I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
201
7
,
p
p
.
4
5
~5
3
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
45
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JE
R
E
Studen
t
a
nd Tea
c
her F
a
c
tors
as
P
r
edictors o
f
Statist
ics
A
chiev
e
m
en
t
in
F
ederal
Schoo
l of
S
tatistics Iba
da
n
Abel
Ade
k
a
n
m
iA
det
o
na
In
stit
u
te
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ib
a
d
a
n
,
I
b
a
d
a
n
Nig
e
ria
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
an
u
ar
y
13
th
,
2
0
1
7
R
ev
i
s
ed
Feb
r
u
ar
y
10
th
,
2
0
1
7
A
cc
ep
ted
Feb
r
u
ar
y
13
th
,
2
0
1
7
T
h
e
stu
d
y
a
i
m
e
d
a
t
a
ss
e
ss
in
g
h
o
w
stu
d
e
n
ts
a
n
d
tea
c
h
e
rs
fa
c
to
r
tak
e
n
to
g
e
th
e
r
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
stu
d
e
n
ts’
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
S
tatisti
c
s
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
th
e
i
r
re
lativ
e
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ti
o
n
t
o
th
e
p
re
d
ictio
n
.
Tw
o
re
se
a
rc
h
q
u
e
stio
n
s
w
e
re
r
a
ise
d
a
n
d
p
u
r
p
o
siv
e
sa
m
p
li
n
g
w
a
s
a
d
o
p
ted
to
se
lec
t
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
d
ip
l
o
m
a
y
e
a
r
2
stu
d
e
n
ts
sin
c
e
th
e
y
a
re
a
lr
e
a
d
y
in
th
e
ir
f
in
a
l
lev
e
l
in
t
h
e
sc
h
o
o
l.
A
ll
th
e
l
e
c
tu
re
rs
in
S
tatisti
c
s
d
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
a
n
d
y
e
a
r
2
S
tatisti
c
s
stu
d
e
n
ts
w
e
re
u
se
d
f
o
r
th
e
stu
d
y
.
S
tu
d
e
n
t
Qu
e
stio
n
n
a
ire
(S
Q),
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
S
taff
S
c
a
le
(
T
S
S
),
a
n
d
S
tatisti
c
s
A
c
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
T
e
st
(S
AT
)
we
re
u
se
d
f
o
r
d
a
ta
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
u
sin
g
d
e
sc
rip
ti
v
e
a
n
d
m
u
lt
ip
le
re
g
re
ss
io
n
.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
e
d
th
a
t
th
e
f
o
u
r
(4
)
v
a
riab
les
ta
k
e
n
to
g
e
th
e
r
h
a
d
sig
n
if
ica
n
t
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ti
o
n
t
o
stu
d
e
n
ts’
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
S
tatisti
c
s
a
n
d
a
c
c
o
u
n
te
d
f
o
r
8
0
.
8
%
o
f
th
e
v
a
riatio
n
in
stu
d
e
n
ts’
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
S
tatisti
c
s.
L
e
c
tu
re
r
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
a
n
d
st
u
d
e
n
ts
a
tt
it
u
d
e
to
S
tatisti
c
s
w
e
re
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
sig
n
if
ica
n
t
b
u
t
lec
tu
re
r
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
c
o
n
tri
b
u
te
d
m
o
stl
y
to
th
e
stu
d
e
n
ts’
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
sta
ti
stics
.
It
wa
s
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
th
a
t
sta
k
e
h
o
ld
e
rs
in
p
ro
v
isi
o
n
o
f
S
tatisti
c
s
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
t
t
h
e
m
o
n
o
tec
h
n
ic
in
stit
u
ti
o
n
s
lev
e
l
m
u
st
c
o
n
sid
e
r
th
e
f
o
u
r
v
a
riab
les
th
a
t
c
o
n
tri
b
u
te
d
sig
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
to
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
se
rio
u
sly
d
u
ri
n
g
p
la
n
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
th
e
S
tatisti
c
s
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
p
r
o
g
ra
m
m
e
s
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
u
m
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
stu
d
e
n
ts
i
n
S
tat
isti
c
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
Mo
n
o
tech
n
ic
in
s
tit
u
tio
n
Statis
t
ics ed
u
ca
tio
n
Stu
d
e
n
ts
’
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
T
ea
ch
er
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
7
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
A
b
el
A
d
ek
a
n
m
i
A
d
eto
n
a
,
I
n
s
tit
u
te
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
U
n
iv
er
s
it
y
o
f
I
b
ad
an
,
I
b
ad
an
Nig
er
ia
.
E
m
ail: l
s
n
t
l@
cc
u
.
ed
u
.
t
w
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Statis
t
ics
is
a
n
in
d
i
s
p
en
s
ab
le
to
o
l
f
o
r
n
atio
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
,
g
r
o
w
t
h
an
d
p
lan
n
in
g
.
A
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
o
u
t
v
iab
le
i
n
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
d
i
s
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
an
d
u
s
a
g
e
is
s
ev
er
el
y
h
a
n
d
icap
p
ed
in
d
o
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
p
lan
n
i
n
g
,
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
a
n
d
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
es
a
n
d
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
an
d
also
i
n
ar
r
iv
in
g
at
g
o
o
d
d
ec
is
io
n
w
i
t
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
t
h
eir
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
p
o
lic
y
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
4
0
]
,
in
n
at
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
t
h
e
asp
ir
atio
n
s
o
f
a
p
o
lic
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
to
attain
s
u
ch
g
o
als as
f
u
ll e
m
p
lo
y
m
en
t,
p
r
ice
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
w
th
,
eq
u
ilib
r
i
u
m
i
n
th
e
b
alan
ce
o
f
p
a
y
m
e
n
t,
eq
u
itab
le
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
i
n
co
m
e,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
s
o
cial
s
ec
u
r
it
y
,
p
o
liti
ca
l
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
s
o
o
n
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
a
f
air
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
s
u
cc
e
s
s
in
t
h
e
g
o
al
s
s
tated
,
th
er
e
is
n
ee
d
to
m
ap
o
u
t
s
tr
ate
g
ic
p
lan
s
,
s
et
u
p
m
ac
h
in
er
y
f
o
r
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
lan
s
a
n
d
m
o
n
i
to
r
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
; t
h
is
i
s
ex
ac
tl
y
t
h
e
p
o
in
t a
t
w
h
ich
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
tatis
tic
s
is
v
ital a
n
d
r
elev
an
t.
T
h
e
w
o
r
d
“
s
tati
s
tic
s
”
is
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
lati
n
ter
m
s
tat
is
tic
u
m
co
lle
g
i
u
m
(
"
co
u
n
ci
l
o
f
s
tate"
)
an
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
italian
w
o
r
d
s
tat
is
ta
w
h
ic
h
m
ea
n
s
“state
s
m
a
n
o
r
p
o
liti
cian
”.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
u
s
ag
e
o
f
s
tatis
tics
w
as
b
y
s
tates
w
h
ic
h
co
llected
d
ata
o
n
its
p
eo
p
le
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
.
L
a
ter
s
tati
s
tics
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
d
ata
as
w
ell
as
a
n
al
y
zi
n
g
th
e
m
.
T
h
e
n
a
tio
n
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
o
licies
an
d
c
o
m
p
lex
i
n
ter
ac
ti
o
n
s
a
m
o
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ec
to
r
s
o
f
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
m
a
k
e
it
i
m
p
er
ativ
e
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
u
p
m
ac
r
o
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
lan
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
els.
T
h
is
k
in
d
o
f
m
o
d
el
b
u
i
ld
-
u
p
is
o
n
l
y
p
o
s
s
ib
le
w
it
h
s
tati
s
tical
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
w
h
ich
i
s
also
u
s
ed
in
es
ti
m
at
in
g
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el)
en
ab
les
u
s
to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
o
cial
w
ell
-
b
ein
g
o
f
th
e
p
eo
p
le;
th
e
Stati
s
tics
r
eq
u
ir
ed
i
n
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
o
lic
y
f
o
r
m
u
la
tio
n
in
clu
d
e
Ma
cr
o
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
g
g
r
e
g
ates
(
GDP
,
GNP
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:2
2
5
2
-
8822
I
J
E
R
E
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
201
7
:
4
5
–
5
3
46
C
ap
ital
Fo
r
m
atio
n
,
E
x
ter
n
al
t
r
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
i
n
p
u
t/o
u
tp
u
t
co
ef
f
icie
n
ts
,
etc)
,
C
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
ata
(
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
&
P
r
iv
ate)
,
I
n
v
est
m
e
n
t
E
x
p
en
d
itu
r
e
(
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
&
P
r
iv
at
e)
,
I
m
p
o
r
t
an
d
E
x
p
o
r
ts
,
P
r
i
ce
s
an
d
I
n
f
la
tio
n
,
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
P
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
I
n
d
ices,
E
n
er
g
y
an
d
P
o
w
er
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
/ c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
Ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
an
d
r
a
w
Ma
ter
ia
l
P
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
T
r
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
I
n
d
icato
r
s
,
G
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
Ser
v
ices,
Ho
u
s
i
n
g
&
Fi
n
an
ce
,
I
n
ter
e
s
t
R
ates
&
E
x
ch
a
n
g
e
R
a
tes,
B
an
k
i
n
g
&
Fi
n
an
ce
,
Statis
ti
cs
o
n
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Hea
lt
h
I
n
d
icato
r
s
,
P
o
p
u
latio
n
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
Sa
n
itatio
n
an
d
W
ater
Su
p
p
ly
I
n
d
icato
r
s
,
C
u
l
tu
r
al
an
d
I
m
m
i
g
r
atio
n
F
lo
w
s
,
R
eli
g
io
n
&
Hu
m
a
n
R
ig
h
t
s
in
d
icato
r
s
a
n
d
P
u
b
lic
o
r
d
er
in
d
icato
r
s
[
4
0
]
.
I
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
tati
s
tic
s
to
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
lan
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
i
n
Ni
g
er
ia
c
an
n
o
t
b
e
o
v
er
e
m
p
h
a
s
ized
as
t
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
p
eo
p
le
an
d
o
r
g
an
izat
io
n
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
g
at
h
er
in
g
o
f
s
tati
s
tics
i
n
Ni
g
er
ia,
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
Natio
n
al
B
u
r
ea
u
o
f
Stati
s
tics
,
C
en
tr
al
B
an
k
o
f
Ni
g
er
ia,
N
atio
n
al
P
o
p
u
latio
n
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
,
Nig
er
ia
Natio
n
a
l
P
etr
o
leu
m
C
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
r
esear
c
h
er
s
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ics
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
NB
S
is
s
ad
d
led
w
it
h
th
e
o
n
er
o
u
s
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ie
s
o
f
co
llectio
n
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
s
to
r
in
g
a
n
d
p
u
b
lis
h
i
n
g
th
e
d
ata
as
w
el
l
as
ad
v
is
i
n
g
t
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
to
m
a
k
e
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
d
ec
is
io
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ca
r
e
f
u
ll
y
co
llected
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
d
ata.
Statis
t
ics
h
a
s
g
r
o
w
n
o
v
er
t
h
e
y
ea
r
s
all
o
v
er
th
e
w
o
r
ld
a
s
a
b
r
an
c
h
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
w
h
ic
h
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
ar
e
b
ette
r
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
,
s
o
u
n
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ar
e
tak
e
n
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
ar
e
m
ad
e.
I
n
Nig
er
ia,
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
t
h
e
NB
S
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
t
h
e
m
id
d
le
le
v
el
s
tatis
ticia
n
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
e
s
tab
lis
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
Fed
er
a
l
Sch
o
o
l
o
f
Stati
s
tic
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
o
v
er
e
m
p
h
asized
.
T
h
e
g
r
ad
u
ates
o
f
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
ar
e
n
o
w
o
cc
u
p
y
i
n
g
en
v
iab
le
p
o
s
it
io
n
i
n
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ec
to
r
s
o
f
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
s
u
c
h
as
C
e
n
tr
al
B
an
k
o
f
N
ig
er
ia
(
C
B
N)
,
Nig
er
ia
P
o
r
t
Au
t
h
o
r
it
y
(
NP
C
)
,
Natio
n
a
l P
o
p
u
latio
n
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
io
n
(
NP
C
)
,
Nig
er
ia
Natio
n
al
P
etr
o
leu
m
C
o
r
p
o
r
ati
o
n
(
NNP
C
)
,
Natio
n
al
I
n
s
tit
u
te
o
f
So
cial
a
n
d
E
co
n
o
m
ic
R
esear
c
h
(
NI
SER),
Fed
er
al
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Mi
n
es
an
d
p
o
w
er
,
v
ar
io
u
s
Fed
er
al,
an
d
s
tate
m
i
n
i
s
tr
ies
o
f
b
u
d
g
ets,
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
p
la
n
n
i
n
g
,
r
esear
ch
a
n
d
Statis
tic
s
as
w
ell
as
lo
ca
l
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t p
lan
n
i
n
g
r
esear
ch
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
y
.
T
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
Statis
tic
s
to
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
n
atio
n
b
u
ild
i
n
g
is
s
o
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
a
n
d
is
g
r
o
win
g
b
y
t
h
e
d
ay
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
is
n
o
w
ap
p
lie
d
v
ir
tu
al
l
y
in
al
l
f
ield
s
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
e
n
d
ea
v
o
u
r
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
m
ed
icin
e,
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
,
b
u
s
i
n
ess
,
s
p
o
r
ts
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
.
T
h
e
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
o
f
Statis
t
ics
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
in
m
an
y
o
r
g
an
iz
atio
n
s
d
o
in
g
w
el
l
in
th
eir
ch
o
s
e
n
ca
r
ee
r
.
T
h
ey
c
an
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
t
h
e
f
ie
ld
s
u
ch
as
i
n
s
u
r
an
ce
(
ac
tu
ar
ial
s
cien
ce
)
,
b
io
m
etr
ics
(
b
io
m
etr
icia
n
)
,
b
io
s
tatis
tic
s
(
b
io
s
tatis
ticia
n
)
,
r
esear
ch
in
s
t
itu
tio
n
s
(
r
esear
ch
f
el
lo
w
s
)
,
d
ata
an
al
y
s
i
s
(
d
ata
an
al
y
s
ts
)
a
n
d
s
tati
s
tics
lect
u
r
er
s
in
v
ar
io
u
s
h
i
g
h
er
i
n
s
ti
tu
t
io
n
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
all
o
v
er
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
y
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
r
o
les
o
f
Stati
s
t
ics
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
its
ap
p
licatio
n
to
r
esear
c
h
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
o
v
er
e
m
p
h
a
s
ized
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
t
atis
tics
i
n
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
r
esear
ch
h
as
g
r
o
w
n
f
r
o
m
j
u
s
t
co
llectio
n
an
d
an
al
y
zi
n
g
o
f
d
ata
f
o
r
p
er
ce
n
tag
es,
m
ea
n
s
a
n
d
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
to
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
an
d
h
as
h
elp
ed
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
u
n
co
v
er
t
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
v
ar
iab
les
r
elati
n
g
t
o
h
u
m
a
n
p
o
ten
t
ial
s
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
t
atis
tics
h
a
s
also
b
ee
n
f
ac
il
ita
ted
w
it
h
t
h
e
ad
v
e
n
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
w
h
ic
h
h
av
e
h
aste
n
ed
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
ata
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
.
T
h
e
a
n
al
y
s
is
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
ea
s
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
u
s
e
o
f
s
tatis
tical
p
ac
k
ag
es
l
ik
e
SP
SS
,
S
A
S,
AM
OS,
L
I
S
R
E
L
,
B
I
L
OG,
a
n
d
SEP
A
T
H
e.
t.c
.
f
o
r
m
o
d
el
test
i
n
g
to
i
n
f
o
r
m
p
o
lic
y
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
er
s
t
h
er
eb
y
m
ak
in
g
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
tat
is
tic
s
in
r
esear
ch
co
n
v
e
n
ie
n
t a
n
d
u
s
er
f
r
ien
d
l
y
.
Mo
n
o
tech
n
ic
i
n
s
ti
tu
t
io
n
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
ter
tiar
y
in
s
tit
u
tio
n
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
i
n
N
ig
er
ia
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
ta
k
e
p
lace
in
t
h
ese
ter
tiar
y
i
n
s
ti
tu
t
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
ter
tiar
y
i
n
s
ti
tu
t
io
n
i
n
N
ig
er
ia
in
cl
u
d
es
U
n
i
v
er
s
itie
s
,
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
s
/Mo
n
o
tec
h
ic
s
a
n
d
C
o
lleg
e
s
o
f
E
d
u
ca
t
io
n
s
.
P
o
ly
tech
n
ic
s
a
n
d
Mo
n
o
tec
h
n
ics
w
er
e
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
to
tr
ain
tec
h
n
ical
a
n
d
m
id
d
le
le
v
el
m
a
n
p
o
w
er
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
ey
o
f
f
er
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
in
n
o
v
at
io
n
a
n
d
s
cien
ce
o
r
ien
ted
co
u
r
s
es
s
u
c
h
as
m
etal
w
o
r
k
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
/au
to
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
elec
tr
ical
a
n
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
b
u
ild
in
g
an
d
w
o
o
d
w
o
r
k
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Scien
ce
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Stati
s
tic
s
an
d
o
th
er
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
o
r
ien
ted
co
u
r
s
e
s
.
I
b
ad
an
,
th
e
ca
p
ital
city
o
f
O
y
o
Sta
te,
h
o
u
s
e
s
all
th
e
th
r
ee
(
3
)
ty
p
es
o
f
ter
tiar
y
in
s
t
itu
tio
n
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
o
w
n
ed
b
y
Fed
er
al
an
d
St
ate
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
ts
as
w
ell
as
p
r
iv
ate
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
o
w
n
ed
.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
ce
n
tr
ed
o
n
Fed
er
al
Mo
n
o
tech
n
ic
in
s
t
itu
tio
n
s
in
I
b
ad
an
,
O
y
o
State.
T
h
e
Fed
er
al
Mo
n
o
tech
n
ic
i
n
s
tit
u
tio
n
s
i
n
I
b
ad
an
ar
e
m
a
n
y
;
Fed
er
al
C
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
C
o
lle
g
e
E
le
y
ele
(
F
C
C
)
,
Fed
er
al
Sc
h
o
o
l
o
f
Statis
t
ics
(
FS
S)
A
j
ib
o
d
e
r
o
ad
,
Fed
er
al
C
o
lle
g
e
o
f
A
g
r
ic
u
lt
u
r
e
(
FC
A
)
,
Fed
er
al
C
o
lle
g
e
o
f
An
i
m
al
Hea
lt
h
a
n
d
Hu
s
b
a
n
d
r
y
(
F
C
A
H
&
H)
,
a
n
d
Fed
er
al
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
Fo
r
estr
y
(
FC
F),
I
b
ad
an
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
l
y
o
n
Fed
er
al
Sch
o
o
l o
f
Stati
s
tic
s
(
FS
S),
I
b
ad
an
,
O
y
o
s
tate.
T
h
e
Fed
er
al
Sch
o
o
l o
f
Sta
tis
ti
cs is
a
Fed
er
al
Mo
n
o
tech
n
ic
in
s
tit
u
tio
n
th
a
t
w
a
s
estab
li
s
h
ed
i
n
1
9
6
1
b
y
s
tatis
t
ical
ac
t
o
f
2
0
0
7
.
T
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
ca
m
e
to
e
x
is
te
n
ce
a
s
t
h
e
r
o
les
o
f
s
tati
s
tic
s
i
n
n
atio
n
b
u
ild
in
g
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
p
la
y
s
a
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
r
o
l
e
b
y
d
r
a
w
i
n
g
i
n
f
er
en
ce
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
d
ata
f
o
r
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ac
r
o
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
p
o
licies
in
t
h
e
n
at
io
n
b
u
ild
i
n
g
.
Gr
o
w
t
h
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
n
atio
n
c
an
o
n
l
y
b
e
attain
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
u
s
e
s
o
f
q
u
ali
tativ
e
a
n
d
q
u
an
titati
v
e
d
ata
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
i
ts
m
ac
r
o
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
g
o
als o
r
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es.
T
h
o
u
g
h
F
SS
i
n
Nig
er
ia
o
p
er
ates
a
m
u
lti
-
ca
m
p
u
s
s
y
s
te
m
,
wh
ich
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
in
th
r
ee
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
tate
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
;
I
b
ad
an
,
Kad
u
n
a
a
n
d
E
n
u
g
u
.
FS
S
w
h
i
ch
ar
e
s
c
h
o
o
ls
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
o
f
Na
tio
n
al
B
u
r
ea
u
o
f
Stati
s
tics
(
NB
S)
o
f
f
er
q
u
alit
y
s
tati
s
tics
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
to
n
o
n
-
s
tati
s
ticia
n
s
,
i
n
-
s
er
v
ic
e
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
j
u
n
io
r
s
tatis
t
ical
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
i
n
p
u
b
li
c
s
er
v
ice
w
i
th
o
u
t
r
esi
g
n
in
g
t
h
eir
ap
p
o
in
t
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
Statis
t
ics
an
d
o
th
er
r
elate
d
co
u
r
s
es.
FS
S
r
u
n
s
o
n
l
y
Nat
io
n
al
Dip
lo
m
a
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
in
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
co
u
r
s
e
s
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
R
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
S
tu
d
en
t
a
n
d
Tea
c
h
er fa
cto
r
s
a
s
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f S
t
a
tis
tics
a
ch
ie
ve
men
t in
F
ed
era
l…
(
A
b
el
A
d
e
ka
n
mi
A
d
eto
n
a
)
47
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
t
h
e
Na
tio
n
al
B
o
ar
d
f
o
r
T
ec
h
n
ical
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
;
St
atis
tics
,
B
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
A
d
m
i
n
is
tr
ati
o
n
,
an
d
C
o
m
p
u
ter
s
cien
ce
as c
o
n
tai
n
ed
in
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
h
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
an
d
s
c
h
o
o
l p
r
o
s
p
ec
tu
s
.
T
h
e
ca
m
p
u
s
i
s
h
ea
d
ed
b
y
a
R
ec
to
r
w
h
o
tak
es
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
a
y
to
d
a
y
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
at
io
n
o
n
t
h
e
r
ele
v
a
n
t
ca
m
p
u
s
e
s
w
h
ile
th
e
g
en
er
al
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
t
h
e
en
t
ir
e
s
ch
o
o
l
is
h
ea
d
ed
b
y
t
h
e
Dir
ec
to
r
(
T
r
ain
in
g
/NB
S
h
ea
d
q
u
ar
te
r
s
)
,
in
ter
n
a
ll
y
ea
ch
ca
m
p
u
s
co
m
p
r
i
s
es
ac
ad
e
m
ic,
ad
m
in
i
s
tr
ati
v
e
a
n
d
lib
r
ar
y
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
Natio
n
al
Dip
lo
m
a
ce
r
tif
icate
o
f
F
SS
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
in
v
ar
io
u
s
estab
li
s
h
m
e
n
ts
as
m
id
d
le
lev
el
s
tatis
ticia
n
s
a
n
d
also
th
e
ce
r
tific
ate
s
er
v
es
a
s
p
r
e
-
r
eq
u
i
s
ite
f
o
r
ad
m
is
s
io
n
i
n
to
Hig
h
er
Nati
o
n
al
Dip
lo
m
a
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
an
d
B
ac
h
elo
r
d
eg
r
ee
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
in
N
i
g
er
ia
Un
i
v
er
s
itie
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
in
d
icate
s
t
h
at
all
s
t
u
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
p
r
i
m
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ar
e
to
m
o
v
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
f
o
r
th
eir
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
f
i
n
al
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
tak
e
t
h
e
Se
n
io
r
Sch
o
o
l
L
ea
v
i
n
g
C
er
ti
f
icate
(
S
SC
E
)
f
r
o
m
eit
h
er
o
r
b
o
th
r
eg
is
ter
ed
p
u
b
lic
ex
a
m
in
in
g
b
o
d
ies
in
Ni
g
er
ia
(
i.e
.
W
est
Af
r
ica
n
E
x
a
m
i
n
atio
n
s
C
o
u
n
cil
o
r
Natio
n
al
E
x
a
m
in
atio
n
C
o
u
n
ci
l)
,
th
er
ea
f
ter
ap
p
ly
w
it
h
th
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
b
tain
ed
to
an
y
o
f
t
h
eir
ch
o
i
ce
o
f
ter
tiar
y
in
s
tit
u
tio
n
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
(
U
n
iv
e
r
s
it
y
,
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
,
o
r
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
/Mo
n
o
tet
h
n
ic)
.
T
h
e
ap
p
lican
t
s
w
i
ll
w
r
ite
an
d
m
u
s
t
p
ass
th
e
Un
if
ied
T
er
tiar
y
Ma
tr
ic
u
latio
n
E
x
a
m
in
at
io
n
s
(
UT
ME
)
b
y
J
o
in
t
A
d
m
is
s
io
n
Ma
tr
ic
u
latio
n
B
o
ar
d
(
J
A
MB
)
b
ef
o
r
e
h
e/
s
h
e
ca
n
b
e
o
f
f
er
ed
ad
m
is
s
io
n
in
to
ter
tiar
y
i
n
s
tit
u
t
io
n
ap
p
lied
to
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
l
in
k
s
an
d
th
r
ee
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ch
an
n
el
s
to
h
i
g
h
er
in
s
t
itu
tio
n
s
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ch
a
n
n
el
a
s
s
u
m
es
t
h
at
a
g
r
ad
u
ate
w
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
N
C
E
an
d
th
e
n
to
t
h
e
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
t
w
o
c
h
an
n
el
s
ar
e
th
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
o
n
es,
th
a
t
is
,
t
h
o
s
e
w
h
o
w
e
n
t
s
tr
ai
g
h
t
f
r
o
m
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
to
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
a
n
d
th
o
s
e
w
h
o
w
e
n
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
to
P
o
ly
tech
n
ic
s
/Mo
n
o
tech
n
i
c
th
en
to
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Or
g
an
o
g
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
an
n
el
s
to
h
i
g
h
er
i
n
s
ti
tu
t
io
n
s
i
n
Ni
g
er
ia
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
s
a
n
d
Mo
n
o
tech
n
i
cs
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
th
e
in
s
tit
u
tio
n
a
l
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
m
ea
n
t
to
e
n
h
a
n
ce
Nig
er
ia
’
s
tech
n
ical
g
r
o
w
t
h
at
t
h
e
ter
ti
ar
y
lev
el.
T
h
e
P
o
l
y
tech
n
ic
s
b
ec
am
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
e
n
ed
in
1
9
8
5
b
y
a
d
ec
r
ee
an
d
en
r
o
l
m
e
n
ts
i
n
to
th
e
m
w
er
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
to
b
e
s
ev
en
t
y
p
er
ce
n
t
(
7
0
%)
f
o
r
s
cien
ce
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
r
elate
d
co
u
r
s
es
an
d
th
ir
t
y
p
er
ce
n
t
(
3
0
%)
f
o
r
b
u
s
i
n
ess
r
elate
d
co
u
r
s
e
s
f
o
r
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
ac
q
u
is
it
io
n
o
f
m
id
d
le
lev
el
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
m
an
p
o
w
er
[
3
3
]
.
Nig
er
ia
Natio
n
al
P
o
lic
y
o
n
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
d
ef
i
n
es
T
ec
h
n
ical
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
as
“
th
a
t
asp
ec
t
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
w
h
ic
h
lead
s
to
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
an
d
ap
p
lied
s
k
i
lls
as
w
ell
as
De
s
cr
ip
tiv
e
s
c
i
en
ti
f
ic
k
n
o
w
led
g
e”
.
T
ec
h
n
ical
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
is
b
r
o
ad
b
ased
an
d
co
u
ld
b
e
r
elev
an
t
to
p
eo
p
le
b
y
tr
ain
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
to
b
e
s
k
illed
in
a
w
a
y
th
at
e
n
ab
les
th
e
m
to
b
e
i
n
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
o
r
b
e
s
el
f
-
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
as
w
el
l
as
teac
h
in
g
th
e
m
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
k
ills
w
h
ic
h
w
o
u
ld
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
t
h
eir
n
atio
n
a
l
ec
o
n
o
m
y
.
O
n
t
h
e
w
h
o
le,
th
e
b
e
n
e
f
its
o
f
T
ec
h
n
ical
E
d
u
ca
t
io
n
ar
e
li
m
it
less
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
th
e
lo
w
er
i
n
g
o
f
u
n
e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
an
d
en
h
an
ci
n
g
n
atio
n
al
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
w
t
h
.
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
/Mo
n
o
tec
h
n
ic
i
s
s
ad
d
led
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
tech
n
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
w
h
ile
Un
i
v
er
s
itie
s
ar
e
lef
t
w
it
h
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
g
r
ad
u
ates i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
[
1
5
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Oj
im
b
a
[
3
2
]
,
te
ch
n
ica
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
s
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ter
m
re
f
er
r
in
g
to
“
t
h
o
s
e
asp
ec
t
s
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
g
e
n
er
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
r
elate
d
s
ci
en
ce
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
s
k
i
lls
,
at
tit
u
d
es,
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
a
n
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
r
elati
n
g
to
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
s
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ec
to
r
s
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
s
o
cial
li
f
e”
.
T
ec
h
n
ica
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
er
ef
o
r
e
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
as
th
e
f
o
r
m
al
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
s
to
b
ec
o
m
e
tec
h
n
ic
ian
s
i
n
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
s
.
T
h
u
s
an
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
t
h
at
i
s
g
ea
r
ed
to
w
ar
d
s
teac
h
in
g
tec
h
n
ical
s
k
ills
an
d
atti
tu
d
es
s
u
itab
le
t
o
s
u
c
h
s
k
ill
s
ca
n
b
e
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as tec
h
n
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
in
N
ig
er
ia
d
o
en
c
o
u
n
ter
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
d
ata
co
llectio
n
f
r
o
m
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
s
w
h
e
n
th
e
n
ee
d
ar
is
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
s
u
c
h
as
p
o
o
r
r
ec
o
r
d
k
ee
p
in
g
,
in
ad
eq
u
ate
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
r
esear
ch
,
u
n
co
n
d
u
ci
v
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
d
u
e
to
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ec
u
r
it
y
c
h
alle
n
g
es,
an
d
h
o
ar
d
in
g
o
f
r
elev
an
t
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
d
u
e
to
f
ea
r
o
f
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
th
ei
r
in
ad
eq
u
ac
ies
as
s
o
m
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
also
h
a
v
e
litt
le
o
r
n
o
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:2
2
5
2
-
8822
I
J
E
R
E
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
201
7
:
4
5
–
5
3
48
co
llectio
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
d
ata.
I
n
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
i
s
,
th
e
n
ee
d
to
tr
ain
m
o
r
e
h
a
n
d
s
i
n
s
tatis
t
ics
b
ec
o
m
e
s
i
m
p
er
ativ
e
as
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
d
em
a
n
d
o
f
u
s
e
o
f
s
tatis
t
ics
in
th
e
s
o
ciet
y
a
n
d
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
r
esear
ch
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
o
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
r
ate
an
d
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
o
v
er
e
m
p
h
asize
d
.
I
t
is
q
u
ite
o
b
v
io
u
s
t
h
at
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
o
n
u
s
e
o
f
q
u
alit
y
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
i
ate
s
tatis
tic
s
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
n
ec
es
s
itated
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
Fed
er
al
Sch
o
o
l
o
f
Statis
t
ics
b
y
th
e
s
tati
s
tics
ac
t
o
f
2
0
0
7
,
p
ar
t
I
I
,
No
.
7
(
1
)
a,
b
,
&
c
an
d
Natio
n
al
B
u
r
e
au
o
f
Statis
tics
a
s
s
u
p
er
v
i
s
o
r
y
a
g
en
c
y
w
it
h
t
h
e
m
ai
n
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
tr
ain
in
g
t
h
e
j
u
n
io
r
s
tati
s
tical
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
i
n
p
u
b
lic
s
er
v
ice
th
e
r
u
d
i
m
e
n
ts
o
f
s
tati
s
tic
s
w
it
h
o
u
t
r
esi
g
n
i
n
g
t
h
eir
ap
p
o
in
t
m
e
n
t
an
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
Descr
ip
ti
v
e
s
ta
tis
tical
tr
ain
i
n
g
f
o
r
s
tatis
t
ical
tec
h
n
ician
s
i
n
p
u
b
li
c
s
ec
to
r
.
FS
S
is
t
h
e
o
ld
est
in
s
titu
tio
n
o
f
s
tati
s
tic
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
N
ig
er
ia
a
n
d
h
as
b
ee
n
o
v
er
5
5
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
is
te
n
ce
,
y
et
it
w
as
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
li
m
ited
ef
f
o
r
t
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ir
ec
te
d
at
th
e
in
s
tit
u
tio
n
s
b
y
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
in
d
i
v
id
u
als.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
e
s
ta
tis
tic
s
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
tr
ain
i
n
g
o
f
m
id
d
le
lev
el
m
an
p
o
w
er
(
s
tatis
tic
s
tec
h
n
ician
s
)
h
as
g
o
n
e
b
e
y
o
n
d
t
h
e
p
u
r
v
ie
w
o
f
FS
S
o
n
l
y
as
m
a
n
y
ac
cr
ed
ited
p
o
ly
tec
h
n
ics,
a
n
d
Mo
n
o
tech
n
ics
in
Ni
g
er
ia
ar
e
also
r
u
n
n
in
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
o
f
tr
ain
in
g
s
t
u
d
en
ts
i
n
s
t
atis
tics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
Nig
er
ia.
So
m
e
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
im
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
to
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
;
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
att
itu
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
Stati
s
tics
,
p
ar
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
lectu
r
er
y
ea
r
s
o
f
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
,
q
u
ali
f
icatio
n
an
d
St
u
d
en
t
s
’
ac
h
o
r
r
iev
e
m
en
t in
S
tatis
tics
1
.
1
.
L
it
er
a
t
ure
Rev
iew
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
o
as
to
ascer
tain
h
o
w
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
an
d
teac
h
er
f
ac
t
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
h
ad
b
ee
n
ab
le
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
A
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
Statis
ti
cs
in
Fed
er
al
Mo
n
o
tech
n
ic
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
i
n
I
b
ad
an
,
O
y
o
s
tate.
I
n
th
e
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
r
eg
o
in
g
,
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
lo
o
k
ed
in
to
s
tu
d
e
n
t
an
d
teac
h
er
v
ar
iab
les
(
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
a
g
e,
p
ar
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
t
u
d
en
ts
’
atti
tu
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
s
tati
s
tic
s
,
L
ec
t
u
r
er
’
s
y
ea
r
s
o
f
e
x
p
er
ien
c
e,
an
d
q
u
alif
icatio
n
)
to
s
ee
t
h
e
e
x
te
n
t
to
w
h
ich
th
e
s
e
v
ar
iab
les
h
ad
b
ee
n
ab
le
to
p
r
ed
ict
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t.
On
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
attit
u
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
s
tatis
tics
,
A
r
u
m
u
g
a
m
[
8
]
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
ttit
u
d
e
as
a
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
to
r
esp
o
n
d
f
a
v
o
u
r
ab
l
y
o
r
u
n
f
av
o
u
r
ab
l
y
to
o
b
j
ec
ts
,
s
it
u
atio
n
s
o
r
p
eo
p
le
r
elate
d
to
s
tatis
ti
cs
lear
n
in
g
.
I
t
w
as
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
s
o
m
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
s
h
o
w
a
p
o
s
it
iv
e
att
itu
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
s
tati
s
tics
,
b
u
t
ev
i
d
en
ce
r
ev
ea
ls
t
h
a
t
u
n
f
a
v
o
r
ab
le
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
ar
o
u
t
w
ei
g
h
a
n
y
f
a
v
o
r
ab
le
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
.
A
d
o
d
o
[
5
]
as
cited
b
y
Gb
o
r
e
&
Dar
a
m
o
la
[
1
6
]
,
ass
er
ted
th
at
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
m
a
y
b
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
u
p
o
n
p
o
s
itiv
e
attit
u
d
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
teac
h
er
s
an
d
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
e
teac
h
in
g
/
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
e
s
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Gb
o
r
e
&
Dar
a
m
o
la
[
1
6
]
,
attitu
d
e
i
s
a
f
ea
t
u
r
e
v
ie
w
ed
as
th
e
to
talit
y
o
f
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
’
s
i
n
cli
n
atio
n
to
w
ar
d
s
o
b
j
ec
t,
in
s
titu
tio
n
o
r
id
ea
.
A
ttit
u
d
e
co
u
ld
b
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
,
f
o
r
m
ed
o
r
lear
n
ed
f
r
o
m
m
e
m
b
er
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
a
m
il
y
,
teac
h
er
an
d
p
ee
r
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
y
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
th
at
b
eh
av
io
u
r
s
ar
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
b
y
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
a
n
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
’
s
b
eh
av
io
u
r
w
h
o
co
u
ld
b
e
t
h
e
p
ar
en
t,
teac
h
er
o
r
a
p
ee
r
g
r
o
u
p
m
e
m
b
er
[
1
6
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
J
ab
o
r
et
al
[
2
1
]
,
p
ar
en
ts
p
la
y
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
r
o
le
in
t
h
eir
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
lear
n
i
n
g
.
Asi
d
e
f
r
o
m
b
ein
g
ac
ti
v
el
y
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
in
th
ei
r
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
ar
en
ts
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
h
o
m
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
ca
n
a
f
f
ec
t
lear
n
in
g
.
P
ar
en
ts
s
er
v
e
as a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
,
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
av
aila
b
le
in
th
e
h
o
m
e
a
n
d
h
o
ld
p
ar
ticu
lar
attitu
d
es
a
n
d
v
alu
es
to
w
ar
d
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
P
ar
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
o
f
Gr
is
s
m
er
[
1
7
]
,
Mu
s
g
r
av
e
[
2
9
]
an
d
Ak
i
n
s
a
n
y
a
et
al
[
9
]
,
th
e
p
ar
en
ts
’
le
v
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
f
ac
to
r
af
f
ec
ti
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ac
a
d
em
ic
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t.
P
ar
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
a
s
t
h
e
p
ar
en
t
s
w
o
u
ld
b
e
in
a
g
o
o
d
p
o
s
itio
n
to
b
e
s
ec
o
n
d
teac
h
er
s
to
th
e
ch
i
ld
;
a
n
d
ev
e
n
g
u
id
e
an
d
co
u
n
s
e
l
th
e
ch
ild
o
n
th
e
b
est
w
a
y
t
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
w
el
l
in
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
m
ater
ials
n
ee
d
ed
b
y
h
i
m
/h
er
.
I
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
ed
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
t
h
e
teac
h
er
f
ac
to
r
h
as
b
ee
n
li
n
k
ed
to
lo
w
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
m
aj
o
r
an
d
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
in
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
c
h
o
o
ls
in
Nig
er
i
a
[
1
3
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
A
d
o
d
o
[
6
]
as
cited
in
Gb
o
r
e
&
Dar
a
m
o
la
[
1
6
]
,
o
n
e
k
ey
v
er
if
y
in
g
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
cc
e
s
s
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
is
th
e
teac
h
er
.
T
h
ey
b
elie
v
ed
t
h
at
teac
h
er
s
’
q
u
ali
f
icatio
n
s
a
n
d
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
ca
n
g
o
a
lo
n
g
w
a
y
to
b
r
in
g
ab
o
u
t
p
u
p
ils
’
h
i
g
h
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
w
h
ile
I
b
u
k
u
n
[
2
0
]
ass
er
ted
th
at
n
o
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
r
is
e
ab
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
ali
t
y
o
f
its
teac
h
er
s
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
as
s
er
tio
n
o
f
A
d
o
d
o
[
6
]
an
d
I
b
u
k
u
n
[
2
0
]
,
as
cited
b
y
Gb
o
r
e
[
1
6
]
,
it
im
p
lie
s
th
at
teac
h
er
s
’
r
o
le
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
to
s
u
cc
ee
d
i
n
ex
a
m
i
n
atio
n
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
u
n
d
er
m
in
ed
.
Va
n
h
o
o
f
et.
al,
[
4
2
]
also
ar
g
u
ed
th
at
s
h
o
r
tag
e
o
f
q
u
ali
f
ied
teac
h
er
s
i
s
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
o
r
ac
a
d
em
ic
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
o
b
s
er
v
ab
le
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
w
h
ile
A
d
e
m
u
le
g
u
n
[
2
]
ar
g
u
ed
th
at
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
tau
g
h
t
b
y
m
o
r
e
q
u
ali
f
ied
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
teac
h
er
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
m
at
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
b
etter
t
h
an
t
h
o
s
e
ta
u
g
h
t
b
y
les
s
q
u
alif
ied
b
u
t e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
is
w
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
M
u
s
g
r
av
e
[
2
9
]
w
h
o
s
aid
th
at
a
c
h
ild
th
at
co
m
e
s
f
r
o
m
a
n
ed
u
c
ated
h
o
m
e
w
o
u
ld
li
k
e
to
f
o
llo
w
t
h
e
s
tep
s
o
f
h
is
/h
er
f
a
m
il
y
a
n
d
b
y
th
is
,
w
o
r
k
ac
ti
v
el
y
i
n
h
i
s
/h
er
s
t
u
d
i
es.
He
s
aid
f
u
r
t
h
er
th
at
p
ar
en
ts
w
h
o
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
le
v
el
o
f
ed
u
c
atio
n
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
h
av
e
a
f
av
o
u
r
ed
attitu
d
e
to
th
e
c
h
ild
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
to
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
a
n
d
h
elp
h
i
m
/
h
e
r
w
it
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
y
al
s
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
lib
r
ar
y
f
ac
ilit
ies
to
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
t
h
e
ch
ild
to
s
h
o
w
e
x
a
m
p
le
s
in
a
ctiv
itie
s
o
f
i
n
tellect
u
al
t
y
p
e
s
u
c
h
as
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
n
e
w
s
p
ap
er
s
,
m
a
g
az
i
n
es
a
n
d
j
o
u
r
n
al
s
.
O
n
o
ch
a
[
3
5
]
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
a
ch
i
ld
f
r
o
m
a
w
el
l
-
e
d
u
ca
ted
f
a
m
il
y
w
it
h
h
ig
h
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tat
u
s
is
m
o
r
e
li
k
el
y
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
b
ette
r
th
a
n
a
c
h
ild
f
r
o
m
a
n
illi
ter
ate
f
a
m
il
y
.
T
h
is
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
R
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
S
tu
d
en
t
a
n
d
Tea
c
h
er fa
cto
r
s
a
s
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f S
t
a
tis
tics
a
ch
ie
ve
men
t in
F
ed
era
l…
(
A
b
el
A
d
e
ka
n
mi
A
d
eto
n
a
)
49
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
c
h
ild
f
r
o
m
a
n
ed
u
ca
ted
f
a
m
i
l
y
h
a
s
a
lo
t
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
u
ch
a
s
a
d
ec
e
n
t
a
n
d
g
o
o
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
w
o
r
k
,
p
ar
en
tal
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
g
u
id
an
ce
,
en
o
u
g
h
te
x
t
u
al
an
d
ac
ad
e
m
ic
m
ater
ials
a
n
d
d
ec
en
t
f
ee
d
i
n
g
.
He
o
r
s
h
e
is
li
k
el
y
to
b
e
s
en
t t
o
g
o
o
d
s
ch
o
o
ls
w
h
er
e
w
e
ll
-
s
ea
s
o
n
ed
teac
h
er
s
w
i
ll h
a
n
d
le
h
i
s
/
h
er
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
[
9
]
.
2
.
RE
SE
AR
CH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
al
d
esig
n
w
a
s
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
al
l
t
h
e
i
s
s
u
es
o
f
co
n
ce
r
n
to
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
ar
e
av
ailab
le
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
ar
e
all
co
r
elate
d
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
w
as
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ad
eq
u
ate
b
ec
au
s
e
it
h
elp
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
all
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
th
a
t
w
as
n
ee
d
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
u
s
e
o
f
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
s
u
s
ed
in
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
co
m
p
r
is
ed
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
a
n
d
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
w
s
;
L
ec
t
u
r
er
’
s
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
L
ec
t
u
r
er
’
s
q
u
al
if
icatio
n
,
s
t
u
d
en
t
’
s
p
ar
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
s
t
u
d
en
ts
’
attit
u
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
Stati
s
t
ics
w
h
ile
t
h
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
is
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t i
n
Stati
s
tic
s
.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
all
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
a
n
d
all
th
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
taf
f
in
t
h
e
d
ep
ar
t
m
en
t
o
f
Sta
tis
ti
cs
o
f
Fed
er
al
Sc
h
o
o
l
o
f
Stat
is
tics
I
b
ad
an
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
o
f
Nat
io
n
a
l
B
u
r
ea
u
o
f
Stati
s
tics
(
NB
S).
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
m
ad
e
u
s
e
o
f
i
n
t
ac
t
class
o
f
Natio
n
al
Dip
lo
m
a
I
I
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
all
lectu
r
er
s
i
n
th
e
Stati
s
tic
s
d
ep
ar
t
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
c
h
o
o
l.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
)
w
er
e
t
w
o
h
u
n
d
r
ed
an
d
e
ig
h
t
y
-
eig
h
t
(
2
8
8
)
w
h
ic
h
co
m
p
r
is
ed
1
5
5
m
ale
an
d
1
3
3
f
e
m
a
le
s
tu
d
en
ts
a
n
d
te
n
(
1
0
)
teac
h
i
n
g
s
taf
f
(
6
m
ale
a
n
d
4
f
e
m
ale
lectu
r
er
s
)
.
T
h
r
ee
(
3
)
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
s
w
er
e
u
s
ed
in
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
th
e
y
w
er
e
s
el
f
-
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
;
St
u
d
en
ts
Qu
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
(
SQ)
,
T
ea
ch
in
g
Sta
f
f
Scale
(
T
SS
)
,
an
d
Stati
s
tics
A
ch
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
T
est
(
SA
T
)
.
Fo
llo
w
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
d
r
af
t
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
th
at
is
;
Stat
is
tic
s
A
c
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
T
est
(
SA
T
)
w
h
ic
h
co
n
tain
ed
f
o
r
t
y
m
u
ltip
le
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
w
h
ic
h
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
f
Stati
s
tic
s
i
n
t
h
e
o
u
t
s
id
e
th
e
f
i
n
al
s
elec
ted
o
n
es
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
to
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
t
w
e
n
t
y
f
i
v
e
m
u
l
tip
le
o
b
j
ec
ti
v
e
q
u
est
io
n
s
a
f
ter
th
e
a
m
b
ig
u
o
u
s
o
n
es
h
ad
b
ee
n
ex
p
u
n
g
ed
,
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
al
u
e
o
f
S
tatis
t
ics
A
c
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
T
est
(
SA
T
)
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
.
8
6
an
d
it
w
a
s
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
Ku
d
er
-
R
i
ch
ar
d
s
o
n
(
KR
-
2
0
)
s
in
ce
th
e
it
e
m
s
o
n
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
w
er
e
d
ich
o
to
m
o
u
s
l
y
s
co
r
ed
.
T
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
A
lp
h
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
al
u
es
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
th
e
S
tu
d
en
t
Qu
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
(
SQ)
,
an
d
T
ea
ch
in
g
Sta
f
f
Scale
(
T
SS
)
w
er
e
.
8
9
an
d
0
.
8
3
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
P
er
s
o
n
al
co
n
ta
ct
w
a
s
m
ad
e
b
y
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
to
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
an
d
s
eq
u
el
to
th
e
p
r
io
r
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l Recto
r
,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
w
as a
d
m
in
is
ter
ed
p
er
s
o
n
all
y
to
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
Statis
tic
s
lectu
r
er
s
an
d
s
t
u
d
en
ts
)
.
T
h
e
ad
m
i
n
i
s
tr
ativ
e
o
f
f
icer
o
f
th
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
ass
is
ted
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
to
co
o
r
d
in
ate
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
.
T
h
e
ad
m
in
i
s
ter
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
w
er
e
co
llated
an
d
an
al
y
ze
d
w
it
h
Statis
t
ical
P
ac
k
ag
e
s
f
o
r
So
cial
Scien
ce
(
SP
SS
-
I
B
M
2
0
.
0
)
.
Mu
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ct
m
o
m
e
n
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
w
er
e
ad
o
p
ted
to
an
al
y
ze
t
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
3
.
RE
SUL
T
S
A
N
D
ANA
L
Y
SI
S
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
r
es
u
lts
w
er
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
W
h
at
is
th
e
est
i
m
ate
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
(
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
attitu
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
Statis
tics
,
p
ar
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
lectu
r
er
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
a
n
d
q
u
ali
f
icatio
n
)
a
n
d
th
e
cr
ite
r
io
n
v
ar
iab
le
(
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
i
n
S
tatis
t
ics)
in
Fed
er
al
Mo
n
o
tech
n
ic
i
n
I
b
ad
an
,
O
y
o
s
tate,
Ni
g
er
ia?
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
i
n
T
ab
le
1
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
t
h
e
in
ter
co
r
r
elatio
n
m
a
tr
ix
o
f
t
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
ic
i
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
(
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
Stati
s
tics
,
p
ar
en
tal
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
lectu
r
er
’
s
ex
p
er
ie
n
c
e
an
d
q
u
alif
icatio
n
)
an
d
th
e
cr
iter
io
n
v
ar
iab
le
(
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
in
S
tatis
tics
)
ar
e
m
o
s
tl
y
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
a
n
d
all
p
o
s
itiv
e.
T
h
e
tab
le
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
th
er
e
is
n
o
m
u
ltico
lli
n
ea
r
it
y
b
et
w
ee
n
o
r
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
s
t
u
d
y
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
licatio
n
i
s
th
at
as
th
e
lect
u
r
er
’
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
(
L
E
)
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
h
e
n
ce
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
’
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
Fed
er
al
Sch
o
o
l
o
f
Stati
s
tic
s
also
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
.
A
g
e
n
er
al
o
v
er
v
ie
w
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
s
t
u
d
en
ts
’
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
Stati
s
tics
in
Fed
er
al
Sch
o
o
l
o
f
Statis
t
ics
h
a
s
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
es
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
w
ith
lect
u
r
er
’
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
attit
u
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
Statis
t
ics,
lect
u
r
er
q
u
alif
ica
tio
n
s
a
n
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
ar
en
t e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
in
t
h
at
o
r
d
er
.
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
ter
-
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
M
atr
ix
o
f
t
h
e
P
r
ed
icto
r
Var
iab
les a
n
d
th
e
C
r
iter
io
n
Var
iab
le
S
A
S
PE
S
A
T
S
LE
LQ
S
A
S
1
PE
.
0
3
6
1
S
A
T
S
.
2
5
5
.
3
9
5
1
LE
.
3
7
6
-
.
0
6
1
.
0
5
9
1
LQ
.
1
6
6
.
1
0
9
.
0
6
2
.
2
3
7
1
M
e
a
n
1
5
.
9
2
7
5
.
2
9
5
8
4
.
0
6
3
2
.
6
8
4
2
.
1
0
1
S
t
d
.
D
e
v
3
.
2
2
7
1
.
6
7
2
1
0
.
6
9
7
1
.
4
1
2
0
.
6
9
9
Ke
y
:
S
AS
-
St
u
d
en
t
s
’
A
c
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
in
S
tatis
tics
;
P
E
-
P
ar
en
t
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
S
A
T
C
-
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
A
tti
tu
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
Stati
s
tic
s
;
L
E
-
L
ec
t
u
r
er
'
s
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
;
L
Q
-
L
ec
tu
r
er
's Qu
ali
f
icat
io
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:2
2
5
2
-
8822
I
J
E
R
E
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
201
7
:
4
5
–
5
3
50
*
Sig
n
if
ica
n
t a
t
p
<
.
0
5
; n
=2
8
8
.
I
t
w
as
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
v
al
u
es
o
f
t
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
ar
e
h
ig
h
l
y
co
r
r
elate
d
w
it
h
ea
ch
o
th
er
(
i.e
r
>
0
.
8
5
)
.
T
h
e
im
p
lica
tio
n
is
th
at
all
t
h
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
v
ar
iab
les
in
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
ar
e
g
o
o
d
en
o
u
g
h
to
b
e
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
s
in
p
r
ed
icti
n
g
ac
h
i
ev
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
Statis
tics
.
T
h
is
i
s
a
clea
r
in
d
icatio
n
o
f
n
o
n
-
v
io
l
atio
n
o
f
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
aj
o
r
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
r
u
n
n
in
g
a
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
.
T
h
is
i
s
i
n
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t
w
i
th
Ba
k
a
re
[
1
0
]
th
at
m
u
ltico
lli
n
ea
r
it
y
a
m
o
n
g
s
t
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
i
n
ter
est
m
u
s
t
b
e
r
eso
lv
ed
b
e
f
o
r
e
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
w
it
h
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
o
w
h
a
t
ex
te
n
t
w
o
u
ld
th
e
f
o
u
r
s
t
u
d
en
ts
’
an
d
teac
h
er
s
’
v
ar
iab
les
(
St
u
d
en
t
s
’
at
tit
u
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
Statis
t
ics,
p
ar
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
lectu
r
er
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
q
u
alif
icat
io
n
)
j
o
in
tl
y
p
r
ed
ict
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t i
n
Stati
s
tic
s
?
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
t
h
e
j
o
in
t
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
Stu
d
e
n
ts
’
a
ttit
u
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
S
tatis
t
ics,
p
ar
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
lectu
r
er
y
ea
r
s
o
f
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
q
u
ali
f
icatio
n
to
s
tu
d
e
n
t
’
s
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
Stati
s
ti
cs
w
as
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
(F
(4,
283)
=
1
8
.
0
0
8
;
p
=
.
0
0
0
<
0
.
0
5
)
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
i
n
Fed
er
al
Sch
o
o
l
o
f
Stati
s
tics
I
b
ad
an
,
O
y
o
State
is
j
o
in
tl
y
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
an
d
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
in
f
l
u
en
c
ed
b
y
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
attitu
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
Stati
s
tics
,
p
ar
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
lectu
r
er
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
an
d
q
u
al
if
icatio
n
.
T
ab
le
2
.
A
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
Var
ia
n
ce
2
S
u
m o
f
S
q
u
a
r
e
s
Df
M
e
a
n
S
q
u
a
r
e
F
S
i
g
.
R
e
g
r
e
ssi
o
n
6
0
6
.
5
1
8
4
1
5
1
.
6
2
9
1
8
.
0
0
8
.
0
0
0
R
e
si
d
u
a
l
2
3
8
2
.
9
5
1
2
8
3
8
.
4
2
0
T
o
t
a
l
2
9
8
9
.
4
6
9
2
8
7
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
co
ef
f
i
cien
t
o
f
th
e
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
i
s
.
8
0
8
,
an
d
th
is
i
n
d
icate
s
th
a
t
t
h
e
8
0
.
8
%
v
ar
ian
ce
i
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
is
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
b
y
th
e
lectu
r
er
’
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
lec
tu
r
er
’
s
q
u
al
if
ica
tio
n
s
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
ar
en
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attit
u
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
Statis
t
ics
w
h
ile
1
9
.
2
%
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
t
h
at
w
er
e
n
o
t
ca
p
tu
r
ed
b
y
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
tab
l
e
3
,
m
u
ltip
le
R
(
.
8
9
9
)
i
m
p
lies
th
at
t
h
er
e
i
s
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
v
ar
iab
les an
d
th
e
c
r
iter
io
n
v
ar
iab
le.
T
ab
le
3
.
Mo
d
el
Su
m
m
ar
y
o
f
R
eg
r
ess
io
n
R
e
s
u
l
t
M
o
d
e
l
R
R
2
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
R
2
1
.
8
9
9
.
8
0
8
.
8
0
6
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
att
itu
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
Sta
t
is
tics
a
n
d
lect
u
r
er
y
ea
r
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
,
an
d
q
u
ali
f
icatio
n
h
av
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
r
elati
v
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
t
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
t
i
n
d
i
ca
tes
t
h
at
lect
u
r
er
’
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
h
as
t
h
e
h
ig
h
es
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
t
h
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
(
β
=
.
3
4
1
;
t=
6
.
1
9
1
;
p
=
.
0
0
0
<
0
.
0
5
)
,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
at
tit
u
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
Sta
tis
tics
(
β=
2
5
1
;
t=
4
.
3
1
9
;
p
=
0
.
0
0
<
.
0
5
)
,
lectu
r
er
’
s
q
u
ali
f
icatio
n
(
β=
.
0
7
5
;
t=1
.
3
5
6
;
p
=
.
1
7
6
>
.
0
5
)
,
an
d
p
ar
en
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
β=
-
0
5
0
;
t=
-
.
8
5
9
;
p
=
.
3
9
1
>
0
.
0
5
)
in
th
at
o
r
d
er
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e
r
elativ
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
p
ar
en
tal
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
,
an
d
lectu
r
er
’
s
q
u
a
lific
atio
n
w
er
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
in
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t.
T
ab
le
4
.
Mu
ltip
le
R
eg
r
es
s
io
n
R
es
u
lt
U
n
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
B
S
t
d
.
Er
r
o
r
B
e
t
a
T
S
i
g
.
(
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
)
7
.
2
6
9
1
.
4
3
2
5
.
0
7
6
.
0
0
0
P
a
r
e
n
t
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
-
.
0
9
7
.
1
1
3
-
.
0
5
0
-
.
8
5
9
.
3
9
1
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s'
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
t
o
w
a
r
d
s St
a
t
i
st
i
c
s
.
0
7
6
.
0
1
8
.
2
5
1
4
.
3
1
9
.
0
0
0
L
e
c
t
u
r
e
r
's
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
.
7
7
9
.
1
2
6
.
3
4
1
6
.
1
9
1
.
0
0
0
L
e
c
t
u
r
e
r
's Q
u
a
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
3
4
5
.
2
5
4
.
0
7
5
1
.
3
5
6
.
1
7
6
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
t
h
er
e
ex
is
t
s
m
o
d
e
r
ate
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
an
d
teac
h
e
r
s
’
f
ac
to
r
s
o
n
s
t
u
d
en
ts
’
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
i
n
Stati
s
tics
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
is
i
n
a
g
r
ee
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
li
k
e
A
d
ep
o
j
u
[
3
]
,
Og
u
n
w
u
y
i
[
3
1
]
as c
ited
b
y
G
b
o
re
&
Da
ra
m
o
la
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
lo
w
an
d
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
ar
en
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
lectu
r
er
’
s
q
u
alif
icatio
n
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
S
tati
s
tics
co
u
ld
b
e
d
u
e
to
lack
o
f
c
o
m
m
i
t
m
e
n
t
o
n
t
h
e
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
lectu
r
er
s
,
as
w
e
ll
as
s
h
allo
w
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
o
r
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
i
m
p
ar
tin
g
t
h
e
Statis
tics
co
u
r
s
e
co
n
ten
t
b
y
t
h
e
lectu
r
e
r
in
to
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
R
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
S
tu
d
en
t
a
n
d
Tea
c
h
er fa
cto
r
s
a
s
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f S
t
a
tis
tics
a
ch
ie
ve
men
t in
F
ed
era
l…
(
A
b
el
A
d
e
ka
n
mi
A
d
eto
n
a
)
51
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
a
ls
o
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
at
t
itu
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
s
tati
s
tics
a
n
d
lectu
r
er
’
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
h
a
v
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
elativ
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
s
t
u
d
en
t
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
in
Fed
er
al
Sch
o
o
l
o
f
St
atis
tics
,
I
b
ad
an
.
O
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
atti
tu
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
s
ta
tis
tics
,
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
O
n
o
ch
a
[
3
5
]
,
Mu
k
h
er
j
ee
[
2
8
]
,
Ho
u
s
to
n
et
al
[
1
9
]
an
d
Us
m
a
n
[
4
1
]
as
cited
b
y
G
b
o
re
&
D
a
ra
m
o
l
a
[
1
6
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
a
t
attit
u
d
e
to
Ma
th
e
m
atic
s
e
x
p
lain
ed
m
o
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
to
tal
v
ar
ian
ce
th
a
n
th
e
c
h
ild
r
en
in
tel
lig
e
n
ce
an
d
th
a
t
attitu
d
e
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
w
ar
d
s
s
cie
n
c
e
w
er
e
lin
k
ed
w
i
t
h
s
o
m
e
p
er
s
o
n
alit
y
f
ac
to
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
w
ith
teac
h
er
s
.
I
n
an
o
th
er
f
in
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
ce
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
attitu
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
s
tati
s
tics
,
S
h
an
g
o
d
o
y
i
n
&
L
asi
s
i
[
3
9
]
ci
ted
th
at
San
till
á
n
el
al
[
3
7
]
,
B
ein
s
[
1
1
]
,
Yala
.
&
W
an
j
o
h
i
[
4
5
]
,
Katz
&
T
o
m
ez
ic
[
2
2
]
,
W
en
g
lin
s
k
y
[
4
3
]
a
n
d
E
v
an
s
[
1
2
]
th
er
e
w
er
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
a
m
o
n
g
co
lleg
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
atti
tu
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
tatis
t
ics
a
n
d
th
e
ir
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Sa
n
ti
llán
et
a
l
[
3
8
]
also
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
t
h
at
s
t
u
d
en
ts
att
itu
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
s
ta
tis
tic
s
is
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
w
i
th
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t.
B
ased
o
n
lectu
r
er
y
ea
r
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ates
w
ith
s
t
u
d
ie
s
cited
in
Ko
s
g
ei
e
t
al
[
2
4
]
,
w
h
er
e
A
li
[
7
]
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
t
h
er
e
w
a
s
s
tatis
ticall
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
teac
h
er
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
a
n
d
s
t
u
d
en
t
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t.
I
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
v
ei
n
,
A
d
e
y
e
m
o
[
4
]
also
n
o
ted
th
a
t
teac
h
er
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
d
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
i
n
g
i
n
class
r
o
o
m
s
,
w
h
ile
Olale
y
e
[
3
4
]
estab
lis
h
ed
t
h
at
th
er
e
w
as
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
teac
h
er
s
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
an
d
p
u
p
ils
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Als
o
,
Y
ar
a
[
4
6
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
teac
h
er
s
’
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
an
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
q
u
a
lific
atio
n
s
ar
e
th
e
p
r
i
m
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
s
o
m
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
l
ik
e
Ma
k
i
n
d
e
&
T
o
m
-
L
a
w
y
er
[
2
5
]
an
d
A
d
eg
b
ile
&
A
d
e
y
e
m
i
[
1
]
as
ci
ted
in
Fa
k
e
y
e
[
1
4
]
d
id
n
o
t
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ates
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
as
t
h
er
e
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
n
o
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
e
en
s
t
u
d
en
t
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
an
d
teac
h
er
s
’
q
u
ali
f
icati
o
n
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
A
l
s
o
,
f
e
w
s
t
u
d
ies
li
k
e
Ha
n
u
s
h
ek
[
1
8
]
,
Ma
r
tin
et
al
[2
6
]
an
d
W
is
e
[
4
4
]
as
cited
in
Mo
g
ar
i
et
al
[
2
7
]
w
er
e
n
o
t
co
n
s
is
ten
t
w
it
h
th
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
a
s
th
e
y
all
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
y
ea
r
s
in
teac
h
in
g
is
n
o
t
ass
o
cia
ted
w
i
th
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
R
o
b
er
ts
&
Sa
x
e
[
3
6
]
f
i
n
d
in
g
as
cit
ed
b
y
Ki
m
an
i
et
al
[
2
3
]
in
d
i
ca
ted
th
at
teac
h
er
s
’
teac
h
i
n
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
w
as
n
o
t si
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
r
elate
d
to
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t.
4
.
CO
NCLUS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
co
n
c
lu
d
es
th
a
t
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
a
n
d
teac
h
er
s
f
ac
to
r
co
u
ld
af
f
ec
t
p
o
s
it
iv
el
y
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
Stati
s
tics
an
d
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
g
iv
e
n
s
er
io
u
s
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
f
o
r
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
e.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
a
r
e
m
ad
e
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
;
t
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
at
th
e
Fed
er
al
lev
e
l
s
h
o
u
ld
o
r
g
an
ize
r
eg
u
lar
s
e
m
i
n
ar
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
(
b
o
th
lo
ca
l
an
d
in
ter
n
at
io
n
a
l)
f
o
r
th
e
lectu
r
er
i
n
Fed
er
al
Mo
n
o
tech
n
ics
to
k
ee
p
t
h
e
m
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
late
s
t
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
th
eir
d
i
s
cip
li
n
e
an
d
ch
o
s
e
n
ca
r
ee
r
,
L
ec
t
u
r
er
s
an
d
Stati
s
tic
s
s
t
u
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
Fed
er
al
Mo
n
o
tec
h
n
ic
i
n
s
tit
u
tio
n
s
n
ee
d
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
i
n
al
c
h
an
g
e
to
w
ar
d
s
t
ea
ch
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
i
n
g
o
f
Sta
tis
tics
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
o
n
t
h
e
lear
n
i
n
g
o
u
tco
m
es
i
n
Stati
s
tics
,
th
er
e
i
s
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
lectu
r
er
s
to
cr
e
ate
co
n
d
u
civ
e
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
e
f
o
r
h
ea
lth
y
ac
ad
e
m
ic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
w
i
th
t
h
eir
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
to
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
’
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
ce
in
t
h
e
teac
h
er
an
d
attitu
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
Statis
tics
,
t
h
e
Fed
er
al
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
au
t
h
o
r
it
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
r
ec
r
u
it
ad
d
itio
n
al
q
u
alif
ied
Statis
t
ics lec
t
u
r
er
s
to
a
m
elio
r
ate
th
e
i
s
s
u
e
o
f
s
h
o
r
tag
e
o
f
Stat
is
tic
s
lect
u
r
er
s
in
t
h
e
s
ch
o
o
l.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
ex
p
r
ess
es
h
i
s
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
all
th
e
ac
ad
em
i
c
s
taf
f
o
f
th
e
I
n
s
t
itu
te
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
I
n
ter
m
atio
n
al
C
e
n
tr
e
f
o
r
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
E
v
al
u
atio
n
,
U
n
iv
er
s
it
y
o
f
I
b
ad
an
,
I
b
ad
an
,
Nig
er
ia
f
o
r
th
eir
m
e
n
to
r
in
g
an
d
th
e
ir
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
h
i
s
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
u
r
s
u
it.
T
o
m
e
n
tio
n
f
e
w
ar
e;
P
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
A
d
e
w
ale,
Fala
y
e,
Dr
s
.
Mo
n
ica
N.
Od
i
n
k
o
,
O
k
w
ila
g
w
e,
A
d
eg
o
k
e,
J
u
n
aid
,
Ak
o
r
ed
e
an
d
A
b
ij
o
.
M
y
s
p
ec
ial
th
a
n
k
s
to
Dr
.
Geo
r
g
in
a
N.
Ob
aita
n
(
m
y
ac
a
d
em
ic
m
o
th
er
)
w
h
o
n
u
r
tu
r
ed
m
e
a
n
d
h
av
e
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
iti
v
e
b
eliev
e
in
m
y
ab
ilit
y
an
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
in
Ma
t
h
e
m
a
ti
cs/S
tati
s
tic
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
m
y
Ma
s
ter
s
’
d
eg
r
ee
p
er
i
o
d
(
2
0
1
3
-
2
0
1
5
)
at
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
o
f
I
b
ad
an
I
b
ad
an
,
Nig
er
ia.
F
in
al
l
y
to
m
y
w
o
n
d
e
r
f
u
l
f
a
m
i
l
y
f
o
r
t
h
ier
u
n
f
li
n
c
h
i
n
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t;
Ke
y
e,
Her
itag
e,
J
e
m
i
m
a
an
d
Kez
ia,
I
s
a
y
b
ig
t
h
a
n
k
y
o
u
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
d
e
g
b
il
e
,
J.
A
.
&
A
d
e
y
e
m
i,
B.
A
.
En
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
q
u
a
li
ty
a
ss
u
ra
n
c
e
t
h
ro
u
g
h
tea
c
h
e
rs’
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
.
Ile
-
If
e
,
Ni
g
e
ria.
Aca
d
e
mic
J
o
u
r
n
a
ls
.
Vo
l
u
m
e
3
(2
).
p
p
.
61
-
6
5
,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
]
A
d
e
m
u
leg
u
n
,
D
.
M
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
lea
rn
in
g
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
ju
n
io
r
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
stu
d
e
n
ts
in
L
a
g
o
s
S
t
a
te.
A
p
ro
to
ty
p
e
o
f
sta
te as
se
ss
m
e
n
t.
Un
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
P
h
.
D T
h
e
sis.
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ib
a
d
a
n
.
2
0
0
1
.
[3
]
A
d
e
p
o
ju
,
O.
A
.
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
sc
h
o
o
l
c
o
n
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
p
ro
g
ra
m
m
e
o
f
th
e
Nig
e
rian
c
o
n
se
rv
a
t
io
n
f
o
u
n
d
a
t
io
n
.
Un
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
M
.
Ed
Diss
e
rtatio
n
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ib
a
d
a
n
,
Ib
a
d
a
n
.
2
0
0
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:2
2
5
2
-
8822
I
J
E
R
E
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
201
7
:
4
5
–
5
3
52
[4
]
A
d
e
y
e
m
o
,
D.
A
.
P
a
re
n
tal
In
v
o
lv
e
m
e
n
t
In
tere
st
in
S
c
h
o
o
li
n
g
a
n
d
S
c
h
o
o
l
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
a
s
p
re
d
icto
rs
o
f
Ac
a
d
e
m
ic
S
e
lf
-
e
ff
ica
c
y
a
m
o
n
g
F
re
sh
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
ry
S
c
h
o
o
l
S
tu
d
e
n
t
in
Oy
o
S
tate
,
Nig
e
ria.”
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
5
-
3
:
1
6
3
1
8
0
.
2
0
0
5
.
[5
]
A
d
o
d
o
,
S
.
O.
Co
rre
late
s
o
f
stu
d
e
n
t
v
a
riab
les
a
n
d
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
in
t
e
g
ra
ted
sc
ien
c
e
.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
&
D
e
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
,
1
(
2
),
2
0
8
-
2
1
4
.
2
0
0
5
.
[6
]
A
d
o
d
o
,
S
.
O.
2
0
0
7
.
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
d
ia
g
n
o
stic rem
e
d
iatio
n
in
str
u
c
ti
o
n
a
l
stra
teg
ies
a
n
d
stu
d
e
n
ts
lea
rn
in
g
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s in
ju
n
io
r
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
In
teg
ra
ted
S
c
ie
n
c
e
.
Un
p
u
b
l
ish
e
d
P
h
.
D T
h
e
sis,
U
n
iv
e
rsity
o
f
A
d
o
-
Ek
it
i,
Ek
it
i
S
tate
.
[7
]
A
li
A
.
A
.
2
0
0
9
.
T
h
e
im
p
a
c
t
o
f
tea
c
h
e
r
w
a
g
e
s
o
n
th
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
stu
d
e
n
ts:
e
v
id
e
n
c
e
f
ro
m
P
I
S
Am
p
ra
.
u
b
.
u
n
im
u
e
n
c
h
e
n
.
d
e
/
.
.
.
/
Im
p
a
c
t_
o
f
_
tea
c
h
e
r
_
w
a
g
e
s_
o
n
_
th
e
_
.
.
.
[8
]
A
ru
m
u
g
a
m
,
N.
R.
S
tu
d
e
n
t’s
a
tt
i
t
u
d
e
t
o
w
a
rd
s
in
tro
d
u
c
to
ry
S
tatisti
c
s
c
o
u
rse
a
t
p
u
b
li
c
u
n
iv
e
rsiti
e
s
u
sin
g
p
a
rti
a
l
lea
st
sq
u
a
re
a
n
a
ly
sis.
I
n
ter
d
isc
ip
li
n
a
ry
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
n
tem
p
o
r
a
ry
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
Bu
si
n
e
ss
,
V
o
l
6
,
No
4
.
2
0
1
4
.
[9
]
Ak
in
sa
n
y
a
,
O.O,
S
a
lo
m
i,
M
.
O,
&
A
j
a
y
i
K.O.
Re
lativ
e
E
ff
e
c
ts
o
f
P
a
re
n
ts’
Oc
c
u
p
a
ti
o
n
Qu
a
li
f
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
o
f
w
a
rd
s
o
n
stu
d
e
n
t
s’
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
S
e
n
io
r
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
ry
S
c
h
o
o
l
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
in
Og
u
n
S
tate
.
Bri
ti
sh
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Arts
a
n
d
S
o
c
ia
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
V
o
l.
3
No
.
2
,
Brit
ish
Jo
u
rn
a
l
P
u
b
li
sh
i
n
g
,
In
c
.
2
0
1
1
.
[1
0
]
Ba
k
a
re
B.
M
,
S
tu
d
e
n
ts’
A
d
v
e
rsit
y
Qu
o
ti
e
n
tan
d
re
late
d
f
a
c
to
rs
a
s
p
re
d
icto
rs
o
f
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
in
th
e
Wes
t
Af
ric
a
n
S
e
n
io
r
S
c
h
o
o
l
Ce
rti
f
ica
te
Ex
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
in
S
o
u
th
-
W
e
ste
rn
Nig
e
ria
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
in
Ed
o
S
tate
,
Nig
e
ria.
A
n
u
n
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
P
h
.
D.
T
h
e
sis,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ib
a
d
a
n
.
2
0
1
4
.
[1
1
]
Be
in
s,
B.
C.
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
th
e
re
lev
a
n
c
e
o
f
sta
ti
stics
tro
u
g
h
c
o
n
su
m
e
r
-
o
rien
ted
re
se
a
rc
h
.
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
o
f
P
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
,
1
2
,
168
-
1
6
9
.
1
9
8
5
.
[1
2
]
Ev
a
n
s,
B.
S
tu
d
e
n
t
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s,
c
o
n
c
e
p
ti
o
n
s,
a
n
d
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
in
tro
d
u
c
to
ry
u
n
d
e
rg
ra
d
u
a
te
c
o
ll
e
g
e
sta
ti
stics
.
T
h
e
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s E
d
u
c
a
to
r
,
1
7
(2
),
6
.
2
0
0
7
.
[1
3
]
Ew
e
tan
,
O.O
&
E
w
e
t
a
n
,
T
.
O.
T
e
a
c
h
e
rs’
Tea
c
h
in
g
Ex
p
e
rie
n
c
e
a
n
d
A
c
a
d
e
m
ic
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
in
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
a
n
d
En
g
li
sh
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
in
P
u
b
li
c
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
ry
S
c
h
o
o
ls
in
Og
u
n
S
tate
,
Ni
g
e
ria.
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
H
u
ma
n
i
ti
e
s
S
o
c
ia
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s a
n
d
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(
IJ
HS
S
E)
Vo
l.
2
No
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
-
1
3
4
.
2
0
1
5
.
[1
4
]
F
a
k
e
y
e
D.O.
T
e
a
c
h
e
rs’
Qu
a
li
f
ic
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
u
b
jec
t
M
a
ste
r
y
a
s
P
re
d
icto
rs
o
f
Ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
En
g
li
sh
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
in
Ib
a
ra
p
a
p
a
Div
isio
n
o
f
Oy
o
S
tate
.
Glo
b
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Hu
ma
n
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Gl
o
b
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
ls
I
n
c
.
(
US
A),
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No
.
3
p
p
:
1
-
6.
2
0
1
2
.
[1
5
]
F
e
d
e
ra
l
Re
p
u
b
li
c
o
f
Nig
e
ria.
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
P
o
li
c
y
o
n
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
f
o
u
r
th
e
d
it
io
n
.
L
a
g
o
s: NE
RDC
P
re
ss
.
2
0
0
4
.
[1
6
]
G
b
o
re
,
L
.
O
&
Da
ra
m
o
la,
C.
A
.
R
e
lativ
e
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ti
o
n
s
o
f
se
lec
ted
tea
c
h
e
rs’
v
a
riab
les
a
n
d
stu
d
e
n
ts’
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
to
w
a
rd
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
Bio
lo
g
y
a
m
o
n
g
S
e
n
io
r
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
ry
S
c
h
o
o
l
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts
i
n
O
n
d
o
S
tate
,
Nig
e
ria.
Cu
rre
n
t
issu
e
s
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
V
o
l
.
1
6
No
.
1
.
M
a
ry
L
o
u
F
u
lt
o
n
T
e
a
c
h
e
rs
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
A
r
izo
n
a
S
tate
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
P
.
O.B
o
x
3
7
1
0
0
,
P
h
o
e
n
ix
,
A
Z
8
5
0
6
9
,
USA
.
2
0
1
3
.
[1
7
]
G
riss
m
e
r,
R.
H.
Be
y
o
n
d
He
lp
i
n
g
w
it
h
Ho
m
e
w
o
r
k
P
a
re
n
ts
a
n
d
Ch
il
d
re
n
Do
i
n
g
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
a
t
Ho
m
e
.
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
Ch
il
d
re
n
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s,
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
2
0
-
1
3
1
.
2
0
0
3
.
[1
8
]
Ha
n
u
sh
e
k
,
E.
A
.
A
ss
e
ss
in
g
th
e
e
ff
e
c
ts
o
f
sc
h
o
o
l
re
so
u
rc
e
s
stu
d
e
n
t
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
:
A
n
u
p
d
a
te.
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
P
o
li
c
y
A
n
a
l
y
sis,
1
9
(2
),
1
4
1
-
1
6
4
.
1
9
9
7
.
[1
9
]
Ho
u
sto
n
,
W
.
R.
,
Ha
b
e
rm
a
n
,
M
.
,
&
S
ik
u
la,
J
.
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
o
n
tea
c
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
Ne
w
Yo
rk
:
M
a
c
m
il
lan
.
2
0
0
2
.
[2
0
]
Ib
u
k
u
n
,
W
.
O.
B
u
il
d
in
g
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
:
In
v
e
st
in
tea
c
h
e
rs
n
o
w
.
A
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ted
a
t
th
e
O
n
d
o
S
tate
w
o
rld
tea
c
h
e
rs
d
a
y
M
o
n
d
a
y
,
5
th
Oc
to
b
e
r.
2
0
0
9
.
[2
1
]
Ja
b
o
r,
M
.
K,
Ke
n
n
e
th
Ku
n
g
u
,
K,
No
rd
i
n
,
M
.
S
,
Bu
n
tat,
Y
,
a
n
d
M
a
c
h
tm
e
s,
K.
Do
e
s
Pa
re
n
t
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
ta
t
u
s
M
a
t
ter
o
n
th
e
S
tu
d
e
n
ts’
Ach
iev
e
me
n
t
in
S
c
ien
c
e
?
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
o
c
ial
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Hu
m
a
n
it
y
IP
EDR
Vo
l.
5
IA
CS
I
T
P
re
ss
,
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
re
.
2
0
1
1
.
[2
2
]
Ka
tz,
B.
M
.
&
T
o
m
e
z
ic
,
T
.
C.
C
h
a
n
g
in
g
stu
d
e
n
t’s
a
tt
it
u
d
e
to
w
a
r
d
sta
ti
stics
th
ro
u
g
h
a
n
o
n
q
u
a
n
ti
t
a
ti
v
e
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
.
P
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
Re
p
o
rts,
62
,
6
5
8
.
1
9
8
8
.
[2
3
]
Kim
a
n
i,
G
.
N,
A
u
g
u
stin
e
,
M
.
Ka
r
a
,
A
.
M
,
Nja
g
i,
L
.
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
f
a
c
to
r
s
in
f
lu
e
n
c
in
g
stu
d
e
n
ts’
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
sc
h
o
o
ls
in
Ny
a
n
d
a
ru
a
c
o
u
n
ty
,
Ke
n
y
a
.
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
V
o
l.
1
N
o
.
3.
2
0
1
3
.
[2
4
]
Ko
sg
e
i,
A
,
Jis
e
,
J.K
,
Od
e
ra
,
O &
Ay
u
g
i,
M
.
E.
In
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
tea
c
h
e
r
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
n
stu
d
e
n
ts’
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
a
m
o
n
g
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
sc
h
o
o
ls.
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Pra
c
t
ice
,
Vo
l.
4
,
No
.
3
.
2
0
1
3
.
[2
5
]
M
a
k
in
d
e
,
S
.
O.
&
T
o
m
-
L
a
wy
e
r,
O.
A
n
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
ju
n
io
r
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
s
c
h
o
o
l
E
n
g
li
sh
lan
g
u
a
g
e
c
u
rricu
lu
m
.
Pa
k
ista
n
jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
so
c
i
a
l
sc
ien
c
e
5
(1
)
.
2
0
0
8
.
[2
6
]
M
a
rti
n
,
M
.
O.,
M
u
l
li
s,
I.
V
.
S
.
,
Gre
g
o
r
y
,
K.
D.,
Ho
y
le,
C.
,
&
S
h
e
n
,
C.
Eff
e
c
ti
v
e
sc
h
o
o
ls
in
sc
ien
c
e
a
n
d
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s.
Ch
e
stn
u
t
Hill
,
M
A
:
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
tu
d
y
Ce
n
tre,
Bo
st
o
n
C
o
ll
e
g
e
.
2
0
0
0
.
[2
7
]
M
o
g
a
ri
D,
Kri
e
k
J,
S
to
ls
G
,
Ih
e
a
n
a
c
h
o
r
O.U.
L
e
so
th
o
’s
stu
d
e
n
ts’
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
ir
tea
c
h
e
rs’
b
a
c
k
g
ro
u
n
d
a
n
d
p
ro
f
e
ss
io
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t.
P
y
th
a
g
o
ra
s,
7
0
,
pp.
3
-
1
5
.
2
0
0
9
.
[2
8
]
M
u
k
h
e
rjee
,
A
.
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
P
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
,
2
nd
e
d
it
io
n
.
Zaria
.
F
ro
n
t
u
s p
u
b
li
s
h
in
g
(Nig
.
)
L
td
.
2
0
0
2
.
[2
9
]
M
u
sg
ra
v
e
,
C.
B.
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
F
a
c
to
rs
Affe
c
ti
n
g
A
tt
it
u
d
e
to
w
a
rd
sc
ien
c
e
a
n
d
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
.
Vo
l
9
1
No
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
8
2
-
3
9
4
.
2
0
0
0
.
[3
0
]
Nig
e
ria
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
F
a
c
t
S
h
e
e
t
U
n
it
e
d
S
tate
s
Em
b
a
ss
y
in
Nig
e
ria
Eco
n
o
m
ic
S
e
c
ti
o
n
,
P
l
o
t
1
0
7
5
,
Dip
lo
m
a
ti
c
Driv
e
Ce
n
tral
A
re
a
A
b
u
ja,
F
CT
,
Nig
e
ria.
2
0
1
2
.
[3
1
]
Og
u
n
w
u
y
i
,
O.
A
c
a
u
sa
l
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
tea
c
h
e
r
a
n
d
stu
d
e
n
t
f
a
c
to
rs
a
s
d
e
term
in
a
n
ts
o
f
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
in
teg
ra
ted
sc
ien
c
e
.
Un
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
P
h
.
D T
h
e
sis.
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ib
a
d
a
n
,
Ib
a
d
a
n
.
2
0
0
0
.
[3
2
]
Ojim
b
a
,
D.P
.
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
a
n
d
v
o
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
:
Im
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
s
f
o
r
so
c
io
-
eco
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
p
o
li
t
ica
l
sta
b
il
it
y
in
Ni
g
e
ria.
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
S
c
ien
ti
f
ic Jo
u
r
n
a
l
Ju
ly
2
0
1
3
e
d
it
io
n
V
o
l.
9
,
No
.
1
9
.
2
0
1
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
R
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
S
tu
d
en
t
a
n
d
Tea
c
h
er fa
cto
r
s
a
s
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f S
t
a
tis
tics
a
ch
ie
ve
men
t in
F
ed
era
l…
(
A
b
el
A
d
e
ka
n
mi
A
d
eto
n
a
)
53
[3
3
]
On
jew
u
,
M
.
A
.
Asse
ss
me
n
t
o
f
Nig
e
ria
’s
g
o
a
ls
o
n
tec
h
n
ica
l
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
:
T
h
e
jo
u
rn
e
y
so
fa
r
a
n
d
th
e
wa
y
fo
rwa
rd
.
A
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ted
a
t
3
3
r
d
a
n
n
u
a
l
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
ss
o
c
iatio
n
f
o
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
Ba
k
u
,
A
z
e
rb
e
ij
a
n
.
2
0
0
8
.
[3
4
]
Ola
le
y
e
,
F
.
O.
T
e
a
c
h
e
rs
Ch
a
ra
c
t
e
r
isti
c
s
A
s
P
re
d
icto
r
Of
A
c
a
d
e
m
ic
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
i
n
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
ry
S
c
h
o
o
ls
I
n
Os
u
n
S
tate
.
N
ig
e
ria
E
u
ro
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
t
u
d
ies
3
(
3
),
p
p
:
5
0
5
-
5
1
1
.
2
0
1
1
.
[3
5
]
On
o
c
h
a
,
C.
O.
P
a
tt
e
rn
o
f
re
latio
n
sh
ip
s
b
e
tw
e
e
n
h
o
m
e
a
n
d
sc
h
o
o
l
f
a
c
to
rs
a
n
d
p
u
p
il
s’
lea
rn
in
g
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s
in
Be
n
d
e
l
P
rim
a
r
y
S
c
ien
c
e
P
ro
jec
t.
Un
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
P
h
.
D T
h
e
sis,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
I
b
a
d
a
n
,
I
b
a
d
a
n
.
Nig
e
ria.
1
9
8
5
.
[3
6
]
Ro
b
e
rts,
D.
M
.
&
S
a
x
e
,
J.E
.
V
a
li
d
it
y
o
f
S
tatisti
c
s
A
tt
it
u
d
e
S
u
rv
e
y
:
A
F
o
ll
o
w
-
Up
S
t
u
d
y
.
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
M
e
a
su
re
me
n
t
,
4
2
,
9
0
7
-
9
1
2
.
1
9
8
2
.
[3
7
]
S
a
n
ti
ll
á
n
A
.
G
,
Ch
á
v
e
z
M
.
E.
E,
Kra
m
e
r
C.
A
.
R,
&
Tex
o
n
F
.
J.
P
.
E
m
p
iri
c
a
l
stu
d
y
o
n
stu
d
e
n
ts
a
n
d
th
e
ir
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
t
o
w
a
rd
sta
ti
stics
c
o
u
rse
a
n
d
sta
ti
stica
l
f
ield
.
A
me
ric
a
n
jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
re
se
a
rc
h
,
V
o
l.
2
,
No
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
5
1
-
1
1
5
9
.
2
0
1
4
.
[3
8
]
S
a
n
ti
ll
á
n
,
A
.
G
,
M
a
rti
n
e
z
,
F
.
V
,
C
h
á
v
e
z
,
M
.
E.
E,
a
n
d
Ra
n
g
e
l,
A
.
C.
A
tt
it
u
d
e
to
w
a
rd
S
tatis
ti
c
in
Co
ll
e
g
e
S
tu
d
e
n
ts.
A
n
Em
p
iri
c
a
l
S
tu
d
y
in
P
u
b
li
c
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
ta
ti
stica
l
a
n
d
Eco
n
o
me
tric
M
e
th
o
d
s,
Vo
l.
2
,
No
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
3
-
60.
2
0
1
3
.
[3
9
]
S
h
a
n
g
o
d
o
y
in
,
D.K
&
Las
isi,
T
.
A
.
T
h
e
Ro
le
o
f
S
tatisti
c
s
in
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
Re
f
e
re
n
c
e
t
o
Bo
tsw
a
n
a
a
n
d
Nig
e
ria S
tatisti
c
a
l
S
y
ste
m
s.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
Vo
l.
4
,
No
.
3
.
2
0
1
1
.
[4
0
]
S
id
h
u
,
G
.
K.,
F
o
o
k
,
C.
Y.,
&
Ka
u
r,
S
.
A
ss
e
ss
in
g
ES
L
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
t
ra
in
e
e
s’
c
o
n
ten
t,
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ica
l,
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
e
ss
io
n
a
l
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
b
a
se
.
T
h
e
A
s
se
ss
m
e
n
t
Bo
o
k
s
,
4
(2
),
3
-
18.
2
0
1
1
.
[4
1
]
Us
m
a
n
,
K.
O.
In
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
sh
o
rtag
e
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
re
so
u
rc
e
s
o
n
th
e
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
in
stru
c
ti
o
n
o
f
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
in
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
sc
h
o
o
ls.
T
h
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
W
CCI
Ni
g
e
ria
Ch
a
p
ter
Fo
ru
m,
4
(
2
),
1
7
6
-
1
8
4
.
2
0
0
3
.
[4
2
]
V
a
n
h
o
o
f
,
S
.
,
Ca
stro
,
A
.
,
On
g
h
e
n
a
,
P
.
Y
&
V
e
rsc
h
a
ff
e
l,
L
.
A
tt
it
u
d
e
s
to
w
a
rd
sta
ti
s
ti
c
s
a
n
d
th
e
ir
re
lati
o
n
sh
ip
w
it
h
sh
o
rt
a
n
d
l
o
n
g
-
term
e
x
a
m
re
su
lt
s.
ICOTS
-
7
,
1
-
4.
2
0
0
6
.
[4
3
]
W
e
n
g
li
n
sk
y
,
H.
Ho
w
sc
h
o
o
ls
m
a
tt
e
r:
T
h
e
li
n
k
b
e
tw
e
e
n
tea
c
h
e
r
c
las
sro
o
m
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
a
n
d
stu
d
e
n
t
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
.
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
P
o
li
c
y
An
a
ly
sis
A
r
c
h
iv
e
s,
V
o
l.
1
0
No
.
1
2
R
e
tri
e
v
e
d
f
ro
m
4
4
h
tt
p
:
//
e
p
a
a
.
a
su
.
e
d
u
/ep
a
a
/v
1
0
n
1
2
/
.
2
0
0
2
.
[4
4
]
W
ise
,
S
.
L
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
sc
a
le
m
e
a
su
rin
g
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
to
w
a
rd
sta
ti
stics
.
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
P
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t,
4
5
,
401
-
4
0
5
.
1
9
8
5
.
[4
5
]
Ya
la,
P
.
O.
&
W
a
n
jo
h
i
,
W
.
C.
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
De
ter
m
in
a
n
ts
o
f
KCSE
in
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
in
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
S
c
h
o
o
ls
in
Ny
a
m
ir
a
Div
isio
n
,
Ke
n
y
a
.
Asia
n
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
V
o
l.
7
No
.
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
-
1
1
2
.
2
0
1
1
.
[4
6
]
Ya
ra
,
P
.
O.
Re
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
tw
e
e
n
tea
c
h
e
rs’
a
tt
it
u
d
e
a
n
d
stu
d
e
n
ts
’
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
in
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
in
so
m
e
se
lec
ted
se
n
io
r
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
ls
in
S
o
u
t
h
W
e
st,
Nig
e
ria.
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
ia
l
S
c
ie
n
c
e
s
,
11
(3
),
3
6
4
-
3
6
9
.
2
0
0
9
.
BI
O
G
RAP
H
Y
O
F
AUTHO
R
A
b
e
l
A
d
e
k
a
n
m
i
A
d
e
to
n
a
M
.
E
d
(E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
)
,
a
P
o
stg
ra
d
u
a
te stu
d
e
n
t
in
th
e
In
st
it
u
te o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Ce
n
tre
f
o
r
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
(ICEE
),
Un
iv
e
rs
it
y
o
f
Ib
a
d
a
n
,
Ib
a
d
a
n
,
Nig
e
ria.
M
o
b
i
le:+
2
3
4
8
0
3
4
2
7
4
7
1
4
;
+
2
3
4
9
0
8
5
4
3
2
0
8
5
;
e
-
m
a
il
:
g
e
n
4
v
e
rse
2
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.