em
plo
ye
d
i
n
m
anag
ing
pr
ob
le
m
with
Dysle
xia,
the
te
r
m
Learn
in
g
Disa
bili
ties
an
d
Dysle
xi
a
are
com
m
on
ly
and
widely
us
e
d
[
3]
by
te
achers
.
Pei
[
4]
ar
gued
how
incl
us
iv
e
ed
ucati
on
sy
stem
cou
ld
be
su
cce
ssf
ully
im
ple
m
ented
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
when
t
he
edu
cat
io
n sy
ste
m
is st
il
l fir
m
l
y ho
l
ding to
d
e
fici
t
m
od
el
of
disabili
ty
.
Argu
m
ents
on
the
def
ic
it
m
od
el
of
disabili
ty
hig
hlig
hts
a
diff
e
re
nc
e
betwee
n
so
ci
al
j
us
ti
ce
researc
hers
a
nd
m
edical
research
e
rs.
Dysle
xia,
fo
ll
owin
g
the
de
fici
t
fr
a
m
ewo
r
k
is
of
t
en
def
i
ned
in
t
erm
s
of
read
i
ng
disa
bili
ty
.
Fr
it
h’
s
ca
us
al
m
od
el
th
at
li
nk
s
bio
lo
gi
cal
,
cogniti
ve
an
d
be
ha
viou
ral
le
vels
ha
s
finall
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Ne
ur
odiv
ersit
y a
w
ar
ene
ss:
I
s
Malaysi
a
the
re
yet?
(
Aid
a
A
. R
ahm
an
)
677
cro
ss
ed
-
out
th
e
dysf
unct
iona
li
ty
and
im
pairm
ent
ideol
og
y
of
dysle
xia.
A
ccordin
g
t
o
F
ri
th
[
5],
th
e
im
pact
of
dysle
xia
is
co
m
po
unded
by
oth
e
r
facto
rs
s
uch
as
la
c
k
of
te
aching,
pro
blem
s
with
read
in
g
m
ast
er
y
s
kill
s
or
beh
a
viou
ral
diff
ic
ulti
es
caus
ed
by
f
ru
st
rati
on
.
F
r
om
the
def
ic
it
par
a
di
gm
,
researchers
m
ov
ed
int
o
the
rem
ediat
ion
par
adi
gm
and
this
le
ad
edu
cat
io
nal
researc
her
to
look
into
le
arn
i
ng
disa
bili
ty
re
m
edies.
Fr
it
h’s
m
od
el
has
enco
ura
ged
re
sear
cher
s
to
st
ud
y
for
dysle
xia
re
m
ediat
ion
includi
ng
wor
k
wi
th
functi
onal
m
agn
et
ic
resona
nce
im
a
gin
in
g
(
fMRI
)
to
stud
y
the
eff
ect
s
of
ph
onol
og
ic
al
ly
ba
sed
rea
ding
in
te
rv
e
ntion
on
br
ai
n
orga
nisati
on
a
nd
rea
ding
flu
ency.
T
he
fin
di
ng
s
of
t
he
st
udy
in
dicat
ed
t
hat
the
‘
us
e
of
a
n
e
vid
e
nce
-
base
d
phonol
og
ic
rea
ding
inter
ven
ti
on
fa
ci
li
ta
te
s
t
he
de
velo
pm
e
nt
of
th
os
e
fast
-
pace
d
ne
ur
al
syst
e
m
s
that
u
nd
e
rlie
sk
il
le
d
rea
ding
’
[
6].
This phono
l
og
ic
al
h
yp
ot
hesis
has
bee
n
a
dr
i
ver
o
f
dys
le
xia
support
a
nd
r
em
ediat
ion
.
Yet,
Ba
kk
e
r
[7
]
,
who
re
viewe
d
32
st
ud
ie
s
on
dysle
xia
tre
atm
ent,
argue
d
that
t
her
e
are
deep
e
r
la
ye
rs
of
su
bse
r
vience
m
echan
ism
s
inv
ol
ved
in
rea
din
g.
Ba
kk
e
r’
s
a
rgum
ent
le
aves
the
m
os
t
i
m
portant
c
on
si
der
a
ti
on
of
‘what the
best l
earn
i
ng
en
vir
onm
ent is fo
r
a
par
ti
cula
r
child
h
am
p
ered
i
n
l
earn
i
ng
t
o read
’
.
S
om
e resear
ch
a
nd
rem
edy
of
readi
ng
d
iffic
ulti
es
hav
e fo
c
us
e
d
on
de
fici
t
in
pr
i
nted
word
d
ec
od
i
ng
as
a p
ri
m
ary
cause
of
f
ai
lure
s
in
com
pr
e
hendin
g
the
te
xt
(
us
in
g
read
i
ng
sk
il
l
to
ac
qu
i
r
e
knowle
dge
)
includi
ng
se
ntence
c
om
pr
eh
en
sio
n
a
m
on
g
dysle
xic
child
ren
[
8]
–
a
proce
ss
th
at
util
ise
s
rea
di
ng
sk
il
l
to
ac
qu
i
re
knowle
dge.
They
f
ound
that
dysle
xic
child
r
en
sho
wed
un
com
m
on
‘p
at
te
rn
s
of
act
ivat
ion
on
t
his
hi
gh
e
r
-
le
vel
li
nguisti
c
processi
ng
ta
s
k
(sen
te
nce
com
pr
e
he
ns
io
n)
a
nd
that
this
doe
s
no
t
a
pp
ea
r
t
o
be
s
olely
accounte
d
f
or
by
word
rec
ogniti
on’
.
Their
un
a
ntici
pated
fi
nd
i
ngs
pro
vid
e
init
ia
l
fou
nd
at
io
ns
f
or
unde
rstan
ding
the
ne
uro
biol
og
ic
al
co
rr
el
at
ion
of
higher
level l
a
ngua
ge pr
ocess
ing
t
hose im
pacts
on r
ea
ding
com
pr
ehe
ns
io
n.
More
re
centl
y,
cl
inica
l
resear
cher
s
,
s
ocial
ju
sti
ce
researc
he
rs
an
d
c
ogniti
ve
ne
uroscience
researc
he
rs
hav
e
c
reated
a
consens
us
–
as
this
w
or
l
d
is
create
d
in
di
ver
sit
y,
s
o
is
the
br
ai
n.
W
it
h
th
at
com
m
on
unde
rstan
ding,
effor
ts
on
br
i
ngin
g
eq
ual
ed
uc
at
ion
to
al
l
ch
il
dr
en
has
m
oved
on
f
r
om
def
ic
it
fr
a
m
ewo
r
k
(that
aim
s
on
prov
i
di
ng
re
ha
bili
ta
tio
n)
to
a
rem
ediat
ion
fr
am
ework
(t
hat
aim
s
on
identify
in
g
c
auses
of
dif
fic
ulti
e
s
and
pro
vid
i
ng
cur
es
)
to
ne
urod
i
ver
sit
y
fr
a
m
ewo
r
k
(t
hat
aim
s
at
acco
m
m
od
at
ing
dive
rse
ways
of
le
ar
ni
ng)
.
This
rece
nt
de
velo
pm
ent
in
dysle
xia
researc
h
is
encour
a
gi
ng
bu
t,
acc
ordi
ng
to
S
nowlin
g
[
9],
“unf
or
tu
natel
y,
the f
ie
ld
of
dys
le
xia is p
la
gu
e
s w
it
h su
ppose
d ‘cu
res’ t
hat
ha
ve
no pr
op
e
r e
vid
e
nce
base”
.
In
t
his
pa
pe
r,
we
see
k
to
un
der
sta
nd
the
Ma
la
ysi
an
m
ain
stream
pr
im
a
ry
sch
ool
te
achers
’
c
urren
t
belie
f
on
dysl
exia;
their
un
der
sta
nd
i
ng
of
dysle
xia
i
de
ntific
at
ion
;
a
nd
thei
r
unders
ta
nd
in
g
of
dysle
xia
interve
ntio
n.
T
his
is
m
otivate
d
by
the
i
dea
t
hat
s
upportin
g
le
arn
e
rs
with
dysle
xia
dep
e
nds
on
the
te
achers
’
unde
rstan
ding
of what
, w
hy a
nd ho
w
they
suppo
rt lea
rn
e
rs wit
h dysl
exia [
10
]
.
2.
ISSU
E
S
AND CH
ALLE
NGE
S
Ma
la
ysi
a
is
cur
re
ntly
in
the
t
ran
sit
io
n
from
an
exclusi
ve
edu
cat
io
n
syst
em
to
an
inclusive
ed
ucati
on
syst
e
m
.
In
it
s
exclusi
ve
ed
uc
at
ion
syst
em
,
Ma
la
ysi
an
educat
ion
syst
em
reli
es
hea
vily
on
te
xtu
al
re
a
ding,
decodin
g,
a
nd
wr
it
in
g
that
w
orks
f
or
le
ar
ne
rs
with
c
omm
o
n
le
ar
ning
trai
ts.
This
is
e
xclusiv
e
beca
us
e
it
on
ly
works
with
le
arn
e
rs
with
th
ose
le
arn
in
g
trai
ts.
This
excl
us
ive
syst
e
m
has
ind
irect
ly
den
i
ed
the
capa
bili
ty
of
le
arn
er
s
who
l
earn
us
i
ng
different
t
rait
s.
Sc
hools
te
nd
s
to
ref
le
ct
that
t
he
fail
ur
e
of
st
ud
e
nts
to
pr
ocess
t
extua
l
inf
or
m
at
ion
,
de
cod
e
the
i
nform
at
ion
an
d
wri
te
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
as
a
case
of
stu
den
ts
’
in
capab
il
it
y;
no
t
a
cas
e
of
m
is
m
at
ched
i
n
te
achin
g
a
nd
le
ar
ning
inter
ven
ti
on
as
well
as
the
te
sti
ng
and
e
val
uation.
Ther
e
f
or
e
,
stu
den
t
s
who
are
le
ss
-
academ
ic
ally
i
nclined
wer
e
reco
m
m
end
ed
to
enrol
in
vocat
ion
al
edu
ca
ti
on
w
hich
ha
s
le
ss
theo
reti
cal
em
ph
a
sis
a
nd
not
te
ste
d
via
tra
di
ti
on
al
pe
ncil
-
a
nd
pap
e
r
te
st
[
11
]
.
I
n
Ma
la
ys
ia
w
her
e
le
ssons
a
re
m
os
tly
delivered
via
rea
ding
te
xtu
al
inf
or
m
at
ion
w
hile
the
stud
e
nts’
aca
dem
ic
per
form
a
nce
are
m
easure
d
via
wr
it
te
n
e
xam
inati
on
, dysl
exic
s can
r
em
ai
n
as m
arg
inali
sed
s
tud
e
nts in
the e
du
cat
io
n sy
ste
m
2.1.
Le
arnin
g
dif
fi
culti
es (
L
D) vs
speci
fic le
ar
ning di
ff
ic
ul
ties
(SpL
D
)
Ther
e
a
re
dif
fe
ren
ces
betwee
n
the
te
rm
le
arn
in
g
dif
ficult
ie
s
and
s
pecific
le
arn
i
ng
diff
ic
ul
ti
es.
Sp
LD
is an u
m
br
el
la
te
rm
u
sed
to co
ve
r
a range of
f
reque
ntly
co
-
occurri
ng
diff
i
culti
es, inc
lud
i
ng
dysle
xia d
yspra
xia
and
dyscal
culi
a.
Atte
ntio
n
de
fici
t
diso
r
ders
can
al
so
c
o
-
oc
cur
with
diff
ic
ulti
es
on
t
he
a
utist
ic
sp
ect
rum
su
ch
as
As
perger
S
yndrom
e.
The
m
os
t
co
m
m
on
Sp
L
D
is
dysle
xia
an
d
it
is
the
m
os
t
diff
ic
ult
Sp
L
D
to
diagnose
[12].
LD
is
ge
ner
a
ll
y
ap
plied
to
pe
op
le
with
global
(as
op
pose
d
to
sp
e
ci
fic)
dif
ficult
ie
s,
ind
ic
at
in
g
an
overall
cogniti
ve
a
nd
ph
ysi
cal
im
pai
rm
ent.
Ph
ysi
cal
diff
ic
ulti
es
inclu
ding
hear
i
ng,
visu
al
,
voc
al
or
m
ov
em
ent
can
hav
e n
o
im
pact
on
brai
n
f
unct
ion
an
d
does
not
necessa
ri
ly
aff
ect
the
way
inf
or
m
at
ion
is
le
arn
e
d
or
p
r
oc
esse
d.
W
it
h pro
per
fa
ci
li
ti
es and
am
eniti
es, lear
ners with
physi
cal
d
if
ficult
ie
s ca
n
le
ar
n
i
nd
e
pe
nd
e
ntly
.
Sp
eci
fic
le
ar
ni
ng
dif
ficult
ie
s
aff
ect
s
the
wa
y
inform
at
ion
is
le
arn
e
d
a
nd
processe
d
a
nd
is
associat
ed
with
le
ar
ning
diff
e
re
nces.
A
rm
stron
g
asse
r
ts
that
tho
se
diff
e
re
nces
ar
e
du
e
t
o
a
di
ff
e
ren
t
‘
brai
n
-
wirin
g
syst
e
m
’
[1
3].
Hen
ce
,
in
m
any
par
ts
of
t
he
world
,
the
te
r
m
neu
r
odive
rs
it
y
has
bee
n
e
m
br
aced
to
he
lp
sh
ift
at
te
ntion
from
the
‘d
efici
t’
view
that
cultur
al
ly
entren
c
hed
neg
at
ivit
y.
The
‘n
e
urolo
gical
diff
e
ren
c
e’
vi
e
w
apprecia
te
s
S
pL
D
as
nat
ur
al
and
norm
al
vari
at
ion
s
of
hum
an
bein
g
or
bei
ng
hum
an.
Be
c
ause
of
their
na
ture,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
201
9
:
67
6
-
68
5
678
sp
eci
fic
le
ar
ni
ng
di
ff
ic
ulti
es
are
of
te
n
hi
dd
en
a
nd
di
ff
ic
ult
to
dia
gnos
e
,
especial
ly
w
he
n
the
pe
rs
on
e
xh
i
bits
m
or
e
than
on
e
co
-
occ
urrin
g
diff
e
rence
.
I
n
co
ntrast,
t
he
sp
eci
al
nee
ds
le
ar
ner
s
(SEN)
i
n
Ma
la
ysi
a
are
cat
egorised
int
o
three
m
ai
n
t
ypes
of
disa
bili
ti
es:
the
hear
i
ng
im
paired
,
t
he
vis
ual
i
m
paired
an
d
the
le
arn
i
ng
diff
ic
ulti
es.
Le
arn
e
r
s
wit
h
le
arn
i
ng
disabili
ti
es
are
broa
dly
def
i
ned
by
the
Ma
la
ysi
an
Mi
nistry
of
E
du
cat
ion
to
include
le
arn
e
r
s
with D
ow
n
s
yndrom
e,
m
il
d
autism
sp
ect
ru
m
diso
r
der
s
,
at
te
ntion
d
efici
t hype
racti
ve
dis
order,
m
il
d
m
ental
retard
at
io
n
an
d
sp
eci
fic
le
arn
i
ng
disabili
ti
es
su
ch
as
dysle
xia
[1
4].
T
he
co
m
par
ison
s
bet
ween
the
ty
pes
of
di
ff
ic
ulti
es
cat
egoris
ed
in
Ma
la
ysi
a,
as
de
fine
d
by
the
Mi
nistry
of
E
du
cat
io
n,
M
al
ay
sia
[1
1]
a
nd
the
ty
pes
of
dif
ficult
ie
s
cat
egoris
ed
unde
r
neur
odive
rsity
persp
ect
ive,
as
de
fin
ed
by
Brit
ish
Dy
sle
xia
Asso
ci
at
ion
[12
]
is i
ll
us
trat
ed
in
Fig
ure
1
.
Figure
1. Com
par
is
ons
of
ty
pe
s of
diff
ic
ulti
es cat
eg
or
ise
d
i
n
Ma
la
ysi
a an
d
that o
f neu
rodi
ver
sit
y pe
rs
pec
ti
ve
Un
li
ke
pe
op
le
with
m
il
d
or
gen
e
ral
le
arni
ng
diff
ic
ulti
es,
people
with
Sp
L
D
are
ph
y
sic
al
ly
and
intel
le
ct
ually
no
rm
al
.
Their
co
gnit
ive
pro
blem
is
neu
r
olo
gical
rathe
r
than
ps
yc
ho
l
og
ic
al
(
https:/
/w
ww.bdadysle
xia.org.
uk
/e
du
cat
or
/
w
hat
-
are
-
s
pecifi
c
-
le
arn
i
ng
-
diff
i
culti
es
).
Un
tra
ined
obser
vers
m
a
y
con
cl
ud
e
that
a
le
arn
e
r
with
a
Sp
L
D
is
‘laz
y‘
,
or
‘just
not
try
ing
ha
rd
en
ough’
.
T
his
is
because
the
ob
serv
e
r
on
ly
sees
the
input
an
d
outp
ut,
not
the
pro
cessi
ng
of
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
Th
e
previ
ous
dy
sle
xia
fr
am
ewo
r
k
i
s
pr
i
or
to
ne
uro
div
e
rsity
fr
am
ewor
k,
com
bine
d
ps
yc
ho
l
og
i
cal
,
cogniti
ve
and
s
ocial
theor
ie
s
an
d
be
ha
viours.
Hen
ce
,
m
os
t
id
entifi
cat
ion
ins
trum
ents
include
be
hav
i
oural
theor
y
an
d
f
re
qu
e
ntly
relat
ed
to
at
te
ntion
de
fici
t.
It
is
al
s
o
im
po
rtant
to
no
te
t
hat
Ma
la
ysi
an’s
cu
rr
e
nt
sc
ree
ning
i
ns
tr
um
ents
are
al
s
o
bas
ed
on
a
rem
ediat
ion
m
od
el
, n
ot t
he ne
ur
od
i
ver
sit
y
m
od
el
.
Def
ic
ie
ncies
i
n
the
proc
essi
ng
of
in
f
or
m
ation
ca
n
m
ake
le
arn
in
g
an
d
e
xpressi
ng
idea
s
diff
ic
ult
or
i
m
po
ssible
ta
s
ks
.
Be
ca
us
e
of
the
high
le
vel
of
co
-
occurre
nce
of
dif
fer
e
nt
sp
eci
fic
le
ar
ni
ng
dif
ficult
ie
s,
it
is
i
m
po
rtant
to
unde
rstan
d
t
hat
each
prof
il
e
is
un
i
qu
e
to
th
e
ind
ivid
ual
a
nd
s
o
can
m
a
nifest
it
sel
f
in
var
io
us
ways.
They
are
m
anifested
dif
fer
e
ntly
fo
r
di
f
fer
e
nt
le
arn
er
s
and
ra
nge
fro
m
m
il
d
to
sever
e.
For
these
re
aso
ns
,
it
m
ay
b
e d
if
ficult
to diag
nose,
to dete
rm
ine im
pact, to
acco
m
m
od
at
e an
d
t
o
s
upport.
2.2.
The
ev
olut
i
on
of
d
ysl
exia
t
he
ories
an
d
incl
usive e
duc
at
io
n
The
tra
diti
on
al
exclusiv
e
ed
uc
at
ion
syst
em
dep
e
nds
hea
vil
y
on
the
decodin
g
proce
ss.
The
use
of
cod
e
s
or
sym
bo
ls,
li
ke
le
tt
ers
and
num
ber
s
to
re
pr
e
sent
m
e
anin
g,
requires
the
le
arn
e
r
to
decode
the
sym
bo
ls
into
s
ounds
or
unde
rstan
ding
.
The
dec
od
i
ng
pr
ocess
in
vo
lves
le
xical
pr
ocesses
t
hat
br
idg
e
the
ga
p
be
tween
li
ng
uisti
c
vis
ua
l
inp
ut
a
nd
s
peech
re
pr
ese
nt
at
ion
s.
Lea
rn
i
ng
t
o
rea
d
is
no
t
tri
vial
and
dem
and
s
a
pr
ofo
und
reorg
a
nisati
o
n
of
the
brai
n.
Wh
e
n
one
rea
ds
,
one
will
put
tog
et
he
r
sym
bo
ls
and
transf
e
r
the
sym
bo
ls
to
sp
eec
h
represe
ntati
on
s
(
rea
din
g
s
kill
s)
un
li
ke
li
ste
nin
g
that
is
natur
al
and
inh
e
ren
t
[
15
]
. Readin
g
com
pr
ise
s
of
two
m
ai
n
pr
oc
esses
-
dec
od
ing
a
nd
c
om
pr
ehe
ns
io
n.
For
dysle
xics,
the
ir
decodin
g
process
is
af
fected
by
phonol
og
ic
de
f
ic
it
wh
ic
h
is
dom
ai
n
-
sp
eci
fic
.
It
i
nvolv
e
s
lo
wer
orde
r
c
og
niti
ve
f
unct
ion
su
c
h
as
le
tt
er
s
an
d
phonem
e
reco
gn
it
io
n.
F
ollo
wing
that
rec
ogniti
on,
the
hi
gh
e
r
order
c
ogniti
ve
is
dep
l
oyed.
This
patte
rn
,
a
def
ic
it
in
ph
onol
og
ic
a
naly
sis
con
tra
ste
d
with
intac
t,
ef
fecti
ve
hi
gh
e
r
-
order
c
ogniti
ve
abili
ti
es,
of
f
ers
a
n
exp
la
natio
n
f
or
the
gifte
d
pheno
m
eno
lo
gy
of
dysle
xia
[
15]
.
T
his
un
derst
and
i
ng
of
dysle
xia
determ
ines
t
he
natu
re
of
su
cce
ssfu
l i
nter
ven
ti
on
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Ne
ur
odiv
ersit
y a
w
ar
ene
ss:
I
s
Malaysi
a
the
re
yet?
(
Aid
a
A
. R
ahm
an
)
679
Neur
oim
aging
researc
h
has
sh
ow
n
that
le
arn
e
rs
with
dysle
xia
accom
m
od
at
e
their
def
ic
ie
ncy
by
recr
uiti
ng
li
nguisti
c
re
gion
s
associat
ed
with
sem
antic
and
sy
ntact
ic
networ
ks,
es
pecial
ly
w
he
n
processi
ng
no
n
-
m
eaningfu
l
sentences
[8
]
.
Re
search
in
edu
cat
io
n
poli
c
y
and
ed
ucati
on
syst
em
rev
eal
e
d
that
tradit
ion
al
edu
cat
io
n
syst
e
m
s
on
ly
cat
er
fo
r
t
he
nee
ds
of
le
ar
ners
with
com
m
on
trai
ts.
Th
us
,
they
create
un
e
qual
ed
uca
ti
on
al
oppo
rtu
niti
es
for
le
ar
ner
s
.
T
his
le
ads
to
a
n
aca
dem
ic
per
f
or
m
a
nce
ga
p
a
nd
so
ci
al
injusti
ce
to
wards
m
arg
inali
se
d
le
ar
ne
rs,
esp
eci
al
ly
tho
se
with
dif
fer
e
nt
le
arn
in
g
t
rait
s.
If
the
se
diff
e
r
ences
are
ack
nowle
dg
e
d
a
nd
cat
ered
for,
le
a
rn
e
rs
with
dy
sle
xia
are
m
or
e
li
kely
to
be
s
ucces
sfu
l
in
m
ai
ns
tream
cla
ssroom
s.
The
incl
us
ive
edu
cat
io
n
poli
cy
is
infl
uenc
ed
by
the
U
N
ESCO
(19
94)
Salam
anca
Stat
e
m
ent
that
urges
sc
hools
t
o
pr
ov
i
de
‘c
urricular
opport
unit
ie
s
to
su
it
c
hildr
e
n
with
di
ff
e
ren
t
a
bili
ti
e
s
an
d
interest
s
’
[
16
]
and
‘the
su
cc
ess
of
the
inc
lusive
sch
ool
dep
e
nds
co
ns
i
der
a
bly
on
ea
rly
identific
at
ion,
ass
essm
ent
and
stim
ulati
on
of
the
ve
ry
young
c
hild
wit
h
sp
eci
al
e
ducat
ion
al
nee
ds’
(
p.33).
T
he
m
os
t
chall
en
ging
identific
at
ion
proces
s,
in
ad
di
ti
on
,
is
to
iden
ti
fy
the
hid
de
n
bu
t
m
os
t
co
m
m
on
sp
eci
fic
le
arn
i
ng
diff
ic
ul
ti
es
–
dysle
xia.
Fig
ure
2
il
lustrate
s
the
e
vo
l
ution
of
the
or
ie
s
of
dysle
xia
a
nd
t
heir
c
ontrib
ution
to
the
m
aking
of
inclusive
educ
at
ion
po
li
cy
.
Figure
2: E
vo
l
ution o
f
t
heori
es of
dysle
xia
and their
r
el
at
ion t
o
i
nclusi
ve e
du
cat
io
n
The
m
ov
em
ent,
ne
uro
div
e
rsity
,
has
r
oots
in
an
d
giv
e
‘i
ns
igh
ts
to
offe
r
to
both,
the
disa
bled
pe
opl
e
and
s
urvi
vor
m
ov
e
m
ents’
[
17
]
.
A
cl
inica
l
researc
h
on
dysle
xia
via
f
MR
I
has
fi
nally
rev
eal
ed
th
at
the
dysle
xic’s
bro
ca
area
that
w
as
f
ound
to
de
velo
p
as
a
re
s
ult
of
rem
ediat
ion
treat
m
ent
in
earli
er
stu
dies,
does
no
t f
ully
dev
el
op
li
ke
t
hat
of n
on
-
dysle
xic
a
fter
treat
m
ents
(the
pa
rt
of
t
he
brai
n
rem
ai
ns
def
ic
it
);
a
nd
ch
il
dr
e
n
with d
ysl
exia do not com
pr
eh
end
se
ntence
s in
the sam
e
m
a
nn
e
r
as child
re
n
with
ou
t
dysle
xia [
9]. I
t wa
s
f
ound
that
diff
e
re
nt
pa
rts
of
the d
ysl
exic’ b
rain
s
we
re
act
ivate
d
durin
g
the
rea
di
ng
com
pr
e
hen
si
on
ta
s
k.
T
his
fi
nd
i
ng
has
a
ff
i
rm
ed
oth
er
resea
rc
h
find
i
ngs
that
in
di
cat
e
dysle
xia
i
s
a
form
of
dis
order
due
to
phon
ologica
l
do
m
ai
n
-
sp
eci
fic
de
fi
ci
t
that
hin
de
r
de
cod
i
ng
process
of
rea
ding.
T
he
researc
h
pro
vid
es
a
new
in
sigh
t
that
dysl
exia
is
no
t
a
f
or
m
of
m
ental
disabili
ty
as
dysle
xic
br
ai
ns
wor
k
well
du
ri
ng
t
he
com
pr
ehe
ndin
g
proces
s.
Hen
ce
,
dysle
xia
can
not
be
pr
e
ven
te
d
or
cu
red
bu
t
that
it
can
be
m
anag
ed
.
The
find
i
ng
s
br
i
ng
in
ne
w
syne
rg
y,
as
repor
te
d
by
G
abr
ie
li
,
betwee
n
ed
ucati
on
an
d
co
gn
it
ive
ne
uroscience
[18
]
.
The
fin
dings
rev
eal
ed
the
‘
def
ic
it
in
norm
al
read
ing
par
t
of
the
br
ai
n’
as
the
w
eakn
e
ss
but
th
e
‘acti
vation
i
n
oth
er
rea
ding
par
t
of
th
e
br
ai
n’
as
the
stre
ngth
of
dysle
xia.
T
hus,
neurodiv
ersi
ty
can
rec
og
nise
dysle
xia
as
‘
diff
e
re
nce’
but
al
so
pr
om
ot
e
th
e
stren
gth
s
of
dy
sle
xia
[13].
W
i
th
the
rise
of
t
he
m
ov
em
ent,
sever
al
ne
urodi
ver
sit
y
pro
j
ect
s
ha
ve
sta
rted
t
o
cal
l
the
ne
w
em
erg
in
g
s
ocial
m
od
el
of
dysle
xi
a
the
ne
uro
div
ersit
y
m
od
el
[19
,
20]
.
Bot
h
the
fiel
dw
ork
-
base
d
Brit
ish
Dysle
xi
a
Asso
ci
at
ion
(BDA)
an
d
r
esearch
-
based
In
te
r
natio
nal
Dysle
xia
Asso
ci
at
ion
(IDA)
hav
e
sta
rted
to
ref
i
ne
their
pro
gr
a
m
m
es
in
li
ne
with
the
ne
urod
i
ver
sit
y
f
ra
m
ewo
r
k.
U
nfo
rtu
natel
y,
the
field
of
dysle
xia
is
plagu
e
d
with
s
up
po
s
ed
‘c
ures’
t
hat
hav
e
no
prop
e
r
evi
den
ce
base.
It
is
ther
efore
i
m
po
rta
nt
fo
r
prof
e
ssio
nals t
o
c
riti
cal
ly
r
eview th
e
content
of avail
able
pr
ogram
m
es to en
sure t
heir
s
uitabil
it
y.
The
ev
olu
ti
on
of
resea
rc
h
fin
dings
an
d
theo
ries
of
dysle
xia
has
dr
i
ven
us
to
exp
lo
re
li
te
racy
and
nu
m
eracy
scre
enin
g
(LIN
US)
program
m
e
in
Ma
la
ysi
a.
We
disco
ve
re
d
th
at
the
LI
NUS
pro
gr
am
m
e
is
dev
el
op
e
d
bas
ed
on
the
m
ast
ery
of
li
te
racy
and
num
eracy
sk
il
ls.
Vi
a
the
LINUS
pro
gr
a
m
m
e,
le
vel
1
le
arn
e
rs
(ag
e
d
5
to
7
ye
ars)
un
derg
on
e
screening
te
st
and
th
os
e
w
ho
hav
e
no
t
acq
ui
red
ba
sic
li
te
racy
and
sk
il
ls
will
be
enroll
ed
f
or
t
he
rem
edial
classes.
Re
view
of
li
te
ratur
e
rev
eal
s
that
L
INUS
is
a
suc
cessf
ul
li
te
racy
and
n
um
eracy
sk
il
ls
m
as
te
ry
project
[21]
but
does
no
t
f
aci
li
tate
sp
eci
fic
rea
ding
di
ff
ic
ulty
.
Abd
ul
Ra
hm
a
n
a
nd
Nazariy
ah
[22
]
fo
un
d
that
t
he
hea
d
te
ac
he
rs
in
the
stu
dy
wer
e
c
onfus
ed
with
t
he
c
om
plexit
y
of
le
arn
i
ng
diff
ic
ulty
an
d
we
re
no
t
fa
m
iliar
with
t
he
de
vel
opm
ent
of
child
re
n
who
we
re
sti
ll
fo
ll
owin
g
L
INUS
pro
gr
am
m
e
desp
it
e
bein
g
give
n
pr
e
-
sc
hool
edu
cat
io
n.
As
r
eported
by
Zal
iz
an,
the
chall
eng
e
in
im
ple
m
entin
g
inclusive
e
du
c
at
ion
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
li
es
bo
th
in
trai
nin
g
the
te
achers
with
sk
i
ll
s
to
m
anag
e
childre
n
wi
th
s
pecial
needs
an
d
to
pr
e
par
e
te
ac
he
rs
with
a
c
ha
ng
e
i
n
the
thi
nk
i
ng
patte
r
ns
so
that
the
t
eachers
’
c
on
c
eptual
unde
rstan
dings
can be e
nhan
c
ed [2
3].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
201
9
:
67
6
-
68
5
680
3.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
Ov
e
rall
,
this
stud
y
is
plac
ed
within
i
nterpreti
vist
paradigm
that
e
m
ph
asi
ses
the
process
o
f
const
ru
ct
in
g
m
eaningfu
l
re
pr
ese
ntati
ons
as
descr
ib
ed
by
Mur
ph
y
[
24]
bu
il
t
upon
Creswell
’s
sta
tem
ents
“par
ti
ci
pa
nts'
views
of
the
s
it
uation
bei
ng
stud
ie
d"
[
25
]
.
These
views
c
on
ta
in
m
ulti
ple
reali
ti
es
as
peopl
e
const
ru
ct
t
he
m
eaning
a
nd
unde
rstan
ding
of
i
n
f
or
m
at
ion
s
urrou
nd
i
ng
them
diff
ere
ntly
.
To
e
nsur
e
data
integrity
,
ste
ps
we
re
ta
ke
n
t
o
reduce
bias
i
n
i
nter
pr
et
at
io
n
t
hro
ugh
cl
ea
r
protoc
ols
f
or
determ
ining
them
es
an
d
cod
e
s
wer
e e
sta
blishe
d
a
nd fo
ll
ow
ed
.
The
data
colle
ct
ion
was
via
instant
m
essaging
inter
v
ie
ws
wh
ic
h
al
low
th
e
researchers
to
en
gag
e
i
n
m
or
e
per
sonal
,
interact
ive
and
lo
ng
-
te
rm
process
of
dat
a
colle
ct
ion
.
Accor
ding
to
Re
dlich
-
Am
ira
v
an
d
Higgin
bo
tt
om
[26]
the
gr
ow
i
ng
num
ber
s
of
on
li
ne
c
omm
un
it
ie
s
has
le
d
t
o
a
di
ff
e
ren
t
w
ay
of
c
omm
un
i
cat
ing
and
c
ollec
ti
ng
data.
Th
us
,
it
is
i
m
po
rtant
th
at
a
qu
al
it
at
ive
researc
her
to
be
update
d
with
the
de
velo
pm
ents.
The
a
fforda
nc
e
of
the
i
ns
ta
nt
m
essaging
intervie
ws
wa
s
Faceb
ook
a
nd
Wh
at
sA
pp.
Tw
o
te
ache
rs
wer
e
assigne
d
as
m
od
e
rato
rs
w
ho
assist
the
research
e
rs
in
re
cru
it
in
g
m
a
instream
pr
im
ary
school
te
ache
rs
as
par
ti
ci
pa
nts.
T
he
data
colle
ct
ion
i
nvolv
e
d
2
Faceb
ook
m
od
erat
or
s
(R
Aa
and
RA
b),
26
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
(c
od
e
d
a
s
T1
-
T2
6)
i
n
Fa
ceboo
k
f
oc
us
gro
up
discu
ssion,
16
4
re
ply
threa
ds
,
a
nd
15
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
(c
od
e
d
as
R
1
-
R
15)
fo
r
Wh
at
s
A
pp
i
ns
t
ant
m
essaging
in
-
dep
t
h
inter
vi
ews.
T
he
dig
it
al
recordi
ng
a
nd
arc
hiv
in
g
of
the
or
i
gin
al
onli
ne
utterances
sec
ured
the i
nteg
rity
o
f
the
data f
or lat
er a
naly
sis.
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
s
uccess
of
i
m
ple
m
enting
‘equal
ed
ucati
on
t
o
al
l
child
r
en’
[
10
,
16
]
rel
ie
s
heav
il
y
on
the
sch
ool’s
su
ccess
i
n
est
a
blishin
g
le
ar
ne
r
pro
file
s.
On
l
y
by
unde
rsta
nd
i
ng
ea
ch
le
a
rn
e
r’
s
nee
ds
,
t
eachers
an
d
sc
hools
would
be
able
to
pro
vid
e
the
rig
ht
support
a
nd
e
nsure
that
no
c
hild
is
le
ft
beh
i
nd.
The
le
arn
e
r
pro
file
s
r
el
y
on
the
te
achers
’
a
bili
ty
and
belie
f
towa
r
ds
the
needs
f
or
dysle
xia
identific
at
ion
a
nd
inte
rventi
on.
I
f
te
achers
do
no
t
kn
ow
-
w
ha
t;
know
-
how;
and
know
-
wh
y
they
need
to
identify
le
ar
ne
r’
s
nee
ds
,
the
ultim
at
e
pu
r
po
se
of
inclusive
e
du
c
at
ion
to
pro
vide
equ
al
ed
ucati
on
opport
un
it
ie
s
will
fail
.
In
this
sect
ion
,
w
e
div
ide
the
fi
nd
i
ng
s
into
three:
T
he
te
achers’
belie
f
towa
rds
dysle
xics;
the
te
achers
’
abili
ty
to
identify
dysle
xia;
and
the
te
achers
’
unde
rstan
ding
of d
ysl
exia
pro
visio
ns
.
4.1.
The te
achers
’ bel
ie
f
t
owa
rd
s
dy
sle
xics
Most
te
achers
in
this
stud
y
a
sso
ci
at
ed
dysle
xia
with
w
riti
ng
re
ver
se
d
le
tt
ers
.
Acc
ordi
ng
to
R
13
wh
o
is a rem
edial
teac
her,
In
M
ala
ysi
a,
w
e
don’
t
ha
ve
s
evere
dyslexi
a
cases.
O
ur
dys
le
xi
cs
on
ly
hav
e
pr
oble
m
s
wi
th
reverse
d
le
tt
ers wri
ti
ng
.
Since
dysle
xia
is
associat
ed
with
wr
it
ing
rev
e
rse
d
le
tt
ers,
R
6
disreg
ar
ds
dysle
xia
as
a
le
arn
ing
pro
blem
b
ut r
a
ther
a
h
a
bit.
R
6
wr
ote:
T
he
stud
e
nts
wh
o
wri
te
reversed
le
tt
ers
are
just
a
ha
bit.
Dyslexi
a
is
no
t
a
for
m
of d
is
abil
it
y
The
te
ac
her
s
al
so
reali
se
d
t
h
at
the
re
a
re
oth
e
r
ca
us
es
f
or
re
ver
se
d
le
tt
ers
w
riti
ng
s
uch
as
ey
es
pro
blem
an
d
la
ck of
p
e
nm
ansh
ip.
R
2
wrote
:
B
ut
I
do
n’
t
thi
nk
the
ot
her
on
e
is
dyslexi
c.
He
is
overa
ll
ok
but
he
does
wri
te
reversed
le
tt
ers.
Mayb
e
pr
oble
m
wi
th
hi
s
eyes
on
ly
li
ke
my
ne
phew
.
I
t’s
true.
Writ
in
g
reverse
d
le
tt
ers
ca
n
be
li
nk
ed
to
eyes t
oo. E
sp
ec
iall
y if
the kid had
a
f
all wi
th
his
head
fi
rst.
R
4
wrote:
T
he re
ason i
s lack
of p
e
nma
nship
.
We s
hould t
ea
ch
the
m pe
nma
ns
hi
p.
Nonetheless
,
the
te
ache
rs
be
li
eve
that
wr
it
ing
re
ve
rsed
l
et
te
rs
is
the
sy
m
pto
m
of
dy
sle
xia.
Th
e
te
achers re
gard
d
ysl
exia as
a
f
or
m
o
f
le
a
rn
i
ng
disabili
ty
.
R
7
wrote:
I
do
n’
t
re
alise
t
hat
some
st
ud
e
nt
s
wh
o
wri
te
re
versed
le
tt
ers
was
a
ty
pe
of
a
le
ar
ni
ng
disabil
it
y u
ntil
a
se
nio
r
teac
he
r told
m
e
. Afte
r
tha
t
I
st
ar
t t
o
pa
y
a
tt
enti
on to
the
se stu
de
nts.
R
2
wrote:
U
nfort
unately
, th
e
r
e a
re
pare
nts
who ca
n’
t
acce
pt th
at their c
hi
ldren are
sp
ec
ial.
Since
dysle
xic
childre
n
hav
e
le
arn
in
g
disab
il
ity,
they
need
to
be
sent
to
vo
cat
io
nal
sc
hools
w
hi
c
h
offer l
ess aca
dem
ic
su
bjec
ts.
R
1
wr
ote
:
T
o
me
voc
ational
sch
oo
l
m
ay
be
good
for
dysle
xi
cs
bu
t
not
the
ar
t
school
be
cause
the
ar
t
sch
oo
l
f
ocus
on
ac
ad
e
mic
to
o
as
m
uch
as
t
he
ar
t
s
ubje
ct
s.
B
ut
v
oca
ti
on
al
sc
hool
I
t
hin
k
is
nee
de
d.
Beca
use
so
meti
mes
they
can’t excel
i
n acade
mics
bu
t
th
ey d
o
we
ll
wi
th ha
nds
-
on ski
ll
s.
R
2
wrote
: We
r
eally
n
ee
d
v
oc
ational sc
hool
for stu
de
nts lik
e this.
Th
ey
wi
ll
feel
m
or
e
ap
pre
ci
ated.
R
5
wr
ote
:
T
he
n t
here is
a spec
ial nee
d
c
olleg
e for st
ud
e
nts
who h
old t
he d
isab
le
d
c
ar
d.
Howe
ver,
if
the
dysle
xic
childre
n
we
re
to
do
academ
ic
su
bj
ect
s
,
the
childre
n
nee
d
to
be
trai
ned
by
sp
eci
al
n
ee
d
te
achers
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Ne
ur
odiv
ersit
y a
w
ar
ene
ss:
I
s
Malaysi
a
the
re
yet?
(
Aid
a
A
. R
ahm
an
)
681
R
4
wr
ote
:
T
ha
t’s
why
once
we
’ve
reco
gn
i
sed
the
child
r
en
as
dyslexi
cs,
we
sh
ould
s
end
the
m
to
sp
eci
al
nee
d
s
chool.
Mai
ns
tr
eam
te
ac
hers
cann
ot
do
it
.
May
be
bec
au
s
e
it
’s
n
ot
ou
r
ar
ea…y
up
…
not
all
te
ach
ers
can
handle
st
ud
e
nts
li
ke this.
T
12
wrote:
W
hat i
f t
he
st
ud
e
nt
s have
mu
lt
ipl
e lear
ning
disabil
it
ie
s?
We
de
fi
nitel
y can
’t te
ach the
m.
T
10
wrote:
T
he speci
al
nee
d
te
ach
e
rs s
houl
d be
accou
ntable
to
te
ac
h
t
hese
sp
eci
al
nee
d
st
ud
e
nts.
R
6
wrote:
Dy
sle
xi
a
do
es
n’t
s
ound
li
ke
an
importa
nt
iss
ue
rig
ht?
But
t
he
worse
one
m
ust
be
sent
t
o
sp
eci
al
nee
d
s
chool.
T
hey
m
igh
t
sou
nd
ok
ay
whe
n
they
rea
d
but
actu
ally
if
you
ch
eck,
there
ar
e
many
mistakes.
T
hey
li
ke to add
up
word
s
.
R
14
wrote:
I
k
n
ow
th
at
there
is
a
sc
hool
fo
r
dyslexi
c.
T
he
stu
den
ts
ar
e
be
tt
er
off
there
because
th
e
te
ach
ers
are w
el
l t
ra
ined
wi
th
sp
eci
al n
ee
ds
.
Th
ey
got a
d
is
abil
it
y a
ll
owanc
e too.
Be
sides
hav
i
ng
doubts
i
n
thei
r
sk
il
ls,
t
he
te
ac
her
s
we
re
a
bit
scepti
cal
of
t
he
possibi
li
ti
es
of
te
achin
g
stud
e
nts
with
l
earn
i
ng
dif
ficu
lt
ie
s
tog
et
her
with
‘
norm
al
s
tud
e
nts’
in
t
he
sam
e
cl
ass
for
the
rea
sons
of
huge
cl
ass size
and t
he
am
ou
nt
of s
yl
la
bu
s to
co
m
plete
.
R
1
wr
ote
:
Dys
le
xi
cs
in
the
sa
me
cl
as
s
wi
th
ordin
ar
y
st
udents…
to
f
oc
us
on
e
a
ch
group
is
quit
e
diff
ic
ult especiall
y whe
n
the
r
e a
re
40 s
t
ud
e
nt
s in a clas
s
R
5
wrote
:
B
ut
if
they
go
t
o
s
pecial
nee
ds
…
the
te
ac
hers
wi
ll
te
ac
h
ba
se
d
on
the
stu
de
nts’
develo
pm
e
nt. N
o
syl
la
bus to
catch. O
ne
cl
ass
is
m
ax
fi
ve
s
tud
e
nts.
Most
im
po
rtan
tl
y,
te
achers
cl
aim
ed
that
the
y
are
bu
rd
e
ne
d
with
hea
vy
w
orkloa
ds
;
hen
c
e
they
co
uld
no
t
sp
e
nd ti
m
e
s for
t
he
st
ud
e
nt
s and m
on
it
or
i
ng the
stu
den
ts
.
R
8
wr
ote
:
We
also
have
ot
he
r
responsi
bili
ties
li
ke
secret
a
ry
for
curricul
um,
subje
ct
panels,
fi
ll
in
SKPM
G,
onli
ne
m
a
rks,
ma
rki
ng
15
0
ex
am
pape
rs
and
wh
at
ever
cl
eri
cal
works
t
ha
t
t
ak
e
ti
mes
&
focu
s.
We
don’t
even
hav
e
ti
me
to
do
te
ach
i
ng
aid
s
.
E
very
school
prog
r
amme
(
an
d
IT
’
S
A
LOT)
e
tc
.
Where
do
w
e
fi
nd
ti
mes
for t
he
ki
ds
? I
’m not c
ompl
ain
in
g. Ju
s
t st
ating t
he
f
ac
ts.
R
5
wr
ote
:
T
oo
ambiti
ous to
achiev
ed e
sp
eci
ally w
he
n
te
ac
hers’ workl
oad i
s d
isc
ouragin
g.
Desp
it
e
the
te
achers
’
belie
f
on
w
hethe
r
or
no
t
dysle
xia
is
a
le
arn
in
g
prob
le
m
,
al
l
te
ac
her
s
i
n
this
stud
y
belie
ve
t
hat d
ysl
e
xia ca
n be c
ur
e
d.
R
6
wr
ote:
Yes, dysle
xi
a
ca
n
b
e cured. D
on
’t g
et
it
wron
g.
T
each
e
rs just n
e
ed
to b
e pati
en
t. When
you
see
them
start
wri
ti
ng
reversi
ng
le
tt
ers,
aler
t
them.
So
on,
they
wi
ll
get
us
e
to
the
correc
t
way
of
wri
ti
ng
.
B
ut
we
ha
ve
to
he
lp
them
earl
y.
If
they
we
re
no
t
help
,
they
wi
ll
con
ti
nu
e
t
his
habi
t
un
ti
l
they
enter
seco
ndar
y
sch
oo
l.
R
9
wrote:
We
ha
ve
t
o
dr
il
l
them.
N
or
m
ally,
when
t
hey
foll
ow
the
re
me
dia
ti
on
pro
gr
am
me,
the
y
wi
ll
be okay
. The
n
t
hey c
an join
th
ei
r o
ther
fri
en
ds at t
he ma
i
ns
tre
am class
es.
T
14
wrote:
A
dri
ll
ing
I
guess.
Drill
ing
,
work
ha
r
d a
nd s
ma
r
t.
4.2.
Te
achers
’ abil
ity to i
den
tify
dy
sle
xia
LINUS
stu
dent
s
will
be
sc
re
ened
eve
ry
th
r
ee
m
on
ths
a
nd
w
hen
they
ha
ve
m
ast
ered
th
e
ex
pected
li
te
racy
and
nu
m
eracy
sk
il
ls,
they
will
be
se
nt
back
to
m
ain
stream
cl
asses.
I
f
t
he
stu
dent
s
sti
ll
fail
to
m
ast
er
the
ex
pected
s
kill
s
after
thre
e
ye
ars
unde
rgoin
g
the
rem
ed
ia
ti
on
pro
gr
am
m
e,
m
ajo
rity
te
achers
s
ai
d
th
at
they
su
s
pected
that
the
stud
e
nts
hav
e
le
ar
ning
diff
ic
ulti
es.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
te
achers
do
not
know
how
to
iden
ti
fy
stud
e
nts
with l
earn
i
ng d
if
ficu
lt
ie
s.
Their sus
picions are
b
a
s
ed on t
heir
gut
feeli
ng
s
.
R
2
wrote:
T
he st
ud
e
nts
must
ha
ve
lear
ning
disabil
it
ie
s.
We ca
n
k
no
w
th
at
.
R
6
wrote:
T
he re
me
dia
l t
eac
he
rs know
how t
o
ide
ntif
y. We
don’t
know
bu
t
we ca
n g
uess.
R
5
w
ro
te
:
Th
e
reme
dia
l
te
achers
us
e
th
at
ind
ic
ator
to
iden
ti
fy
.
But
if
the
ma
i
ns
tre
am
te
ach
e
rs
ar
e
us
e
d
to
(ha
ve
s
tud
e
nts wit
h
L
D)
, th
ey ca
n
i
de
ntif
y d
ysl
exi
a or au
ti
s
m.
The
te
acher
s
can
al
so
identif
y
stud
ents
with
le
arn
in
g
di
ffi
culti
es
by
ob
s
erv
i
ng
the
stu
de
n
ts
wr
it
in
g
and b
e
ha
viour
.
R
10
wr
ote:
I
ha
ve
a
dyslexi
c
s
tud
e
nt
in
my
cl
as
s.
Ba
d
hand
wri
ti
ng
,
wri
te
the
le
tt
er
g
fr
om
the
tail
to
the h
e
ad. Hig
hl
y sens
it
iv
e. Re
fuse to
join
any
a
ct
iv
it
y.
Howe
ver,
acc
ordin
g
to
R
14
,
‘teac
hers
c
ould
only
ide
ntif
y
bu
t
it
’s
t
he
do
ct
or
wh
o
c
an
veri
fy
the
pr
oble
m…
Dy
sle
xi
cs
ar
e
diff
ic
ult
to
identif
y
compared
to
au
ti
sm
,
down
synd
r
ome,
slo
w
le
ar
ner’.
D
espite
bein
g
trai
ned to ide
ntify
dysle
xia,
rem
edial
te
achers
a
dm
it
t
ed
that t
hey lac
k of k
nowle
dge ab
ou
t
dysle
xi
a.
R
13
wrote:
Act
ua
ll
y
I
don’t
r
eally
reme
m
be
r
wh
at
I
’ve
le
ar
ne
d
bec
ause
x
re
ally
pract
ic
e
it
.
Th
e
easiest
one
is
tha
t
the
stu
dent
get
easily
c
onfuse
d
wi
th
sy
mbols
or
c
on
c
ept.
If
t
he
stu
de
nts
x
ma
ste
r
t
he
1
st
const
ru
ct
(
abili
ty
to
read
an
d wr
it
e v
oc
al
an
d
co
ns
ona
nts
)
and
2
nd
co
ns
tr
uct (
abili
ty to
read
open
syl
la
ble
)
,
the
stud
e
nts,
wi
th
med
ic
al doct
or’s refere
nce,
w
il
l be sug
geste
d
to
enrol i
n
s
pe
ci
al n
ee
d
cl
ass or
d
ysl
exi
c sc
hool.
R
14
wrote:
We
don’t
have t
he e
xperti
se li
ke tha
t i
n
M
ala
ysi
a.
M
os
t t
e
ach
e
rs convert
fr
om re
med
i
al
to
sp
eci
al
nee
d.
Even
if
we
te
a
ch
sp
eci
al
nee
ds
,
it
is
gen
era
l
sp
eci
al
need
s
…
no
t
sp
eci
ali
sed
exce
pt
for
the
dea
f
and m
ute.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
201
9
:
67
6
-
68
5
682
4.3.
Te
achers
’
u
nd
erstandin
g on l
earning i
nt
er
venti
on t
o
su
p
po
r
t
st
uden
ts w
ith learnin
g di
ff
ic
ulties.
The
te
ac
her
s
be
li
eve
that
t
he
li
te
racy
an
d
num
eracy
screening
facil
it
at
e
them
in
identi
fyi
ng
their
stud
e
nts’
li
te
ra
cy
and
num
er
acy
sk
il
ls
wh
i
ch
la
te
r
en
able
the
te
ache
rs
to
pr
ov
i
de
rem
ediat
ion
for
st
ud
e
nts
whose
s
kill
s
ar
e
belo
w
the
na
ti
on
al
sta
ndar
d.
N
ot
only
that
the
pro
gr
am
m
e
facil
it
at
e
s
identific
at
ion
process,
bu
t
al
so
the
int
erv
e
ntio
n
pro
gram
m
es
sp
eci
fical
ly
the
te
aching
a
nd
le
ar
ning.
The
te
ache
rs
asserted
that
duri
ng
LINUS
traini
ng, t
he
te
ac
her
s
colla
borated
on less
on m
at
eri
al
s d
e
velo
pm
e
nt pr
oj
ect
.
T
27
wrote:
We
focus
on
21
st
c
entury
te
ach
i
ng
an
d
le
arnin
g
appro
ach
…c
ol
lab
orati
ve..
.
al
l
so
rts.
T
he
collabor
atio
n
i
s more
on
pr
ep
ar
in
g ma
te
ri
als.
The
te
ac
her
s
f
ound
that
the
m
od
ules
are
he
lpf
ul
f
or
the
m
to
us
e
f
or
dri
ll
ing
st
ud
e
nts
to
m
ast
er
the
sk
il
ls acc
ordi
ng to
the c
onstr
ucts.
R
9
w
ro
te
:
I
li
ke it
b
eca
us
e
ther
e a
re
a lot
of materi
als
ava
il
able
s
o
I
can
use
to dril
l t
he
st
ud
e
nts.
T
2
wrote:
We
can
us
e
the
m
odules
to
dr
il
l
stud
e
nts
by
c
onstructs
.
LI
N
U
S
pro
gr
am
me
ha
s
t
he
best
mod
ules… If y
ou
r
stu
de
nts
have
prob
le
ms w
it
h
li
te
ra
cy, s
end the
m
fo
r L
INU
S
re
me
dia
l
class.
T
4
wrote:
LI
N
US
pro
gram
m
e
has
pr
e
pa
re
d
the
be
st
m
odules…
if
par
ents
c
an
give
additi
onal
as
sist
ance
at
home
, it i
s eve
n bett
er.
Althou
gh,
t
he
te
acher
s
m
anag
ed
to
com
pile
te
achin
g
m
at
erial
s
an
d
bri
ng
the
m
at
erial
s
bac
k
t
o
resp
ect
ive
s
c
hools,
t
he
te
ache
r
s f
eel
that t
hey
need m
or
e
trai
ning
on teac
hi
ng m
et
ho
do
l
ogy.
T
27
wrote:
For
me…t
hey
s
ho
uld
f
ocu
s
on
m
et
hodo
l
og
y
.
A
nd
kn
owled
ge
s
ha
ri
ng
on
ho
w
to
deliv
er,
ho
w t
o
m
anage
, how to be tea
chers.
Build c
onfi
den
ce
in pupil
s.
Fo
r m
e
, th
e p
e
ople
i
n
th
e sky*
s
houl
d provi
de
the
m
aterials
…
the
guideli
ne
s
to
car
ry
out
tha
t
met
hods
in
te
ac
hing.
[
*
ref
e
rs
to
t
he
s
up
e
rio
rs
s
uch
as
the
edu
cat
io
n o
ff
ic
ers fr
om
d
ist
rict
ed
ucati
on off
i
ce, stat
e ed
ucat
ion
office a
nd
m
inist
ry]
.
The
te
ache
rs
al
so
af
firm
ed
tha
t
they
wer
e
e
nc
oura
ged
t
o
in
corp
or
at
e
ICT
into
their
te
ac
hi
ng
.
I
n
fact,
the
m
inist
ry
has
in
vested
a
lot
in
inc
orp
or
at
i
ng
ICT
in
te
ac
hing
a
nd
le
ar
nin
g.
T
he
te
ac
he
rs
per
cei
ved
th
e
ICT
pro
visions as
wastef
ul to
ce
r
ta
in ex
te
nd as
pro
ven in t
he
c
onve
rsati
on b
et
we
en
R
4
an
d
R
5
belo
w.
R5:
T
o
me…
the
m
ob
il
e
phone
gift
is
l
ik
e
a
waste.
T
he
budget
us
e
d
to
bu
y
te
ac
hers
phone
ca
n
be
us
e
d
for
o
t
her
t
hings… i
t’s j
ust
few
g
igs…
no
t enou
gh to use
a
s te
ac
hing
aid
s.
R4::
Tru
e
...
t
he
m
ob
il
e
da
t
a
en
ds
quic
kl
y…
hahahh
aa...
e
veryt
hin
g
to
be
fi
ll
ed
up
in
th
at
fre
e
handph
on
e…
at
te
ndan
ce
...u
pdate s
ap
s
...u
pdat
e everyt
hing
-
e
u
si
ng th
at free h
andpho
ne.
R4:
I
agree wi
t
h
R
5...
bette
r g
i
ve the
budget
t
o
cl
ass t
eac
her
…or
add
t
o
the
subject
pa
nels’ bud
get
R5:
VLE
fro
g
i
s
an
oth
er.
..
sma
ll
on
to
p
of
it
.
O
nly
the
te
ach
e
rs
c
ou
l
d
be
nefit
it
.
Bet
te
r
give
us
big
screen…
provi
de
facil
it
ie
s
tha
t
the
stude
nts
can
ben
ef
it
.
Not
tha
t
I
am
not
co
nten
ded
but
yea
h…
the
mobile
phone
pr
ic
e is
rm39
9.
Even
th
e teache
rs’
ph
on
e
are
mo
re
s
ophisti
cated
. C
a
n be
used
to
t
each the
stu
de
nts.
Yet,
al
l
te
achers
ag
ree
d
that
ICT
m
akes
lear
ni
ng
m
or
e
interest
in
g
rat
he
r
tha
n
pe
rceived
t
hem
as
gr
eat
facil
it
ie
s
for
m
ulti
-
sens
or
y
le
ar
ning
t
ha
t
enab
le
stu
de
nts
wit
h
diff
e
r
ent
le
ar
ning
a
bi
li
t
ie
s
to
le
ar
n
in
an
inclusive
classr
oo
m
.
In
te
rvi
ew
er:
W
hy
s
houl
d
te
ac
hers use
ICT i
n t
heir teac
hing
?
R1
4:
Beca
us
e i
t ma
ke
s the
lessons
mo
re
inte
resti
ng
.
In
te
rvi
ew
er:
Ot
her
re
ason
s
?
R1
4:
Students
li
ke
it
beca
us
e
y
up
…
m
or
e
intere
sti
ng.
Diff
erent
ma
te
ri
als.
T
he
y
can
see
pictures,
vide
os.
The
fi
nd
i
ngs
r
eveale
d
th
at
th
e
te
achers
a
re
awar
e
of
t
he
e
xistence
of
dys
le
xia
–
ba
sic
al
ly
associat
ed
dysle
xia
with
wr
it
in
g
re
vers
ed
le
tt
ers
sym
pto
m
.
The
te
a
cher
s
in
this
s
tud
y
belie
ved
dysle
xia
as
ei
t
her
a
pro
blem
with
bad
w
riti
ng
ha
bi
t;
or
a
prob
le
m
with
le
arn
in
g
disabili
ty
.
Teachers
,
w
ho
c
om
pr
ehend
dysl
exia
as
a
hab
it
,
forese
e
that
dysle
xic
s
can
be
cu
red
by
pro
per
t
rainin
g,
hen
ce
no
t
a
serious
pro
blem
.
T
eacher
s
who
per
cei
ve
dysle
xia
as
a
le
arn
i
ng
pro
blem
ar
e
of
the
op
i
nion
that
dysle
xic
s
are
pe
op
le
w
it
h
disabili
ti
es,
hen
ce
can
only
be
h
el
ped
by
trai
ne
d
te
ache
rs.
B
oth
views
on
dysle
xia
can
c
ause
dysle
xic
stud
e
nts
rem
ain
to
be
m
arg
inali
sed
stud
e
nts i
n
m
ai
ns
tream
sch
oo
ls
.
Althou
gh
t
he
te
achers
belie
ve
that
dysle
xi
cs
can
do
we
ll
in
their
stud
ie
s,
the
te
ac
her
s
a
re
no
t
confide
nt
that
dysle
xic
s
are
c
apab
le
aca
dem
ic
al
ly
.
Peop
le
with
disa
bili
ti
e
s
are
known
as
OKU
or
a
ng
kura
ng
up
ay
a
i
n
the
Ma
la
y
la
ng
ua
ge
.
T
he
acr
onym
‘K
’
is
f
or
kura
ng
w
hic
h
m
eans
disa
ble.
H
ow
e
ver,
in
2009
the
Mi
nister
of
Youth
a
nd
S
ports
then,
in
his
openin
g
s
peec
h
f
or
Paraly
m
pic
gam
es
has
enc
oura
ged
Ma
la
y
sia
n
t
o
ackno
wled
ge
t
he
disable
d
pe
op
le
’s
a
bili
ty
.
The
m
inist
er
prom
oted
that
t
he
OKU
s
houl
d
be
known
as
oran
g
kelai
nan
upay
a.
The
acr
onym
‘K
’
is
la
te
r
known
as
ke
la
inan
wh
ic
h
m
eans
diff
e
re
nt
.
Fact
sh
ows
that
t
he
change
of
the
la
b
el
fr
om
‘p
eo
ple
with
di
sabili
ti
es’
to
‘p
e
ople
with
diff
e
re
nt
abili
ti
es’
has
eve
r
since
trans
form
ed
M
al
ay
sia
n’
s p
e
rc
eption
t
ow
a
r
ds OKU. Neve
rt
heless, the u
nderp
i
nn
i
ng
i
dea w
as the sam
e
–
OKU
are
not
li
ke
nor
m
al
peo
ple
but
they
ha
ve
oth
e
r
abili
ti
es
an
d
are
a
ble
t
o
c
ontribu
te
i
n
di
ff
e
r
ent
ways.
Like
wise,
so
m
e
reg
ar
d
dy
sle
xics
as
a
n
OKU
w
ho
are
no
t
able
t
o
c
on
tribu
te
i
n
aca
dem
ic
du
e
t
o
t
he
ir
rea
ding
dis
abili
ty
bu
t
a
re
able
to
con
t
rib
ute
in
oth
e
r
discipli
ne
s
that
do
not
require
them
t
o
rea
d,
s
uc
h
as
vo
cat
io
nal
p
at
hw
ay
s.
Pr
e
vious
fin
din
gs
on
te
ache
r
s’
belie
f
[4
]
is
cong
ru
e
nt
with
the
tho
se
of
poli
cy
m
aker
’s
belie
f,
‘
we
don’t
le
ave
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Ne
ur
odiv
ersit
y a
w
ar
ene
ss:
I
s
Malaysi
a
the
re
yet?
(
Aid
a
A
. R
ahm
an
)
683
anyb
od
y
be
hind,
w
hat
we
cal
l
edu
cat
ion
for
al
l’
by
sy
stem
at
ic
a
ll
y
si
fting
stu
de
nts
in
a
way
that
‘h
i
gh
achieve
rs
pu
rs
ue
hi
gh
e
r
e
du
c
at
io
n,
the m
iddl
e sh
ould
do th
ei
r
best to
s
urv
ive, the weak a
nd
t
hose w
it
h
s
pecial
needs
s
houl
d
be
ide
ntifie
d
a
nd
directed
to
t
he
vocat
ion
al
track
’
.Th
e
m
ain
reas
on
f
or
s
uch
m
isc
on
cep
ti
on
s,
accor
ding
to
Dzalani
an
d
Sh
am
su
ddin
[
3]
are
the
broad
ge
ner
ic
de
finiti
on
s
of
le
arn
i
ng
disabi
li
ti
es
in
Ma
la
ysi
a and
the li
m
it
ed
nu
m
ber
of
s
pecial
ise
d
pro
fessi
on
al
s w
ho ar
e trai
ne
d
f
or
Sp
L
D
id
entifi
cat
ion
. Fa
il
ur
e
to
def
i
ne
LD
a
nd
S
pL
D
an
d
t
o
ex
plain
the
di
ff
ere
nces
between
L
D
an
d
Sp
L
D,
m
isl
ead
the
te
achers
w
it
h
the
real
pro
bl
em
s
of
dysle
xia.
A
ccordin
g
t
o
Pe
i,
a
series
of
offici
al
poli
cy
endo
rsem
ents
[4
]
ha
d
si
gn
i
ficantl
y
garnere
d
ack
nowle
dg
m
ent
of
equ
al
ed
ucati
on
al
entit
lem
ents
relat
ing
to
childre
n
with
disabili
ty
in
M
al
ay
si
a
for
over
a
dec
ade;
ye
t
con
cr
et
e
act
ion
s
re
m
ai
ned
po
orl
y
el
abo
rate
d.
S
tud
e
nts
with
di
sabili
ti
es
are
bein
g
discrim
inate
d,
and
un
der
the
Ed
ucati
on
Act
1996
a
nd
the
1997
Sp
eci
al
Ed
uca
ti
on
Re
gula
ti
on
s
the
discrim
inati
on
has
bee
n
f
ur
ther
rein
force
d
wh
e
n
t
he
c
hildr
e
n’s
le
ar
ni
ng
a
bili
ti
es
are
cat
eg
or
ise
d
as
the
‘e
duca
ble’
a
nd
the
‘une
du
ca
bl
e’;
of
w
hich
the
la
tt
er
a
re
sti
gm
atized
as
unable
to
m
anag
e
them
sel
ves
withou
t
help.
He
nce,
a
s
repo
rted
by
the
The
De
partm
ent
of
S
ocial
W
el
far
e
desc
ribe
d
by
Adna
n
&
Haf
iz
,
spe
ci
al
edu
cat
io
n
sho
ul
d
f
ocus o
n
‘
prevo
cat
io
nal, vo
cat
io
nal
an
d
la
bour
trai
ni
ng
s
o
that
st
ud
e
nts can
at
ta
in p
er
f
ect
ion
accor
d
in
g
t
o
t
heir
li
m
it
ed
abili
ti
es’
[27]
I
n
fact,
t
he
vocat
ion
al
isa
ti
on
of
sp
eci
al
ed
ucati
on
in
sec
onda
ry
sch
oo
ls
ai
m
s
f
or
‘total
reh
a
bi
li
ta
ti
on
’
[
28]
.
The
m
inist
ry’s
co
ncerns
re
ga
rd
i
ng
Ma
la
y
sia
n’
s
vie
w
on
in
equ
it
ie
s
has
le
d
t
o
the
m
to
con
cl
ud
e
that
‘un
der
ac
hieve
rs
an
d
le
ss
-
aca
dem
ic
a
lly
incli
ned
stu
den
ts
ha
ve
voi
ced
ou
t
their
interest
i
n
le
ar
ning
voc
at
ion
al
sub
j
ect
s’
w
hich
is
le
ss
theo
reti
cal
and
assesse
d
ba
sed
on
c
om
petency
un
li
ke
m
ai
ns
t
ream
scho
ol’
s
tradit
ion
al
pa
per
-
an
d
-
pe
nci
l
te
sts’
[11].
Althou
gh
th
e
Sp
eci
al
E
ducat
ion
Re
gu
la
ti
ons
i
n
2013
has
re
worded
the
judgm
ent
of
s
tud
e
nt
placem
ent
ba
sed
on
su
it
abili
ty
[29],
the
con
te
ntious
puzzl
e o
f
educa
bili
ty
r
e
m
ai
ns
[
4]
.
Dysle
xics
can
read
–
they
j
us
t
hav
e
dif
ficult
y
with
te
xt
dec
od
i
ng.
Wh
e
n
pe
op
le
read
te
xt,
their
le
ft
-
hem
isph
ere
br
ai
n
will
decod
e
the
te
xt
and
translat
e
it
into
sounds.
It
is
the
def
ic
ie
nc
y
in
dysle
xic’s
le
ft
hem
isph
ere
brai
n
that
sl
ow
dow
n
or
im
ped
e
the
decodin
g
process
t
hat
ca
us
e
th
e
rea
ding
prob
le
m
.
Howeve
r
,
if
the
te
xt
is
read
to
dysle
xics
,
the
dysle
xic
would
no
t
ha
ve
any
diff
ic
ult
y
to
co
m
pr
ehe
nd
the
te
xt.
Dysle
xic’s
te
xt
-
dec
odin
g
i
m
pair
m
ent
do
e
s
not
m
ean
that
al
l
dysle
xics
pr
e
fer
vocat
io
na
l
or
ha
nds
-
on
trai
ning.
Dysle
xic’s
gr
eat
a
bili
ty
in
pro
du
ci
ng
t
hree
-
dim
ension
al
view
is
in
dee
d
pr
ov
e
n
to
be
an
ad
va
nced
sk
il
l
need
e
d
to
be
a
su
ccess
fu
l
m
icr
obiol
og
ist
,
arc
hitec
t
an
d
ge
ne
ti
c
eng
i
neer
[
13]
.
I
f
dysle
xics
’
aca
dem
ic
po
te
ntial
is
de
nied
,
ho
w
can
they
co
ntri
bu
te
in
aca
de
m
ic
discipli
nes?
Mo
re
ov
e
r,
vocat
ion
al
trai
nin
g
s
houl
d
be
offe
red
as
a
n
op
ti
on
to
al
l
wh
o
lo
ve
vocat
ion
al
s
ubj
e
ct
s;
no
t
as
an
opti
on
for
those
who
do
not
ex
cel
in
deco
di
ng
te
xt
(as
their
pr
im
e
read
i
ng m
et
ho
d).
The
te
ache
rs
in
the
stud
y
re
ve
al
ed
that
the
cu
rr
e
nt
li
te
racy
i
d
entifi
cat
io
n
pro
gr
am
m
e
(LI
NUS)
ai
m
a
t
su
pp
or
ti
ng
th
e
incom
petent
stud
e
nts
via
sp
e
ci
fic
rem
edial
pro
gr
am
m
e
in
wh
ic
h
the
st
udents’
le
ar
ning
abili
ty
will
be
en
ha
nc
ed
a
nd
‘c
ur
e
d’.
I
nter
ven
ti
ons
that
are
base
d
on
rem
ediat
ion
f
ram
ewo
r
k
f
ocus
on
‘f
i
xing’
t
he
stud
e
nts
via
e
f
fecti
ve
le
ar
ning
m
et
ho
ds
as
well
as
e
ff
ect
i
ve
le
ar
ning
to
ols
[
21]
,
wh
il
s
t
the
e
ff
ect
ive
ness
of
le
arn
in
g
m
et
ho
ds
a
nd
le
ar
ning
to
ols
put
em
ph
a
sis
on
co
nse
qu
e
ntial
acco
un
ta
bili
ty
wh
ic
h
is
m
easur
ed
by
th
e
stud
e
nts’
ac
hievem
ent
and
te
achers
’
pe
rfo
r
m
a
nce
[30]
w
hich
e
xp
la
ins
wh
y
LI
N
US
wh
ic
h
is
suppose
dly
a
screeni
ng
to
ol h
as b
ee
n
em
phasi
sed
li
ke
a n
a
ti
on
al
e
xam
.
Un
f
or
t
un
at
el
y, dy
sle
xia
is
not
a
pro
blem
that
can b
e
fixe
d.
Dysle
xi
cs
m
ay
hav
e
di
ff
ic
ulti
es
in
de
cod
i
ng
te
xt
(
re
adin
g
te
xt),
bu
t
their
un
iq
ue
‘
br
ai
n
wirin
g’
s
yst
e
m
do
e
s
not
i
m
ped
e
their
a
bili
ty
to
le
arn
[
8
,
31]
.
I
n
fact,
the
ir
three
-
dim
ension
al
le
ar
ning
per
s
pecti
ves
e
nab
le
them
to
engag
e
in
highe
r
le
ve
l
le
arn
in
g
sk
il
ls
[13].
I
n
co
nt
rast,
ne
uro
div
e
rsity
theor
y
f
oc
us
es
on
‘f
i
xing’
t
he
edu
cat
io
n
sys
tem
to
fit
into
div
e
rse
le
arn
e
r
’s
nee
ds
rathe
r
than
‘f
i
xing’
t
he
le
arn
e
r
to
f
it
into
the
educat
ion
syst
e
m
need
s.
Via
neur
od
i
versi
ty
awar
eness
ca
m
paign
,
ed
ucato
rs
sho
uld
reali
se
that
tex
t
decodin
g
is
no
t
th
e
on
ly
read
i
ng
m
edium
.
People
‘r
ea
d’
in
m
any
ways
–
pic
tures,
na
rr
at
i
on,
a
nim
at
ion
,
r
eal
obj
ect
s.
He
nce,
t
he
obj
ect
ive
of
usi
ng
ICT
as
l
earn
i
ng
a
ssist
ance
s
hould
be
base
d
on
t
he
unde
rstan
ding
that
low
-
ac
hi
eving
stud
e
nts
(
w
ho
pro
bab
ly
are
th
e
undiag
nose
d/m
isdiagnosed
dysle
xics)
nee
d
ICT
t
o
assist
them
in
re
adi
ng;
no
t
m
erely
as
at
tract
ive
to
ols
that
help
them
boost
their
m
otivati
on
a
nd
intere
st
to
le
ar
n
(alt
hough
ICT
is
pro
ve
n
to
be
an
at
tract
ive
too
l)
.
T
he
f
ind
in
g
c
on
tr
adi
ct
s
to
[11]
Mo
E
(20
04)
re
por
t
wh
ic
h
highli
ghte
d
that
the
use
of
ICT
unde
r
th
e
ped
a
gogic
al
ph
il
oso
ph
y
of
the
Ma
la
ysian
Sm
art
Scho
ol
P
roject
(
SSP)
is
de
sig
ned
t
o
accom
m
od
at
e
diff
e
re
nt
nee
ds
an
d
a
bili
ti
es
t
hat
al
low
child
ren
t
o
ta
ke
gre
at
er
res
pons
i
bili
ty
in
m
anag
in
g
thei
r
own
le
a
rn
i
ng.
For
e
xam
ple,
as
m
entioned
earli
er
dysle
xic
ex
pe
rience
faces
dif
ficul
ty
in
dec
odin
g
te
xt
(transl
at
ing
w
ords
into
s
ound
s).
So,
by
pr
oviding
them
with
te
xt
-
to
-
sp
eec
h
s
of
t
war
e
(
ICT
assist
ive
t
ool),
th
e
dysle
xic
dec
od
ing
process
ca
n
be
s
uppo
rted
li
ke
how
a
he
arin
g
-
ai
d
f
un
ct
ion
s
for
the
de
af
an
d
a
s
pectac
le
fo
r
th
os
e
with
ey
e
sigh
t
pro
blem
s
.
Since
dysle
xi
c’s
neuro
l
og
ic
al
def
ic
ie
ncy
cannot
be
cu
r
ed
(at
the
m
ome
nt),
there
are
al
so
im
pl
ic
at
ion
s
to
te
sti
ng
an
d
eva
luati
on
inter
ve
ntion.
Tra
diti
on
al
exam
m
et
h
od
that
reli
es
he
avily
on
te
xt
s
hould
al
so
be
re
vised
-
not
only
th
e
fo
rm
at
ive
and
the
su
m
m
ative
exam
weigh
ta
ge
nee
d
re
vision
but
al
so
the
ex
am
i
nation p
r
ov
isi
ons
for dysl
exic
s su
c
h
as
the
use o
f ICT
or
t
he
appo
i
ntm
ent o
f
a r
ea
de
r.
Ak
a
dem
i
Ba
kat
ABS
str
ongl
y
belie
ves,
de
sp
it
es
al
l
the
chall
enges,
the
set
ti
ng
-
up
of
this
ty
p
e
of
al
te
rn
at
ive
sch
oo
l
co
uld
ov
e
r
com
e
and
red
uc
e
the
un
em
plo
ya
bili
ty
issue
that
is
faced
by
Ma
la
ysi
an
gr
adu
at
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
201
9
:
67
6
-
68
5
684
for
ye
ars.
S
ome
of
t
he
m
ajo
r
factors
are
due
to
la
ckin
g
of
hu
m
an
capit
al
sk
il
ls
su
c
h
as
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
sk
il
ls,
i
m
age
br
a
nd
i
ng,
a
nd
so
f
or
t
h.
Th
u
s,
le
ve
ragi
ng
t
he
ent
repr
eneurs
hip
ta
le
nts
bas
ed
on
P
rop
het
Mu
ham
m
ad’
s
bu
si
ness
ac
ume
n
—
in
pa
rtic
ul
ar
in
t
he
early
age
of
t
he
c
hildr
e
n
—
is
a
go
od
op
ti
on
t
o
acc
el
erate
em
plo
yab
il
it
y
a
m
on
g
t
he
gradu
at
es
i
n
an
y
organ
iz
at
io
ns.
Mor
e
tha
n
that,
the
gr
a
duat
es
co
uld
e
ven
f
or
m
their
ow
n
bu
si
nesses
a
nd
eve
ntu
al
ly
gen
erate
their
own
inc
om
e
or
wealt
h
to
sust
ai
n
their
li
fe.
By
virtu
e
of
this,
Ak
a
dem
i
Ba
kat
ABS
views
t
he
f
ut
ur
e
e
duc
at
ion
a
nd
em
pl
oym
ent,
especial
ly
in
Ma
la
ysia;
gr
eat
ly
re
qu
i
re
th
e
inco
rpor
at
io
n
of
a
holi
sti
c
appr
oach
in
de
velo
ping
hum
a
n
capit
al
sk
il
l
in
li
ne
with
th
e
te
chnolo
gical
and
innov
at
io
n ad
va
ncem
ents in
these c
halle
nge
s’
e
ra.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
c
halle
ng
e
of
pro
vid
in
g
e
qu
al
rig
hts
to
e
du
cat
io
n
is
huge
.
It
cat
ers
f
r
om
the
issue
of
enrolm
ent
to
stud
e
nts’
nee
ds
identific
at
io
n
to
inter
ven
ti
on.
B
ut,
it
is
cl
ear
that,
as
a
re
su
lt
of
ref
le
ct
i
ng
on
these
fin
dings,
there
a
re
ste
ps
that
can
be
ta
ke
n
to
ens
ure
m
or
e
i
nclusi
ve
e
du
cat
io
nal
pr
a
ct
ic
e
in
Ma
la
ysi
a.
The
go
vernm
ent
needs
to
ens
ure
that
ever
y
child
en
ro
ls
in
early
childhood
ed
ucati
on
s
o
that
stud
ents
’
pr
ofi
le
s
(b
e
ha
vioural
and
academ
ic
)
can
be
c
reated.
This
pro
file
s
hould
be
pa
sse
d
to
the
pri
m
ar
y
school
for
sc
ru
ti
ny
a
nd
re
fl
ect
ion
so
f
urt
he
r
obs
erv
at
io
n
ca
n
be
m
ade
to
bette
r
est
ablish
th
e
stud
e
nt’s
de
velo
ping
prof
il
e.
Wh
e
n
the
s
tud
e
nt
enters
seco
nda
ry
an
d
te
rtia
ry
ed
ucati
on,
t
he
ir
nee
ds
sho
uld
al
rea
dy
be
i
den
ti
fie
d
–
s
o
th
at
the
ri
gh
t
le
a
rn
i
ng
su
pp
or
t
a
nd
i
nt
erv
e
ntion
ca
n
be
pro
vid
e
d.
T
hat
will
help
e
nh
a
nce
thei
r
le
arn
i
ng
e
xperie
nces
an
d
boos
t
their
knowle
dge
hu
nting
abili
ti
es
thu
s
m
aking
te
aching
m
or
e
eff
ec
rtive
a
nd
ef
fici
ent.
B
ut
first
a
nd
forem
os
t,
edu
cat
or
s
,
es
pe
ci
al
ly
te
achers,
ne
ed
to
be
awar
e
the
dif
f
eren
ce
bet
wee
n
the
pr
ob
le
m
of
le
ar
ning
disabili
ty
,
le
arn
in
g
di
ff
ic
ulty
and
le
arn
i
ng
d
ive
rsity
so
that
they
can
est
ablish
an
d
co
ntribute
to
the p
r
of
e
ssio
nal
dialogue
about incl
us
io
n an
d
m
eet
ing
the
needs
of
pu
pils with
sp
eci
f
ic
ed
ucati
on
al
needs.
REFERE
NCE
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cul
tur
al
and
m
ora
l
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atio
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lusive
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Ind
ia
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nti
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ic
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l
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i
al
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a
y
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n
the Cul
tura
l
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li
t
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"
Par
ad
oxe
s in the
def
in
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o
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y
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n
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et
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ent
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eft
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cc
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ot
emporal
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ding
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n
after
a
ph
onologi
c
al
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r, D.
J.,
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rea
tment
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evelopm
ent
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lexia: A re
v
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ent
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e
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,
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Cutt
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"
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I
of
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nc
e
co
m
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hension
in
chi
ldr
en
with
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y
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a:
b
e
y
ond
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ognitio
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ng,
M.J.,
"
Ea
rl
y
id
ent
if
ica
ti
on
and
in
te
rv
e
nti
ons
fo
r
d
y
sl
ex
ia
:
a
contem
pora
r
y
vi
ew,
"
Journ
al
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ese
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i
n
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ia
l
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io
nal
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vo
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J.
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"
Ide
n
t
if
y
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t
eac
hing
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n
a
nd
y
oung
peop
le
with
d
y
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i
a
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acy
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lt
i
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pend
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r
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ort
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de
vel
opm
ent
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ati
on:
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o
nal
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ort
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ia,"
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d
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rnatio
na
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y
sl
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a
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du
ca
t
or/
what
-
are
-
spe
ci
f
i
c
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ti
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ri
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y
th
of
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he
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al
br
ai
n
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embrac
ing
neu
rodive
rsit
y
,
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a
l
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ial
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al
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duca
t
ion
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rie
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y
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x.
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n/
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t
ion
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ion/
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ec
ial
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io
n
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y
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y
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z
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.
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Sha
y
wit
z,
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A.,
"
D
y
slex
i
a
(spec
if
ic
r
ea
d
in
g
disabi
l
ity
)
,
"
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iol
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l
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nal
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ere
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ec
ia
l
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ati
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t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
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S
N:
22
52
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Ne
ur
odiv
ersit
y a
w
ar
ene
ss:
I
s
Malaysi
a
the
re
yet?
(
Aid
a
A
. R
ahm
an
)
685
[17]
Grab
y
,
S.,
"
Neu
rodive
rsit
y
:
Bri
dging
the
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et
wee
n
the
d
isa
ble
d
peop
le
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m
ovement
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th
e
m
ent
al
he
al
th
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y
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ovement
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15
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y
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y
ner
g
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et
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e
n
educ
a
ti
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ti
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e
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os
ci
en
ce,"
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n
ce,
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.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Aida
Binti
A.Rahm
an
is
a
Senio
r
La
ngu
age
Te
a
che
r
at
Univ
ersiti
Te
kno
logi
Ma
l
a
y
si
a.
She
is
a
m
ember
of
the
La
nguag
e
and
Com
m
unic
at
ion
in
Socie
t
y
R
ese
arc
h
Group
a
t
the
Univer
sit
i
Te
knologi
Ma
lay
sia
and
Cent
r
e
for
Resea
rch
in
I
ncl
usion
at
the
Univer
sit
y
of
So
utha
m
pton.
Her
work
is
in
the
fie
ld
of
the
c
om
m
unic
at
ion
a
spec
ts
of
profe
ss
iona
l
deve
lop
m
ent
.
Thi
s
is
foc
used
through
a
cont
ribu
ti
on
to
socia
l
justi
c
e
for
the
p
eople
with
spec
i
fic
la
nguag
e
and
comm
unic
at
ion diffi
cu
lt
i
es.
John
W
ooll
ard
is
a
Senior
T
ea
ch
ing
Fell
ow
in
th
e
Centre
for
Resea
r
ch
in
Inc
lusion
in
Southampton
Educ
ation
School
of
the
Univer
sit
y
of
Southampton,
UK
.
His
wo
rk
cro
ss
es
the
fie
lds of
spec
ia
l
educ
a
ti
ona
l
n
ee
d
s,
social incl
usio
n,
t
ec
hno
log
y
an
d
teac
hing
tr
ai
ni
ng.
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