In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f E
v
al
u
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
R
e
se
arc
h
in
Ed
u
c
ation
(
IJERE
)
Vo
l
.
8
, No
. 1
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
9
7
~
102
ISSN
: 2252-
88
22,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ijer
e
.
v8i
1.
177
38
97
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
ERE
Health status and ph
ysic
al activit
y am
ong academic and non
academic staffs in higher education
N
u
r
u
l
Qom
a
r
i
ya
h
,
S
itt
i
N
ur
D
j
a
nn
a
h
F
acul
t
y
o
f
P
u
b
lic H
ealt
h
, U
n
i
v
ersitas
Ahm
a
d D
a
hl
an, In
d
o
n
esia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
ce
i
v
e
d
Jan
1
0, 201
9
Re
vise
d F
e
b 20,
201
9
A
c
c
e
pte
d
F
eb 26,
2
0
1
9
Bein
g
p
h
y
s
ically
acti
v
e
i
s
r
ed
uci
ng
th
e
ris
k
o
f
no
n-com
m
u
n
i
ca
b
l
e
dis
eases
.
M
i
x
e
d
m
e
th
od
s
t
u
d
y
w
as
c
o
n
d
u
cted
t
o
anal
yz
e
h
e
a
l
th
s
t
a
tu
s
an
d
e
xplore
su
pp
orting
an
d
in
hi
biti
ng
f
acto
r
s
of
p
h
y
sical
acti
v
ity
a
m
o
n
g
a
c
adem
ic
a
nd
no
n
acad
em
i
c
s
taff
i
n
h
ig
her
edu
catio
n.
A
t
otal
o
f
83
r
esp
ond
en
t
s
w
ere
m
e
t
th
e
i
n
clusi
o
n
a
n
d
exclu
s
i
o
n
crit
er
ia.
The
majorit
y
o
f
Unive
r
si
t
as
A
hmad
Dah
l
an
(
U
AD)
s
ta
ff
s
are
ph
ys
icall
y
acti
v
e
an
d
ov
erweig
ht
.
N
o
s
i
gn
if
icant
heal
th
p
ro
b
l
e
m
s
are
f
o
u
n
d
.
I
n
d
ivid
ual
,
s
ocia
l
an
d
env
i
ro
nm
ental
f
act
ors
are
id
entif
i
ed
a
s
factors
t
h
at
can
s
up
po
rt
a
nd
in
hi
b
it
ph
ys
ical
act
i
v
ity.
P
o
li
cies
a
t
th
e
f
acult
y
an
d
u
n
i
v
ers
i
ty
l
ev
el
a
re
n
eed
ed
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
cros
s-s
e
ctoral
col
l
ab
orati
on w
i
th
relat
ed p
arti
es t
o s
u
p
port
p
hysical
acti
v
iti
es i
n U
AD.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Heal
th
s
t
a
t
u
s
H
i
g
h
er
e
duca
t
i
o
n
In
hi
bi
t
i
ng
fa
c
t
o
r
s
Ph
y
s
ic
al
a
ct
iv
it
y
S
upp
ort
i
ng fa
c
t
ors
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
Scien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Nu
ru
l
Qo
mar
i
yah
,
Fa
cult
y
o
f
P
ub
li
c
H
e
al
t
h
,
Un
iv
ersit
a
s Ahmad
Dah
l
an
,
Kam
pus 3,
Jl. Prof.
D
r
.
S
oet
o
m
o
, UH
, Yogyakarta,
Indones
i
a.
Em
ail:
nur
ul
.
q
oma
r
iya
h
@
i
k
m
.
u
ad.
ac.
id
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
H
e
alt
hy
i
s
a
s
t
a
t
e
o
f
w
e
l
l
-be
i
ng
p
hys
ica
l
ly,
m
e
ntal
l
y
a
n
d
s
ocia
l
l
y
[1].
B
e
i
ng
p
hys
ica
l
ly
a
c
t
i
v
e
pla
y
s
an
i
m
por
t
a
n
t
r
ol
e
in
e
n
s
ur
ing
hea
l
t
h
a
n
d
w
e
l
l-
be
i
ng
[
2
].
R
egu
l
a
r
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
o
f
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
s
u
c
h
as
w
alk
i
n
g
,
c
y
c
lin
g,
o
r
partic
ipa
t
in
g
i
n
s
por
ts
a
ct
i
v
it
ies
-
pr
ove
d
to
h
a
v
e
a
pos
iti
ve
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
n
h
ea
l
t
h,
n
a
m
e
l
y
reduc
ing the
r
i
sk of non-
com
m
unica
b
l
e
dis
e
ase
s
,
suc
h
a
s h
e
a
r
t
d
i
s
e
a
s
e,
h
y
p
ert
e
n
s
io
n
,
s
tro
k
e
,
di
ab
et
e
s
, c
an
c
e
r
,
and
de
pre
s
si
on
.
Mea
n
w
h
i
l
e
p
hys
ica
l
a
c
t
i
v
ity
a
ls
o
i
m
prov
es
m
usc
l
e,
h
ea
rt,
and
resp
ira
t
or
y
fitnes
s;
i
m
p
rove
b
o
n
e
h
eal
th
s
o
t
h
at
i
t
ca
n
redu
c
e
th
e
ri
sk
o
f
fa
ll
s
a
n
d
f
r
ac
tu
r
es
a
nd
he
lp
c
on
tro
l
b
o
dy
w
e
ight
b
y
m
a
inta
i
n
in
g
the ba
l
a
nce
of
i
nta
k
e
a
n
d
ene
r
gy e
x
pe
nd
iture
[3].
WH
O
has
for
m
ul
a
t
e
d
t
he
r
ecom
m
e
nded
a
m
oun
t
o
f
phy
s
i
ca
l
ac
t
i
v
ity
a
c
c
or
d
i
n
g
t
o
a
g
e
grou
ps
(
ages
5-1
7
y
ear
s,
1
8
-
64,
a
n
d
>
6
5
y
ea
rs).
R
ec
omm
e
nda
ti
on
s
f
o
r
adu
l
t
s
w
i
t
h
a
n
a
ge
r
ange
o
f
18-
64
yea
r
s
a
r
e
the
ac
cum
u
la
ti
on
of
m
od
e
r
ate
le
ve
l
of
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
acti
v
i
t
y
for
15
0
min
ute
s
/w
ee
k
or
a
t
lea
s
t
d
o
i
n
g
v
i
gor
ous
p
hys
ica
l
ac
t
i
v
i
ty
f
or
7
5
m
i
n
u
tes
per
w
e
e
k
,
or
a
n
e
q
ui
va
len
t
c
omb
i
nat
i
o
n
of
m
ode
ra
t
e
a
nd
v
igoro
u
s
p
h
y
s
i
c
al
a
c
t
ivi
t
y
[4].
T
he
b
es
t
w
a
y
t
o
b
e
p
h
y
s
ica
l
l
y
a
c
t
i
v
e
ca
n
be
a
ch
ie
ved
by
i
n
te
gra
t
i
n
g
ph
ysic
al
a
c
t
i
v
it
y
at
l
ea
st
m
oder
a
t
e
in
t
e
nsit
y
p
h
y
si
ca
l
ac
ti
vi
t
y
(
su
c
h
a
s
bris
k
w
a
l
k
i
n
g,
a
nd
o
t
her
a
ct
iv
iti
e
s
th
at
m
ak
e
t
h
e
bod
y
wa
r
m
e
r
a
n
d
b
r
ea
t
h
e
fa
ste
r) in
to e
v
e
ryda
y
life [5].
The
r
e
a
r
e
m
u
lt
i
p
le
s
o
u
rc
es
o
f
ev
i
d
e
n
c
e
t
o
ind
i
ca
te
t
ha
t
ener
g
y
ex
pe
nd
i
t
ur
e
re
qu
i
r
em
ents
h
a
v
e
reduc
e
d
in ma
ny fa
ce
t
s
o
f da
i
l
y
li
fe
a
s w
e
ll in t
he
w
ork
p
l
a
c
e
o
ve
r
t
h
e
pas
t
5
0
year
s. The
se inc
lu
de
:
few
e
r j
o
bs
requ
irin
g
p
h
y
s
i
cal
w
or
k
;
i
nc
rea
s
e
d
l
ab
o
u
r-sa
v
i
n
g
te
c
h
no
log
y
i
n
th
e
ho
me,
wo
rk
a
n
d
r
et
a
i
l
e
nvi
ronmen
t
s
;
cha
nge
s
i
n
w
o
r
k
an
d
s
h
o
p
p
ing
pa
t
t
er
ns
–
f
r
o
m
l
o
cal
t
o
di
sta
n
t
–
t
ha
t
have
r
esu
l
t
e
d
i
n
g
re
a
t
er
r
e
l
i
a
nce
on
motor
i
z
e
d
tra
n
sp
ort
;
i
ncr
e
a
s
ed
s
el
f-su
ff
i
c
i
e
nc
y
i
n
t
he
home
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
ng
e
n
ter
t
a
i
nm
ent,
f
oo
d
st
or
age
an
d
prepa
r
at
io
n,
c
o
n
tr
ol
l
e
d
cl
ima
t
es
a
nd
grea
ter
com
f
ort
;
r
e
duc
tio
n
s
i
n
w
al
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
y
c
l
i
ng
[6].
T
ho
se
c
ha
nge
s
w
ill
i
n
c
r
ea
se t
h
e
r
isk of
n
on-c
o
m
m
u
nic
a
b
le di
s
ea
ses a
t
a
youn
ge
r age
[
7
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 225
2-
882
2
Int.
J
.
Ev
al. & R
es. Educ.
Vol.
8
, No. 1, March 2
019
:
97
- 1
0
2
98
Eve
r
y
one
m
us
t
be
s
u
p
p
o
rte
d
f
or
p
h
y
sica
lly
acti
v
e
a
n
d
ma
ke
i
t
as
p
a
r
t
o
f
d
a
i
l
y
a
ct
iv
it
ie
s.
P
hysica
l
env
i
ro
nm
en
t
(s
uch
as
l
a
n
d
us
e
pa
t
t
e
r
ns,
tran
spor
ta
ti
on
s
yst
e
ms,
u
r
b
an
d
es
ig
ns,
a
n
d
gr
ee
n
s
p
ac
es);
a
n
d
s
oc
ia
l
env
i
ro
nm
en
t
(suc
h
as
i
nc
o
m
e
,
j
ustice
,
c
ul
t
u
re
a
nd
s
o
c
i
a
l
s
up
p
o
r
t
)
a
r
e
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
a
s
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
t
h
a
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ph
ysic
a
l
a
c
t
iv
it
y
[5],
[
8]
.
P
r
ogr
am
s
tha
t
a
re
i
nd
i
v
id
ua
ll
y
de
si
gne
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
ing
t
o
i
n
d
iv
id
ua
l
nee
d
s
are
pr
o
v
en
t
o
be
b
et
t
e
r
i
n
r
eg
ula
t
in
g t
h
e
l
e
v
e
l of par
tic
i
p
at
i
on a
n
d
m
a
in
t
a
in
i
n
g it [
9
].
Ed
uc
at
ion
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
impor
ta
nc
e
o
f
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
act
iv
i
t
y
for
yo
un
g
a
du
l
t
s
a
n
d
pr
o
v
id
in
g
opp
or
tun
i
ti
e
s
t
o
gai
n
s
oc
ial
be
nefi
ts
from
p
h
y
sica
l
ac
tiv
i
t
y
w
o
u
l
d
i
n
cre
a
se
p
erc
ei
ved
be
n
e
fi
ts
a
nd
re
duc
e
pe
rce
i
ve
d
c
o
sts
o
f
ph
ysic
a
l
a
ct
iv
it
y.
W
or
k
p
l
a
c
e
c
ul
t
u
ral
n
o
rm
s
w
i
t
h
r
espec
t
t
o
ph
y
sica
l
ac
ti
vi
ty
m
us
t
a
l
s
o
b
e
addre
s
se
d
to
c
re
ate
a
sh
ift
in
p
hy
s
i
c
a
l
act
i
v
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
ic
ipa
tio
n
[1
0].
P
hysi
c
a
l
e
duca
tio
n
o
b
ta
i
n
ed
i
n
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
ry,
m
i
d
d
l
e
a
nd
hig
h
sch
o
o
l
is ex
pe
c
t
ed
t
o
su
ppor
t
ph
ysic
a
lly
a
c
t
i
v
e
lifes
tyle
t
hrou
gh
out
l
i
f
e
[11
]
.
The
r
ef
ore,
a
s
tud
y
is
ne
e
d
e
d
to ana
l
yz
e hea
l
t
h
s
ta
t
u
s
a
nd
e
x
pl
o
re
s
upp
o
r
ti
ng
a
nd
i
nhi
bit
i
ng
f
a
c
t
o
rs
o
f
ph
ysic
a
l
a
ct
i
v
ity
a
m
o
n
g
a
ca
d
e
mic
a
nd
n
o
n
aca
dem
i
c
sta
ff
in
h
i
g
h
er
e
d
u
cat
i
on
.
UAD
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
pri
v
at
e
un
ive
r
si
t
i
e
s
i
n
Ind
ones
i
a.
L
oc
ate
d
i
n
Y
o
g
y
a
k
a
r
ta
a
nd
h
a
s
f
oun
de
d
i
n
1
960
,
cu
rren
tly
,
it
h
a
s
1
2
f
a
c
u
l
t
i
e
s,
6
60
ac
adem
ics sta
f
fs a
nd
3
5
7
no
n
a
cade
m
ic
staff
s
[12].
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
T
h
i
s
t
y
p
e
o
f
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
s
m
i
x
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
,
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l
d
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
iv
e
resea
r
ch
u
si
ng
a
cr
oss
se
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
st
udy
a
pp
ro
a
c
h
wi
th
a
s
eq
u
e
ntia
l
e
xpl
a
n
ato
r
y
d
e
s
i
gn
m
eth
o
d
.
The
s
t
u
d
y
w
a
s
c
on
duc
te
d
af
t
e
r
o
b
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
et
hi
c
a
l
ap
rro
v
a
l
f
r
om Research
Et
h
i
c
Co
mmi
t
t
ee UAD n
u
m
b
er 01
1
712
16
4.
Q
u
a
n
t
i
ta
t
i
ve
s
tud
y
w
as
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
t
o
de
s
c
r
ibe
the
pa
rt
i
c
i
p
at
ion
o
f
res
p
on
de
nt
i
n
p
h
y
s
i
c
al
a
c
t
iv
ity
and
t
o
a
na
lyz
e
t
he
r
elat
i
o
nshi
p
be
tw
ee
n
p
hys
ica
l
act
i
v
i
t
y
an
d
B
MI,
blo
o
d
p
ressure,
bl
oo
d
g
l
uc
ose
,
a
nd
cho
l
es
tero
l.
G
loba
l
P
h
ysic
a
l
A
cti
v
it
y
Q
u
est
i
o
n
n
a
i
re
f
r
o
m
WH
O
w
a
s
use
d
t
o
see
pa
rt
i
c
ipa
t
i
o
n
of
r
e
s
ponde
n
t
s
in
p
hys
ica
l
a
c
tiv
i
t
y.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
pr
e
v
i
o
u
s
s
tu
dy,
t
he
r
ea
b
ili
ty
o
f
G
P
A
Q
i
s
s
t
r
o
n
g
(
K
a
p
p
a
0
.
6
7
t
o
0
.
7
3
)
[
1
3
]
.
Mea
n
w
h
ile,
t
h
e
va
li
di
t
y
i
s
mode
rate
(r=
0.48),
ba
se
d
o
n
i
ts
c
orr
e
l
a
tio
n
to
a
cc
el
ero
m
et
e
r
[
14
].
T
h
i
s
que
st
ion
n
a
i
r
e
w
as
a
ls
o
u
s
ed
b
y
pr
ev
i
o
u
s
s
t
udy
i
n
U
A
D
[
1
5
].
H
ea
l
t
h
d
at
a
su
ch
a
s
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
m
as
s
in
de
x
(B
M
I
),
bl
ood
p
re
ssur
e
,
b
l
o
od
s
uga
r
(O
n
Ca
l
l
E
Z
I
I
),
a
nd
c
h
o
l
es
t
e
rol
(A
cc
ut
re
nd
)
were
o
b
t
aine
d
th
ro
ugh
a
h
e
a
l
t
h
e
x
ami
n
atio
n
pro
g
r
am
f
o
r
acad
e
m
i
c
a
nd
a
cad
e
m
i
c
s
t
a
f
f
o
f
UAD
wh
i
c
h
i
s
h
e
l
d
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
8
th
,
201
7
and
Januar
y 4
th
,
2018 a
s
p
art
of 5
7
th
U
A
D
a
nniv
e
rsary.
I
n
cl
usi
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
ia:
re
g
i
s
t
er
ed
a
s
a
cade
m
ic
o
r
no
n
ac
a
d
em
i
c
s
ta
f
f
s
a
t
UAD
wh
o
are
p
a
rt
i
c
i
p
at
e
i
n
hea
l
t
h
e
xa
mi
n
a
ti
o
n
a
t
57
th
UAD
an
n
i
v
e
rsar
y
,
a
g
e
>
1
8
y
ear
s,
c
o
m
pl
et
e
a
ph
y
s
i
cal
a
ct
ivit
y
q
u
e
s
t
i
on
na
ire
.
Exc
l
us
ion
cr
it
er
i
a
:
c
h
ole
s
te
rol
tes
t
r
esu
l
t
s
:
low
or
h
ig
h
(n
o
p
re
cise
r
esu
l
t
)
,
incom
p
le
t
e
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
ac
t
i
v
i
ty
q
ues
tio
nna
i
r
e.
Q
u
a
n
t
i
ta
t
i
ve
d
ata
a
n
al
ysis
b
y
Ch
i
sq
ua
re
w
it
h
0.
05
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
c
o
n
fi
denc
e
w
a
s
co
nd
uc
t
e
d
to
s
ee
t
h
e
rela
tio
ns
hip
be
tw
ee
n
th
ose
va
riab
le
s.
T
h
i
s
d
a
ta
c
o
n
ti
nue
d
w
i
t
h
q
u
a
l
i
t
at
i
v
e
re
sear
ch
w
i
t
h
i
n-dep
t
h
i
n
te
rviews
to ex
p
l
ore
fa
c
t
ors tha
t
s
u
p
p
o
rt
a
nd i
n
hi
b
it
p
h
ys
ica
l
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
.
Qu
ant
i
t
a
ti
v
e
s
tu
dy
w
as
c
o
ndu
c
t
ed
t
o
expl
o
r
e
f
a
cto
r
s
t
h
at
s
up
po
r
t
a
n
d
inh
i
bi
t
p
h
y
s
i
cal
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y.
P
a
rti
c
i
p
an
t
i
n
t
his
st
ud
y
w
e
re
s
e
l
ecte
d
f
r
o
m
tw
o
gr
ou
ps
o
f
re
sp
on
de
n
t
:
p
hys
ica
l
ly
a
c
t
i
v
e
and
not
p
hys
ica
l
l
y
ac
t
i
ve
g
r
o
u
p
s.
I
nte
r
view
s
w
e
re
done
i
n
d
i
vid
u
a
l
l
y
b
ase
d
on
agre
e
m
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
rese
arc
h
er.
Quant
ita
ti
ve
d
ata
a
n
al
ysis
w
as
c
on
d
u
cte
d
i
n
s
e
vera
l
s
te
ps.
The
re
sult
o
f
in
ter
v
i
e
w
i
s
t
ran
s
la
te
d
in
to
t
r
a
nscr
ip
t soo
n
a
fter
the
i
nter
vi
e
w
.
O
p
en c
od
ing
w
a
s
con
d
u
cte
d
t
o
an
aly
s
e
t
h
e
tra
n
sc
rip
t
.
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
DISCU
SSIO
N
3.1.
Q
u
a
n
ti
ta
t
i
v
e
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
3.1.
1. U
n
i
var
i
a
te
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
A
tota
l
o
f
8
3
r
e
spon
de
nts
w
e
re
m
e
t
t
he
i
nc
lusi
o
n
a
n
d
e
xc
lus
i
o
n
criter
i
a
.
T
he
p
rop
o
rtio
n
of
respo
nde
n
t
s
b
y
s
ex
s
h
o
w
e
d
a
bala
nce
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
4
8
%
of
m
e
n
a
nd
5
1
.8
%
of
w
om
en.
The
min
i
m
u
m
a
g
e
o
f
respo
nde
n
t
s
is
20
ye
ars
o
l
d
a
nd
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
is
70
ye
a
r
s
old,
w
i
t
h
a
n
ave
r
age
a
g
e
of
37.
7
ye
ar
s.
T
he
ma
jori
t
y
o
f r
e
spo
n
d
en
ts ar
e
non
ac
adem
ic st
a
ff (
63.9%),
a
nd 91.
6% live far
f
r
om U
AD
’s
c
am
pus
.
Ma
jori
t
y
o
f
respo
n
d
en
ts
m
e
t
W
H
O
rec
o
mmenda
tio
ns
f
or
p
hys
i
c
a
l
a
c
t
i
v
ity
(
66.
3%)
a
n
d
t
h
e
ma
j
o
ri
ty
of
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
a
re
over
w
eig
h
t
a
nd
obes
e
(
62.
7
%
),
47%
a
re
p
r
e
-hy
pe
rt
ens
i
v
e
a
nd
hy
pe
rte
n
sive
,
89.
2%
h
a
d
norm
a
l
b
l
o
od
sug
a
r
leve
l
s
,
and
7
1
.
1
%
ha
ve
norm
a
l
ch
o
l
es
ter
o
l
le
ve
ls.
The
o
v
era
ll
p
i
c
t
ure
of
r
es
po
nd
e
n
ts
i
n
th
i
s
s
t
u
dy c
a
n
be se
e
n i
n
Ta
b
le
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
Eval & R
es E
d
u
c
.
IS
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
H
e
al
th s
t
a
t
u
s
a
nd p
h
ys
ic
al ac
tiv
ity
am
o
n
g
ac
ade
m
i
c an
d
n
on
aca
d
e
m
i
c
s
t
a
f
f
s
… (N
ur
ul Q
o
m
a
r
i
y
ah)
99
Tab
l
e
1
.
Char
acter
isti
c
of r
espo
n
d
en
ts
N
o
C
a
t
e
gor
y
Fre
que
n
c
y
Pe
r
s
e
n
t
a
g
e
1
Se
x
Ma
l
e
40
48.
2
Fe
m
a
le
43
51.
8
2
O
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
on
A
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
s
ta
ff
30
36.
1
N
o
n
a
c
a
d
em
ic
s
t
a
ff
53
63.
9
3
Re
sid
e
n
c
y
L
ive
fa
r
f
r
om
U
AD
76
91.
6
L
i
ve
n
ea
r
fr
om
UA
D
7
8
.
4
4
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
ac
tivit
y
N
o
t m
e
e
t
W
HO
rec
o
m
m
e
nd
a
tion
28
33.
7
M
e
e
t
WHO
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
nda
tion
55
66.
3
5
B
M
I
O
v
e
r
w
e
ight
&
obe
se
52
62.
7
N
o
rm
a
l
30
36.
1
U
nde
rw
e
i
ght
1
1.
2
6
B
l
ood
pre
ssure
H
y
p
e
r
te
nsion
9
10.
8
Pre
hy
p
e
r
t
e
n
sion
27
32.
5
N
o
rm
a
l
47
56.
6
7
B
l
ood
gluc
os
e
D
ia
be
te
s
3
3
.
6
P
r
e
d
i
a
b
et
e
s
6
7
.
2
N
o
rm
a
l
74
89.
2
8
C
hole
s
t
e
rol
H
ipe
r
c
hole
s
t
e
rol
e
m
i
a
24
28.
9
N
o
rm
a
l
59
71.
1
The
re
su
lts
o
f
the
u
n
iva
r
iate
a
nal
y
s
i
s
of
t
h
i
s
st
u
dy
sh
ow
e
d
t
ha
t
m
a
j
o
r
i
ty
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
w
h
o
m
e
t
t
h
e
inc
l
usio
n a
n
d e
x
cl
usi
on cr
iter
i
as are
no
n
a
ca
de
mic
sta
f
f, an
d
m
any
of t
hem
are
jan
i
tors. Ma
n
y
ac
ade
m
ic
s
t
a
ffs
are
r
e
lucta
n
t t
o
c
om
ple
t
e
G
P
A
Q
quest
i
o
n
n
a
i
re,
due
t
o
the
i
r
busy
s
c
h
ed
u
l
e
duri
ng
w
o
rk
h
o
u
rs
w
hen
th
e
hea
l
t
h
exa
m
ina
t
i
on pr
ogra
m
w
as
h
eld.
Ma
jori
t
y
o
f
r
e
spo
n
d
e
n
ts
a
r
e
i
n
pr
od
uc
ti
ve
a
ge
(
m
e
a
n
=
3
7,
7
yea
r
s
o
l
d
)
.
I
t
m
ean
s
t
h
a
t
UAD
h
a
s
a
st
r
o
ng
h
um
an
r
e
s
ource
s
w
ho
c
a
n
w
o
r
k
e
ffec
tive
an
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
l
y
i
f
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
h
ea
lth
y.
T
he
d
i
s
tanc
e
from
w
her
e
t
h
e
st
aff
li
v
e
s
t
o
UAD
camp
u
s
a
l
s
o
b
e
c
o
me
a
c
o
n
c
ern
.
T
h
e
d
i
s
t
a
n
ce
f
r
o
m
hom
e
to
c
am
pus
a
ls
o
de
te
r
m
ines
w
h
et
her
the
y
w
alk
or
u
se
m
ot
orize
d
v
e
h
icl
e
s.
T
he
f
a
r
ther
t
he di
st
an
ce
f
ro
m
h
o
m
e
t
o
camp
u
s
,
t
h
e
l
e
ss
l
i
k
e
l
y
i
t
is
t
o
w
a
l
k
t
o
c
a
m
p
u
s
.
Lim
ite
d
p
a
rki
n
g
s
p
ac
e
c
a
n
be
a
n
o
p
por
tu
n
i
ty
f
o
r
l
ead
e
r
s
i
n
UAD
t
o
s
up
po
rt
p
h
y
s
i
c
al
ac
t
i
v
i
ty
.
Eve
n
tho
u
gh
the
ma
jor
ity
o
f
re
sp
on
de
nts
m
e
t
WH
O
r
ecomm
end
a
ti
o
n
f
or
p
h
y
si
ca
l
ac
ti
vi
t
y
,
th
e
data
from
G
P
A
Q
ques
t
i
o
nna
ires
s
how
e
d
s
om
e
o
v
e
r
est
i
ma
tio
n
of
phys
ica
l
act
iv
ity
w
hic
h
i
s
do
ne
b
y
res
p
o
nde
n
t
s.
The
r
e
sp
on
de
n
t
s
ga
ve
m
ore
v
a
lue
to
h
o
u
seh
o
l
d
c
h
o
r
e
s
the
y
h
a
d
b
e
en
done
i
n
the
ho
us
e
e
v
en
t
here
w
er
e
n
o
incre
a
se
i
n
brea
thi
ng
an
d he
a
r
t r
a
te.
The
o
v
er
al
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
s
ta
tus
da
ta
s
h
o
w
e
d
tha
t
m
any
of
t
he
r
espon
de
nt
s
a
r
e
overw
e
i
gh
t
and
o
b
e
s
e
.
Re
s
p
o
nde
n
t
s
i
n
t
he
a
ge
g
ro
u
p
i
n
thi
s
s
tu
dy
show
e
d
B
MI
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s.
R
e
s
e
a
rc
h
co
nd
uc
te
d
b
y
P
arson
&
P
o
w
e
r
show
e
d
t
ha
t
w
o
m
e
n
w
ho
ar
e
p
hys
ica
lly
a
ct
ive
at
t
he
a
ge
o
f
1
6
-4
2
w
il
l
e
xper
i
enc
e
a
s
l
i
g
ht
c
ha
nge
i
n
BMI
com
p
are
d
t
o
w
o
me
n
w
ho
a
r
e
not
phys
ica
lly
a
c
tive
(2.
1
v
s
2.
5
k
g
/
m2
/
1
0
ye
ars
)
.
D
e
c
r
ea
sing
ph
ys
ica
l
a
c
t
i
vit
y
i
n
men
i
n
a
d
o
l
e
scen
ce
t
o
m
i
d
dl
e
a
d
u
l
th
ood
,
a
n
d
no
t
b
e
i
ng
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
ll
y
ac
t
i
v
e
in
w
om
en
i
n
b
o
th
s
ta
ges
o
f
l
i
f
e ca
n
cau
se
a
n
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e in
BM
I
[1
6
]
.
The
re
s
u
lts
o
f
bl
o
o
d
press
u
re
m
easur
em
ents
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
at
4
3.3%
o
f
r
e
s
p
onde
n
t
s
w
e
re
h
yper
t
e
n
s
i
o
n
and
preh
yper
t
e
n
sio
n
.
Th
ose in t
he pr
e
hy
pert
e
n
s
i
o
n
c
a
t
eg
ory,
in
t
h
e
fut
u
re
has a hi
ghe
r te
nde
nc
y t
o
e
xpe
rie
n
c
e
hy
perte
n
s
i
o
n
t
ha
n
th
ose
i
n
t
h
e
nor
mote
ns
iv
e
ca
t
e
g
o
ry.
U
n
con
t
ro
l
l
e
d
h
ype
rt
e
n
si
on
f
o
r
a
l
ong
t
i
m
e
(p
e
r
s
i
st
e
n
t)
w
ill
da
ma
ge
t
o
t
h
e
k
i
dne
ys
(
k
i
d
n
e
y
f
a
i
lure)
,
h
ea
rt
(
c
o
ro
nar
y
h
e
art
dise
a
s
e
)
a
nd
brai
n
(
c
a
u
s
i
n
g
s
t
r
o
k
es)
[1
7],
[1
8].
Mea
n
w
h
ile
bl
o
od g
l
uc
os
e a
n
d
ch
l
e
s
t
erol
me
a
s
u
r
emen
t
sh
o
w
ed
no s
i
gni
fic
a
n
t
pro
b
l
e
m
s.
3.1.
2. Bi
var
i
a
te
a
n
a
ly
sis
C
h
i
s
q
uare
a
na
lysis
be
t
w
e
e
n
va
ria
b
les
sh
ow
e
d
n
o
re
la
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
een
p
h
y
s
i
c
al
a
ct
ivi
t
y
and
BM
I,
bl
ood
press
u
re
,
bl
o
o
d
g
l
u
c
o
se
,
and c
h
o
l
e
s
te
ro
l (p
v
al
ue
>
0
.0
5)
.
The
overa
l
l
r
esults
c
a
n
be
seen
i
n
Tabl
e
2
.
Tab
l
e
2
.
P va
l
u
e
bee
tween
v
ar
ia
ble
s
V
a
r
i
ab
l
e
P
h
y
s
i
cal
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
B
M
I
0.
826
B
l
ood
pr
e
ssure
0
.
391
B
l
ood
gluc
os
e
0.
439
C
hole
s
te
rol
0.
644
Base
d
on
m
an
y
s
t
udie
s
,
se
de
ntar
y
l
i
fe
s
t
y
le
t
ri
g
g
ers
m
a
ny
c
o
n
se
q
u
e
n
ce
s.
P
hysica
l
ly
i
n
a
cti
v
e
an
d
uhea
l
th
y
foo
d
i
nc
rea
s
e
pre
v
a
l
ence
o
f
n
o
n-
c
o
m
m
unica
b
l
e
d
i
se
ases
such
a
s
cardiovascul
a
r
d
iseas
e
s,
d
iabet
e
s,
ca
ncer
,
and
i
t
s
r
i
sk
f
a
c
t
o
rs
s
u
c
h
as
h
i
g
h
blo
od
pre
s
s
u
r
e
,
hi
gh
b
l
oo
d
gl
uc
o
s
e,
a
nd
over
w
e
i
g
h
t
[
4
]
.
In
a
d
d
it
io
n,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 225
2-
882
2
Int.
J
.
Ev
al. & R
es. Educ.
Vol.
8
, No. 1, March 2
019
:
97
- 1
0
2
10
0
ph
ysic
a
lly
i
nac
t
i
v
e
is
t
he
m
a
i
n
co
n
t
ri
bu
t
o
r
f
o
r
3
10,
00
0
to
5
8
0
,
0
00
de
a
t
h
s
t
hat
occ
u
r
pe
r
ye
ar
a
nd
p
r
o
duce
s
di
sa
b
ilt
y d
u
e
t
o
dia
be
te
s,
oste
o
p
o
ros
i
s,
obes
ity,
and
s
t
r
o
k
e
[
1
9]
.
P
e
ople
w
i
t
h
d
isa
b
i
l
t
y
w
hic
h
i
s
prod
uce
d
by
no
n
com
m
u
n
i
c
a
ble
dis
ease
s
w
i
l
l
l
o
se
t
heir
p
ro
duc
t
i
v
i
ty
and
i
n
cre
a
se
t
h
e
burde
n
to
t
he
c
ou
n
t
ry.
WH
O
m
e
e
t
i
n
g
i
n
G
eneva
i
n
20
11
s
t
a
t
e
d
th
at
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
are
co
st
f
o
r
non
com
m
unic
a
b
le
d
i
s
ea
ses
a
b
s
o
rbed
m
or
e
tha
n
one t
hi
r
d
o
f th
e
cou
n
t
ry
e
xpe
nd
i
t
ur
e,
a
n
d
c
a
r
di
o
v
a
s
c
u
lar
d
i
se
ases
is
t
he one
w
h
o
s
pe
nt
t
he h
ig
he
st c
ost.
3.2.
Qu
al
i
t
ati
v
e st
u
d
y
Th
e
qu
e
s
ti
on
s
in
t
h
e
i
nt
e
r
vi
ew
c
o
n
si
st
e
d
o
f
se
v
e
n
do
ma
i
n
s,
n
ame
ly:
(1)
current
b
e
h
avior
and
lifes
ty
l
e
,
(2)
g
e
ogr
a
p
h
i
c
a
l
i
n
f
orm
a
tio
n,
(
3)
a
w
a
rene
ss
a
nd
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
(
4
)
v
a
l
u
e
s
,
b
e
l
i
e
f
s
a
n
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
,
(
5
)
hea
l
t
h
,
a
b
il
it
y
and
the
leve
l
of
c
o
n
fide
nce,
(
6)
c
ul
t
u
ra
l
n
o
r
m
s
a
nd
soc
i
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s,
(
7)
a
cce
ss
and
use
o
f
e
x
ist
i
n
g
f
a
c
i
l
iti
es
.
Th
re
e
resp
onden
t
s
f
r
o
m
a
c
tiv
e
g
r
oup
a
nd
n
in
e
resp
on
d
e
n
t
s
f
r
o
m
n
o
t
p
hi
sic
a
l
l
y
a
c
tiv
e
grou
p
w
e
r
e
in
t
e
rv
iewed.
I
nd
i
v
i
dua
l
an
d
env
i
ro
nm
en
t
fa
ct
ors
ar
e
i
d
ent
i
f
ie
d
as
s
up
po
rtin
g
and
i
nhi
b
i
t
i
ng
f
a
c
t
o
rs
f
o
r
ph
ysic
a
lly
a
c
t
i
v
e.
The
re
s
ume of
t
h
e
fac
tors
can
b
e se
en i
n
Tab
l
e
3
.
Ta
b
l
e
3.
S
uppo
r
t
i
ng a
n
d i
n
h
i
b
i
t
i
ng
f
a
c
t
ors fo
r
phys
ical
l
y
ac
t
i
v
e
S
upp
o
r
ting
fac
t
ors
D
e
m
a
nds
i
n
th
e
office
a
nd a
t
h
o
m
e
Av
ail
a
b
l
e
ti
me
a
t h
o
me
Non
a
c
a
d
em
i
c
s
t
a
f
f
,
m
a
l
e
,
52
yea
r
s
ol
d,
h
ea
lt
y
:
“I g
o
to
m
y
paddy
fie
ld at
5.
30 t
o
6.
3
0
in t
h
e
m
o
rning.
The
n
I go
to
the
c
a
m
pus.
A
n
d
I
g
o
bac
k
to m
y
p
add
y
fie
ld at 3.
3
0
-5.
3
0 in
the
afte
r
n
o
o
n
”.
Non
a
c
a
d
em
i
c
s
t
a
f
f
(
ja
nit
o
r
)
,
m
a
l
e,
3
4
yea
r
s
ol
d,
hea
l
t
y
:
“A
ft
e
r
w
o
rk
h
our
s,
I
tak
e
a r
e
st for a w
h
i
l
e
at
h
o
m
e
.
Af
t
e
r A
s
har ti
m
e
,
I
c
ontinue
my
w
o
r
k
se
lli
ng siomay
w
i
t
h
my
motorcy
c
l
e
u
n
til
9 o
’
c
l
oc
k
in
t
h
e ev
e
n
i
n
g
”
H
i
gh
(
s
e
l
f)
m
ot
iv
a
t
i
o
n
Non
a
c
a
d
em
i
c
s
t
a
f
f
,
f
em
a
l
e
,
27 ye
a
r
s old,
h
ea
lthy:
“I lik
e going up an
d dow
n stairs in m
y
house
to hang the
c
l
othe
s”
“If I fe
ll i
n
c
onv
i
n
i
e
nt w
ith
m
y
c
l
othe
s,
it
m
e
ans that
my
body
wei
ght is
inc
r
e
a
sing,
so I
w
i
l
l
do e
x
e
r
cise
”
Suppo
rting
e
nvi
r
o
nm
e
n
t
a
t
h
o
m
e
a
nd a
t
t
h
e
of
f
i
ce
Non
a
c
a
d
em
i
c
s
t
a
f
f
,
f
em
a
l
e
,
27 ye
a
r
s old,
h
ea
lthy:
“My office
is
in the
sec
o
n
d
f
l
oor, and
I w
i
l
l
go dow
n to
have
m
y
lunc
h”
A
c
ti
v
e
l
y
j
oin
sport
orga
niz
a
t
i
o
n
Non
a
c
a
d
em
i
c
s
t
a
f
f
(
ja
nit
o
r
)
,
m
a
le,
3
4
yea
r
s
ol
d,
hea
l
t
y
:
“I play
bulutangk
is at hom
e
w
i
th
m
y
frie
nds”
Inhi
biting
fa
c
t
ors
Thi
ght
s
c
h
e
dule
in
t
he
o
ff
ic
e a
nd a
t
h
om
e
Ac
a
d
e
m
i
c
s
t
a
ff,
f
e
m
ale
,
41
yea
r
s
ol
d, ove
r
w
e
i
ght:
"
I
wa
s
t
i
r
e
d
wh
en
I
wa
s
h
o
m
e"
Non
a
c
a
d
em
i
c
s
t
a
f
f
,
f
em
a
l
e
36
ye
a
r
s old,
ove
rw
e
i
ght:
"I spe
n
t m
o
st of my t
i
m
e
doing offic
e
w
o
r
k
and house
w
o
r
k
"
A
cad
emi
c
s
t
a
f
f
,
m
al
e, 4
2
y
e
a
r
s
o
l
d
, h
eal
th
y:
"I alw
a
y
s
hav
e
c
l
a
sse
s at s
e
v
e
n in t
h
e morning until e
v
e
n
ing. Ev
ery
da
y
I
c
o
m
e
hom
e
from
w
o
r
k
a
t
e
i
ght o'c
l
o
c
k
in th
e
e
v
e
n
ing"
No
s
uppo
rt
f
r
o
m
h
u
sba
nd/wi
f
e
,
f
rie
n
d,
a
nd
the
a
u
thority
Ac
a
d
e
m
i
c
s
t
a
f
f
,
fe
m
a
l
e
,
43
yea
r
s
old,
ove
r
w
e
i
ght,
pre
h
y
p
e
rte
n
s
ion,
h
y
p
e
r
u
r
i
ce
mi
a:
"M
y husban
d is no
t phy
sic
a
ll
y
a
c
t
i
ve
"
Non
a
c
a
d
em
i
c
s
t
a
f
f
,
m
a
l
e
,
38
yea
r
s,
o
be
s
e
a
nd
hy
p
e
rt
e
n
s
i
on:
"I
l
i
ke
s
p
o
r
ts li
k
e
outbo
und,
t
oge
the
r
w
ith fri
e
nds an
d fun.
B
u
t it
c
a
n
not hap
pe
n
ev
e
r
y
d
ay
"
F
a
r
dist
a
n
ce
f
rom
house
t
o
t
he c
am
p
u
s
Non
a
c
a
d
em
i
c
s
t
a
f
f
,
36
ye
a
r
s
ol
d
,
ove
r
w
e
i
ght:
“I use
m
o
torc
yc
l
e
t
o
go to
the
c
a
m
pus.
But
I
use
m
y
bi
k
e
t
o
go
s
o
m
e
w
h
e
r
e
ne
ar
”
L
o
w m
o
t
i
v
a
ti
on
Non
a
c
a
d
em
i
c
s
t
a
f
f
,
m
a
l
e
,
38
yea
r
s
ol
d,
obe
s
e
,
h
ype
rte
n
s
i
o
n
:
“I
am
lazy
w
h
e
n
I am
tire
d
…”
N
o
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
sport
orga
niz
a
t
ion
N
on
a
c
a
d
em
i
c
s
t
a
f
f
,
f
em
a
l
e
,
4
7 ye
a
r
s old,
h
ea
lthy:
“I do
n’
t
j
o
in a
n
y
sport or
ganiz
a
ti
on
,
bec
ause
it
has the
same
time
w
ith
rec
itation (
p
e
ngaji
an)
”
L
a
ck
o
f
s
p
o
r
t
f
a
cil
i
t
i
e
s
N
o
n
ac
a
d
e
m
i
c
s
t
a
f
f
, f
e
m
al
e, 2
2
y
ear
s
o
ld, hea
lthy:
“I
only
j
o
in ae
robic
e
v
e
r
y
Saturda
y
morni
n
g
in the
c
a
m
pus for 60
mi
n
u
t
e
s”
No
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
ti
on a
b
out
W
H
O
r
eco
mm
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
Non
a
c
a
d
em
i
c
s
t
a
f
f
,
f
em
a
l
e
,
47 ye
a
r
s old,
h
ea
lthy:
“I only
join ae
robi
c
o
n
c
e
a w
e
e
k
for
60 m
i
nute
s
.
Is it
e
n
ough
?”
I
n
ju
ry
history
a
nd othe
r
he
a
lth r
e
l
a
t
e
d
pr
o
b
le
m
s
A
cad
emi
c
s
t
a
f
f
, 2
8
y
ear
s
o
l
d
, o
v
e
r
w
ei
g
h
t:
“I
am still
lo
ok
i
n
g
for
spo
r
t w
h
ic
h is
c
onv
ini
e
nt
for
my
k
n
e
e
. I
h
a
d
k
n
e
e
injury
t
w
o
y
e
ars ago”
N
on
a
c
a
d
em
i
c
s
t
a
f
f
,
f
em
a
l
e
,
47 ye
a
r
s old,
h
ea
lthy:
“I c
an not
do
an
o
t
he
r jum
p
ing for
s
port si
nc
e
I w
a
s p
r
e
gnant in t
h
e
age
35
ye
ars old”
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
Eval & R
es E
d
u
c
.
IS
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
H
e
al
th s
t
a
t
u
s
a
nd p
h
ys
ic
al ac
tiv
ity
am
o
n
g
ac
ade
m
i
c an
d
n
on
aca
d
e
m
i
c
s
t
a
f
f
s
… (N
ur
ul Q
o
m
a
r
i
y
ah)
10
1
WH
O
has
bee
n
p
u
b
l
i
s
he
d
G
l
oba
l
Re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
p
h
y
sica
l
act
i
v
it
y
for
he
al
t
h
s
i
n
c
e
2
010.
T
h
e
rec
o
me
nda
ti
o
n
s
a
i
m
t
o
p
ro
vi
de
g
u
i
dance
o
n
t
h
e
d
ose-r
e
spo
n
se
r
e
l
at
io
nshi
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
hy
si
c
a
l
act
ivi
t
y
a
nd
hea
l
t
h
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s.
B
ased
on
the
re
sul
t
s
i
n
t
h
i
s
qua
lita
t
i
v
e
s
t
u
dy
,
it
w
as
s
h
o
wn
t
h
a
t
mo
st
o
f
t
h
e
res
p
onden
t
s
do
n
o
t
kn
o
w
a
bou
t
thi
s
r
ec
o
m
men
d
a
ti
o
n
.
T
hey
d
o
not
know
t
h
e
fre
qu
e
nc
y,
d
urat
io
n,
i
nt
e
n
si
ty,
ty
pe
a
nd
t
o
t
al
am
oun
t
o
f
p
hy
sica
l
a
c
t
i
v
i
ty
n
e
e
de
d
for
hea
l
t
h
e
n
h
anc
e
m
e
n
t
a
nd
p
reve
nt
io
n
of
N
CD
s
[4].
I
t
is
v
e
r
y
imp
o
rta
n
t
to
s
oc
ia
l
i
ze
t
h
i
s
r
ecom
m
e
nd
ati
o
n
e
s
pe
c
i
al
l
y
a
mo
ng
pe
o
p
l
e
w
h
o
a
r
e
w
o
rk
in
g
i
n
h
i
ghe
r
educa
tio
n.
G
oo
d
un
dersta
n
d
i
n
g w
i
l
l
hel
p t
h
e
m
t
o
p
l
a
n
ph
y
s
i
ca
l a
c
ti
v
ities
in
t
he
ir da
i
ly lif
e.
Me
a
n
w
h
il
e
,
s
eden
tar
y
l
i
f
es
t
y
le
a
nd
w
or
k
l
oa
d
s
u
p
p
o
rt
t
hem
to
b
e
p
hysy
i
c
a
lly
i
na
cti
v
e.
S
tud
y
fi
n
d
in
gs
h
i
g
hli
g
h
t
t
he
d
iffic
u
l
t
y
i
n
a
c
h
ie
v
i
ng
s
us
ta
ine
d
p
o
s
iti
ve
p
hys
ica
l
a
c
t
i
v
it
y
be
hav
i
o
u
r,
p
a
r
ti
c
u
l
a
rl
y
w
i
t
h
sede
ntar
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
[
2
0
].
S
om
e
o
f
t
he
r
e
s
po
nde
n
t
s
sup
p
o
r
t
p
h
ysic
a
l
a
c
tiv
it
ies
pr
ogr
a
m
w
hich
a
re
h
eld
in
ca
mpus
i
n
w
o
r
k
ing
h
our
(
ie,
aer
ob
i
c
e
x
e
rc
ise
)
.
WH
O
recomm
enda
t
i
o
n
s
st
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
p
hys
ica
l
a
c
tiv
i
t
y
w
ith
mode
rate
or h
i
gh
inte
n
si
t
y
m
us
t
be ca
rrie
d
ou
t
at
le
a
s
t 1
0
m
i
nu
t
e
s
c
o
n
t
in
uo
usl
y
, ca
n
be
a g
u
i
de
l
i
ne
f
or
lea
ders
to
k
e
e
p
p
ark
i
n
g
s
pa
ce
a
w
a
y
from
t
h
e
cam
pu
s.
I
t
w
ill
e
n
c
o
u
r
age
s
ta
ff
s
to
d
o
ph
ys
ica
l
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
b
e
f
ore
a
nd
a
f
te
r
part
ici
p
a
t
i
n
g in
a
ctivi
t
i
es on
c
a
m
pus.
A
he
al
thy,
act
ive
ca
mpus
r
e
c
og
n
i
zes
t
he
v
al
ue
o
f
a
c
t
i
v
e
liv
i
ng,
p
h
y
sic
a
l
act
i
v
it
y
a
nd
sp
ort.
I
t
pro
v
i
d
es
o
p
por
tu
n
i
t
i
es
f
or
p
h
y
s
i
cal
a
c
t
i
v
it
y
and
ac
t
i
ve
l
i
v
i
n
g
for
a
l
l
.
B
u
i
l
t
a
n
d
s
oc
i
a
l
en
vir
onm
en
t
ar
e
som
e
impor
ta
nt
t
hi
n
g
s
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
co
nsi
d
ere
d
.
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
from
fam
ily
a
n
d
al
so
l
e
a
d
e
rs
o
n
camp
u
s
a
re
n
eed
e
d
t
o
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
e
phys
i
cal
a
ct
i
v
i
t
i
e
s. Th
e
l
ea
d
e
rs
mu
s
t
al
s
o
p
ro
vide
o
p
po
rtun
it
i
e
s f
o
r t
h
o
s
e wi
th
d
isa
b
il
iti
e
s [5
].
The
l
o
ca
tio
n
o
f
U
A
D
c
am
pus
i
s
i
n
t
he
c
ity
o
f
Y
ogya
kar
t
a
.
I
t
is
a
c
h
al
le
n
g
e
for
t
h
e
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
rt
ph
ysic
a
l
act
i
v
it
ies
in
lim
i
t
e
d
l
and,
tim
e
an
d
op
p
o
rt
un
ities
t
o
r
e
m
a
in
phys
i
c
a
lly
a
c
tive
.
T
hi
s
is
i
n
li
ne
w
ith
t
he
vi
si
o
n
a
nd
m
i
ssi
on
of
t
he
P
ub
l
i
c
H
ealt
h
f
acul
t
y
o
f
U
AD
,
na
me
l
y
superi
or
i
n
com
p
et
i
t
i
o
n,
h
as
a
g
l
o
b
a
l
perspe
c
tive
,
b
a
s
ed
o
n
I
s
l
a
mic
va
lue
s
a
nd
is
o
rie
n
te
d
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
he
al
thy
ci
ty.
Th
e
l
e
ad
e
r
’s
c
o
m
mi
t
m
ent
can
b
e
dem
o
n
s
t
r
ate
d
b
y
the e
x
i
s
te
nc
e
of socia
l
i
za
t
i
o
n
,
fa
cili
tie
s a
n
d
i
n
f
r
ast
r
u
c
tu
re
t
h
a
t
supp
o
r
t
phy
si
ca
l
ac
ti
v
iti
es.
S
c
hoo
ls,
from
pre-
sc
ho
o
l
t
o
un
i
v
er
si
ty
a
re
i
m
por
tan
t
p
lac
e
s
t
o
promo
t
e
ph
ysica
lly
a
ct
i
v
e
l
i
fe
st
y
l
es.
Ca
mp
us/
u
ni
ver
s
i
t
y
ca
n
ed
uca
t
e
and
s
u
pp
ort
a
l
l
a
c
a
d
em
i
c
a
nd
n
on
ac
a
d
emi
c
s
t
a
ff
t
o
start
h
e
a
l
thy
an
d
a
c
t
iv
e
lifes
ty
l
e
.
B
a
se
d
on
t
h
e
re
su
l
t
s
o
f
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
ive
resea
r
ch,
i
t
i
s
show
e
d
t
ha
t
u
n
i
ver
s
it
ies
can
c
r
eate
a
n
e
n
v
i
r
onm
ent
tha
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
p
hys
ica
l
a
c
t
ivi
t
y
.
S
upp
ort
s
c
a
n
b
e
imp
l
em
en
ted
in
t
he
f
orm
of
p
ro
v
i
d
i
ng
fac
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
for
p
h
y
s
i
cal
ac
t
i
v
i
ti
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
a
r
oom
w
it
h
a
trea
dmi
l
l
,
a
nd
o
t
her
si
m
p
le
e
q
uipm
en
t
t
o
s
up
p
o
r
t
aer
ob
i
c
p
h
y
s
i
cal
a
cti
v
ity
and
s
u
p
por
t
a
ll
th
e
sta
f
f
t
o
u
se
s
ta
irs
inst
ea
d
of
e
le
va
t
o
rs.
T
he
f
ac
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
for
sp
ort
s
a
re
e
xpec
t
e
d
t
o
be
ac
cessi
ble
a
nd
l
o
w
c
o
st
f
or
t
he
s
t
a
ff.
Th
is
i
s
im
por
t
a
nt
b
e
c
a
us
e
sta
f
fs
s
p
e
nd
m
os
t
of
t
h
e
ir
t
im
e
o
n
c
a
m
pus
.
The
soc
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
ion
rega
rd
i
ng
re
comm
enda
tio
ns
f
or
p
h
y
sica
l
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
f
r
o
m
W
H
O
m
u
s
t
a
l
s
o
b
e
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
;
ac
com
p
an
ie
d b
y
i
m
p
ro
vi
n
g
th
e
s
kills t
o m
a
n
g
e
ti
m
e
a
n
d
e
n
e
rgy
[2
1].
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
Be
in
g
ph
ys
ica
lly
a
c
t
ive p
l
ay
s
a
n
i
m
por
t
a
n
t
r
ole i
n
e
n
s
ur
in
g
hea
lt
h
an
d
w
e
l
l
-
b
e
i
n
g
.
Re
gu
la
r
m
oder
a
te
in
t
e
nsit
y
of
p
hys
ica
l
a
ct
ivi
t
y
w
i
l
l
r
ed
uc
e
the
risk
o
f
no
n-co
m
m
u
n
i
cabl
e
dis
e
ases.
Th
e
ma
j
o
r
i
ty
o
f
UAD
st
aff
s
are
phy
sic
a
l
l
y
a
cti
v
e
a
nd
o
v
erw
e
ig
ht.
N
o
s
ig
n
i
fica
nt
h
ea
lth
p
ro
blem
s
are
fou
n
d
.
Ind
i
vi
d
u
al,
s
o
ci
al
a
n
d
env
i
ro
nm
en
tal
fact
ors
a
r
e
i
d
e
n
t
i
fi
e
d
a
s
fac
t
or
s
tha
t
c
a
n
s
u
p
por
t
a
n
d
i
n
h
i
bi
t
ph
ys
ical
a
ct
i
v
it
y.
P
ol
icie
s
a
t
t
he
fa
cu
l
t
y
a
nd
uni
ve
rsity
l
eve
l
a
re
n
e
e
de
d
a
s
w
ell
as
c
ross-se
c
t
or
a
l
c
o
lla
b
o
ra
tio
n
w
i
th
r
ela
t
e
d
p
art
i
es
t
o
su
pp
ort
ph
ysic
a
l
a
ctiv
it
ies i
n
U
A
D
.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
W
H
O
,
"
C
o
n
s
ti
tu
ti
on
o
f
th
e
W
o
r
l
d
He
a
l
t
h
O
r
g
a
n
iz
a
t
io
n
:
P
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
,"
[
Online]
A
vail
ab
l
e
:
ht
tp:/
/ww
w
.
w
ho.in
t/
abo
u
t/m
i
s
s
i
o
n
/
en/
,
2
01
7.
[2]
Han
c
ock,
C
.,
"
R
ev
iew
th
e
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
act
iv
ity
f
o
r
heal
th
a
nd
w
ell-being
,
"
C3
Col
l
a
bora
t
i
ng fo
r
Health
, 20
1
1
.
[3]
WHO
, "Ph
ys
i
cal
Act
i
v
ity
,"
[
On
li
ne]
Ava
i
l
a
ble:
h
ttp:
//ww
w
.
w
ho.
i
n
t
/
to
p
i
cs/
p
h
y
si
cal_
acti
v
it
y
/
en/
,
2017
.
[4]
WHO
, "Gl
o
b
a
l
r
ecomme
nd
at
ion
s
o
n p
h
ysical
activit
y
fo
r health
"
,
20
10
.
[5]
Ed
wards
,
P
.
and
T
s
o
u
ros
,
A
.
D.,
"
A
H
ealth
y
Cit
y
i
s
an
A
cti
v
e
Ci
ty:
A
Ph
ysical
A
ct
ivi
t
y
Planning
G
uide",
WHO
,
20
08
.
[6]
Ind
o
n
e
sian
H
ealt
h
D
ep
artm
en
t
,
"
P
r
act
ical
G
uid
e
lines
f
o
r
n
ut
riti
on
mo
nito
ring
i
n
ad
ul
tsP
e
d
o
m
a
n
p
r
akti
s
m
e
m
a
nt
a
u
st
atus
g
izi
oran
g d
e
wasa",
2
01
1.
[7]
Bhu
r
osy
,
T
.
and
Jeewo
n
,
R.,
"Overw
eig
h
t
an
d
O
b
es
ity
Epid
emic
i
n
D
ev
eloping
Co
un
tries:
A
P
rob
l
em
w
ith
D
i
e
t
,
P
h
y
s
ical
A
ctivit
y,
o
r
So
cio
econ
o
m
i
c
Statu
s
?
,
"
Scientific
World Journal
V
o
lume
,
p
p
.
7,
R
etrei
v
ed
f
ro
m
ht
tp:/
/dx.
d
o
i.
org/10
.
1
155
/2
01
4
/
9
6
4
2
3
6
,
201
4.
[8]
Heat
,
G.
W
.,
et al
.
,
"Evi
den
ce-b
a
sed
i
n
t
e
rvent
i
on
in
p
hy
sical
act
iv
it
y
:
l
es
so
n
s
f
r
o
m
a
ro
un
d
th
e
world
,
"
T
h
e L
a
n
cet
,
vo
l.
380
(98
3
8
)
, 2
012
.
[9]
Ma
rsha
ll
,
A
.
L
.
,
"
C
ha
lle
ng
e
s
a
n
d
o
pp
ortun
i
t
i
e
s
f
o
r
p
rom
o
t
i
n
g
p
hy
sical
acti
v
ity in the wo
rkp
l
ace,"
J
ourna
l o
f
S
c
ie
n
c
e
an
d M
e
d
i
cine in Sp
ort
,
v
o
l
.
7
(
1), p
p.
6
0
-
66,
2
0
0
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 225
2-
882
2
Int.
J
.
Ev
al. & R
es. Educ.
Vol.
8
, No. 1, March 2
019
:
97
- 1
0
2
10
2
[10]
Ed
m
unds,
S.
H
urs
t
,
L.
a
n
d
H
a
r
v
e
y,
K
.
,
"
P
h
y
sical
act
iv
ity
b
arrie
rs
i
n
t
h
e
wo
rkp
l
ace:
A
n
exp
l
orat
io
n
o
f
f
acto
r
s
con
t
rib
u
t
i
n
g
t
o
n
on-p
a
rti
c
ipation
in
a
UK
wo
rkp
l
ace
p
h
y
s
i
cal
a
c
ti
vi
ty
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
nt
i
o
n
,
"
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
W
o
r
kplace H
e
al
th
M
a
nag
ement
,
20
13.
[11]
F
r
oiland
,
J.
M
.
,
"
P
h
y
s
i
cal
E
ducat
io
n
f
o
r
L
i
f
e
lo
ng
Fitn
ess
,
"
EBS
C
O Res
e
arch
St
art
e
rs
: Sal
em
Pr
es
s
Encycl
op
edia
.
Ips
w
ich
, MA
. E
BSCO,
2
0
1
5
.
[12]
M
u
h
a
mm
adiy
ah
C
o
u
n
c
il
f
or
E
ducat
ion
,
"
Res
earch
,
a
n
d
Dev
e
lop
m
ent
i
n
H
igher
Educati
o
n
(
M
aj
el
is
D
ikt
ili
t
b
ang
M
u
h
a
mm
adiy
ah),"
Un
iver
si
ta
s
Ahma
d D
ahla
n
Yogya
k
art
a
,
20
18.
[13]
Bu
l
l
,
F.C
.
M
asl
i
n
,
T
.S
.
and
Amstro
ng
,
T
.,
"Gl
o
bal
Ph
y
s
i
cal
A
ct
i
vi
ty
Q
ue
s
tion
n
a
i
re
(
GPAQ)
N
in
e
Co
un
try
Reli
abi
lit
y
and Vali
d
ity
S
tudy,"
Jour
na
l of Physica
l
A
c
ti
v
i
t
y
an
d
H
e
alt
h
,
vol.
6,
pp.
7
9
0
-80
4
,
2
0
0
9
.
[14]
Clel
and,
et
al
.,
"Vali
d
ity
o
f
th
e
G
l
o
b
al
P
h
y
s
i
cal
A
ctivit
y
Qu
estionn
aire
(
GP
A
Q
)
i
n
as
ses
s
in
g
l
e
vels
a
nd
c
h
a
ng
e
i
n
mo
de
ra
te
-v
ig
oro
u
s ph
y
s
ic
a
l
a
c
t
iv
ity
a
n
d se
de
n
t
a
r
y b
e
ha
v
i
o
u
r,"
B
M
C
P
u
b
l
ic
H
e
al
th
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
-1
1,
201
4.
[15]
Qom
a
ri
yah,
N
.
As
tuti
,
F.
D
.
Pr
ia
m
b
o
dho
,
A
.
A
.
,
"
P
h
y
s
i
cal
activi
t
y
a
m
o
n
g
und
ergrad
uat
e
s
tud
e
nts,
"
Pro
ceedi
ng 4
th
UP
H
E
C
, 2
01
8.
[16]
P
a
rso
n
s,
T
.
J.
M
ano
r
,
O
.
P
ow
er,
C.,
"P
hy
sical
a
cti
v
i
t
y
and
c
h
an
g
e
i
n
bo
dy
m
as
s
i
n
d
e
x
f
r
om
a
d
o
l
e
scen
c
e
t
o
m
i
d-
adu
l
t
hoo
d
in
t
h
e
1
9
58
British
cohort
,
"
Int
e
rnati
onal
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
Epid
emio
lo
gy
,
v
o
l
.
35
,
p
p
. 1
97
–2
04
,
20
06
.
[17]
Inf
o
dat
i
n, "
H
i
pe
rtensi
,
"
P
u
s
a
t Da
ta
da
n
In
form
a
s
i Kemen
t
er
ian
Kes
e
hat
an
RI
,
2
0
14.
[18]
US
D
epart
m
ent
of
H
ealt
h
a
nd
H
u
m
an
S
erv
i
ces
,
"
T
h
e
S
even
R
ep
o
r
t
o
f
the
Joint
Nati
ona
l
C
om
mittee
o
n
Prev
ent
i
on
,
Det
ectio
n
,
Ev
a
lu
at
io
n,
a
nd
Treatm
e
n
t
o
f
Hi
gh
B
lo
od
P
ress
ure,
2
0
03
.
[19]
M
acera, C. A
.,
et
al
.
, "
Pro
m
ot
in
g
h
e
a
l
th
y e
a
t
in
g a
n
d
p
hysical
acti
v
i
t
y
f
o
r a h
ealt
h
ier
nati
on,
"
20
10
.
[20]
S
c
herrer,
P
.
He
n
l
ey,
N.
S
heri
d
a
n,
L
.
Sib
s
on
,
R.
a
nd
R
yan
,
M
.
,
"
M
a
in
ta
in
in
g
mo
me
n
t
um
:
t
h
e
c
h
a
l
le
n
g
e
o
f
a
wo
rkp
l
ace
ph
ys
ical
acti
v
ity
p
ro
g
r
am
t
o
su
s
t
ain
m
o
t
i
v
a
tio
n
a
n
d
a
ctivi
t
y."
Jo
urnal
f
o
r
resea
r
c
h
an
d
co
ns
um
er,
vo
l.
14,
2
0
0
8
.
[21]
WHO
, "Mi
l
e
s
t
o
n
es i
n
Healt
h
Pr
o
mot
i
o
n
, S
t
a
t
e
men
t
s
f
r
o
m
G
l
o
ba
l Co
nf
erences
,"
200
9.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.