Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
E
v
al
ua
ti
o
n
and
Rese
arch in
Education (I
JE
RE)
Vol
.
4,
N
o
.
4
,
D
ecem
b
er2
0
1
5
,
pp
.
18
5~
19
5
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
8
2
2
1
85
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJERE
Eco-Tou
r
ism Development Strate
gy BaluranNational Park in
the Regency of Situbondo, East Java, Indonesia
A
d
il Siswa
n
to,
Mo
elja
di
Economic
& Bu
siness Faculty
,
B
r
awijay
a
Univ
er
sity
, Indon
esia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
J
u
n 21, 2014
Rev
i
sed
Jun
20,
201
5
Accepted
Sept 26, 2015
Baluran National Park in th
e regenc
y
of Situbo
ndo, East Jav
a
-
I
ndonesia,
highly
prospective for d
e
velopm
ent of
sustainab
l
e tourism that
can improve
the we
lfar
e of
l
o
cal
peopl
e.
Th
e s
u
it
able
touris
m
t
y
p
e
is
eco-
t
ouris
m
with
local peop
le
env
o
lvement. The p
u
rposes
of this s
t
ud
y
ar
e: 1)
. To
know the
local people en
volvement in
eco-t
ourism development; 2).
To
know the
potenciesof Baluran National Park;
and 3). To formulateEco-tour
ism
Development Strateg
y
.Using th
e matrix
analy
s
is method of IFAS and EFAS,
produce a
com
m
on s
t
rateg
y
; S
W
OT anal
ys
is
gen
e
rat
e
s
alt
e
rnat
iv
e s
t
rat
e
gies
.
This research
was exploring, to
formulate policies and programs based
intern
al and ex
ternal condition
s. Da
ta were collected b
y
qu
estionnaire,
interview and o
b
servation
.
Th
e
numbe
r of respondents 25 peo
p
le who ar
e
com
p
etent
in
t
h
e fi
eld o
f
to
uris
m
.
The r
e
s
u
l
t
s
s
howed, lo
c
a
l p
e
ople
envolvement of
Wonorejo, B
a
julMati,
BimoRejo
, WatuKebo
, Su
mberWaru
and SumberAny
a
ras buffer villages, in
the d
e
velopment of eco-
t
ourism in
Baluran
Nation
a
l Park n
eeds
to
be improved
thr
ough approach,
training
and
community
empowerment. Alter
n
ativ
e st
rateg
y
o
b
tain
ed eco-tour
ism product
developm
ent str
a
teg
y
; d
e
velopm
ent of basic infr
astructur
e
and f
aci
liti
es as
well
as supporting tour
ism; tourist ma
rket
penetr
ation
and
promotion;
incre
a
sed secur
i
t
y
;
as wel
l
as ins
titut
i
onal
and hu
m
a
n resource d
e
velopm
ent
strateg
y
of eco-
t
ourism. Eco-to
urism
development strateg
y
is a strateg
i
c
priority
of gen
e
rating eco-
t
our
ism
product development prog
rams and
m
a
intaining
bio
l
ogica
l resour
ces.
Keyword:
Balu
ran Nati
o
n
al Park
Devel
opm
ent
St
rat
e
gy
Eco-t
o
urism
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Ad
il Siswan
to
,
Econ
o
m
ic & Bu
sin
e
ss Facu
lty, Brawij
aya
Univ
ersity,
MT. H
a
r
yono
Str
eet 165
Malan
g
651
45
,
Ban
t
eng
Tim
u
r
Str
eet,
No
.
1
Jak
a
r
t
a
10
710
Ph
on
e/f
a
x
.
(0
21)
3
846
474
.
Em
a
il:ad
il_
sis
w
an
t
o
@yah
oo
.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
To
uri
s
m
i
s
an im
port
a
nt
el
e
m
ent
i
n
t
h
e ec
on
om
i
c
devel
o
pm
ent
proce
ss,
bot
h
devel
opi
ng c
o
unt
ri
es
and
d
e
vel
ope
d
co
unt
ri
es.
In
gene
ral
,
t
h
e l
a
r
g
er
co
nt
ri
but
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
t
o
uri
s
m
sect
or i
n
a
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
wi
t
h
an
o
p
e
n
eco
no
m
y
an
d
h
a
s a m
u
ltip
li
er effect to
eco
n
o
m
ic d
e
v
e
lop
m
en
t d
i
rectly
an
d
ind
i
rectly. Tou
r
ism
is a
l
so
a
pri
n
ci
pal
s
o
u
r
c
e
of
em
pl
oym
ent
at
t
h
e
regi
o
n
al
l
e
vel
.
T
o
ur
i
s
m
i
s
a l
a
bor
-i
nt
ensi
ve i
n
d
u
st
ry
w
h
ere
ha
rd
l
a
bo
r
is replace
d
by
capital and equipm
ent. Th
e
r
efore, t
h
e state
is intereste
d
in
the
tourism
sector as
a s
ource of
em
pl
oym
ent
[1]
.
Eco-t
o
u
r
i
s
m
defi
ned as "t
ravel
i
n
g t
o
rel
a
t
i
v
el
y
undi
st
u
r
be
d o
r
unc
o
n
t
a
m
i
nat
e
d nat
u
r
a
l
areas
wi
t
h
t
h
e speci
f
i
c object
i
v
e
s
o
f
st
udy
i
n
g, a
d
m
i
ri
ng,a
nd e
n
j
o
y
i
ng t
h
e sce
n
ery
and i
t
s
wi
l
d
pl
ant
s
an
d a
n
i
m
al
s,
as well as an
y
ex
istin
g cu
ltural
m
a
n
i
festatio
n
s
(bo
t
h p
a
st
an
d pr
esen
t)
fo
un
d in
t
h
ese ar
eas .... " D
e
p
e
n
d
en
t
on
usi
n
g nat
u
ral
r
e
so
urces i
n
a r
e
l
a
t
i
v
el
y
unde
vel
o
ped st
at
e,
ecot
o
uri
s
m
i
s
base
d o
n
nat
u
r
a
l
feat
ures l
i
k
e
sceni
c
visits, wild rivers,
pristine forests,
andabundant wildlife and
necessitates
the high qualitymain
tenance of
these
reso
u
r
ces[
2
]
.
Ecot
o
u
ri
sm
i
s
ad
vocat
e
d
f
o
r
i
t
s
t
h
eo
ret
i
cal
harm
oni
o
u
s
r
e
l
at
i
onshi
p
bet
w
een
t
h
e
nat
u
ral
an
d
hum
an envi
ronm
ent.Protecte
d
areas ar
e o
f
t
e
n bei
n
g co
nsi
d
ere
d
as dest
i
n
at
i
o
n
s
beca
use
of t
h
ei
r nat
u
r
a
l
n
ess
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:2252
-88
22
IJERE
Vol. 4, No. 4,
Decem
ber 2015 :
185 –
195
18
6
an
d
h
i
gh
-qu
a
lity to
u
r
ism
-related
r
eso
u
rces[3
]. Nation
a
l
park
s
were estab
lish
e
d
p
r
im
arily to
co
n
s
erve an
d
enha
nce nat
u
ral scenery, wildlife, an
dc
ul
t
u
ral
heri
t
a
ge. F
o
r se
veral
dec
a
des, I
n
do
nesi
a has been fa
c
i
ng t
h
e
co
n
tinuo
usd
e
grad
ation
of its fo
rest resou
r
ces, d
e
sp
ite
a p
r
o
liferation
o
f
regu
lato
ry tex
t
s an
do
th
er p
o
licy
issu
an
ces suppo
sed
l
y in
ten
d
e
d
to
en
su
r
e
t
h
e
su
stain
a
b
l
e u
s
e o
f
f
o
r
e
sts[4
]
.Eco
tou
r
ism
in
Balu
r
a
n
N
a
tion
a
l Park
(B
NP
)as a
p
r
o
t
ect
ed areas
pl
ay
s an i
m
port
a
nt
r
o
l
e
i
n
e
s
t
a
bl
i
s
hi
n
g
m
u
t
u
a
l
l
y
benefi
ci
al
r
e
l
a
t
i
onshi
ps a
m
ong
local people, theprotected area, a
nd t
o
u
r
i
s
m
t
h
at
are essent
i
a
l
i
n
prot
e
c
t
e
d area m
a
nagem
e
nt
. To m
a
nage
properly of the protected areas, lo
cal
peo
p
l
e sho
u
l
d
be
m
a
jor
st
ake
h
o
l
ders i
n
or
der
t
o
m
a
xim
i
ze l
o
cal
econ
o
m
i
c bene
fi
t
s
an
d
obt
ai
n
sup
p
o
rt
f
o
r c
o
n
s
ervat
i
o
n e
f
f
o
rt
s[5]
.
BN
P,
d
e
sign
at
ed
as a
n
a
tion
a
l p
a
rk
sin
ce
198
0
w
ith
a t
o
tal ar
ea of
2
5
,000 h
a
an
d
h
i
gh
ly
p
r
o
s
p
ectiv
e
fo
r sust
ai
na
bl
e
devel
o
pm
ent
of t
o
uri
s
m
pot
ent
i
a
l
i
n
conse
r
vi
ng
nat
u
ral
r
e
so
urces
, t
h
e weal
t
h
o
f
fl
o
r
a
,
fau
n
a
and ecosystems as
well as to preve
n
t
negati
ve im
pacts
on
the nat
u
ral e
nvironm
ent as a
result
of absence of
to
urists v
i
sit b
o
t
h
fo
rei
g
n
tourists an
d
do
m
e
stic.Co
n
s
i
d
ering that eco-tourism
h
as a
concern for preservation
of
envi
ro
nm
ent
and l
o
cal
pe
o
p
l
e
i
nvol
vem
e
nt
, t
hus nee
d
e
d
of l
o
cal
pe
o
p
l
e
educat
i
o
n an
d t
r
ai
ni
n
g
. T
r
a
v
el
er
s
who
co
m
e
are n
o
t
on
ly to
en
jo
y th
e n
a
tural su
rroun
d
i
ng
s,
but also study it as an
i
n
creasi
ng
kn
owl
e
d
g
e
and
expe
riences
. T
h
e bene
fits of eco-t
ourism
is closely
rel
a
t
e
d t
o
t
h
e d
e
ve
l
opm
ent
of
re
gi
o
n
al
eco
n
o
m
y
and
so
ciety in
th
e reg
e
n
c
y of Situb
ond
o, esp
ecially fo
r b
u
ffer villag
e
s th
ey are Won
o
rej
o
, Baj
u
lMati, Bi
m
o
Rej
o
,
WatuKebo
,
Sum
b
erW
a
ru
andSu
m
b
e
rAn
y
ar. Th
e lo
cal p
e
op
le in
vo
lv
em
en
t fro
m
b
u
ffer
v
illag
e
s will su
ppo
rt
the eco-tourism
because the
y
feel
first t
h
e i
m
pact of the t
o
urism
ac
tivities
both
positiv
e a
n
d ne
gative.
BN
P con
s
ists
o
f
: a co
r
e
zon
e
of
12
,0
00
h
a
fo
r
e
st
zon
e
cover
i
ng
an
ar
ea
of
5
,
6
37 h
a
(w
ater
=
1
,
06
3
ha
a
n
d
l
a
n
d
= 4,
57
4
ha
).
I
n
t
e
nsi
v
e
u
s
e
z
one
s
wi
t
h
a
n
a
r
ea of
8
0
0
ha speci
al
use zone wi
t
h
an area o
f
5,
78
0 h
a
an
d
reh
a
b
ilitati
o
n
zo
n
e
co
v
e
ri
n
g
an
area of 7
8
3
h
a
[6
]. BNP can
p
r
ov
id
e
a p
o
s
itiv
e im
p
act fo
r th
e fu
t
u
re b
y
creat
i
ngem
p
o
w
erm
e
nt
of l
o
cal
peo
p
l
e
wi
t
h
j
o
bs,
so t
h
e
depe
n
d
ency
of
l
i
v
i
ng l
o
cal
p
e
opl
e
n
o
l
o
nge
r de
pe
n
d
t
o
t
h
e B
N
P f
o
rest
,
whi
c
h i
s
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
probl
em
s encou
n
t
e
re
d as fo
re
st
degra
d
at
i
o
n
s
uc
h as ove
rg
razi
n
g
,
fuel
wo
o
d
an
d f
a
una t
h
eft
.
T
h
u
s
i
t
i
s
necessar
y
t
o
form
ul
at
e eco-t
ou
ri
sm
devel
o
pm
ent
st
rat
e
gy
of B
N
P,
whi
c
h
ab
le to
p
r
ov
id
e a po
sitiv
e im
p
act for th
e env
i
ron
m
en
t a
n
d
em
p
o
w
ering
l
o
cal p
e
op
le to in
crease tou
r
ist arriv
a
ls
and
ex
pa
ndi
ng
m
a
rket
segm
en
t
.
2.
LITER
A
T
URE STUD
Y
Prev
iou
s
research
co
nsid
ered
relev
a
n
t
to
th
is
stud
y in
clu
d
e
is th
e r
e
sear
ch
of
Eco
t
ou
r
i
sm
,
Sust
ai
na
bl
e De
vel
o
pm
ent
,
an
dC
o
n
se
rvat
i
o
n
Ed
ucat
i
o
n
an
d t
r
ai
ni
ng:
De
vel
o
pm
ent
of
a To
ur
G
u
i
d
e
T
rai
n
i
n
g
Program
in Tort
uguero, C
o
sta Rica
[7]
,
indi
cat
ed t
h
at
eco-t
ou
ri
sm
w
a
s not
en
vi
r
o
n
m
ent
a
l
l
y
beni
gn a
n
d
req
u
i
r
es ca
ref
u
l
m
a
nagem
e
nt
i
n
To
rt
u
g
u
er
o. E
d
ucat
i
on a
n
d t
r
ai
ni
ng
we
re an i
m
port
a
nt
pre
r
equi
si
t
e
forallo
wi
n
g
local p
e
o
p
l
e to
m
o
re fu
lly p
a
rticip
ate in
th
e
eco
no
m
i
c b
e
n
e
fits o
f
th
e tou
r
ism
syste
m
.
In
put
fr
om
resou
r
ce m
a
nagers
, cur
r
e
nt
and p
o
t
e
nt
i
a
l
t
ourg
u
i
d
es
,
hot
el
ow
ners
and/
o
r
m
a
nagers, an
d t
h
e t
o
u
r
i
s
t
s
them
selves was necessary to
ens
u
re th
at th
e o
b
j
ectiv
es
o
f
th
e to
ur gu
id
e
p
r
o
g
ram
coul
d
be achi
e
ve
d.
Th
e pi
l
o
t
program
de
m
onstrated
varying de
grees
ofs
u
ccess in achievi
ng each
of the
four goals,
na
mely to:(a) conserve
nat
u
ral
res
o
u
r
ces an
d m
i
t
i
g
at
e negat
i
v
ei
m
p
act
s of
vi
si
t
o
r
s
on
To
rt
u
gue
ro'
s
nest
i
n
g se
a t
u
rt
l
e
s,(
b
)
p
r
ovi
de
con
s
er
vat
i
o
n
e
ducat
i
o
n a
n
d
t
r
ai
ni
n
g
t
o
l
o
c
a
l
resi
de
nt
s,(c
)
pr
o
v
i
d
e e
n
vi
r
onm
ent
a
l
i
n
fo
rm
ati
on t
o
fo
r
e
i
gn
an
ddo
m
e
stic t
o
urists to
Tortu
g
u
e
ro, and
(d
)
prov
id
e
anad
d
ition
a
l so
urce of i
n
co
m
e
for m
e
m
b
ers o
f
th
e
lo
calco
mm
u
n
i
t
y
. Th
is stud
y also
h
i
gh
ligh
t
ed
th
e
n
eed
foran
d
feasib
ility o
f
an
ex
ten
s
i
v
e train
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
ram
fo
rto
u
r
g
u
ides
.
B
a
sed o
n
t
h
e p
r
evi
ous st
u
d
i
e
s
m
e
nt
i
oned, t
h
e ob
ject
un
der
st
udy
i
s
equal
l
y
done
on t
h
e
par
k
, b
u
t
a
di
ffe
re
nt
t
y
pe
of
resea
r
ch
co
nd
uct
e
d
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
di
sc
us
sed
rel
a
t
e
d t
o
t
h
e l
o
cal
peo
p
l
e env
o
l
v
em
ent
,
t
h
e
p
o
t
en
cies of B
N
P
wh
ich
ad
ap
ted
t
o
th
e cond
itio
n
s
of th
e
i
n
ternal environment as s
een
from
the strengths a
nd
weakn
e
sses as well as ex
tern
al en
v
i
ro
n
m
en
tal co
nd
itio
n
s
as
seen
fro
m
th
e o
ppo
rtun
ities an
d
t
h
reats, so as to
set ou
t th
e strateg
y
and
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
t program
o
f
eco-tou
ri
sm
ad
ap
ted
to in
tern
al and ex
t
e
rn
al env
i
ro
nmen
tal
co
nd
itio
ns.Howev
er, b
a
sed
on
th
e resu
lts
o
f
th
e st
u
d
y
, t
h
is
research is v
e
ry h
e
lpfu
l esp
e
cially reg
a
rd
i
ng lo
cal
peo
p
l
e
e
n
vol
v
e
m
e
nt
i
n
ec
o-t
o
u
r
i
s
m
devel
o
pm
ent
,
as i
n
th
e
p
r
ep
aratio
n of a t
o
urism
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
en
t po
licy is
v
e
ry im
p
o
r
tan
t
th
at th
e co
mmo
n will of a commu
n
ity to
d
e
v
e
lop
eco-tou
r
is
m
.
Lo
cal
p
e
op
le con
s
i
d
ered
m
o
st
k
nowing
th
e po
ten
tial th
at exists in
th
e
reg
i
o
n
and
h
a
s be
en deem
ed
capable
of
m
a
nagi
ng
t
h
e e
n
vi
ro
n
m
ent
,
because they
have inhe
rited t
h
e
wisd
om
from
generation to
gene
ration.
2.
1.
Descripti
o
n c
o
ncept of Ec
o-tourism
Ecot
o
u
ri
sm
t
r
ies t
o
rai
s
e env
i
ro
nm
ent
a
l
consci
ous
ness
by
expl
ori
ng ec
ol
ogy
an
d ecosy
st
em
sand by
pr
o
v
i
d
i
n
g e
nvi
ro
nm
ent
a
l
t
y
pe expe
ri
ences
.
Taki
n
g
part
i
n
ecol
o
gy
act
i
v
el
y
and
g
et
t
i
ng fi
rst
ha
nd i
m
pressi
on
s
of
h
o
w ec
osy
s
t
e
m
s
wor
k
i
n
fl
uence
pe
o
p
l
e
s’
way
s
o
f
t
h
i
nki
ng
,w
hi
ch
fi
nal
l
y
rai
s
es awa
r
e
n
ess
of c
o
nser
vat
i
o
n
an
d
p
r
o
t
ection
[8
].
Accord
i
n
g to
Patterson
[9
], ch
aracter
istics o
f
an
eco
tou
r
ism
b
u
s
in
ess are th
at it:a). Have
a
l
o
w i
m
pact
upon a p
r
ot
ect
ed
area’s nat
u
ral
reso
urces a
n
d
recreat
i
o
n t
echni
que
s;
b).
I
n
v
o
l
v
e st
a
k
eh
ol
de
rs
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ERE
I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
2
2
Eco-Touris
m
Developme
nt
Strategy B
a
l
u
ran N
a
tional P
a
r
k
in the
Re
genc
y ofSit
ubondo ....(Adi l
S
iswanto)
18
7
(ind
iv
idu
a
ls, co
mm
u
n
ities,
eco
t
o
urists, to
ur o
p
e
rato
rs and
gov
ern
m
en
t in
stitu
tions) in th
e p
l
an
n
i
n
g
,
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
en
t, im
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
and
m
o
n
ito
r
i
ng
p
h
a
ses; c)
.
Li
m
i
ts v
i
sitatio
n
to
ar
eas, eith
er
b
y
lim
i
tin
g
group
si
ze and/
or
by
t
h
e n
u
m
b
er of
gr
o
upst
a
ken t
o
an area
in
a season
;d
).Su
ppo
rts th
e w
o
rk
of
co
nserv
a
tio
n
gr
oup
s
prese
r
vi
n
g
t
h
e
nat
u
ral
area
o
n
whi
c
h t
h
e
ex
p
e
ri
ence i
s
base
d;
e).
O
ri
ent
s
c
u
st
om
ers o
n
t
h
e regi
on
t
o
be
vi
si
t
e
d;
f).
Hires lo
cal
p
e
op
le an
d
bu
ys sup
p
lies lo
cally, wh
ere
pos
sible; g).
Recognizes that nature is a
central
ele
m
en
t to
th
e to
urist ex
p
e
rien
ce; h).Uses
g
u
i
d
e
s trai
n
e
d
in
in
terpretatio
n
o
f
scien
tific
o
r
n
a
t
u
ral
h
i
sto
r
y;i).
En
su
res th
at
wild
life is no
t
harassed
,
and
j
)
. Resp
ects th
e
p
r
i
v
acy and
cultu
re
o
f
l
o
cal
p
e
op
le.Accord
in
g to
C
h
esw
o
rt
h[
1
0
]
,
Ecot
o
u
ri
sm
has si
x cha
r
ac
t
e
ri
st
i
c
s. Thes
e are:
a) ecot
o
u
r
i
s
m
i
nvol
v
e
s t
r
avel
t
o
rel
a
t
i
v
el
y
u
n
d
i
sturb
e
d
n
a
tu
ral areas and
/
o
r
arch
eo
l
o
g
i
cal sites, b
)
it focu
ses
o
n
learn
i
n
g
and
th
e
qu
ality o
f
ex
p
e
rience, c)
it eco
no
m
i
cal
l
y
b
e
n
e
fits th
e lo
calco
mm
u
n
ities, d
)
eco
t
o
u
rists seek
t
o
v
i
ew
rare
sp
ecies, sp
ect
acu
lar
l
a
ndsca
pes a
n
d/
o
r
t
h
e
u
nus
u
a
l
and
ex
ot
i
c
,
e) ec
ot
o
u
ri
st
s d
o
not
de
pl
et
e reso
u
r
ces
but
e
v
e
n
s
u
st
ai
n t
h
e
envi
ro
nm
ent
.
2.
2.
Concept
ofS
u
s
t
ain
a
ble an
d Unsu
stainable
Eco-tourism
As sh
o
w
n i
n
Fi
gu
re
1, t
h
e
r
e
i
s
just
a t
h
i
n
l
i
n
e o
f
di
f
f
e
rent
i
a
t
i
on
bet
w
een s
u
st
ai
na
bl
e t
o
u
r
i
s
m
an
d
e
co
tourism
,
wh
ich
also sh
ows t
h
at th
ere is as
s
u
ch
no
abs
o
l
u
t
e
bo
u
nda
ry
bet
w
een
sust
ai
na
bl
e an
d
u
n
s
u
s
tain
ab
le eco-tou
rism [1
1
]
.
Acco
rd
ing
to
Weav
er [1
2
]
,eco-to
u
rism
ex
ists with
in th
e bro
a
d
e
r
classificatio
n
o
f
tou
r
ism
typ
e
s wh
ich, at an
in
itial lev
e
l,can
b
e
d
i
v
i
d
e
d
in
t
o
m
a
ss tou
r
ism
an
d altern
ativ
e
to
urism
.
Mass
to
u
r
ism
is s
een
as th
e m
o
re trad
iti
onal
f
o
rm
of t
o
uri
s
m
devel
o
pm
ent
w
h
ere s
h
or
t
-
t
e
rm
,
freem
arket
p
ri
n
c
i
p
l
e
s d
o
m
i
nate an
d t
h
e
m
a
xi
m
i
zat
i
on of
i
n
c
o
m
e
i
s
param
ount
.
So
urce
:
C
o
nce
p
t
u
al
m
odel
of
t
o
u
r
i
s
m
(Eri
kss
o
n
,
2
0
0
3
)
Fi
gu
re
1. Sust
ai
nabl
e
a
n
d Un
s
u
st
ai
na
bl
e
Ec
o
-
t
o
uri
s
m
As s
h
o
w
n Fi
g
u
re
2, ec
ot
o
u
ri
sm
as a very
s
p
eci
fi
c f
o
rm
i
s
part
of t
h
e
b
r
oad c
o
ncept
of
nat
u
re-
b
ase
d
to
urism
,
o
r
itcan
b
e
said
t
h
at it d
e
scrib
e
s a
n
a
ture-b
as
ed
op
er
ation
i
n
t
h
e f
i
eld of
t
o
ur
ism
.
Th
e
m
o
s
t ob
v
i
o
u
s
ch
aracteristic of eco
t
ou
rism
is th
at it is nature
b
a
sed[1
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:2252
-88
22
IJERE
Vol. 4, No. 4,
Decem
ber 2015 :
185 –
195
18
8
Figure
2.T
h
e
differe
nces
between m
a
ss tourism
and ecot
o
uris
m
2.
4 S
u
st
ai
n
a
bl
e T
o
uri
s
m
a
n
d De
vel
o
pmen
t
Su
stain
a
b
l
e tou
r
ism
will
fo
cu
s on
three a
r
eas: a). Qualit
y – valuab
l
e
e
xpe
ri
ence f
o
r vi
si
t
o
rs a
nd
in
creased
life
q
u
a
lity for
h
o
s
t co
mm
u
n
ities
th
ro
ugh
cu
ltu
ral id
en
tity, pov
erty red
u
c
ti
on
and
en
v
i
ronmen
tal
q
u
a
lity; b
)
. C
o
n
tinu
ity –
ex
p
l
o
itatio
n
is
mad
e
at th
e o
p
tim
u
m
lev
e
l
th
at allo
ws th
e preserv
a
tion
and
rege
nerat
i
on
o
f
t
h
e nat
u
ral
r
e
so
urces;
c)
. B
a
l
a
nce bet
w
e
e
n t
h
e nee
d
s
of t
o
u
r
i
s
m
i
n
d
u
st
ry
, e
nvi
r
o
n
m
ent
a
l
p
r
o
t
ectio
n, an
d lo
cal co
mm
u
n
ities b
y
an
equ
itab
l
e d
i
stri
b
u
t
i
o
n of
b
e
n
e
fits
a
m
o
n
g
stak
ehold
e
rs[13
]
.
Th
e co
n
c
ep
t of sustain
a
b
ility first app
e
ared in
th
e
p
u
b
lic scen
e in
t
h
e rep
o
rt pu
t ou
t by th
eW
orl
d
C
o
m
m
i
ssi
on o
n
En
vi
r
onm
en
t
and De
vel
o
pm
ent
i
n
198
7.T
h
e com
m
i
s
si
on re
p
o
rt
ad
vance
s
t
h
e i
d
ea of
sust
ai
na
bl
e de
vel
o
pm
ent
by
not
i
n
g t
h
at
ec
on
om
i
c
growt
h
an
d en
vi
r
o
n
m
ent
a
l
conser
vat
i
on a
r
e n
o
t
onl
y
com
p
atible but
they are
n
ecess
a
ry pa
rtne
rs.
One ca
nnot
e
x
ist without t
h
e ot
her
[14]
.Sustai
n
able
devel
o
pment is
h
i
gh
po
ten
tial for an
y co
mmu
n
ity with
in
eco
n
o
m
ic, so
ci
al, cultural, ec
ologicand ph
y
s
ical constraints[15].
Su
stain
a
b
l
e d
e
v
e
lop
m
en
t h
a
s b
een
d
e
fi
n
e
d
in
m
a
n
y
ways, b
u
t
th
e m
o
st freq
u
e
n
tly q
u
o
t
ed
d
e
fin
ition
is fro
m
Ou
r C
o
m
m
on Fut
u
re, al
s
o
k
n
o
w
n as t
h
e
B
r
u
ndt
l
a
n
d
R
e
po
rt
:
S
ust
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
de
vel
o
pm
ent i
s
de
vel
o
pm
ent
t
h
at
meets th
e n
eed
s of th
e presen
t witho
u
t
com
p
ro
misin
g
th
e ab
ility o
f
futu
re g
e
n
e
ration
s
to
m
eet
th
eir o
w
n
n
eeds.
It con
t
ain
s
with
i
n
ittwo
k
e
y con
cep
ts [16
]
. Th
e co
ncep
t of
n
eed
s,
in
p
a
rticu
l
ar t
h
e essen
tial n
e
ed
s
o
f
t
h
e w
o
rl
d'
s p
o
o
r
,
t
o
w
h
i
c
h
o
v
e
rri
di
ng
p
r
i
o
ri
t
y
sho
u
l
d
be
gi
ven;
a
n
d
2).
h
e
i
d
ea
of l
i
m
i
t
at
i
ons i
m
posed
by
t
h
e
state o
f
techn
o
l
o
g
y
and
so
cial
o
r
g
a
n
i
zatio
n
on
th
e env
i
ro
n
m
en
t's ab
ility to
meet p
r
esen
t
an
d fu
ture
n
eeds".
3.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
Locat
i
o
n of t
h
i
s
st
udy
i
n
B
N
P
,
l
o
cat
ed i
n
t
h
e regency
o
f
S
i
t
u
bo
n
d
o
,
East
Java-
I
n
d
one
si
a and a
b
o
u
t
45
k
m
o
r
1.5 hour
s
b
y
ro
ad fr
om
main
city o
f
Situb
ondo
.Usin
g
t
h
e m
a
tr
i
x
an
alysis m
e
t
h
od
I
F
A
S
and EFAS,
pr
o
duce a
com
m
on st
rat
e
gy
;
S
W
OT a
n
al
y
s
i
s
ge
nerat
e
s al
t
e
rnat
i
v
e
st
rat
e
gi
es. T
h
i
s
re
se
arch
was e
x
pl
o
r
i
n
g, t
o
fo
rm
ul
at
e pol
i
c
i
e
s an
d
pr
og
r
a
m
s
based
i
n
t
e
rnal
a
n
d e
x
t
e
rnal
c
o
ndi
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e ec
o-t
o
u
r
i
s
m
devel
o
pm
ent
st
rat
e
gy
[
17]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ERE
I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
2
2
Eco-Touris
m
Developme
nt
Strategy B
a
l
u
ran N
a
tional P
a
r
k
in the
Re
genc
y ofSit
ubondo ....(Adi l
S
iswanto)
18
9
3.
1.
Data Source
Data so
urce bo
th
Qu
alitativ
e an
d
Qu
an
titativ
e in
th
e fo
rm
o
f
n
u
m
b
e
rs and
can
b
e
co
un
ted
or
pr
ocesse
d
usi
n
g m
a
t
h
em
at
i
c
al
or
st
at
i
s
t
i
c
s t
o
dra
w
a
c
onc
l
u
si
o
n
, s
u
c
h
a
s
wei
ght
e
d
a
v
erage
,
ran
k
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
assessm
ent
of
r
e
sp
on
de
nt
s t
o
t
h
e
devel
opm
en
t
of
eco
-t
o
u
ri
s
m
i
n
B
N
P.
3.
2.
Samplin
g Tec
hniques
Usi
n
g p
u
r
p
osi
v
e sam
p
l
i
ng, wi
t
h
2
5
res
p
on
dent
s t
a
ke
n t
o
t
h
e wei
ght
i
n
g
and rat
i
n
g of
i
n
t
e
rnal
an
d
external factorsof B
N
P a
nd a
c
tually know a
nd c
o
m
p
etent in
the field
of t
o
urism
as
well
as th
e in
ternal an
d
ext
e
r
n
al
co
ndi
t
i
ons
det
e
rm
i
n
e t
h
e de
vel
o
pm
ent
of ec
o
-
t
o
uri
s
m
.
R
e
spo
nde
nt
s con
s
i
s
t
e
d o
f
:
Si
t
u
b
o
n
d
o
g
o
v
e
r
n
o
r
R
e
gent
,
Hea
d
of t
h
e re
gi
o
n
al
pl
an
ni
n
g
a
g
en
cy
, Secret
ary
of t
h
e De
pa
rt
m
e
nt
of T
o
uri
s
m
C
u
l
t
u
re Y
o
ut
h a
n
d
Sp
ort
s
,
Secret
ary
o
f
t
h
e
De
part
m
e
nt
of M
a
ri
ne a
n
d
Fi
sh
eri
e
s, Sec
o
nd
Vi
ce Dea
n
of
t
h
e Fac
u
l
t
y
of
La
w
,
U
n
i
v
er
sity o
f
A
bdu
rr
ah
m
a
n
Saleh
S
itub
ondo
, Secretar
y o
f
th
e D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
Tr
an
spo
r
t
a
tio
n
,
Co
mm
u
n
i
catio
n
and
In
fo
rm
at
ion
,
Hea
d
o
f
En
vi
ro
nm
ent
a
l
,
Head
of t
h
e
Gene
ral
Dep
a
rt
m
e
nt
of Li
vest
oc
k, Sec
r
e
t
ary
of
th
eDep
artm
en
t o
f
An
im
al H
u
sb
an
dry
,
C
h
a
i
rm
an of t
h
e
S
ect
i
on
of t
h
e
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
Ag
ri
cul
t
u
re F
o
rest
ry
En
terp
rises, Head
o
f
th
e Foo
d
Resilien
ce, Ch
ief Ad
m
i
n
i
strativ
e Statis
tics, Man
a
g
e
r an
d
staff
o
f
BNP ,
C
h
ai
rm
an of t
h
e C
o
n
s
er
vat
i
on Sect
i
o
n,
D
a
t
a
, R
e
port
i
n
g
and C
u
st
om
er Ser
v
i
ce of
B
N
P , Fi
el
d of
fi
cers,
C
onse
r
vat
i
o
n
S
t
aff,
Fo
rest
P
o
l
i
ceofB
NP a
n
d
To
uri
s
m
expert
s w
h
o
k
n
o
w
ab
out
t
h
e e
x
i
s
t
e
n
ce o
f
B
N
P.
3.
3.
An
alysis Tec
h
niques
Th
is stud
y u
s
ed
m
u
ltip
le
m
e
t
h
od
s
o
f
d
a
ta an
alysis as fo
ll
o
w
s:
1
)
. IFAS an
d
EFAS m
a
trix
an
alysi
s
will p
r
odu
ce a co
mm
o
n
str
a
teg
y
; 2
)
. SWOT an
alysis usin
g
th
e SWOT m
a
trix
d
i
ag
ram
will g
e
n
e
rat
e
altern
ativ
e strateg
y
.
4.
RESULTS
A
N
D
DI
SC
US
S
I
ON
4.
1.
Lo
ca
l
people envo
lv
ement in Eco
-to
urism
Dev
e
l
o
pment
o
f
BNP
In
t
h
e d
e
v
e
lop
m
en
t o
f
a t
o
urist attractio
n, es
peci
al
l
y
eco-t
ou
ri
sm
devel
opm
ent
,
l
o
cal
pe
opl
e
en
vo
lv
em
en
t an
d p
a
rticip
ation
are
v
e
ry im
p
o
r
tan
t
and
ab
so
lu
tely n
ecessary in
t
h
e
d
e
velo
p
m
en
t o
f
tou
r
ism
.
On
e
g
o
a
l in
the d
e
v
e
lop
m
en
t o
f
eco-tou
rism is
to
p
r
ov
ide an
ad
d
ition
a
l
altern
ativ
e i
m
p
r
ov
ing
stan
d
a
rd
s
of
l
i
v
i
ng a
n
d em
pl
oy
m
e
nt
, so t
h
at
t
h
e c
o
m
m
uni
t
y
sh
o
u
l
d
be i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e begi
n
n
i
n
g
of t
h
e pl
anni
n
g
pr
ocess a
nd i
m
pl
em
ent
a
t
i
on of ec
o-t
o
u
r
i
s
m
devel
o
pm
ent
act
i
v
el
y
.
B
a
sed o
n
i
n
-d
e
p
t
h
i
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
ws
and a
q
u
e
stio
nn
aire
to
co
mm
u
n
ity
lead
ers, t
h
at is d
e
scri
p
t
i
v
e q
u
a
litativ
e particip
atio
n
o
f
lo
cal p
e
op
le in
th
e
devel
opm
ent of eco-t
ourism
is still not opt
im
al, because
the public is not involv
e
d
in the development of
B
N
P. Ec
o-t
o
u
r
i
s
m
devel
o
pm
ent
pr
o
g
ram
needs t
h
e i
n
v
o
l
v
emen
t an
d
p
a
rticip
atio
n
o
f
lo
cal p
e
op
le. Th
e
factors
that influe
nce the succes
s of eco-t
ouri
sm
, depends to the l
o
cal people envo
lvem
ent in eco-t
ourism
by
way of
a d
i
alo
g
u
e
with
th
e feedb
a
ck
fro
m
th
e co
mmu
n
ity, h
o
n
esty an
d
o
p
e
nn
ess, invo
lv
emen
t fro
m
th
e
in
itial
pl
an
ni
n
g
a
n
d
d
e
vel
o
pm
ent
m
a
nagem
e
nt
co
m
m
itm
ent
B
N
P t
o
t
h
e
f
u
nct
i
oni
ng
o
f
l
o
cal
peo
p
l
e
e
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
ent
i
n
eco-t
ou
rism
.
Ano
t
h
e
r im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
r
i
n
cip
l
e in
th
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
pmen
t o
f
eco
-
tou
r
ism
is to
p
r
io
ritize th
e invo
lv
em
en
t of
com
m
uni
t
y
i
n
t
h
e fo
rm
of excha
n
ge o
f
i
d
eas, act
i
o
ns,
deci
si
o
n
-m
aki
ng a
n
d co
nt
r
o
l
i
n
devel
opi
n
g
r
u
ral
to
urism
activ
it
i
e
s. It is exp
ect
ed
o
f
th
e activ
i
ties th
at
were
b
o
rn
later can
p
r
ov
id
e a framework
th
at sy
m
b
io
tic
m
u
tu
alis
m
,
com
m
uni
t
y
and
m
u
t
u
al
benefi
t
bet
w
ee
n
vi
si
t
o
rs
.
Eco
-
t
o
uri
s
m
devel
opm
ent
i
s
t
h
e
desi
re t
o
pu
rs
ue
a po
pu
list k
i
n
d
o
f
tou
r
ism
th
at lifts an
d enh
a
n
c
ing
th
e
qu
ality o
f
tourism
S
itu
b
ond
o wh
ile p
r
ov
id
i
n
g
a fair
and
equi
t
a
bl
e
be
ne
fi
t
t
h
e wi
dest
i
n
t
h
e c
o
m
m
uni
t
y
. Local
pe
opl
e envolvem
ent is a pre
r
equisite for t
h
e s
u
cc
ess of
sust
ai
na
bl
e t
o
uri
s
m
devel
o
p
m
ent
.
Thi
s
re
fers
t
o
t
h
e
reason that
the local c
o
mm
unity has a
m
o
ral
respon
sib
ility
h
i
gh
er th
an
ou
tsid
e th
e bu
ild
ing
do
n
e
in
t
h
e area. In
add
itio
n
,
th
e commu
n
ity
is th
e
m
o
st
affected
b
y
th
e d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
en
t. W
i
t
h
th
e invo
lv
em
en
t o
f
th
e
co
mm
u
n
ity, th
e ten
s
ion
s
th
at
arise will b
e
easily
ove
rc
om
e, and
t
h
e di
st
ri
but
i
o
n
o
f
pr
ofi
t
s
was
m
o
re secure
i
n
a fai
r
a
n
d e
qui
t
a
bl
e di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
o
n.
The i
m
port
a
nc
es of l
o
cal
pe
opl
e en
v
o
l
v
e
m
ent
i
n
eco-tourism
developm
ent are as
follows: a).
Because
of the
nat
u
ral a
n
d c
u
ltural resource
s are
utilized
a
s
eco-tourism
devel
opm
ent, t
r
aditionally controlled
an
d m
a
n
a
g
e
d
b
y
th
e l
o
cal
co
mm
u
n
ity (l
o
cal resou
r
ce); b
)
.Lo
cal
p
e
op
leh
a
v
e
lo
cal
respon
sib
ility (lo
cal
accountability) beca
use thei
r
ac
tivities will directly affect
their lives; c).
The
variatio
n betwee
n
re
gi
ons (local
v
a
riety) so
t
h
at o
n
e
v
illag
e
with
o
t
h
e
r
v
illag
e
s sho
u
l
d
no
t b
e
treated th
e sam
e
, b
ecau
s
e t
h
ey h
a
v
e
d
i
fferen
t
managem
e
nt s
y
ste
m
s
in accorda
n
ce potenti
a
l; d). Local pe
ople feel ownershi
p for th
e
natural resourc
e
s that
ex
ist in
BNP, so
it will
b
e
a g
r
ow
ing
awaren
ess within
th
e co
mm
u
n
ity
to
p
a
rtici
p
ate in
p
r
eserv
i
ng
th
e
en
v
i
ron
m
en
t; e
)
.
W
ith
th
e growing
aw
are
n
es
s of the community in the de
vel
o
pm
ent
of eco-t
ou
ri
sm
i
n
B
N
P
th
ro
ugh
th
e exten
s
ion
and
it will h
e
lp
th
e lo
cal p
e
o
p
l
e in th
e p
r
o
v
i
si
o
n
o
f
em
p
l
o
y
m
en
t an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
st
anda
rd
of l
i
v
i
ng so t
h
e
r
e wi
l
l
be no depe
n
d
ence
on t
h
e f
o
rest
pe
o
p
l
e
resul
t
i
ng B
N
P di
st
ur
bance
of t
h
e area
as a re
sult
of il
legal or
ove
rgrazzing, the
f
t of
anim
als, flora
and ot
her fores
t
products.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:2252
-88
22
IJERE
Vol. 4, No. 4,
Decem
ber 2015 :
185 –
195
19
0
4.
2.
Po
tencies
o
f
B
a
luranNatio
na
l Pa
rk
The P
o
t
e
nci
e
s
of B
N
P i
n
cl
ud
e t
o
p
o
g
r
a
phy
,
sava
nna
, va
ri
o
u
s s
p
eci
es o
f
b
i
rds, l
a
rge m
a
m
m
a
l
s
, fl
or
a
,
fo
rests an
d a
wide
variety
o
f
co
ral ree
f
s.
The e
x
iste
nce
of eac
h
of t
h
ese p
o
t
e
nt
i
a
l
s
can b
e
ex
pl
ai
ned
a
s
fo
llows: a).
Top
ograph
y
v
a
ries fro
m
flat to
ro
llin
g
h
ills wit
h
th
e
h
i
gh
est peak
o
f
Mou
n
t
Balu
ran ± 1,247
m
above sea leve
l. Between 0-1247 m
a
lti
tu
d
e
, th
e cli
m
ate
ty
p
e
Mo
nsoon
rain
fall b
e
tween
9
00-160
0
mm
/ year
and the air tem
p
erat
ure is
bet
w
een 27
°
- 3
0
°
C
e
l
s
i
u
s;
b
)
. Havi
ng
a
nat
u
r
a
l
savan
n
a (an
area
o
f
10
,0
0
0
ha or ±
40% of t
h
e tot
a
l area), m
a
ngrove
forests
,
c
o
astal, swam
p /
m
a
rsh a
n
d
seas
on
. B
a
l
u
ran
t
y
pi
cal
pl
ant
i
s
W
i
d
o
r
o
B
e
kol
(Zyzyph
u
s
ro
t
u
nd
ifo
lia
)
and ot
he
r pl
ant
s
s
u
c
h
as t
a
m
a
rind
(
T
am
ari
n
dusi
n
di
ca)
,
G
a
dung
(
D
i
o
scor
ea
hi
s
p
i
d
a)
,
Tam
a
rin
d
(
A
l
e
uri
t
a
s
m
o
l
ucca
na)
,
Ge
b
a
ng
(
C
ory
p
h
a
u
t
a
n)
and
ot
he
rs;
c)
. T
h
ere
a
r
e
15
5
speci
es o
f
bi
r
d
s t
h
at
are rare a
m
ong ot
he
r sw
al
l
o
w t
a
i
l
need
l
e
(H
iru
n
d
apu
sca
udu
tu
s)
,
pea
c
ock
(
P
avo
m
ut
i
c
us)
,
j
ung
le ch
ick
e
n
(Ga
llu
s sp.)
; d). B
N
P
has
444
plant s
p
ecies
typical are: Pilang
(
a
caci
a l
e
o
c
op
hl
oe
a)
,
b
illo
wi
n
g
(stercu
lia
feo
tida
)
,
Wi
d
o
r
o
B
e
k
o
l
(zyzipu
s
La
mkju
ju
ba
)
,
Ge
ba
ng
(
C
ory
p
h
a
u
t
an)
,
Kes
a
m
b
i
(sch
leich
e
reo
l
eo
sa
)
,
M
a
nt
i
ng
(zyzy
g
iumpolyanthum)
and Ket
a
p
a
ng
(Termina
lia
ca
ttapa
linn
)
;
e).Various types of
fauna in B
N
P
are: Bull
(
B
osj
a
va
ni
cu
s)
whi
c
h i
s
t
h
e
m
a
scot
of
B
N
P
,
deer
(Cervustimore
n
sis)
,
Bu
ll W
ild
(wild
bu
ll)
,
vari
o
u
s
species of
pri
m
ates, deer
(Mun
tia
cu
smu
n
tja
c)
,
Dhol
e
(cu
ona
lp
inu
s
)
as well as va
rious s
p
ecies of
birds; f).
Coral Reef
w
ith
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
types of
cor
a
l an
d th
e dep
t
h
s
b
e
tw
een 0.5
and
4
0
m
e
ter
s
. Co
ral Reef
can
b
e
found
in Bam
a
Beach, Lem
puyang, Sij
ile Boot
hs,
W
a
ter Co
rals, Balanan a
nd
Kalitopo; g).
BNP alsohas a
beac
h
t
h
at
has
som
e
fo
rest
veget
a
t
i
on t
y
pe
s i
n
cl
ude:
Ny
am
pl
ung
(
C
al
o
phyl
l
um)
,
K
e
tapang
(Termina
lia
cata
pp
a
)
,
Waru Sea
(h
ib
i
s
cu
s tilia
ceu
s)
,
Panda
n Beach
(p
a
nda
nu
sticto
rinu
s)
and ot
hers;
h
)
. M
a
ng
ro
ve f
o
rest
s t
h
at
hav
e
vari
ous
t
y
pes of veget
a
t
i
o
n suc
h
as
Avi
ceni
a
s
p
, s
p
s
one
r
a
t
i
a
, R
h
i
z
o
p
h
o
r
as
p a
n
d
sp
br
ug
ui
re
; i).Ex
i
stin
g
coastal
forests
and beache
s
around Padang
Sa
va
na. A
ttractive c
o
astal forests ca
n
be found in t
h
e
nort
h
Kalitopo, Poponga
n
,
Gatel, Moring
a and Ba
m
a
Beach
and Evergree
n Forests that
have
pote
n
tial and
ever
gree
n
veg
e
t
a
t
i
on i
n
t
h
e l
o
n
g
d
r
y
seaso
n
;
j). Pa
dan
g
o
f
Savan
n
a t
o
o
w
n t
h
e
bi
g
g
est
and m
o
st
exci
t
i
ng i
n
East Jav
a
,
with a to
tal area of
ap
pro
x
i
m
a
tel
y
1
0
,000
h
a
o
r
ab
ou
t
4
0
%
o
f
t
h
e to
tal area B
N
P .
4.
2.
1.
BekolAre
a P
o
tencies
Bekolarea
with
about
300 ha, is
a place
visit
e
d by
m
a
ny
tourists a
n
d i
n
clude site
plan.
In vie
w
of the
to
wer th
ere Bek
o
l
h
illto
p
Beko
l th
e altitu
d
e
6
4
m
ab
ov
e se
a lev
e
l, th
e tower can
b
e
seen
fro
m
v
a
riou
s typ
e
s
of anim
als such as peacoc
k
,
jungle chicke
n,
bull, wild
bull, elk, deer,
wild boar a
nd
others in the
m
o
rning and
afternoo
n
and
th
e b
e
au
tifu
l
scen
ery ar
ou
nd
th
e area
o
f
B
N
P. Fo
r
ro
ad
con
d
ition
s
in
Bek
o
l
area is p
a
ved
,
b
u
t
m
a
ny
were da
m
a
ged an
d m
a
ny
pu
d
d
l
e
s at
t
h
e t
i
m
e
of t
h
e rai
n
y
seas
o
n
, s
o
t
h
e r
o
ad
con
d
i
t
i
ons a
r
e very
un
pl
easa
n
t
f
o
r
t
o
u
r
i
s
t
s
w
h
o c
o
m
e
. B
e
kol
ha
s
a
nat
u
ral
t
o
uri
s
t attractio
n that is qu
ite d
i
v
e
rse,
a co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
a vari
et
y
of l
a
nd
scapes r
a
n
g
i
n
g fr
om
m
o
unt
ai
n
s
t
o
oce
a
n ecosy
st
em
s, savan
n
a B
e
k
o
l
,
an
d di
ve
rs
i
t
y
of
wildlife specie
s
and
va
riety of
plant species. The
facility in
Bekol c
onsists of
3
pieces
Houses
with a ca
pacit
y
of
2
8
pe
opl
e,
Sh
elter,
Pos
gua
rd, ca
nteen a
n
d
parking, cafete
r
ia
,
tran
sp
ortatio
n serv
ice an
d
in
fo
rm
atio
n
cen
t
er.
4.
2.
2.
Ba
ma Bea
c
h
Po
tencies
Ba
m
a
beach area with 1.063 ha, is gently slopi
ng
beaches and
white sand, coral formations and
beautiful orna
mental fish and he
re
can
do snorkling activi
ties. Other
f
aci
lities available
3 pieces
House
s
with
a capacity of 20 pe
ople
,
the resort'
s
Office, Shelter
,
R
o
ad t
r
ail,
cafe,
vie
w
ing tower. Around the Bam
a
Beach
can
b
e
seen
w
ild
lif
e attr
actio
n
s
su
ch
as:
w
ild
bu
lls w
e
r
e
dr
ink
i
ng
, deer
an
d
el
k
,
w
ild
bo
ar
f
o
r
a
g
i
ng
, dr
agons
and hundre
d
s
of m
onkeys l
o
oki
ng for food on t
h
e
beach
area at the tim
e of low tide.
In a
ddition t
o
wildlife
can als
o
be se
en as
the type
s
of fl
ora:
M
a
n
g
r
o
ve f
o
rest
f
o
rm
ati
ons i
n
t
act
m
a
ngro
v
e
(
S
on
era
tia
)
. For
m
a
rine
to
urism
v
i
sito
rs can p
e
rform activ
ities su
ch
as:
bo
atin
g
alo
n
g
t
h
e
b
each
,
cano
eing
, swimmin
g
,
d
i
v
i
n
g
an
d
sn
ork
e
lin
g
.
Ba
ma Beach
has
a nat
u
ral t
o
urist attraction c
o
nsists
of a c
o
m
b
ination of a
va
riety of landsca
p
es
ranging
from
m
ountains to
ocean ec
osystem
s
, savanna
, s
p
ecies
dive
rsity, plant a
n
d m
a
ngrove
forests
.
Ba
m
a
Co
ast tou
r
ism
facilities
con
s
ist
o
f
:
Office, co
tta
g
e
wo
rk
,
sh
elter, d
i
rt
ro
ad
s, v
i
ewi
n
g
towers,
ro
ad
s, clean
water, rest
h
o
u
s
e facilities as well as
m
a
ri
n
e
tran
sp
ortatio
n
.
Accord
ing
to
Law n
o
.
5
o
f
19
90
on
C
onse
r
vat
i
on
o
f
Nat
u
ral
R
e
s
o
urces a
n
d ec
os
y
s
t
e
m
,
t
h
at
every
vi
si
t
o
r i
s
p
r
ohi
bi
t
e
d
di
st
ur
b t
h
e
fl
o
r
a,
fau
n
a an
d
ecosy
st
em
s. Based o
n
Go
ver
n
m
e
nt
R
e
gul
at
i
on
No
. 5
9
Year 1998
on T
i
ckets in
Cons
ervation Areas
, any
visitors a
nd
vehicles entering BNP a
d
m
i
s
s
ion is
re
quired to pay fee
s
in
accordance with
applicable
regu
latio
n
s
. Rates tick
e
t BNP en
tran
ce v
a
ries b
a
sed
on
th
e
type of
visitors
. Revenues
from entrance fee
s
can
b
e
u
s
ed
as cap
ital to
fin
a
n
c
e all co
sts o
f
o
p
e
ration
a
l esp
ecially to
i
m
p
r
ov
e th
e qu
ality o
f
facilitie
s and
in
frastru
ct
u
r
e i
n
BNP who
s
e pu
rp
o
s
e is non
e
o
t
h
e
r th
an
to
in
crease th
e satisfactio
n
an
d th
e co
m
f
o
r
t for
to
urists.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ERE
I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
2
2
Eco-Touris
m
Developme
nt
Strategy B
a
l
u
ran N
a
tional P
a
r
k
in the
Re
genc
y ofSit
ubondo ....(Adi l
S
iswanto)
19
1
4.
3.
Eco-
to
urism Devel
o
pme
n
t Str
a
te
gy
BNP
(BN
P
)
in
the Rege
ncy
of Situbond
o,
E
a
st Java-I
nd
onesi
a
To
fo
rm
u
l
ate eco
-t
o
u
rism
d
e
v
e
lop
m
en
t strateg
y
, it first h
a
s to
an
alyze th
e in
tern
al an
d
ex
tern
al
en
v
i
ron
m
en
t B
N
P eco-tou
rism
h
a
t
th
ere is t
h
e po
ten
tial th
at can
b
e
su
st
ain
a
b
l
e and
h
a
v
e
a p
o
s
itiv
e im
p
act
local pe
ople
.
T
h
e a
n
alyses of
the internal a
n
d e
x
ternal envi
ronm
ent BNP
are as
follows:
4.
3.
1.
Intern
al
and
E
x
tern
al
E
n
vi
ronme
n
t Ec
o-
tou
r
ism D
e
vel
o
pmen
t B
N
P
Eco
-
t
o
urism
d
e
v
e
lop
m
en
t is
in
sep
a
rab
l
e
from th
e carrying cap
acity an
d
t
h
e po
ten
tial of th
e obj
ect
pos
sesse
d. T
h
e de
vel
o
pm
ent of
t
o
uri
s
m
i
n
t
h
e B
N
P,
bas
e
d cy
cl
e st
age
s
o
f
e
vol
ut
i
o
n
sh
ow
s t
h
e
st
ages
o
f
d
i
scov
ery and
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
en
t of lo
cal respon
se is ch
aracter
ized
b
y
th
e nu
mb
er
o
f
tou
r
ists
v
i
sitin
g
th
e BNP still
l
i
m
i
t
e
d i
n
num
ber as wel
l
as an i
ndi
vi
d
u
al
t
r
avel
er a
nd a
d
vent
ure
r
. T
o
u
r
i
s
t
s
wh
o com
e
to B
N
P are
gen
e
ral
l
y
interested in t
h
e unique
flora and
fa
una s
u
ch as bull
as a
m
a
scot
of B
N
P, s
u
rr
ou
n
d
i
ng
nat
u
ral
bea
u
t
y
an
d
ecosystem
s.
4.
3.
2.
Intern
al En
vi
ronme
n
t B
N
P
Eco-tourism
Devel
o
pme
n
t i
n
Situ
bond
o
Strength fact
ors, incl
ude:
1).
Accessibility is ve
ry
sm
ooth because of
the cr
oss-provi
nci
a
l highway
s
that traverse B
N
P ; 2). Locati
on B
N
P adjace
nt or
not to
o far away with
other attrac
tions
such as: the c
r
ater,
M
e
ru
bet
i
r
i
Nat
i
onal
Pa
rk a
n
d
Al
as Pu
r
w
o;
3)
. M
a
rk
et
Sh
are BNP con
s
ists o
f
d
o
m
estic
an
d
fo
reign
tou
r
ists;
4
)
. Po
ten
tial Natu
ral Resou
r
ces co
nsists o
f
:
n
a
tural b
e
au
t
y
, fo
rest
t
y
pe, t
y
pe o
f
ecosy
st
e
m
, di
versi
t
y
of fl
or
a
an
d f
l
o
r
a d
i
v
e
rsity; 5
)
.
Pro
duct d
i
v
e
r
s
ity ex
i
s
tin
g
i
n
B
N
P co
n
s
ists of
: th
e
cu
ltu
r
e
su
rr
ound
ing
r
u
r
a
l
p
e
ople th
at
p
o
t
en
tially ca
n
b
e
p
a
ck
ag
ed
and
sup
port eco
-tou
rism
p
r
ogram
co
n
s
istin
g
o
f
cu
ltu
re, trad
itio
nal arts,
ag
r
i
cu
ltu
r
e
and ru
r
a
l estates
W
ono
r
e
jo
,
p
i
ck
po
ck
et D
e
ad
,
W
a
tu K
e
bo
,
Ben
r
e
jo
,
Source
W
a
r
u
So
urces and
Newer; 6
)
. Act
i
v
ities th
at can
b
e
o
f
fered
b
y
BNP con
s
is
ts o
f
: ob
serv
ation o
f
th
e k
i
nd
s
of b
i
rd
s / an
im
a
l
s in
n
a
tur
e
/b
ird
w
a
tch
i
n
g
/ an
im
a
l
w
a
tch
i
ng
, track
i
ng
,
o
u
t
-
boun
d, sn
or
k
l
e, d
i
v
i
ng
.
Weakness
factors, incl
ude: 1).
Hu
m
a
n
Resources p
e
op
le av
erag
ed
on
ly p
r
i
m
ary an
d
s
econ
d
a
ry ed
u
cation
an
d train
i
n
g
as well as t
h
e
ab
ility
o
f
p
e
op
le in the field of
forei
g
n langu
ag
e acq
u
i
sition
is
still lo
w; 2). Stru
cturing
an
d
hyg
ien
e
con
s
istin
g
o
f
cleanliness location, arra
nge
m
ent a
nd st
ruct
uri
n
g d
e
v
e
l
opm
ent
areas fo
r t
h
e de
vel
o
pm
ent
of t
ouri
s
t
in
frastru
ct
u
r
e still n
eed
s to
b
e
i
m
p
r
ov
ed
;
3).
Lack
o
f
co
mmu
n
ity supp
ort t
h
at con
s
ists
o
f
six
v
illag
e
s th
at are
geographically very close to the National Pa
rk area
, th
ey are Won
o
rej
o
, Baj
u
l Mati, Bi
mo
Rejo
,
W
a
t
u
Kebo
,
Su
m
b
er W
a
ru
an
d
Su
m
b
er An
yar v
illag
e
;
4).
Lack
o
f
coop
eration
b
e
tween
BNP with oth
e
r stak
eho
l
d
e
rs
;
5)
.
Ov
erlapp
ing
lan
d
u
s
e
b
y
en
cl
av
e
p
e
op
le
o
f
Mo
un
t Gu
m
itir
in
Labu
an Merak area.
4.
3.
3.
Intern
al
E
n
vi
ronme
n
t
a
l
A
n
al
ysi
s
E
c
o-
t
o
u
r
i
s
m De
vel
o
p
ment B
N
P
Internal environm
ental analysis
stage, in the form
of eco-tou
ri
sm
devel
opm
ent
st
ren
g
t
h
s a
n
d
weak
nesse
s, t
h
en d
o
t
h
e wei
ght
i
n
g a
nd ra
n
k
i
n
g o
f
t
h
e internal factors
by the res
p
ondents
. Based
on the
q
u
e
stio
nn
airegiv
e
n
to
th
e
resp
ond
en
ts, it tu
rn
s
o
u
t
th
e
weig
h
t
g
i
v
e
n
each
resp
ond
en
t to
d
i
fferen
t in
t
e
rn
al
factors. T
o
ge
t equal wei
g
ht to each fact
or, then
l
o
ok for the ave
r
age of each
weight give
n
by the
resp
o
nde
nt
s.
A
s
f
o
r
wei
ght
i
n
g
an
d
ran
k
i
n
g t
h
e i
n
t
e
r
n
al
fact
o
r
s a
r
e s
h
o
w
n i
n
Tabl
e
1.
Tab
l
e
1
.
Matri
x
IFAS Eco-tou
r
ism
Dev
e
lopmen
t Strateg
y
No.
Int
ernal F
a
ct
ors
Value
Weight
Rating
Score
(1
) (2
)
(3
)
(4
*
)
Str
e
ngths
1. Accessibility
0.09 3.80
0.342
2.
L
o
cation BNP adjacent or
not too far
away
with other
attr
actions
0.
15
3.
04
0.
456
3.
M
a
r
k
et Shar
e BNP consists of dom
estic
and for
e
ign tour
ists
0.
09
3.
08
0.
277
4.
Potential of Natur
a
l Resour
ces
0.
07
3.
32
0.
232
5.
Pr
oduct diver
s
ity
existing in BNP
0.
06
3.
40
0.
204
6.
Activities that can
be offere
d by BNP .
0.14
2.84
0.397
W
eaknesses
1.
L
ack of Hu
m
a
n Resour
ces co
m
m
unity
0.
07
3.
40
0.
238
2.
L
ack of r
e
gional develop
m
ent ar
r
a
ng
em
ent.
0.
13
2.
52
0.
327
3.
L
ack of co
m
m
unity
suppor
t
0.
07
3.
08
0.
215
4.
L
ack of co-
oper
a
tion with othe
r
stakeholder
s
0.
08
3.
20
0.
256
5.
L
ack of suppor
t at a tour
ist attr
action.
0.
05
3.
60
0.
180
Total
1.
00
-
3,
124
Sou
r
ces: Data an
alysis
resu
lts,
201
5.
No
te:
*
)
Th
e resu
lts of t
h
e m
u
ltip
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
weigh
t
s (2)
an
d rating
(3).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:2252
-88
22
IJERE
Vol. 4, No. 4,
Decem
ber 2015 :
185 –
195
19
2
B
a
sed
on
Tabl
e 1, a
p
pears
t
h
at
t
h
e fact
o
r
s c
o
m
p
ri
sed t
h
e i
n
t
e
r
n
al
st
rat
e
gi
es of
fact
or st
r
e
ngt
hs a
n
d
weak
nesse
s ob
t
a
i
n
di
f
f
ere
n
t
wei
g
ht
s. Fact
o
r
s
st
re
n
g
t
h
a
s
t
h
e
m
o
st
im
port
a
nt
one
, nam
e
l
y
nat
u
ral
res
o
u
r
ce
s
B
N
P
gai
n
e
d
w
e
i
ght
0.
07
. It
i
s
base
d o
n
t
h
e
p
o
t
e
nt
i
a
l
of
nat
u
ral
res
o
u
r
ces a
nd B
N
P as
t
h
e
m
o
st
exci
t
i
ng awar
d
in
200
9. Based on
th
e Tab
l
e
1
,
Accessi
b
ilit
y to
and
fro
m
BNP is t
h
e m
o
st i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
facto
r
o
f
th
e st
ren
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e fi
rst
gai
n
wei
g
ht
0
.
0
9
.
i
t
'
s based o
n
r
o
ad
co
n
d
i
t
i
ons
can
be sai
d
t
o
be
very
sm
oot
h,
wi
t
h
t
h
e
cro
ss-
pr
o
v
i
n
ci
al
hi
g
h
way
s
co
n
n
ect
i
ng t
h
e i
s
l
a
nd
of
B
a
l
i
an
d B
a
ny
u
w
an
gi
t
o
Sur
a
bay
a
c
r
oss
i
ng
B
N
P
.
T
h
u
s
B
N
P
can be reache
d
by
land ve
hicles
of
vari
ous im
portant cities around it.
Th
e
po
sitio
n
s
o
f
i
n
tern
al env
i
ro
n
m
en
t o
f
eco
-t
o
u
rism
are in
a st
rong
p
o
s
ition
with
th
e v
a
l
u
es
o
b
t
ain
e
d
3
,
12
4. Ho
wev
e
r, th
e v
a
lu
es
of th
e
in
tern
al
f
actors th
at n
e
ed
s to
b
e
an
ticip
ated
v
u
l
n
e
rab
ility facto
r
s
(weaknesses)
to
be a
force i
n
the de
velopm
ent of
ec
o-t
o
urism
4.
3.
4.
Ex
terna
l
Env
i
ro
nment Eco
-
tourism Devel
o
pment B
N
P
O
ppo
r
t
u
n
ity f
acto
r
s of
eco-tourism
devel
o
p
m
ent
,
i
n
cl
ude:
1)
. B
N
P has
be
com
e
a t
r
end o
f
al
t
e
rnat
i
v
e
t
o
u
r
i
s
m
are
m
o
re c
o
ncer
ne
d
ab
out
t
h
e e
n
vi
r
onm
ent
s
, su
ch as ec
o
-
t
o
ur
i
s
m
i
s
very
l
i
k
el
y
t
o
be
de
vel
o
ped
especi
al
l
y
i
n
Si
t
ubo
n
do
or
pa
rt
i
c
ul
ar i
n
B
N
P;
2).
Ad
va
nc
es i
n
t
echn
o
l
o
gy
, i
n
f
o
rm
ati
on t
ech
nol
ogy
can be
b
e
tter u
tilized
b
y
BNP in
crease p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
th
ro
ugh
prin
t
med
i
a, electron
i
c m
e
d
i
a an
d
th
e In
tern
et that can
b
e
accessed from
around the world about the
existence of obj
e
c
ts BNP as well as
technologies
th
at facilita
te the
t
r
ans
p
o
r
t
t
o
uri
s
t
s
t
o
a t
o
u
r
i
s
t
dest
i
n
at
i
o
n;
3)
. T
h
e e
x
i
s
t
e
nce
pert
um
buhny
a
gl
o
b
al
e
c
on
om
y
,
espec
i
al
l
y
i
n
i
n
d
u
st
ri
al
i
zed
cou
n
t
r
i
e
s as
w
e
l
l
as count
ri
e
s
i
n
Asi
a
Paci
fi
c are l
i
k
el
y
to d
o
t
h
e t
o
ur;
4)
. B
N
P as t
h
e
m
o
st
ex
citin
g
award th
at h
a
s u
n
i
qu
e flora and
fau
n
a
th
at is typ
i
cal Balu
ran
Bu
ll Jav
a
, lik
ely to
b
eco
m
e
a
t
o
urist
d
e
stin
ation
as
well as th
e
o
ppo
rt
u
n
ity to in
crease m
a
rk
et
share larger;
5).
Co
op
eration in an effort to imp
r
ov
e
coo
p
e
r
at
i
v
e re
l
a
t
i
onshi
ps wi
t
h
com
m
uni
t
y
l
eaders a
n
d
t
h
e p
ubl
i
c
,
n
o
n
-
g
ove
rnm
e
nt
al
or
gani
zat
i
o
n
s
, t
h
e
p
r
i
v
ate sector as well as
with
o
t
h
e
r tou
r
ism
serv
i
ces
suc
h
as
travel a
g
e
n
ts a
n
d tra
v
el age
n
c
i
es.
Factors
thre
ats of eco-touris
m
,
in
clu
d
e
: 1
)
. Co
m
p
etitio
n
with
o
t
h
e
r Nati
o
n
a
l
Park
s i
n
In
don
esia su
ch
as Bali
Barat,
Bro
m
o
an
d
Merub
e
tiriNational Park
, wh
i
c
h
have i
n
com
m
on t
h
e fl
ora
,
fa
una a
nd ec
osy
s
t
e
m
s
will i
m
p
act B
N
P if t
h
e
p
o
t
en
tial is th
ere
n
o
t
d
e
v
e
lop
e
d as assets th
at
can
b
e
n
e
fit in
in
creasing
Gro
s
Net
Product; 2). Clim
ate change
i
s
in BNP is
that th
e
g
r
eater the dry m
o
n
t
h
s
th
an in th
e wet, it is v
e
ry
risk
y
to
t
h
e
crisis o
f
wild
fires and
water resou
r
ces;
3
)
. Disru
p
t
i
o
n
i
n
th
e reg
i
on
BNP con
s
isting
of: wild
grazin
g
,
poac
h
i
n
g,
fo
re
st
har
v
est
i
ng;
4)
. O
v
erl
a
ppi
n
g
m
a
nagem
e
nt and
occu
pat
i
o
n o
f
t
h
e area
b
y
t
h
e pu
bl
i
c
i
n
Lab
u
an
Merak
a
n
d
M
asi
g
it Mou
n
t
ain
will affect t
h
e ex
isten
c
e of
th
e carryin
g cap
acity BNP;
5
)
. Con
s
erv
a
ti
o
n
of
nat
u
ral
res
o
u
r
c
e
s sh
oul
d n
o
t
dam
a
ge as
m
u
ch as p
o
ssi
bl
e,
but
s
h
o
u
l
d
su
pp
o
r
t
t
h
e co
ns
ervat
i
o
n
of
nat
u
ral
resources; 6
)
. So
cio-eco
n
o
m
i
c
in
stab
ility an
d
safety facto
r
s resu
lting
in
th
e relu
ctan
ce of to
urists v
i
sitin
g. So
that the socio-e
c
onom
ic
instabilit
y and
security are i
m
portant factors for th
e success of a tourist destination in
an
effo
rt to increase tourist traffi
c and
imp
r
ov
e safety, fu
n and
con
v
e
n
i
en
t
for trav
elers wh
ile in
t
o
urist
d
e
stin
ation
s
.
Tabl
e
2. M
a
t
r
i
x
E
F
AS
Ec
o-t
o
uri
s
m
Devel
o
p
m
ent
St
rat
e
gy
No.
External Factors
Value
Weight
Rating
Score
(1
) (2
)
(3
)
(4
*
)
Opportunities
1.
Alter
n
ative tour
is
m
is a tendency
to
beco
m
e
m
o
r
e
concer
ned about the
environ
m
ents, suc
h
as eco-touris
m
.
0.
05
3.
88
0.
194
2.
Advances in technology
,
bot
h inform
ation technology
and tr
an
spor
tation.
0.
09
3.
40
0.
306
3.
T
h
e existence global econo
m
y
gr
owth,
esp
ecially in industr
ialized countr
i
es and
the Asia-
P
acificcountr
i
es.
0.
12
2.
84
0.
341
4.
BNP as the
m
o
st exciting awar
d and
S
itubond
o town st
udents.
0.
07
3.
28
0,
229
5.
I
n
cr
easing cooper
a
tion in tour
is
m
services
business with other
actor
s.
0.
07
3.
32
0.
232
Threats
1.
Co
m
p
etition with
other national pa
rk in Indonesia.
0.14
3.04
0.425
2.
Clim
ate
change is
gr
eater
than the d
r
y
m
onths to wet
m
onths.
0.
09
3.
28
0.
295
3.
Disor
d
er
s such ar
ea: gr
azing,
hunting
,
har
v
esting
0.
12
2.
76
0.
331
4.
Over
lapping
m
a
nagem
e
nt and occupati
on of L
a
buan M
e
r
a
kr
egion and M
ount
Masigit
0.
09
2.
96
0.
266
5.
The possibility of environ
m
en
tal da
m
a
ge.
0.
03 3.68
0.110
6.
Indonesia's socio-econo
m
i
c
instabilit
y
0.13
3.32
0.432
Total
1.
00
-
3.
161
Sou
r
ce:
An
alysis Data an
alysis resu
lts,
2
015
.
No
te:
*
)
Th
e resu
lts of t
h
e m
u
ltip
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
weigh
t
s (2)
an
d rating
(3).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ERE
I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
2
2
Eco-Touris
m
Developme
nt
Strategy B
a
l
u
ran N
a
tional P
a
r
k
in the
Re
genc
y ofSit
ubondo ....(Adi l
S
iswanto)
19
3
Fro
m
Tab
l
e 2,
ex
tern
al factors con
s
ist o
f
opp
ortun
ities and th
reats fact
o
r
s acq
u
i
re d
i
fferen
t
weigh
t
s.
The first factor is the m
o
st im
portant opportunities, na
m
e
ly technol
ogical
adva
nc
es; both i
n
form
ation
t
echn
o
l
o
gy
an
d
t
r
ans
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
on
are t
h
e t
w
o m
o
st
im
port
a
nt
fa
ct
ors
op
p
o
rt
uni
t
i
e
s gai
n
ed
wei
ght
0.
09
. It
i
s
b
a
sed
on
ad
va
nces i
n
t
echn
o
l
o
gy
,
b
o
t
h
t
h
e i
n
fo
rm
at
i
on t
ech
n
o
l
o
gy
t
h
at
ca
n be
use
d
t
o
c
o
nd
uc
t
a cam
pai
gn t
h
r
o
ug
h
pri
n
t, electroni
c
m
e
dia or t
h
e
Internet
whic
h can
be
acces
sed from
around t
h
e world a
b
out the e
x
istence of
eco
tou
r
ism
as well as th
e tech
no
log
y
as a
mean
s o
f
tran
sp
ortatio
n
for t
o
urists is p
r
ovid
e
d
b
y
th
e Natio
n
a
l
Park
Baluran to
p
r
ov
id
e co
m
f
o
r
t
for t
o
urists
to
ward tou
r
is.
An
alysis
o
f
t
h
e ex
tern
al en
v
i
ron
m
en
t, th
e
p
o
s
ition
of th
e ex
tern
al
env
i
ro
n
m
en
t eco-tou
rism
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
en
t,
are in a
strong
p
o
sitio
n wit
h
a v
a
l
u
e
o
f
3.16
1 ob
tain
ed
, ho
wev
e
r t
h
e
v
a
lu
e of t
h
e ex
tern
al
facto
r
s
n
eed to
b
e
an
ticip
ated
t
h
reat
factors t
o
b
e
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
en
t of eco
-
tourism
o
p
portun
ities.
4.
3.
5.
SWOT
An
al
y
s
i
s
of
E
c
o
-
t
o
u
r
i
s
m De
vel
o
p
ment
St
ate
g
y
Eco-t
o
u
r
i
s
m
St
rat
e
gy
i
s
o
n
e
of
t
h
e e
f
f
o
rt
s
aim
e
d at
im
pr
ovi
ng
t
h
e
wel
f
are
of
l
o
cal
pe
opl
e t
h
r
o
ug
h
su
stain
a
b
l
e to
urism activ
ities.
In
add
itio
n, th
e d
e
v
e
lop
m
e
n
t o
f
eco
-
t
o
urism is also
ex
p
ected
to
i
m
p
r
ov
e t
h
e
q
u
a
lity o
f
tourism
.
W
ith
th
e to
urism
act
iv
iti
es are d
e
v
e
l
oped
,
th
e ex
isting
po
ten
tials in
BNP are ex
p
e
cted
to
b
e
em
p
o
w
ered so
th
at th
ey
can
thriv
e
an
d p
r
ov
id
e
b
e
n
e
fits to
th
e lo
cal co
mm
u
n
ity.
Th
rou
g
h
a strateg
i
c
ap
pro
ach to
the d
e
v
e
lop
m
en
t
o
f
approp
riate and
ex
p
ected
lo
cal p
e
o
p
l
e
will h
a
v
e
th
e opp
ortun
ity to
furth
e
r
devel
op a
nd
b
ecom
e
t
h
e
m
a
in act
ors
of t
h
e
devel
o
pm
ent
im
pl
em
ent
e
d. C
o
r
r
esp
o
ndi
ng
l
y
, t
h
e unde
rst
a
ndi
ng
and a
w
are
n
ess
of t
h
e l
o
cal
com
m
uni
t
y
to be re
sp
o
n
si
bl
e fo
r t
h
e p
r
eservat
i
o
n
of
nat
u
ral
and c
u
l
t
u
ra
l
envi
ronm
ent is also e
xpecte
d
to inc
r
ease, a
s
it has
got
a
n
d feel t
h
e benefits that can
be
gaine
d
through t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
en
t of tou
r
ism
activ
ities.
Based
o
n
t
h
e streng
th
s and
weak
n
e
sses
found
in
B
N
P, wh
i
c
h
has been
d
e
scrib
e
d
ab
ov
e, it w
ill b
e
foun
d
t
h
rou
gh th
e SWOT an
alysis o
f
d
e
velo
p
m
en
t stra
teg
i
es th
at can sup
port th
e feasib
ility an
d
n
a
tural
attractio
n
s
p
l
an
n
e
d
.
Th
e u
s
e o
f
SWOT
analysis in
th
is stu
d
y
aim
e
d
to
ex
am
in
e th
e feasib
ility o
f
po
t
e
n
tial
areas
to
b
e
dev
e
lop
e
d
and
u
tilized
as an
attractio
n eco
-
t
o
urism
.SWOT
Matrix
u
s
ed
fo
r d
e
term
in
e th
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
en
t op
tio
ns in
add
itio
n
t
o
th
e m
a
in
strateg
i
es that h
a
v
e
b
e
en
prev
i
o
u
s
ly
d
e
termin
ed
. Matrix bu
ilt
base
d on t
h
e re
sults of the
SWOT analysis
of st
rategic
f
a
c
t
ors
b
o
t
h
i
n
t
e
r
n
al
an
d e
x
t
e
r
n
al
fact
ors
co
nsi
s
t
i
ng
of
streng
th
s, weak
n
e
sses, opp
ortu
n
ities,
an
d
threats.
SWOT an
alysis can
b
e
seen
i
n
Tab
l
e
3.
Based on Tabl
e 3, each strat
e
gy deri
ved a
variety
of
program
s
that supports the de
vel
opm
ents of
each
of these
strategies include:
SO strateg
y
,
u
s
es force to
tak
e
adv
a
n
t
ag
e o
f
o
ppo
rt
u
n
ities, g
e
n
e
rate: eco
-to
u
rism p
r
o
d
u
c
t
devel
opm
ent
st
rat
e
gy
(S
1,
2,
3
,
4,
5,
6;
O
1,
2,
3,
4,
5)
, wi
t
h
pr
o
g
r
am
s such as:
a).
Devel
op ec
o-t
o
u
r
i
s
m
prod
uct
s
;
b
)
. Main
tain
i
n
g
th
e po
ten
tial
o
f
n
a
t
u
ral
resou
r
ces; c). Dev
e
lo
p
i
ng
acti
v
ities fo
r t
o
u
r
ists.
ST strateg
y
, to ad
d
r
ess th
e threat to
u
s
e fo
rce,
resu
lting
in
: eco
-t
o
u
rism d
e
v
e
lop
m
en
t
strateg
y
for
im
pro
v
i
n
g sec
u
ri
t
y
(S 1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6;
1,
2,
3,
4,
5
,
6 T)
, wi
t
h
pr
o
g
ram
s
such as:
a). In c
o
ope
ra
t
i
on wi
t
h
t
h
e
p
o
l
i
ce,
Of
fi
cer F
o
rest
Ecosy
s
t
e
m
an
d f
o
rest
pol
i
c
e
/
r
ange
r i
n
th
e lo
cal secu
rity en
v
i
ron
m
en
t
BNP ; b
)
. Enh
a
nce
secu
rity b
y
i
n
vo
lv
ing
t
h
e en
tire lo
cal co
mm
u
n
ity.
WO st
rateg
y
,
min
i
mizes th
e weakn
e
sses t
o
tak
e
ad
v
a
n
t
ag
e of opp
ort
u
n
ities,
g
e
n
e
rate: Strateg
y
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
en
t an
d
b
a
sic in
frastru
cture and
sup
port facilities
fo
r th
e dev
e
l
o
p
m
en
t o
f
eco
to
urism
(W
1
,
2,4
;
O
1,
2,
3,
4,
5)
wi
t
h
p
r
o
g
ram
s
suc
h
as:
a
)
.
Im
pr
ovem
e
nt
o
f
ro
ad i
n
f
r
ast
r
uct
u
re i
n
pa
rt
i
c
ul
a
r
t
o
war
d
s
B
e
k
o
l
a
n
d
Ba
m
a
an
d
supp
orted
b
y
th
e av
ailab
ility o
f
ad
eq
u
a
te tran
sp
ortatio
n
fac
ilities; b
)
. Pro
v
i
sio
n
of
lo
ca
l gu
id
es
taken from
B
N
P
; b). Provision of
accom
m
odation is e
qui
ppe
d
with t
h
e facilities in acco
rda
n
ce with
the
standa
rds of se
rvice that ca
n s
a
tisfy travelers
;
c). Prov
ision
o
f
tour p
a
ck
age o
f
eco
-
t
o
urism to
th
e area th
at h
a
s
natural attractions
besides B
e
kol and Bama are inclin
ed as
m
a
ss
touris
m
,
na
m
e
ly
Kaja
ng Beach, Cape
Can
d
i
b
a
ng
, Bilik
Sej
ile,
Ev
ergreen and
b
a
rs are
g
u
i
d
e
d b
y
a
lo
cal gu
id
e
.
WT St
rateg
y
, min
i
m
i
zes t
h
e
weakn
e
sses and
av
o
i
d
th
reats, p
r
od
uces:
Strateg
i
c
in
stitu
tio
n
a
l
devel
opm
ent
and
h
u
m
a
n reso
urces
de
vel
o
p
m
ent
of t
o
uri
s
m
t
o
eco-t
o
u
ri
s
m
(
W
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
;
T 1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6)
, wi
t
h
p
r
og
ram
s
su
ch as: a). Fo
rm
in
g
sp
ecialized
i
n
stitu
tio
n
s
in
ch
arg
e
o
f
m
a
n
a
g
i
ng
eco
-
t
o
urism
; b
)
.
Im
provi
ng
t
h
e
q
u
a
lity
of h
u
m
an
resources, esp
ecially
lo
cal
p
e
op
le w
ith
t
r
ain
i
ng
and
em
p
o
w
erm
e
n
t
prog
ram
s
; c). En
tered
in
to
a co
llabo
ratio
n
w
ith
th
e to
urism
ed
u
catio
n
an
d
t
r
ainin
g
a
l in
stitu
tion
s
; d). C
o
nductin
g
o
u
t
reach to
the
com
m
uni
t
y
about
t
o
u
r
i
s
m
aware
n
ess;
e
)
.
Fost
er
an
d
de
vel
o
p t
h
e
uni
q
u
e
han
d
i
c
ra
ft
s
m
a
de by
l
o
ca
l
peo
p
l
e
fr
om
buf
fer
vi
l
l
ages as a
t
o
uri
s
t
at
t
r
act
i
on.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:2252
-88
22
IJERE
Vol. 4, No. 4,
Decem
ber 2015 :
185 –
195
19
4
Tabl
e
3.S
W
O
T
M
a
t
r
i
x
Anal
y
s
i
s
of
Ec
o-t
o
u
r
i
s
m
Devel
opm
ent
St
rat
e
gy
B
N
P
IFAS
EFAS
Strengths
Weak
n
e
sses
Accessibility
1). Location BNP
adjacent or not too f
a
r to the other
attractions; 2).
Ma
rket Share
BNP co
nsists of
do
m
e
stic
and foreign tourists; 3). Potential of
Natur
a
l Resour
ces
; 4)
.
Pr
oduct diver
s
ity
existing in
BNP ; 5).
Activitie
s that can be offered by BNP.
1)
.
L
a
ck of Hu
m
a
n Resour
ces
co
m
m
unity
; 2)
.
L
a
ck of r
e
gional
develop
m
ent a
rran
g
e
m
ent; 3).
Lack
of co
m
m
unity
suppor
t; 4)
.
L
a
ck of
cooper
a
tion with other
stakeholders;
5)
.
L
a
ck of supp
or
t at a tour
ist
attraction.
Opportunities
1). Alte
rnative touris
m
is
a tendency
to
beco
m
e
m
o
r
e
concer
ned about the
environ
m
ents, suc
h
as
eco-
t
ourism;
2)
.
Advances in technology
,
both
inform
ation technology
and
transportation; 3).
The existence
per
t
u
m
buhny
a glo
b
al econo
m
y
,
especially
in industr
ialized countr
i
es
and countr
i
es of th
e Asia-
P
acific; 4)
.
BNP as
the
most exciting award
and
Situbond
o town st
udents; 5)
.
I
n
cr
easing
cooper
a
tion in tour
is
m
ser
v
ices
business with othe
r
actor
s.
SO Str
a
tegies
Str
a
tegies that use
str
e
ngths to take advantage of
opportu
nities.
E
c
o-
tourism
develop
m
ent st
rategies.
(
S
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
;
O 1
,
2,
3,
4,
5)
WO Strateg
i
es
Strategies that
m
i
n
i
m
i
ze
weaknesses
to take advantage of opportunities.
Str
a
tegy develop
m
ent and basic
infr
astr
uctur
e
and suppor
tin
g eco-
tour
is
m
.
(
W
1,
2,
4; O 1,
2,
3,4,
5)
M
a
r
k
et penetration str
a
tegies and the
pr
o
m
otion of
eco-t
ourism
travel.
(
W
3,
4,
5; O 1,
2,
3,4,
5)
Threats
ST Strategies
WT Strat
e
gies
1). Co
m
p
etition wi
th other national
par
k
in I
ndonesia; 2)
.
Clim
ate change is
greater than the d
r
y
m
onths to we
t
m
onths; 3).
Disord
ers such area:
gr
azing,
hunting,
h
a
r
v
esting; 4)
.
Over
lapping m
a
nagem
e
nt
and
occupation of
Labuan region Peacock
and Mount Masigit; 5). Possibility of
dam
a
ge to the envir
o
n
m
ent; 6)
.
Indonesia's socio-econo
m
i
c instabilit
y
gr
owth
Str
a
tegies that use
str
e
ngths to over
c
om
e the th
r
eat.
E
c
o-
tourism
develop
m
ent str
a
tegy to im
pr
ove
security.
(
S
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6; T 1,2,
3,
4,
5,
6)
Strategies that
m
i
n
i
m
i
ze
weaknesses
and avoid thr
eats.
Institutional devel
o
p
m
ent st
rategy and
hu
m
a
n
r
e
sour
ce develop
m
ent of
touris
m
to
eco-tou
rism.
(
W
1,
2,
3,
4,
5; T
1,
2
,
3,
4,
5,
6)
Sou
r
ce: D
a
ta A
n
alysis, 20
15
5.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
Th
e l
o
cal co
mm
u
n
ity p
a
rticip
atio
n in eco
t
o
u
r
ism
d
e
v
e
l
o
pmen
t BNP in
Situ
b
ond
o is still no
t op
tim
al,
because the public is not involved in
t
h
e de
velopm
ent of tourism
in BN
P.
Ecotourism
developm
ent program
to succee
d, it is necessa
ry
the
involvem
ent and
particip
ation of local c
o
mm
unities in
developm
ent. Potencies
ofB
N
P c
o
nsi
s
t
i
n
g
o
f
:
1).
T
h
e
pot
e
n
t
i
a
l
of
bi
ol
o
g
i
cal
res
o
ur
ces;
2)
. S
u
rr
ou
ndi
ng
nat
u
ral
b
eaut
y
;
3)
. Ty
pe
- t
h
e
typ
e
of
forest; 4).
Flora
d
i
versity; 5
)
. Balu
ran
un
iq
u
e
wild
life;
and 6
)
.
Eco
s
ys
tem
typ
e
s. All o
f
th
ese
pot
e
n
t
i
a
l
s
, t
h
e
pot
e
n
t
i
a
l
B
N
P
t
o
de
vel
o
p ec
ot
o
u
ri
sm
whi
c
h i
s
a
t
y
pe
o
f
sust
ai
na
bl
e t
o
u
r
i
s
m
and
pr
ovi
de a
p
o
s
itiv
e im
p
act o
n
th
e em
p
o
werm
en
t o
f
lo
cal co
mm
u
n
itie
s. Eco
t
o
u
rism
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
en
t of altern
ativ
e st
rateg
i
es
i
n
B
N
P, i
n
cl
ude:
ecot
o
u
r
i
s
m
prod
uct
de
vel
o
pm
ent
,
increased secu
ri
ty eco
tou
r
ism d
e
v
e
lop
m
en
t, th
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
en
t of b
a
sic i
n
frastru
c
ture and
facilities as
well a
s
a m
ean
s o
f
su
ppo
rting
th
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
en
t of eco-
to
urism
,
as well as th
e
d
e
v
e
lop
m
en
t o
f
i
n
stitu
tio
n
a
l and
human
reso
urces
for eco
t
ou
rism
.
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NC
ES
[1]
Spilance J.,“Tourism Econom
y
:
Histor
y
and
Its P
r
ospect”,Kanisiu
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[2]
Ceballos-
Lascur
ain H.,“Estudio
de
prefac
tibi
l
i
dad s
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cioe
con
o
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i
ca del tur
i
s
m
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ant
e
pro
y
e
c
t
o
arquitecton
ico
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rld Wildlife
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(
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.