I
n
t
e
r
n
at
i
on
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
E
va
l
u
at
i
on
an
d
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
i
n
E
d
u
c
at
i
on
(
I
JE
R
E
)
V
o
l.
6
,
No
.
4
,
D
ecem
b
er
201
7
, p
p
.
31
2
~
31
7
I
SSN
:
2252
-
8822
312
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
p
age
:
ht
t
p:
/
/
i
ae
s
j
our
nal
.
c
om
/
onl
i
ne
/
i
nde
x
.
ph
p
/
I
J
E
R
E
Cult
ura
l L
i
t
era
cy
B
a
s
ed Crit
i
ca
l R
ea
ding
T
ea
ching
M
a
t
eria
l
w
it
h Act
iv
e
Rea
d
er
S
t
ra
t
eg
y
f
o
r J
u
nio
r H
ig
h S
cho
o
l
V
i
s
ma
i
a
S.
D
a
m
a
i
a
nt
i
1
,
Li
r
a
F
e
s
si
a
D
a
m
a
i
a
n
t
i
2
,
Y
e
ti
M
u
l
y
a
ti
3
1,
3
D
ep
ar
t
m
e
nt
of
E
duc
a
t
i
o
n L
a
ng
ua
g
e
a
nd L
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
I
nd
one
s
i
a
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
a
s
P
e
ndi
di
k
a
n I
nd
one
s
i
a
,
I
n
done
s
i
a
2
D
ep
ar
t
m
e
nt
of
P
s
hy
c
ol
ogy
,
U
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
a
s
P
e
ndi
di
k
a
n I
n
do
ne
s
i
a
,
I
n
done
s
i
a
A
rt
i
cl
e I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
ecei
v
ed
Se
p
23
,
201
7
Re
v
i
se
d
No
v
27
,
201
7
A
ccep
t
ed
De
c
10
,
2
01
7
T
h
i
s
ar
t
i
cl
e d
es
cr
i
b
es
t
h
e f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
a
s
t
u
d
y
ai
m
ed
at
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
a s
et
o
f
c
u
ltu
r
a
l lite
r
a
c
y
-
o
r
i
en
t
ed
cr
i
t
i
cal
r
ead
i
n
g
t
each
i
n
g
m
at
er
i
al
.
T
h
i
s
m
at
er
i
al
i
s
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
as
a co
u
n
t
er
m
eas
u
r
e t
o
t
h
e i
n
cr
eas
i
n
g
l
y
t
h
i
n
s
en
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
s
o
ci
et
y
,
es
p
eci
al
l
y
t
h
e
s
t
ude
nt
s
t
ow
a
r
d nobl
e
v
a
l
ue
s
of
r
e
l
i
g
i
on,
c
us
t
om
,
a
nd c
ul
t
ur
e
.
W
ith
th
is
m
a
t
e
r
ia
l s
tu
d
e
n
t g
e
t
a
s
ig
n
if
i
c
a
n
t c
r
itic
a
l u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
di
s
c
our
s
e
w
i
t
h t
he
c
o
nt
e
nt
of
no
bl
e
v
a
l
ue
of
I
nd
one
s
i
a
n c
ul
t
ur
e
.
T
he
u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
is
a
tta
in
ed
b
y
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
act
i
v
e r
ead
er
s
t
r
at
eg
y
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
f
our
i
m
por
t
a
nt
pr
i
nc
i
pl
e
s
de
v
e
l
ope
d i
n u
nde
r
s
t
a
n
di
ng
t
he
t
e
x
t
t
hr
oug
h t
hi
s
s
t
r
a
t
e
gy
,
na
m
e
l
y
1)
bui
l
di
ng
ba
s
i
c
unde
r
s
t
a
nd
i
ng
of
t
he
t
e
x
t
,
2)
c
ond
uc
t
i
ng
r
e
a
d
in
g
a
c
tiv
itie
s
in
c
h
r
o
n
o
lo
g
ic
a
l o
r
d
e
r
o
f
th
e
te
x
t,
3
)
id
e
n
tif
y
in
g
th
e
s
t
y
le
a
nd l
a
ng
ua
g
e
of
t
he
t
e
x
t
,
a
nd 4)
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
de
e
pe
ni
ng
t
he
un
de
r
s
t
a
ndi
ng
of
t
he
t
e
x
t
.
T
he
e
m
pha
s
i
s
on c
ul
t
ur
a
l
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
unde
r
s
t
a
nd
i
ng
be
c
a
m
e
t
he
f
o
c
us
of
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h.
T
hus
,
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
r
e
a
di
ng
q
ue
s
t
i
on
t
e
c
hni
que
5
01
i
s
r
e
qu
i
r
e
d
.
W
ith
t
h
is
t
e
c
hni
q
ue
s
t
ude
nt
c
a
n pr
e
di
c
t
c
a
us
a
t
i
on,
e
s
t
a
bl
i
s
h l
og
i
c
a
l
a
nd e
m
ot
i
v
e
unde
r
s
t
a
n
di
ng
,
a
nd
pr
e
di
c
t
t
he
i
m
pl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
of
i
de
a
s
.
T
he
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
t
i
on
of
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
i
s
t
each
i
n
g
m
at
er
i
al
i
s
b
as
ed
o
n
t
h
e s
t
a
g
es
o
f
D
e
s
i
g
n
B
as
ed
R
es
ear
ch
.
D
at
a i
s
o
bt
a
i
ne
d
t
hr
o
ug
h e
x
pe
r
t
s
c
a
l
e
s
a
nd t
r
i
a
l
s
t
o
j
uni
or
hi
g
h
s
c
hool
s
t
ude
nt
s
i
n B
a
nd
ung
.
T
he
r
e
s
ul
t
of
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h i
s
a
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
r
e
a
di
ng
t
ex
t
b
o
o
k
b
as
ed
o
n
cu
l
t
u
r
al
l
i
t
er
acy
w
i
t
h
act
i
v
e r
ead
er
s
t
r
at
e
g
y
t
h
at
i
s
ef
f
ect
i
v
e
t
o be
us
e
d f
or
j
uni
or
hi
g
h s
c
h
ool
s
t
ude
n
ts
.
T
h
e
im
p
lic
a
tio
n
o
f
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
th
e
a
c
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
s
e
n
s
itiv
ity
to
w
a
r
d
n
o
b
le
v
a
lu
e
s
o
f
r
e
lig
io
n
,
cu
s
t
o
m
,
an
d
cu
l
t
u
r
e t
h
at
can
b
e i
n
t
er
n
al
i
zed
i
n
t
h
ei
r
l
i
v
es
.
Ke
y
wo
rd
:
A
ct
i
v
e
R
ead
i
n
g
M
at
er
i
al
C
r
itic
a
l
R
ead
i
n
g
C
ul
t
ur
a
l
L
ite
r
a
c
y
J
uni
o
r
H
i
g
h
S
c
h
ool
C
opy
r
i
g
ht
©
201
7
I
ns
t
i
t
ut
e
o
f
A
d
v
anc
e
d E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
an
d
Sc
i
e
nc
e
.
A
l
l
ri
g
h
t
s re
se
rv
e
d
.
Co
rre
sp
o
n
d
i
n
g
Au
t
h
o
r
:
V
is
m
a
y
a
S
.
D
a
m
a
ia
n
ti
,
D
ep
ar
t
m
e
nt
o
f
E
d
uc
a
t
i
o
n
L
a
n
gua
ge
a
nd
L
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
I
nd
o
ne
s
i
a
,
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
a
s
P
e
n
di
di
k
a
n
I
n
done
s
i
a
,
6
-
8
T
am
an
s
ar
i
R
oa
d,
B
a
n
du
ng 4011
6,
I
n
don
e
s
i
a
.
E
m
a
il: i
w
a
n
s
e
tia
k
u
r
n
ia
w
a
n
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
A
n
obl
e
c
iv
iliz
a
tio
n
wi
l
l
cr
eat
e
a
hi
g
h
q
u
a
lit
y
o
f
hum
a
n
l
i
f
e
.
T
h
e
n
obl
e
c
iv
iliz
a
t
io
n
o
f
a
n
a
tio
n
is
b
u
ilt
t
hr
o
u
gh
t
he
n
a
tio
n
'
s
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
a
c
hi
e
ve
m
e
nt
s
.
T
he
o
ne
i
m
por
t
a
n
t
f
a
c
t
o
r
i
n b
ui
l
d
i
ng
c
iv
iliz
a
t
io
n
of
t
he
n
a
tio
n
i
s
a
s
c
ie
n
ti
f
ic
tr
a
d
itio
n
t
ha
t
car
r
i
es
t
he
d
e
ve
l
o
p
m
e
nt
of
pe
r
s
on
a
l
qu
a
l
i
t
y
t
hr
o
u
gh
r
e
lig
io
u
s
a
nd
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
va
l
ue
s
[1
]
wi
t
h
c
i
v
il
iz
a
tio
n
,
s
o
c
ie
t
y
doe
s
n
ot
f
or
g
e
t
t
he
r
e
l
i
gi
o
n,
no
r
m
s
,
m
o
r
a
l
s
,
a
nd
va
l
ue
s
t
h
at
ar
e
ap
p
r
eci
at
ed
by
t
he
s
o
ci
et
y
it
se
l
f
[2
].
A
n
obl
e
c
iv
iliz
a
tio
n
can
n
o
t
b
er
eal
i
zed
s
ud
d
e
nl
y.
T
he
r
e
s
ho
ul
d
be
e
ffo
r
t
s
fr
o
m
pe
opl
e
wh
o
ha
ve
t
he
p
o
w
er
,
s
i
n
cer
i
t
y
,
an
d
c
r
e
a
tiv
it
y
i
n
b
u
ild
in
g
a
nd
de
v
e
l
opi
n
g
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
va
l
ue
s
.
T
h
ey
ar
e p
eo
p
l
e
wh
o
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
,
a
w
ar
e,
a
nd
s
e
ns
i
t
i
ve
to
t
he
n
obl
e
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
va
l
ue
s
at
t
ac
h
ed
to
t
he
ir
na
t
i
o
n.
C
iv
iliz
a
tio
n
r
ef
l
ect
s
t
he
e
xt
e
nt
to
w
hi
c
h
na
t
ur
a
l
e
nvi
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
can
be
c
o
n
tr
o
lle
d
by
t
he
c
o
mmu
n
i
t
y
[3
]
.
H
o
w
e
ve
r
,
t
he
e
ff
o
rt
s
of
car
r
y
i
n
g
c
i
v
iliz
a
t
io
n
f
ace
ma
n
y
ch
al
l
en
g
e
s
.
R
ap
i
d
s
o
ci
al
ch
an
g
es
,
as
a r
es
u
l
t
of
g
l
oba
l
c
u
r
r
e
n
ts
,
m
o
d
e
r
n
iz
a
tio
n
,
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ia
liz
a
tio
n
,
a
n
d
r
a
p
id
ch
an
g
es
i
n
s
ci
e
n
ce
a
nd
t
e
c
hno
l
o
g
y
ha
ve
i
n
f
l
u
en
ced
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
va
l
ue
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
E
R
E
I
SSN
:
2252
-
8822
C
ul
t
ur
al
L
i
t
e
r
ac
y
B
as
e
d C
r
i
t
i
c
al
R
e
adi
n
g T
e
ac
hi
n
g M
at
e
r
i
al
w
i
t
h A
c
t
i
v
e
.
.
.
.
(
V
i
s
m
ay
a S.
D
am
ai
ant
i
)
313
I
ns
e
ns
i
t
i
vi
t
y t
o
t
he
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
va
l
ue
s
o
f
t
he
na
t
i
o
n,
o
r
w
hi
c
h t
h
e
a
ut
ho
r
r
e
f
e
r
s
t
o
a
s
,
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
b
l
i
nd
ne
s
s
,
in
h
ib
its
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
a
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
b
le
c
iv
iliz
a
tio
n
o
f
s
o
c
ie
t
y
[
4
]
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
a
s
t,
w
it
h
c
u
lt
u
r
a
l l
ite
r
a
c
y
,
o
r
c
u
ltu
r
a
l
lite
r
a
c
y
o
n
e
c
a
n
p
la
y
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t r
o
le
in
b
u
ild
in
g
a
c
i
v
iliz
e
d
n
a
tio
n
.
W
ith
c
u
ltu
r
a
l
lite
r
a
c
y
o
n
e
w
ill
und
e
r
s
t
a
nd
t
he
s
a
yi
n
gs
o
f
t
he
a
nc
e
s
t
or
s
,
m
i
n
i
m
i
z
e
i
n
di
vi
du
a
l
i
s
m
,
a
v
oi
d g
r
ou
p e
g
o,
a
v
oi
d m
i
s
un
de
r
s
t
a
n
di
ng
s
,
a
nd
e
nc
o
ur
a
ge
c
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n,
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
i
n
t
he
w
o
r
l
d
w
he
r
e
d
e
ve
l
o
p
m
e
nt
a
nd
gr
o
w
t
h o
f
t
hi
s
c
ul
t
ur
e
t
a
ke
s
p
l
a
c
e
.
T
he
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
i
s
,
t
he
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
o
f
I
nd
o
ne
s
i
a
n s
t
ud
e
nt
s
i
s
c
ur
r
e
nt
l
y i
nc
l
ud
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
lo
w
e
s
t c
a
te
g
o
r
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
al
l
ef
f
o
r
t
s
t
h
at
l
ea
d
t
o
t
h
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
q
u
al
i
t
y
o
f
ed
u
cat
i
o
n
,
es
p
eci
al
l
y
cu
l
t
u
r
al
l
i
t
er
ac
y
,
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
th
e
c
e
n
te
r
o
f
a
tte
n
ti
o
n
.
2.
R
ES
EA
R
C
H
M
ETH
O
D
L
i
t
er
ac
y
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
i
o
n
h
as
b
een
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
t
h
at
i
n
cl
u
d
es
m
a
s
t
er
y
i
n
:
(
1)
r
e
a
di
n
g
pr
i
n
t
e
d
w
or
ds
;
(
2
)
w
r
i
t
i
n
g e
a
s
i
l
y a
nd
f
u
n;
(
3
)
c
o
nve
y
i
ng e
s
s
e
nt
i
a
l
i
d
e
a
s
t
hr
o
u
gh
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
w
o
r
d
s
;
(
4
)
c
o
m
p
r
e
he
nd
i
ng o
r
a
l
m
es
s
ag
e
s
,
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
d
e
f
i
n
ed
s
p
eech
a
n
d
m
ean
i
n
g
t
h
at
i
s
e
x
p
r
es
s
ed
i
n
d
i
r
ect
l
y
w
h
i
ch
i
s
r
ef
l
ect
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
w
o
r
d
ch
o
i
ce,
s
en
t
e
n
ce
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e,
an
d
p
r
es
s
u
r
e
p
at
t
er
n
s
an
d
s
p
eech
j
u
n
ct
u
r
e
p
at
t
er
n
s
;
(
5
)
s
p
eak
i
n
g
cl
ear
l
y
,
s
u
c
c
i
n
c
t
l
y
a
n
d pl
e
a
s
a
n
t
l
y
;
a
nd (
6)
f
i
n
di
ng
s
a
t
i
s
f
a
c
t
i
o
n
,
pur
pos
e
,
a
n
d a
c
qu
i
s
i
t
i
on t
h
r
ou
gh
v
a
r
i
ous
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
a
c
tiv
itie
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
e d
ef
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
l
i
t
er
ac
y
d
ev
el
o
p
s
m
o
r
e
w
i
d
el
y
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ach
es
i
n
t
each
i
n
g
r
ead
i
n
g
.
L
ite
r
a
c
y
is
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
r
i
n
te
d
s
c
r
ip
ts
a
n
d
w
r
itte
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
th
a
t f
u
n
c
tio
n
to
a
c
h
ie
v
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
'
s
p
o
te
n
tia
l
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
in
s
o
c
ie
t
y
[
6
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
m
a
s
t
e
r
y
o
f
lite
r
a
c
y
i
s
n
o
t o
n
l
y
t
h
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
in
te
r
p
r
e
t
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
v
oc
a
bu
l
a
r
y
but
a
l
s
o t
he
a
bi
l
i
t
y
t
o
u
n
de
r
s
t
a
n
d t
h
e
m
e
a
n
i
ng t
o f
o
s
t
e
r
a
g
ood l
i
f
e
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
u
n
de
r
s
t
a
n
di
ng
o
f
n
o
b
le
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
c
u
ltu
r
e
.
C
u
ltu
r
a
l l
ite
r
a
c
y
is
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
'
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
c
u
lt
u
r
e
s
e
e
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
is
to
r
y
,
c
on
t
r
i
bu
t
i
ons
,
a
n
d di
f
f
er
en
ce
s
o
b
t
ai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
r
ead
i
n
g
,
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
,
o
r
o
t
h
er
m
ed
i
a.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
h
e can
i
n
t
er
act
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
c
u
l
t
u
r
e an
d
r
ef
l
ect
i
t
[
7
]
.
L
i
t
er
ac
y
h
as
f
u
s
ed
i
n
t
o
m
a
n
y
c
u
l
t
u
r
es
o
f
a
s
o
ci
et
y
.
L
i
t
er
ac
y
m
u
s
t
b
e
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h t
he
c
ul
t
ur
e
o
f
s
o
c
i
e
t
y [
8
]
.
I
n o
t
he
r
w
o
r
d
s
,
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
p
r
o
gr
a
m
s
s
ho
ul
d
b
e
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
l
y b
a
s
e
d
i
n
h
ar
m
o
n
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e al
r
ead
y
es
t
ab
l
i
s
h
ed
c
u
l
t
u
r
e o
f
t
h
e co
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e p
r
o
ces
s
o
f
t
each
i
n
g
r
ead
i
n
g
w
h
ic
h
f
a
v
o
r
s
th
e
p
r
in
c
ip
le
s
o
f
th
e
v
ir
t
u
e
s
o
f
c
u
lt
u
r
a
l d
iv
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
it is
e
x
p
e
c
te
d
to
b
e
a
n
a
lte
r
n
a
ti
v
e
to
e
f
f
o
r
t
s t
o
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
th
e
c
iv
iliz
a
tio
n
o
f
p
e
o
p
le
.
T
h
e
c
u
ltu
r
a
l
e
le
m
e
n
t
s
t
h
a
t
m
u
s
t b
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
to
o
d
to
o
b
ta
i
n
t
h
e
n
o
b
le
v
a
lu
e
it
c
o
n
ta
in
s
,
a
s
id
e
n
ti
f
ie
d
b
y
K
o
e
n
tj
a
r
a
n
in
g
r
a
t [
9
]
: (
1
)
r
e
lig
io
n
,
(
2
)
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
iz
a
tio
n
,
(
3
)
kno
w
l
e
d
ge
,
(
4
)
l
a
ng
ua
ge
,
(
5
)
a
r
t
,
(
6)
l
i
v
e
l
i
h
ood,
(
7
)
t
e
c
h
n
ol
ogy
a
n
d e
qu
i
p
m
e
n
t
.
O
ne
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
nt
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
vi
t
y
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
s
c
ho
o
l
s
t
ud
e
nt
s
t
o
ga
i
n
a
hi
g
h
u
nd
e
r
s
t
a
nd
i
n
g
o
f
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
v
a
lu
e
i
n
t
h
e
te
x
t
is
c
r
itic
a
l
r
e
a
d
in
g
a
c
tiv
it
y
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
r
itic
a
l r
e
a
d
in
g
a
c
ti
v
itie
s
,
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
c
a
n
d
e
e
p
l
y
und
e
r
s
t
a
nd
t
he
no
b
l
e
va
l
ue
s
c
o
n
t
ai
n
ed
i
n
a c
u
l
t
u
r
al
l
y
o
r
i
en
t
ed
t
ex
t
.
C
r
i
t
i
cal
r
ead
er
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e an
act
i
v
e r
ead
er
a
s
k
i
ng
qu
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
,
l
ook
i
n
g
f
or
f
a
c
t
s
,
a
n
d s
us
pe
n
di
ng
j
u
dgm
e
nt
u
n
t
i
l
t
h
e
y
a
s
s
um
e
r
i
gh
t
[
10]
.
F
or
s
t
u
de
n
t
s
w
i
t
h
c
e
r
ta
in
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
a
le
a
r
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
a
t a
llo
w
s
le
a
r
n
in
g
to
b
e
d
o
n
e
w
it
h
th
e
p
r
in
c
ip
le
o
f
f
r
e
e
d
o
m
,
in
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
,
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
,
r
e
c
e
n
tn
e
s
s
,
s
u
ita
b
ilit
y
,
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
i
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
.
T
o
th
a
t e
n
d
,
t
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
a f
o
r
m
u
l
at
i
o
n
o
f
cu
l
t
u
r
al
o
r
i
en
t
ed
cr
i
t
i
cal
r
ead
i
n
g
t
each
i
n
g
m
at
er
i
al
s
i
n t
he
f
o
r
m
o
f
t
e
xt
b
o
o
k.
T
he
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng
s
t
a
g
e
s
o
f
r
e
a
di
n
g t
h
a
t
s
t
u
de
n
t
s
do i
n
u
n
de
r
s
t
a
n
di
ng
t
h
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
i
n t
h
e
book
i
s
t
h
e
s
t
a
g
e
s
of
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
b
as
ed
o
n
act
i
v
e r
ead
er
.
W
i
t
h
t
h
i
s
act
i
v
e r
ead
er
s
t
r
at
eg
y
,
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
w
i
l
l
co
n
d
u
ct
cr
i
t
i
cal
r
ead
i
n
g
t
r
ai
n
i
n
g
car
ef
u
l
l
y
an
d
ea
s
i
l
y
[
1
1
]
T
h
e ex
p
l
a
n
at
i
o
n
ab
o
v
e e
x
p
l
ai
n
s
t
h
at
t
h
i
s
r
es
ear
ch
i
n
t
en
d
s
t
o
d
ev
el
o
p
t
each
i
n
g
m
at
er
i
al
s
i
n
t
h
e f
o
r
m
o
f
cu
l
t
u
r
al
l
i
t
er
acy
b
as
ed
cr
i
t
i
cal
r
ead
i
n
g
t
e
x
t
b
o
o
k
w
i
t
h
act
i
v
e r
ea
d
er
s
t
r
at
eg
y
as
t
h
e
s
ta
g
e
s
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
’
r
e
a
d
in
g
a
c
tiv
itie
s
.
T
o
o
b
ta
in
t
he
r
i
ght
t
e
xt
b
o
o
k
p
r
o
d
uc
t
,
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
us
e
s
a
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
D
es
i
g
n
B
as
ed
R
es
ear
c
h
,
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
1
.
F
i
g
ur
e
1.
R
es
ear
ch
F
l
o
w
o
f
D
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
C
u
l
t
u
r
al
L
i
t
er
a
c
y
B
as
ed
C
r
i
t
i
cal
R
ead
i
n
g
M
at
er
i
al
w
i
t
h
A
ct
i
v
e R
ead
er
S
t
r
at
eg
y
3.
R
ES
U
LT
S
A
ND AN
AL
Y
S
I
S
3.
1.
A
n
al
ys
i
s
of
M
at
e
r
i
al
s
P
r
ob
l
e
m
s
I
n
acco
r
d
an
ce
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
f
l
o
w
o
f
t
h
i
s
r
es
ear
ch
,
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
d
at
a
co
l
l
ect
ed
i
s
t
h
e r
es
u
l
t
o
f
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
te
r
ia
l,
w
h
ic
h
is
t
h
e
te
a
c
h
i
n
g
m
a
te
r
ia
l t
h
a
t is
b
e
in
g
u
s
e
d
in
s
c
h
o
o
ls
e
n
title
d
E
k
s
p
re
s
i
D
i
ri
(
s
e
l
f
e
x
p
r
e
ssi
o
n
)
A
na
l
ys
i
s
o
f
p
r
act
i
cal
i
s
s
u
es
b
y
r
es
ear
ch
er
s
an
d
p
r
act
i
t
i
o
n
er
s
c
o
lla
b
o
r
a
t
iv
e
l
y
P
r
ob
lem
D
e
s
ig
n
d
e
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
o
f
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
s
(
pr
o
duc
t
s
)
ba
s
e
d
o
n d
e
s
i
g
n
p
r
in
c
ip
l
e
s
w
it
h
i
nno
va
t
i
ve
t
e
c
hno
l
o
g
y
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
T
e
s
t
in
g
f
o
r
s
o
lu
t
io
n
imp
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
(
pr
o
duc
t
)
b
y
w
a
y
o
f
r
ep
eat
i
n
g
cy
cl
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
t
s
cal
es
M
e
t
h
od
R
ef
l
ect
i
o
n
o
n
pr
o
duc
t
a
n
d
pr
o
duc
t
imp
le
m
e
n
t
a
t
io
n
De
si
g
n
P
ri
n
c
i
p
l
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
22
52
-
8822
IJ
E
R
E
V
o
l.
6
, N
o
.
4
,
D
ecem
b
er
2
01
7
:
312
–
31
7
314
w
i
t
h
27 t
itle
s
o
f
d
is
c
o
u
r
s
e
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
is
to
o
b
ta
in
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t i
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
th
a
t c
a
n
b
e
co
r
r
ect
ed
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
m
at
er
i
al
s
s
t
u
d
i
ed
.
F
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
a
ta
o
f
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
r
e
s
u
lt
o
f
2
7
te
x
ts
o
f
te
a
c
h
i
n
g
m
a
te
r
ia
ls
o
f
E
k
s
pr
e
s
i
D
i
r
i
dan
A
k
ade
m
i
k
(S
e
l
f
E
x
p
re
s
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
A
cad
e
m
i
c)
ab
o
v
e,
i
t
can
b
e d
es
cr
i
b
ed
,
as
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
.
a.
J
u
d
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e r
ead
ab
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e d
i
s
co
u
r
s
e i
t
ap
p
ear
s
t
h
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e t
e
x
t
s
o
n
d
i
s
p
l
a
y
ar
e i
n
eas
y
l
ev
e
l
.
T
he
t
e
xt
t
ha
t
m
e
e
t
s
t
he
s
t
a
nd
a
r
d
i
s
no
t
d
o
m
i
na
nt
.
T
hi
s
c
a
n b
e
p
r
o
ve
n f
r
o
m
t
he
d
a
t
a
t
ha
t
t
h
er
e ar
e 3
0
%
o
f
t
h
e t
e
x
t
s
w
h
i
c
h
ar
e r
an
k
ed
v
e
r
y
ea
s
y
,
3
3
%
eas
y
,
1
8
%
r
at
h
er
eas
y
,
1
1
%
s
t
a
n
d
ar
d
,
3
%
d
i
f
f
i
cu
l
t
,
an
d
3
%
v
e
r
y
d
if
f
ic
u
lt.
b.
F
r
o
m
t
each
i
n
g
r
ead
i
n
g
act
i
v
i
t
i
es
,
i
t
ca
n
b
e s
een
t
h
at
t
h
er
e ar
e f
o
u
r
act
i
v
i
t
i
es
u
n
d
er
t
ak
en
b
y
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
.
S
t
u
de
n
t
s
pe
r
f
or
m
a
c
ti
v
itie
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
(
1
)
d
is
s
e
c
ti
n
g
te
x
t s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
s
,
(
2
)
id
e
n
ti
f
y
in
g
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
e
le
m
e
n
ts
,
(
3
)
a
ns
w
e
r
i
n
g q
ue
s
t
i
o
ns
o
n r
e
a
d
i
n
g c
o
nt
e
nt
,
a
nd
(
4
)
i
d
e
nt
i
f
yi
ng l
a
ng
ua
ge
e
l
e
m
e
nt
s
.
c.
T
he
c
o
nt
e
nt
o
f
t
he
no
b
l
e
va
l
ue
s
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
es
i
an
l
o
cal
c
u
l
t
u
r
e d
o
es
n
o
t
s
ee
m
t
o
b
e t
h
e
f
oc
us
of
t
h
e
di
s
c
ou
r
s
e
s
o
n t
he
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
.
T
hi
s
i
s
p
r
o
ve
n
f
r
o
m
t
he
f
a
c
t
t
ha
t
no
ne
o
f
t
he
t
e
xt
t
o
o
k
l
o
c
a
l
I
n
d
o
ne
s
i
a
n c
ul
t
ur
e
a
s i
t
s
t
h
e
m
e
.
3.
2.
D
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
C
u
l
t
u
ra
l
L
i
t
era
cy
B
a
s
ed
C
ri
t
i
ca
l
R
ea
d
i
n
g
M
a
t
eri
a
l
w
i
t
h
A
ct
i
v
e R
ea
d
er S
t
ra
t
eg
y
T
each
i
n
g
m
at
er
i
a
l
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
C
u
l
t
u
r
al
L
i
t
er
ac
y
B
as
ed
C
r
i
t
i
cal
R
ead
i
n
g
T
ex
t
b
o
o
k
w
i
t
h
A
ct
i
v
e
R
e
a
de
r
S
t
r
a
t
e
gy
a
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
de
ve
l
ope
d on
t
h
e
ba
s
i
s
of
a
s
ol
u
t
i
on t
o i
m
pr
ov
e
t
h
e
qu
a
l
i
t
y of
t
e
x
t
book
s
.
T
h
e
de
v
e
l
ope
d t
e
x
t
book
c
on
s
i
s
t
s
of
12 C
h
a
pt
e
r
s
.
I
n
de
v
e
l
opi
n
g
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
ng
m
a
t
er
i
al
s
,
r
es
ear
ch
er
s
co
n
d
u
ct
(
1
)
a
s
el
ect
i
o
n
o
f
r
ead
ab
l
e t
ex
t
b
as
ed
o
n
F
l
es
ch
p
ar
a
m
et
er
an
d
co
n
t
ai
n
s
cu
l
t
u
r
al
v
a
l
u
e
s
b
as
ed
o
n
K
o
en
t
j
ar
an
i
n
g
r
at
’
s
cr
i
t
er
i
a;
(
2
)
a d
et
e
r
m
i
n
at
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e d
i
s
co
u
r
s
e cr
i
t
i
cal
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
i
n
g
act
i
v
i
t
y
p
r
o
ced
u
r
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e act
i
v
e r
ead
er
s
t
r
a
t
e
gy
;
(
3)
a
r
e
i
n
f
or
c
e
m
e
n
t
of
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
un
de
r
s
t
a
n
di
ng
w
i
t
h
qu
e
s
t
i
ons
t
e
c
hn
i
qu
e
501.
T
h
e
pr
odu
c
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
te
a
ch
i
n
g
m
at
er
i
al
s
can
b
e s
een
i
n
F
i
gur
e
2
.
F
i
g
ur
e
2
.
P
r
o
fi
l
e
o
f
C
u
l
t
u
r
al
L
i
t
er
ac
y
B
as
ed
C
r
i
t
i
cal
R
ead
i
n
g
T
ex
t
b
o
o
k
w
i
t
h
A
ct
i
v
e
R
ead
er
S
t
r
at
eg
y
3.
3.
T
es
t
i
n
g
o
f
E
a
ch
P
ro
d
u
ct
B
a
s
ed
o
n
E
x
p
ert
S
ca
l
es
E
x
p
er
t
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e as
s
e
s
s
m
en
t
o
f
t
eac
h
i
n
g
m
at
er
i
al
s
b
as
ed
o
n
f
o
u
r
as
p
ect
s
o
f
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
,
n
a
m
el
y
t
h
e
as
p
ect
o
f
t
each
i
n
g
m
at
er
i
al
s
,
as
p
ect
s
o
f
i
n
s
t
r
u
ct
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
r
at
eg
i
es
i
n
t
eac
h
i
n
g
m
a
t
er
i
al
s
,
e
v
al
u
at
i
o
n
as
p
ect
s
i
n
t
each
i
n
g
m
at
er
i
al
s
,
an
d
d
es
i
g
n
as
p
ect
s
o
f
t
each
i
n
g
m
at
er
i
al
s
.
3.
3.
1.
A
n
al
ys
i
s
of
A
s
p
e
c
t
s
of
T
e
ac
h
i
n
g M
at
e
r
i
al
s
O
u
t
o
f
ei
g
h
t
i
t
e
m
s
o
f
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
en
t
,
t
h
er
e ar
e t
h
r
ee i
t
e
m
s
t
h
at
g
o
t
a s
co
r
e o
f
5
(
v
er
y
accu
r
at
e)
as
m
u
c
h
as
1
0
0
%
,
n
a
m
el
y
as
p
ect
s
o
f
(
1
)
cu
l
t
u
r
al
l
i
t
er
ac
y
,
(
2
)
th
e
a
c
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t o
f
c
r
itic
a
l
r
e
a
d
in
g
s
k
ill
s
,
(
3
)
und
e
r
s
t
a
nd
i
n
g a
nd
l
i
vi
n
g t
he
no
b
l
e
va
l
ue
s
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
es
i
an
cu
l
t
u
r
e.
T
h
e o
t
h
er
f
i
v
e i
t
e
m
s
g
o
t
a s
co
r
e o
f
4
(
accu
r
at
e)
as
m
u
ch
a
s
6
0
%
.
3.
3.
2.
A
n
al
ys
i
s
of
L
e
ar
n
i
n
g S
t
r
at
e
gi
e
s
i
n
T
e
ac
h
i
n
g M
a
t
e
r
i
al
s
O
ut
o
f
t
w
e
l
ve
a
s
s
es
s
m
e
n
t
i
t
e
m
s
,
t
h
er
e ar
e
f
o
u
r
i
t
e
m
s
t
h
at
g
o
t
a s
co
r
e o
f
5
(
v
er
y
acc
u
r
at
e)
as
m
u
ch
as
1
0
0
%
,
i
.
e.
i
t
em
s
(
1
)
act
i
v
e r
ea
d
er
s
t
r
at
eg
y
w
i
t
h
t
each
i
n
g
m
at
er
i
al
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e,
(
2
)
cl
ar
i
t
y
an
d
s
u
i
t
ab
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
l
o
cal
wi
s
d
o
m
-
b
as
ed
l
ear
n
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
act
i
v
e r
ead
er
s
t
r
at
eg
y
,
3
)
c
la
r
it
y
o
f
le
a
r
n
in
g
i
n
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
,
a
n
d
(
4
)
th
e
m
a
te
r
ia
l
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
i
s
t
each
i
n
g
m
at
er
i
al
i
s
ap
p
r
o
p
r
i
at
e t
o
b
e
ap
p
l
i
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
l
ear
n
i
n
g
u
s
i
n
g
act
i
v
e r
ead
er
s
t
r
at
eg
y
.
T
h
e o
t
h
er
i
t
e
m
s
g
o
t
a s
co
r
e o
f
4
(
accu
r
at
e)
as
m
u
c
h
as
8
3
%
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
E
R
E
I
SSN
:
2252
-
8822
C
ul
t
ur
al
L
i
t
e
r
ac
y
B
as
e
d C
r
i
t
i
c
al
R
e
adi
n
g T
e
ac
hi
n
g M
at
e
r
i
al
w
i
t
h A
c
t
i
v
e
.
.
.
.
(
V
i
s
m
ay
a S.
D
am
ai
ant
i
)
315
3.
3.
3.
E
v
a
l
ua
t
i
o
n A
s
pe
c
t
s
i
n
T
e
a
c
h
i
ng
M
a
t
e
r
ia
ls
T
h
er
e ar
e
t
h
r
ee ev
al
u
at
i
o
n
as
p
ect
i
t
e
m
s
t
h
at
g
o
t
a s
co
r
e o
f
5
(
v
er
y
accu
r
at
e)
o
f
t
h
e
t
en
i
t
e
m
s
as
s
es
s
ed
,
n
a
m
el
y
(
1
)
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
an
d
t
h
e s
t
ep
s
t
h
at
m
u
s
t
b
e d
o
n
e b
y
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
ca
n
b
e cl
ear
l
y
u
n
d
er
s
t
o
o
d
,
(
2
)
t
h
e p
r
es
en
t
ed
ev
al
u
a
t
i
o
n
ca
n
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
s
t
ude
n
t
s
t
o un
de
r
s
t
a
n
d t
e
x
t
s
i
n
de
pe
n
de
n
t
l
y
,
a
n
d (
3)
p
r
es
en
t
ed
ev
al
u
at
i
o
n
s
ar
e i
n
h
ar
m
o
n
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
m
at
er
i
al
.
O
n
e i
t
e
m
g
o
t
a s
co
r
e o
f
f
o
u
r
(
accu
r
at
e)
as
m
u
c
h
as
1
0
0
%
,
w
hi
c
h i
s
p
r
e
s
e
nt
e
d
e
va
l
ua
t
i
o
n i
t
e
m
s
c
a
n i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
t
ud
e
nt
s
'
k
no
w
l
e
d
ge
i
n
und
e
r
s
t
a
nd
i
n
g
t
he
t
e
xt
cr
i
t
i
cal
l
y
.
T
h
e o
t
h
er
s
i
x
i
t
e
m
s
g
o
t
a s
co
r
e o
f
4
(
accu
r
at
e)
as
m
u
c
h
as
8
0
%
.
3.
3.
4.
D
es
i
g
n
A
s
p
ect
s
o
f
T
ea
ch
i
n
g
M
a
t
eri
a
l
s
O
n
l
y
o
n
e i
t
e
m
g
o
t
a s
co
r
e o
f
4
(
accu
r
at
e)
as
m
u
c
h
as
8
5
%
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
a cr
eat
i
v
e a
n
d
d
y
n
am
i
c i
t
e
m
.
T
h
e o
t
h
er
n
i
n
e g
o
t
a s
co
r
e o
f
5
(
v
er
y
accu
r
at
e)
as
m
u
c
h
as
1
0
0
%
.
3.
4.
C
o
m
p
reh
en
s
i
v
e P
ro
d
u
ct
T
es
t
i
n
g
B
a
s
ed
o
n
E
x
p
ert
S
ca
l
es
A
s
u
mm
at
i
v
e as
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
i
s
car
r
i
ed
o
u
t
a
ft
e
r
r
ev
i
s
i
o
n
o
f
t
each
i
n
g
m
at
er
i
al
s
as
an
al
y
s
i
s
r
es
u
l
t
o
f
f
o
r
m
at
i
v
e a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
.
T
h
i
s
as
s
es
s
m
e
n
t
i
s
i
n
t
en
d
ed
t
o
g
et
a p
i
ct
u
r
e o
f
t
h
e o
v
er
al
l
q
u
al
i
t
y
o
f
t
each
i
n
g
m
at
er
i
al
s
.
T
h
e r
es
u
l
t
s
o
b
t
ai
n
ed
ar
e as
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
.
H
ar
m
o
n
i
zat
i
o
n
i
t
e
m
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e co
n
t
en
t
an
d
o
r
g
an
i
zat
i
o
n
o
f
t
each
i
n
g
m
at
er
i
al
s
an
d
h
ar
m
o
n
i
zat
i
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e co
n
t
e
n
t
an
d
l
ear
n
i
n
g
o
b
j
ect
i
v
es
o
b
t
ai
n
ed
a s
co
r
e o
f
5
(
v
er
y
accu
r
at
e)
as
m
u
ch
as
8
3
%
.
T
h
e i
t
em
s
o
f
accu
r
ac
y
,
co
m
p
l
et
en
e
s
s
,
a
n
d
h
ar
m
o
n
i
za
t
i
o
n
o
f
l
ear
n
i
n
g
s
t
ep
s
g
o
t
a s
co
r
e o
f
5
(
v
er
y
ac
cu
r
at
e)
as
m
u
c
h
as
6
6
%
.
T
h
e
ite
m
s
o
f
p
o
s
s
ib
ili
t
y
o
f
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ta
tio
n
o
f
te
a
c
h
in
g
m
a
te
r
ia
ls
a
nd
u
s
e
f
ul
ne
s
s
f
o
r
t
he
us
e
r
o
f
t
he
t
each
i
n
g
m
at
er
i
al
s
o
b
t
ai
n
ed
a s
co
r
e o
f
5
(
v
er
y
acc
u
r
at
e)
as
m
u
c
h
as
1
0
0
%
.
B
as
ed
o
n
e
x
p
er
t
'
s
as
s
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
o
v
er
al
l
a
n
d
eac
h
a
s
p
ect
,
i
t
i
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
cu
l
t
u
r
al
l
i
t
e
r
acy
b
as
ed
cr
i
t
i
ca
l
r
ead
i
n
g
m
at
er
i
al
w
i
t
h
act
i
v
e r
e
ad
er
s
t
r
at
eg
y
ca
n
b
e cat
e
g
o
r
i
zed
as
accu
r
at
e.
A
n
o
v
er
al
l
o
f
f
i
n
al
p
r
o
d
u
ct
te
s
ti
n
g
r
es
u
l
t
ca
n
b
e s
een
i
n
T
ab
l
e 1
.
T
ab
l
e
1.
D
a
ta
o
f
F
in
a
l P
r
o
d
u
c
t T
e
s
tin
g
R
e
s
u
l
t
A
sp
e
c
t
s o
f
A
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
T
ea
c
h
i
n
g
M
at
er
i
a
l
A
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
I
n
d
i
cat
o
r
S
c
o
r
e
5
4
3
2
1
Ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
1
.
i
n
a
c
c
o
r
d
a
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g ob
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
2
.
i
n
a
cco
r
d
an
ce
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
p
ar
am
e
t
e
r
o
f
cu
l
t
u
r
al
l
i
t
e
r
acy
3
. i
n
a
cco
r
d
an
ce
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
p
ar
am
e
t
e
r
s
o
f
cr
i
t
i
cal
r
e
ad
i
n
g
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
ac
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
4
.
h
e
l
p
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
f
i
n
d
k
e
y
i
d
e
a
s
f
r
o
m
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
t
e
x
t
s
5
.
h
e
l
p
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
ex
p
r
es
s
i
d
ea
s
c
r
i
t
i
ca
l
l
y
6
.
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
to
f
i
n
d
te
x
t
in
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
b
e
tte
r
7
.
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
e s
t
u
d
en
t
s
t
o
r
ec
o
g
n
i
ze t
ex
t
c
o
n
t
en
t
m
o
r
e ea
s
i
l
y
8
.
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
a
n
d
a
p
p
r
e
c
i
a
t
e
t
h
e
n
o
b
l
e
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
9
.
m
a
t
er
i
a
l
a
c
cu
r
at
el
y
a
p
p
l
i
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
ct
i
v
e r
ea
d
er
s
t
r
at
eg
y
1
0
. a
u
t
h
e
n
t
i
c m
at
e
r
i
al
S
tr
a
te
g
y
1
.
i
m
p
r
ov
e
b
a
s
i
c
un
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
di
n
g
a
bi
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
e
xt
2
.
i
m
p
r
ov
e
t
h
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
f
i
n
d i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
on
o
n
e
a
c
h
t
e
x
t
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
3
.
i
m
p
r
ov
e
t
h
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
r
e
c
o
gn
i
z
e
s
t
y
l
e
a
n
d
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
of
t
e
x
t
4
.
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
a
b
il
ity
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
t
h
e
te
x
t c
r
it
ic
a
l
ly
5
.
c
l
a
r
it
y
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
in
g
a
c
t
iv
it
ie
s
i
n
s
tr
u
c
t
io
n
s
6
.
s
u
ita
b
il
ity
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
s
t
a
g
e
s
w
ith
a
c
tiv
e
r
e
a
d
e
r
s
tr
a
te
g
y
7
.
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
o
f
s
t
r
a
t
eg
i
es
i
n
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
i
n
g
r
ea
d
i
n
g
i
n
t
er
es
t
8
.
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
o
f
va
r
i
o
u
s
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
i
n
f
or
m
a
t
i
o
n
E
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
1
.
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
ec
t
n
es
s
o
f
ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
ep
i
n
ac
c
o
r
d
a
n
c
e w
i
t
h
a
ct
i
v
e r
ea
d
er
s
t
r
at
eg
y
2
.
c
l
a
r
i
ty
o
f
w
o
r
k
in
g
in
s
tr
u
c
t
io
n
s
3
.
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
e
x
t
4
.
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
s
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
5
.
p
r
es
en
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
m
a
k
es
i
t
ea
s
i
er
f
o
r
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
t
o
ex
p
r
es
s
c
r
ea
t
i
v
e
i
d
ea
s
6
.
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
i
n
a
c
c
o
r
d
a
n
c
e
w
ith
m
a
te
r
ia
l
7
.
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
i
n
a
c
c
o
r
d
a
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
8
.
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
d
o
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
9
.
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
e
p
s
c
a
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
l
y
1
0
.
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
i
n
a
c
c
o
r
d
a
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
1
1
. e
v
al
u
at
i
o
n
i
n
i
n
ac
co
r
d
a
n
ce
w
i
t
h
l
e
ar
n
e
r
l
ev
el
D
es
i
g
n
1
.
s
u
ita
b
il
ity
o
f
ty
p
e
a
n
d
f
o
n
t s
iz
e
2
.
r
ead
ab
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
ex
t
s
3
.
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
i
t
l
e
s
,
s
u
b
h
e
a
d
s
,
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
d
i
s
t
u
r
b
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
o
n
4
.
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
o
f
s
p
a
ci
n
g
b
et
w
een
l
i
n
es
5
.
c
o
m
p
a
t
ib
il
ity
o
f
il
l
u
s
tr
a
t
io
n
s
6
.
cr
e
at
i
v
e
a
n
d
d
y
n
am
i
c
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
22
52
-
8822
IJ
E
R
E
V
o
l.
6
, N
o
.
4
,
D
ecem
b
er
2
01
7
:
312
–
31
7
316
3.
5.
A
n
al
ys
i
s
of
R
e
s
u
l
t
s
of
T
e
ac
h
i
n
g M
at
e
r
i
al
I
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
at
i
on
agai
n
s
t
Ju
n
i
or
H
i
gh
S
c
h
ool
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
T
o
g
e
t a
p
ic
tu
r
e
o
f
its
u
s
a
b
ilit
y
,
th
is
te
a
c
h
i
n
g
m
a
te
r
ia
l is
tr
ie
d
to
b
e
u
s
e
d
in
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g r
e
a
d
i
ng a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
to
w
a
r
d
5
0
j
u
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
c
h
o
o
l s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
d
e
s
c
r
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
e
s
u
lts
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
a
b
ilit
y
is
s
e
e
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ev
al
u
a
t
i
o
n
r
es
u
l
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
co
r
e o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
i
o
n
d
i
s
co
v
er
y
an
d
s
co
r
e o
f
r
ead
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
o
n
.
T
h
e r
es
u
l
t
s
o
f
th
e
a
p
p
lic
a
tio
n
of
t
e
a
c
h
i
ng
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
t
o t
w
o g
r
o
u
ps
of
j
u
ni
or
h
i
gh
s
c
h
ool
s
t
u
de
nt
s
a
r
e
a
s
f
ol
l
o
w
s
.
a.
D
at
a o
f
T
each
i
n
g
Mat
er
i
al
“
T
e
m
uk
an I
nf
or
m
as
i
P
e
nt
i
ng
dal
am
T
e
k
s
”
(
F
i
n
d I
m
por
t
a
n
t
I
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
i
n
t
h
e
T
e
xt
)
A
p
p
lic
a
tio
n
B
as
ed
o
n
t
h
e d
at
a
o
f
t
each
i
n
g
m
at
er
i
al
“
T
e
m
uk
an
I
nf
or
m
as
i
P
e
nt
i
ng dal
am
T
e
k
s
”
(
F
i
n
d I
m
por
t
a
nt
I
nf
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n i
n t
he
T
e
xt
)
ap
p
l
i
cat
i
o
n
ab
o
v
e,
i
t
ca
n
b
e s
ee
n
t
h
at
o
n
av
er
a
g
e s
t
u
d
en
t
s
o
b
t
ai
n
ed
t
h
e
s
co
r
e o
f
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on di
s
c
ov
e
r
y
of
76 a
n
d t
h
e
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
s
c
or
e
of
di
s
c
ou
r
s
e
un
de
r
s
t
a
n
di
ng
o
f
7.
16.
T
h
e
s
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
i
nd
i
cat
e t
h
at
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
a
v
er
ag
e s
co
r
e ex
ceed
s
t
h
e
s
co
r
e o
f
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
p
a
s
s
i
n
g
cr
i
t
er
i
a (
7
0
/
7
)
,
b
o
t
h
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
c
or
e
of
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
di
s
c
o
v
e
r
y
a
n
d t
h
e
s
c
or
e
of
un
de
r
s
t
a
n
di
n
g
.
I
f
s
een
f
r
o
m
t
h
e r
el
at
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
et
w
een
t
h
e d
i
s
co
v
er
y
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
i
o
n
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
i
n
g
o
f
d
i
s
c
o
u
r
s
e
,
it
ap
p
ear
s
t
h
e co
r
r
el
at
i
o
n
v
al
u
e
o
f
r
= 0
.
8
2
7
.
T
h
i
s
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
er
e i
s
a r
el
at
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
et
w
e
en
t
h
e s
co
r
e o
f
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
d
is
c
o
v
e
r
y
a
n
d
d
is
c
o
u
r
s
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
a
t
is
,
th
e
b
e
tte
r
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
to
f
i
n
d
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t i
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
i
n
a
te
x
t,
th
e
b
et
t
er
t
h
e s
t
u
d
en
t
s
'
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e d
i
s
co
u
r
s
e t
h
e
y
r
ead
.
T
h
is
d
a
ta
a
ls
o
in
d
ic
a
te
s
t
h
a
t th
is
te
a
c
h
i
n
g
m
a
te
r
ia
l c
a
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
in
tr
a
in
i
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
te
x
t.
b.
D
at
a o
f
T
each
i
n
g
M
at
er
i
al
“
K
e
nal
i
U
ns
ur
B
ahas
a T
e
k
s
,
K
au A
k
an P
aham
”
(
R
eco
g
n
i
ze
t
h
e T
ex
t
L
a
ng
ua
ge
E
l
e
m
e
nt
,
Y
o
u W
i
l
l
U
nd
e
r
s
t
a
nd
)
A
p
p
lic
a
tio
n
A
f
t
er
t
h
e
“
K
e
nal
i
U
ns
u
r
B
ahas
a T
e
k
s
,
K
au A
k
an P
aham
”
(
R
eco
g
n
i
ze
t
h
e T
ex
t
L
an
g
u
ag
e E
l
e
m
e
n
t
,
Y
o
u
W
ill U
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
)
m
at
er
i
al
i
s
u
s
ed
,
i
t
ap
p
ear
s
t
h
at
o
n
a
v
er
a
g
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
o
b
t
ai
n
ed
a
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
i
o
n
d
i
s
co
v
er
y
s
co
r
e
o
f
7
0
an
d
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
d
i
s
co
u
r
s
e
u
n
d
er
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
7
.
T
h
es
e
r
es
u
l
t
s
i
n
d
i
cat
e
t
h
at
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
s
c
or
e
a
ppr
oa
c
h
e
s
t
h
e
s
c
or
e
of
m
i
n
i
m
um
pa
s
s
i
ng
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
(
70/
7)
,
bot
h
f
or
t
h
e
s
c
or
e
of
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
o
n
d
i
s
co
v
er
y
an
d
t
h
e s
co
r
e o
f
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
i
n
g
.
T
he
r
el
at
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
et
w
een
t
h
e
d
i
s
co
v
er
y
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
i
s
co
u
r
s
e
u
n
d
er
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
can
b
e s
een
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
r
r
el
at
i
o
n
v
al
u
e
o
f
r
= 0
.
8
6
.
T
h
i
s
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
i
s
a
r
el
at
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e s
co
r
e
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
i
o
n
di
s
c
ov
e
r
y
a
n
d di
s
c
ou
r
s
e
un
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
di
ng
.
T
h
a
t
i
s
,
t
h
e
be
tt
e
r
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
to
f
i
n
d
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
i
o
n
i
n
a
t
ex
t
,
t
h
e
b
et
t
er
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
'
u
n
d
er
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
s
co
u
r
s
e t
h
e
y
r
ead
.
T
h
i
s
d
at
a al
s
o
i
nd
i
c
a
t
e
s
t
ha
t
t
hi
s
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
c
a
n b
e
us
e
d
i
n t
r
a
i
ni
ng
s
t
ud
e
nt
s
t
o
und
e
r
s
t
a
nd
t
e
x
t
.
A
n i
nd
i
vi
d
ua
l
'
s
s
e
n
s
i
tiv
it
y
to
th
e
n
o
b
le
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
cu
l
t
u
r
e i
s
es
s
en
t
i
al
.
S
o
m
e r
es
ear
c
h
es
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
i
s
.
L
i
t
i
n
a
e
t
a
l
.
pr
ov
e
s
t
h
a
t
unde
r
s
t
a
n
di
ng
c
ul
t
u
r
e
i
s
i
m
por
t
a
n
t
f
or
t
h
e
f
or
m
a
t
i
on
of
o
n
e
'
s
w
i
s
do
m
[
12]
.
P
s
y
c
ho
l
o
gi
c
a
l
e
d
uc
a
t
i
o
n [
1
3
]
,
nur
s
i
n
g e
d
uc
a
t
i
o
n [
1
4
]
,
e
ve
n m
e
d
i
c
a
l e
d
u
c
a
tio
n
m
u
s
t a
ls
o
h
a
v
e
a
s
e
n
s
iti
v
it
y
to
th
is
c
u
ltu
r
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
[
1
5
]
.
F
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
th
e
s
e
n
s
it
iv
i
t
y
a
n
d
e
m
o
tio
n
a
l
in
te
lli
g
e
n
c
e
to
t
h
e
n
o
b
le
v
a
lu
e
s
of
t
hi
s
cu
l
t
u
r
e i
s
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
t
an
t
f
o
r
t
h
ei
r
d
ai
l
y
l
i
f
e,
s
u
ch
as
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
t
eac
h
er
s
,
t
o
d
eal
w
i
t
h
c
o
lle
c
tiv
i
s
m
c
o
n
f
lic
t b
e
t
w
e
e
n
f
r
ie
n
d
s
[
1
6
]
,
a
n
d
to
s
m
o
o
th
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t in
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
a
c
ti
v
itie
s
.
T
o
ga
i
n
u
nd
e
r
s
t
a
nd
i
ng a
nd
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
vi
t
y t
o
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
va
l
ue
s
,
i
t
c
a
n
be
don
e
t
h
r
ou
gh
un
de
r
s
t
a
ndi
n
g
t
h
e
di
s
c
ou
r
s
e
.
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
pr
ov
e
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
r
ough
a
ppr
op
r
i
a
t
e
r
e
a
d
i
ng s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
e
s
s
t
ud
e
nt
s
ga
i
n a
n
und
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
ng o
f
t
he
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
va
l
ue
s
c
o
n
t
ai
n
ed
i
n
t
h
e d
i
s
co
u
r
s
e.
T
he
f
i
nd
i
ng o
f
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
t
y
d
y
i
s
i
n l
i
ne
w
i
t
h
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
es
ear
ch
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
b
y
T
o
ppe
l
[1
7
]
t
ha
t
f
oun
d
t
h
at
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
can
r
es
p
o
n
d
t
o
cu
l
t
u
r
e
w
el
l
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
r
r
ect
t
each
i
n
g
r
ead
i
n
g
s
t
r
at
eg
i
e
s
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
r
e
s
u
lts
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
w
e
r
e
a
lig
n
e
d
w
i
th
o
th
e
r
s
tu
d
ie
s
,
f
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
le
it is
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t to
e
x
p
o
s
e
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
-
b
as
ed
r
ead
i
n
g
m
a
t
er
i
al
s
as
h
i
g
h
-
q
ua
l
i
t
y r
e
a
d
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
ri
a
l
[1
8
].
4.
CO
NCL
U
S
I
O
N
B
as
ed
o
n
T
h
e
r
es
u
l
t
o
f
t
h
i
s
r
es
ear
ch
i
s
a
cr
i
t
i
cal
r
ead
i
n
g
t
ex
t
b
o
o
k
b
as
ed
o
n
cu
l
t
u
r
al
l
i
t
er
acy
w
i
t
h
a
c
tiv
e
r
e
a
d
e
r
s
tr
a
te
g
y
t
h
a
t
is
e
f
f
e
c
tiv
e
to
b
e
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
j
u
n
io
r
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
lic
a
tio
n
o
f
th
i
s
r
es
ear
ch
i
s
t
h
e acq
u
i
s
itio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
s
e
n
s
i
tiv
it
y
to
w
a
r
d
n
o
b
le
v
a
lu
e
s
o
f
r
e
l
i
gi
o
n,
c
us
t
o
m
,
a
nd
c
ul
t
ur
e
t
ha
t
c
a
n
b
e
in
te
r
n
a
liz
e
d
in
t
h
e
ir
liv
e
s
.
ACK
NO
W
L
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
an
k
y
o
u
p
r
o
f
u
s
el
y
t
o
P
r
o
f
.
D
r
.
A
h
m
ad
s
l
a
m
et
H
ar
j
as
u
j
an
a,
M.
S
c.
wh
o
pr
ov
i
de
d v
a
l
u
a
bl
e
f
eed
b
ack
.
T
ha
nk
s
a
l
s
o
t
o
t
ho
s
e
w
ho
ha
ve
b
e
e
n i
n
vo
l
ve
d
i
n t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h.
R
EF
ER
EN
C
ES
[
1]
J.
Nu
r
i
h
sa
n
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
op I
n
do
ne
s
i
a
n N
a
t
i
on C
i
v
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
on t
hr
o
ug
h E
du
c
a
t
i
on a
n
d Q
ua
l
i
f
i
e
d C
om
pr
e
he
ns
i
v
e
G
ui
da
nc
e
,”
B
a
ndu
ng
,
UP
I
,
2
01
1.
[
2]
F
.
B
r
au
d
el
,
“
G
r
a
m
at
y
k
ac
y
w
i
l
i
z
ac
j
i
,”
W
ar
s
za
w
a
,
O
f
i
c
yn
a
N
a
u
k
o
wa
,
2
00
6.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
E
R
E
I
SSN
:
2252
-
8822
C
ul
t
ur
al
L
i
t
e
r
ac
y
B
as
e
d C
r
i
t
i
c
al
R
e
adi
n
g T
e
ac
hi
n
g M
at
e
r
i
al
w
i
t
h A
c
t
i
v
e
.
.
.
.
(
V
i
s
m
ay
a S.
D
am
ai
ant
i
)
317
[
3]
K.
W
l
o
d
ar
cz
y
k
,
“
Q
ua
l
i
t
y
of
U
r
ba
n L
i
f
e
i
n P
ol
a
n
d
,”
J
o
ur
nal
of
i
n
t
e
r
nat
i
o
na
l
s
t
u
di
e
s
,
vo
l
/
i
ssu
e
:
8
(
2
)
,
pp
.
1
55
-
16
3.
201
5.
[
4]
I.
B.
K
r
au
s
e,
“
C
u
ltu
r
e
a
n
d
R
e
f
le
x
iv
it
y
in
S
y
s
te
m
i
c
P
s
y
c
h
o
th
e
r
a
p
y
:
M
u
tu
a
l
P
e
r
s
p
e
c
tiv
e
,”
L
ondon
,
K
ar
n
ac B
o
o
k
s
Lt
d
.
,
20
12
.
[
5]
V
. S
.
D
am
ai
an
t
i
a
nd A
.
S
.
H
ar
j
as
u
j
an
a,
“
R
ead
i
n
g
i
n
T
h
eo
r
y
an
d
P
r
act
i
ce
,”
B
a
ndung
,
M
u
tia
r
a
,
20
04.
[
6]
A
. J
.
L
id
d
ic
o
a
t,
“
L
a
ng
ua
g
e
P
l
a
n
ni
ng
&
P
ol
i
c
y
:
I
s
s
ue
i
n
L
a
ng
ua
g
e
P
l
a
nni
ng
a
nd L
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
,”
L
ondon
,
C
r
o
m
w
el
l
P
r
es
s
,
20
07.
[
7]
K.
J.
D
e
s
m
ond,
e
t a
l.
,
“
C
om
bi
ni
ng
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
L
e
a
r
ni
ng
an
d
D
iv
e
r
s
ity
E
duc
a
t
i
on,
”
M
a
k
i
ng
C
onne
c
t
i
on:
I
nt
e
r
di
s
c
i
pl
i
n
ar
y
A
p
p
r
oac
he
s
to
C
ul
t
ur
al
D
i
ver
s
i
t
y,
vo
l
.
1
3,
pp
.
24
-
30
,
20
11
.
[
8]
G.
F
e
r
g
us
on,
“
L
a
ng
ua
g
e
P
l
a
nni
ng
a
nd E
duc
a
t
i
on
,”
E
i
de
n
bur
g
h
,
E
i
d
e
nbur
g
h U
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
P
r
e
s
s
,
20
06.
[
9]
I.
M
ar
i
an
e,
“
L
oc
a
l
W
i
s
dom
R
i
t
e F
o
r
es
t
M
an
ag
em
en
t
”
J
a
ka
r
t
a
,
P
T
.
R
aj
ag
r
a
f
i
n
d
o
P
er
s
ad
a
,
20
14.
[
1
0]
P
. C
.
B
ur
ns
,
“
T
e
a
c
hi
ng
R
e
a
di
ng
i
n T
oda
y
’
s
E
l
e
m
e
nt
a
r
y
S
c
hool
s
,”
B
os
t
on
,
H
o
ug
ht
o
n M
i
f
f
l
i
n C
om
pa
ny
,
1982
.
[
1
1]
E
. L
.
C
h
es
l
a,
“
R
e
a
di
ng
C
om
pr
e
he
ns
i
on
S
uc
c
e
s
s
,”
Ne
w
Yo
r
k
,
L
ear
n
i
n
g
E
x
p
r
es
s
,
2
00
9.
[
1
2]
A.
L
itin
a
,
e
t a
l.
,
“
T
he
C
ul
t
ur
a
l
T
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on of
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
V
a
l
ue
s
:
a
C
om
pa
r
a
t
i
v
e
A
ppr
oa
c
h
,”
W
o
r
ld
d
evel
o
p
m
en
t
,
v
ol
.
84
,
p
p.
13
1
-
148
,
20
16
.
[
1
3]
E
. E
.
B
u
ct
h
el
,
“
C
u
ltu
r
a
l
S
e
n
s
it
iv
it
y
o
r
C
u
ltu
r
a
l S
te
r
e
o
ty
p
in
g
?
P
o
s
itiv
e
a
n
d
N
e
g
a
tiv
e
E
f
f
e
c
ts
o
f
a
C
u
ltu
r
a
l
P
s
y
c
hol
og
y
C
l
a
s
s
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
on
al
j
our
n
al
of
i
nt
e
r
c
ul
t
ur
al
r
e
l
at
i
o
ns
,
v
o
l
.
39
,
p
p
.
40
-
52
,
20
13.
[
1
4]
M
. H
.
S
u
k,
e
t a
l
.
,
“
M
ed
i
at
i
n
g
E
f
f
ect
o
f
S
ch
o
o
l
N
u
r
s
es
’
s
S
el
f
E
f
f
i
c
ac
y
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
M
u
ltic
u
l
tu
r
a
l A
ttitu
d
e
a
n
d
C
u
lt
u
r
a
l
S
e
n
s
itiv
ity
in
K
o
r
e
a
n
Ele
m
e
n
ta
r
y
S
c
h
o
o
ls
,”
A
si
a
n
n
u
rsi
n
g
re
se
a
rc
h
,
v
ol
/
i
ssu
e
:
9(
3)
,
p
p.
19
4
-
1
99
,
20
14
.
[
1
5]
H.
M
i
n
k
o
ff,
“
T
e
a
c
hi
ng
E
t
hi
c
s
:
W
he
n R
e
s
pe
c
t
f
or
A
ut
onom
y
a
n
d
C
u
ltu
r
a
l S
e
n
s
itiv
ity
C
o
llid
e
,”
A
m
e
r
i
c
an J
o
ur
na
l
of
O
bs
t
e
t
r
i
c
s
and
G
y
ne
c
ol
o
gy
,
v
ol
/is
s
u
e
:
21
0(
4)
,
p
p.
29
8
-
30
1
,
20
14
.
[
1
6]
M
.
G
unk
e
l
,
et
a
l
.,
“
C
u
lt
u
r
a
l
V
a
lu
e
s
,
Em
o
tio
n
a
l
I
n
te
llig
e
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
C
o
n
f
lic
t
H
a
n
d
lin
g
S
ty
le
s
:
A
g
lo
b
a
l S
tu
d
y
,”
J
our
n
al
o
f
W
or
l
d
B
us
i
ne
s
s
,
v
ol
/is
s
u
e
:
51(
4)
,
p
p.
56
8
-
5
85
,
2
01
6.
[
1
7]
K.
T
oppe
l
,
“
E
nha
nc
i
ng
C
or
e
R
e
a
di
ng
P
r
og
r
a
m
s
w
i
t
h
C
u
l
t
u
r
al
l
y
R
es
p
o
n
s
i
v
e p
P
act
i
ces
,”
T
he
r
e
adi
n
g t
e
ac
he
r
,
v
ol
/
i
ssu
e
:
6
8(
7)
,
p
p.
55
2
-
55
9
,
20
15
.
[
1
8]
M
.
S
a
ilo
r
s
a
nd
D
.
K
aa
m
b
an
k
ad
z
an
j
a,
“
D
e
v
e
l
opi
ng
a
C
ul
t
ur
e
of
R
e
a
de
r
s
:
C
om
p
l
e
m
en
t
ar
y
M
at
er
i
al
s
t
h
at
E
n
g
ag
e
,”
T
he
r
e
adi
ng
t
e
ac
he
r
,
20
17.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.