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s
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d
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ca
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in
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Gr
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Sk
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T
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T
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s
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p
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CC B
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Fed
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Oy
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k
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(
I
KOL
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Nig
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m
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b
ab
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cr
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th
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ev
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-
ch
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g
in
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en
v
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m
en
t
[
1
]
.
Peter
s
[
2
]
id
en
tifie
d
th
at
a
n
ew
d
esig
n
wo
u
ld
eith
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lead
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to
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s
a
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t a
two
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tr
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tem
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d
esig
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2252
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33
cu
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m
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s
.
T
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n
o
lo
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m
p
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s
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“so
f
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k
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[
3
]
.
Dash
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ap
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s
k
illed
p
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p
le
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av
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s
o
m
e
k
n
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wled
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u
t
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y
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in
g
.
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h
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a
r
e
g
e
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er
alis
ts
wh
o
also
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r
o
v
id
e
lo
w
v
alu
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a
d
d
ed
.
T
h
e
I
-
s
h
ap
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d
s
k
illed
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eo
p
le
ar
e
g
o
o
d
at
s
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m
eth
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ly
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Dash
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n
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I
-
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team
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i
v
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m
b
in
atio
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wev
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lex
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ter
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o
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ailab
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in
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[
4
]
.
T
h
e
ter
m
“T
-
s
h
ap
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d
”
is
n
o
t
n
e
w:
it
h
as
b
ee
n
in
u
s
e
s
in
ce
th
e
1
9
9
0
s
,
m
o
s
tly
in
co
n
s
u
ltin
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an
d
tech
n
ical
f
ield
s
.
T
h
e
id
ea
o
f
T
-
s
h
ap
ed
s
k
ills
was
f
ir
s
t
m
en
tio
n
ed
b
y
Gu
est
[
5
]
in
an
ar
ticle
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
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jo
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s
.
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o
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ay
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T
-
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h
a
p
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k
ills
ar
e
a
r
az
o
r
th
at
ca
n
cu
t
th
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h
al
l
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
in
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
w
o
r
ld
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
T
-
s
h
a
p
ed
s
k
ills
d
escr
ib
ed
th
e
attr
ib
u
tes
o
f
d
esira
b
le
wo
r
k
er
s
.
T
h
e
T
-
s
h
ap
ed
in
d
iv
id
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al
i
s
a
p
r
o
f
ess
io
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al
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av
in
g
b
o
th
d
e
p
th
an
d
b
r
ea
d
th
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
v
e
r
tical
b
ar
o
f
th
e
‘
T
’
d
e
p
icts
a
d
ee
p
u
n
d
er
s
tad
in
g
o
f
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
tech
n
ical
ar
ea
o
r
d
is
cip
lin
e
wh
ile
th
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
b
a
r
o
f
th
e
‘
T
’
s
h
o
w
s
ab
ilit
y
an
d
willin
g
n
ess
to
s
h
ar
e
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ac
q
u
i
r
ed
i
n
ar
ea
s
o
f
e
x
p
er
tis
e
with
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
in
o
th
er
d
is
cip
lin
es r
ath
er
t
h
an
in
o
n
e'
s
n
ar
r
o
wed
d
is
cip
lin
e
[
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
-
s
h
ap
ed
g
r
ad
u
ates n
ee
d
s
[
5
]
L
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
an
ies an
d
en
ter
p
r
is
es lo
o
k
f
o
r
wo
r
k
-
r
ea
d
y
g
r
a
d
u
ate
e
n
g
in
ee
r
s
th
at
ar
e
ab
le
to
d
ea
l w
ith
ch
an
g
in
g
cu
s
to
m
e
r
n
ee
d
s
,
g
r
e
ater
co
m
p
etitio
n
an
d
s
h
if
tin
g
m
ar
k
ets
r
ig
h
t
at
th
e
s
tar
t.
E
m
p
lo
y
er
s
ex
p
ec
t
n
ew
wo
r
k
er
s
b
o
th
to
h
it
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
u
n
n
in
g
an
d
to
m
ai
n
tain
r
el
ev
an
t
n
ew
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
life
lo
n
g
lear
n
in
g
,
s
elf
-
d
ir
ec
ted
an
d
o
n
th
ei
r
o
wn
p
ac
e
.
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
is
b
eset b
y
m
an
y
c
h
an
g
es
s
u
ch
as
s
o
cial,
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
s
cien
tific
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic.
T
h
ese
ch
an
g
es
h
a
v
e
af
f
ec
ted
all
ar
ea
s
o
f
life
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
th
e
f
ac
u
lties
o
f
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
in
U
n
iv
er
s
ities
h
av
e
to
r
esp
o
n
d
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iatel
y
to
m
ee
t
u
p
with
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
d
y
n
am
ic
a
n
d
f
aster
ch
an
g
in
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
[6
,
7
]
.
2.
T
H
E
T
-
SH
AP
E
D
E
NG
I
N
E
E
R
AND
T
H
E
T
E
CH
NO
L
O
G
I
CAL R
E
VI
VAL
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
is
cu
r
r
en
tly
u
n
d
er
g
o
in
g
a
d
r
am
atic
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
f
o
r
th
is
r
en
ewe
d
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
to
b
e
a
s
u
cc
ess
,
i
t
is
v
ital
th
a
t
th
e
n
ew
t
ec
h
n
ician
is
T
-
s
h
ap
ed
.
T
h
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ag
r
ee
d
th
at
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
T
-
s
h
ap
e
d
is
id
e
al
f
o
r
t
h
e
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
g
r
ad
u
ates
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
p
r
ac
tice
in
th
e
g
l
o
b
al
ec
o
n
o
m
y
.
W
e
ca
n
f
in
d
th
e
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
o
f
th
e
T
-
s
h
a
p
ed
c
o
n
ce
p
t
ev
e
r
y
wh
er
e
a
n
d
e
v
er
y
f
ield
will
r
eq
u
ir
e
T
-
s
h
ap
ed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
f
o
r
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
.
T
h
e
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
s
ar
e
o
u
t in
f
r
o
n
t o
n
th
is
co
n
ce
p
t
[
4
,
8
]
.
C
o
m
p
an
ies
em
p
lo
y
g
r
ad
u
ates
f
o
r
th
eir
c
o
r
e
tech
n
ical
d
ep
t
h
.
T
h
e
g
r
ad
u
ate
tr
ain
ee
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
es
o
f
m
o
s
t
o
r
g
an
iza
tio
n
s
d
ev
o
te
d
a
lo
t
o
f
tim
e
an
d
ef
f
o
r
t
s
o
n
h
o
w
to
in
teg
r
at
e
an
d
co
ac
h
g
r
a
d
u
ates
to
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
wh
at
is
r
a
p
id
ly
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
team
-
o
r
ien
ted
w
o
r
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
.
T
h
e
s
k
ills
n
ee
d
e
d
to
b
e
im
p
ac
ted
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
y
t
h
e
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
teac
h
er
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
eir
f
iv
e
-
y
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
a
r
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
ee
d
ed
to
co
m
b
in
e
th
e
tech
n
ical
ex
p
e
r
tis
e
with
th
e
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
an
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t sk
ills
is
th
e
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
T
-
s
h
ap
ed
en
g
in
ee
r
s
an
d
t
ea
ch
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
e
n
g
in
ee
r
s
with
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
attitu
d
e,
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
i
n
d
s
et,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
tr
e
n
d
s
an
d
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
an
d
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
s
k
ills
with
d
ee
p
tech
n
ical
s
k
ills
wo
u
ld
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
ax
im
ally
[
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
:
32
-
38
34
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
-
s
h
ap
ed
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
s
taf
f
[
1
0
]
3.
T
H
E
RO
L
E
O
F
UNIV
E
R
SI
T
I
E
S IN D
E
V
E
L
O
P
I
NG
W
O
R
K
-
RE
A
DY
AND
T
-
SH
A
P
E
D
P
RO
F
E
S
S
I
O
NAL
S
T
h
e
Un
iv
er
s
ities
tr
ad
itio
n
ally
cr
ea
te
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
wh
o
s
p
ec
ialized
in
o
n
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
o
m
ain
(
I
-
s
h
ap
e)
.
Un
iv
er
s
ities
ar
e
n
o
w
ex
p
ec
ted
to
d
o
m
o
r
e
to
p
r
ep
ar
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
jo
b
.
Un
iv
er
s
ities
s
h
o
u
ld
cr
ea
te
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
in
th
eir
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
s
y
s
tem
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
d
e
v
elo
p
th
o
s
e
s
k
ills
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
ei
r
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
an
d
c
o
m
e
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
b
etter
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
[
1
1
]
.
A
g
o
o
d
s
tar
t
is
em
p
h
asizin
g
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
an
d
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
at
g
iv
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
.
B
e
co
m
i
n
g
a
s
p
ec
ial
is
t
r
eq
u
ir
ed
h
ar
d
wo
r
k
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
tan
t
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t,
a
task
th
at
h
av
e
to
b
e
u
n
d
er
tak
en
p
er
s
o
n
ally
[
3
]
.
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
‘
s
o
cieta
l
e
n
g
in
e
er
s
’
th
at
ar
e
r
ea
d
y
to
u
s
e
th
eir
T
-
s
h
ap
ed
s
k
ills
to
c
h
an
g
e
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
th
e
s
o
ciety
.
On
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
th
at
s
ee
m
s
to
b
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
is
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
m
o
r
eT
-
s
h
a
p
e
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
th
at
u
s
ed
th
eir
s
k
ills
a
s
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
T
-
r
elate
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
.
It
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
e
n
m
an
y
tim
es
th
at
a
ch
an
g
e
i
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
r
m
ar
k
et
co
n
d
itio
n
s
d
ev
alu
es
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
I
-
s
h
a
p
ed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
b
u
t
T
-
s
h
ap
ed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
o
n
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
h
av
e
a
lo
t
o
f
p
o
ten
tials
[
1
2
-
1
4
]
.
Sin
ce
2
0
0
4
,
I
B
M
h
as
b
ee
n
wo
r
k
in
g
with
U
n
i
v
er
s
ities
,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
ts
an
d
p
a
r
tn
er
in
g
with
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
wo
r
ld
to
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ct
io
n
o
f
a
n
ew
d
is
cip
lin
e
ca
lled
Ser
v
ice
Scien
ce
Ma
n
ag
em
en
t
an
d
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
(
SS
ME
)
.
SS
ME
s
ee
k
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
ed
Scien
ce
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
an
d
Ma
th
em
atics
(
STE
M)
ed
u
c
atio
n
to
m
ee
t
in
d
u
s
tr
y
’
s
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
r
esear
ch
-
d
r
iv
en
s
er
v
ice
s
ec
to
r
in
n
o
v
atio
n
[
1
5
]
.
SS
ME
h
elp
s
to
cr
ea
teT
-
s
h
ap
ed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
a
ls
wh
o
ar
e
b
etter
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
in
n
o
v
ato
r
s
[
7
]
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
in
n
o
v
ato
r
s
[
1
6
].
T
h
e
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
a
n
tly
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
b
ased
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
to
th
e
s
er
v
ice
b
ased
o
n
e
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
an
y
ch
a
llen
g
es
th
e
U
n
iv
er
s
ities
ar
e
f
ac
in
g
in
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
g
r
ad
u
ates
with
th
e
r
ig
h
t
s
k
ills
an
d
attitu
d
es
th
at
will
m
ak
e
th
em
em
p
lo
y
ab
le.
T
h
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
ex
am
in
e
t
he
cu
r
r
en
t
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
an
d
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
o
as
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
f
u
t
u
r
e
g
r
ad
u
ates
will
b
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
th
is
n
ew
ec
o
n
o
m
y
.
A
c
o
m
b
in
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
T
-
s
h
ap
e
d
co
n
ce
p
t
an
d
th
e
n
ewly
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
ield
o
f
Ser
v
ice
Scien
ce
,
Ma
n
ag
em
en
t a
n
d
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
(
SS
ME
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
e
to
u
n
d
e
r
tak
en
th
e
r
estru
ctu
r
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
c
u
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
s
o
th
at
f
u
tu
r
e
g
r
a
d
u
ates
f
r
o
m
f
ac
u
lties
o
f
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
an
d
th
e
U
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
g
en
er
al,
will
b
e
r
ea
d
y
to
f
ac
e
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
p
o
s
ed
b
y
th
e
n
ew
er
a
o
f
s
er
v
ices [
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
way
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
ese
is
to
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
b
etwe
en
d
is
cip
lin
es
s
o
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
v
er
s
atile
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
tak
i
n
g
in
t
o
co
g
n
izan
ce
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
es
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ities
.
A
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
with
s
t
r
o
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
es
in
s
o
m
an
y
d
is
cip
lin
es
s
u
ch
as
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
b
u
s
in
ess
,
h
u
m
an
ities
,
s
ci
en
ce
an
d
ag
r
ic
u
ltu
r
e
h
a
s
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
g
r
ad
u
ates
in
to
b
u
s
in
ess
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
ea
r
ly
in
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t w
o
u
l
d
en
ab
le
t
h
em
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
v
er
y
q
u
ick
l
y
th
eir
v
al
u
e
an
d
p
o
ten
tials
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
ir
co
m
p
etitiv
en
ess
f
o
r
jo
b
s
o
n
a
g
lo
b
al
b
asis
.
T
h
e
T
-
sh
ap
e
d
s
k
ills
ca
n
r
ea
lly
b
e
a
m
ajo
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiato
r
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
T
-
s
h
a
p
e
c
o
m
p
eten
c
y
p
r
o
f
ile
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
t
o
in
d
i
v
id
u
ally
d
ev
el
o
p
t
h
eir
s
k
ills
in
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
tim
e
i
n
th
e
Un
i
v
er
s
ities
r
ath
er
th
at
th
e
“
o
n
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
f
its
all
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
”.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
T
-
s
h
ap
ed
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
is
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
co
o
r
d
in
ated
ef
f
o
r
t
s
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
team
-
p
lay
er
s
an
d
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
a
r
t o
f
s
tr
ateg
i
c
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licy
o
f
U
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
[
4
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
s
y
s
tem
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
l
ac
k
s
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
in
ter
ac
ti
o
n
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
wh
ich
is
s
o
m
eth
in
g
o
u
r
ag
ei
n
g
s
o
ciety
will
d
esp
er
ately
n
ee
d
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
Peo
p
le
wh
o
ar
e
tal
en
ted
,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al,
ca
r
in
g
an
d
f
u
ll
o
f
cr
ea
tiv
e
s
p
ir
it
to
in
v
en
t
o
r
d
esig
n
p
r
o
d
u
cts
an
d
s
er
v
ices
f
o
r
th
e
eld
er
ly
a
r
e
n
e
ed
ed
.
T
h
e
n
ew
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
ca
lled
‘
T
-
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
’
in
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
u
s
es
m
u
ltid
is
cip
lin
ar
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
cu
ltiv
ate
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
o
mp
eten
ce
-
d
r
iven
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
:
A
ca
s
e
fo
r
T
-
s
h
a
p
ed
e
n
g
in
ee
r
s
…
(
A
la
b
a
d
a
n
B
a
b
a
to
p
e
A
)
35
‘T
-
s
h
ap
ed
’
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als,
elites
wh
o
in
ter
ac
t
an
d
co
o
p
er
at
e
with
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
d
is
cip
lin
es
an
d
f
ield
s
f
o
r
th
e
b
en
e
f
i
t
o
f
a
n
a
g
in
g
s
o
ciet
y
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
b
y
g
at
h
er
in
g
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
f
r
o
m
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
to
s
o
lv
e
a
p
r
o
b
lem
as
a
team
with
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
h
elp
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
a
n
d
teac
h
i
n
g
as
s
is
tan
ts
wo
u
ld
b
e
m
et.
T
h
is
k
i
n
d
o
f
T
-
s
h
a
p
e
cu
ltiv
atio
n
w
o
u
ld
h
elp
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
b
ar
r
ier
s
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
o
f
m
u
ltid
is
cip
lin
ar
y
co
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
r
in
ter
ac
tio
n
.
I
t w
ill also
h
elp
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
o
r
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies o
f
a
b
etter
life
f
o
r
ag
ein
g
s
o
c
ieties o
f
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
[
1
8
]
.
4.
T
H
E
N
E
E
D
F
O
R
N
I
G
E
R
I
A
T
O
RE
F
O
CUS
VO
C
AT
I
O
NAL E
DUCA
T
I
O
N
I
N
T
H
E
2
1
ST
CE
N
T
URY
Nig
er
ia
lik
e
o
th
e
r
co
u
n
tr
ies
is
f
ac
ed
with
s
o
cial
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ar
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
elib
er
ate
ca
s
e
o
f
n
eg
lect
a
n
d
n
eg
ativ
e
a
ttit
u
d
es
to
war
d
s
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
tech
n
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
te
m
[
19
]
.
T
h
e
n
eg
lect
o
f
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
tech
n
ical
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
t
h
e
c
o
u
n
tr
y
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
y
o
u
th
u
n
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
ese
asp
ec
ts
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
am
o
n
g
Nig
er
ian
s
,
esp
ec
ially
am
o
n
g
th
e
y
o
u
th
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
u
n
d
er
esti
m
ated
in
t
h
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
.
V
o
ca
tio
n
al,
t
ec
h
n
ical
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
ef
o
cu
s
ed
to
s
atis
f
y
th
e
ch
a
n
g
in
g
n
ee
d
s
o
f
p
e
o
p
le
an
d
s
o
ciety
.
R
ef
o
cu
s
in
g
o
f
Nig
e
r
ia’
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
elev
an
t
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
es
will
in
n
o
d
is
tan
t
tim
e
m
ak
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
l
em
o
f
y
o
u
th
u
n
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
a
n
d
p
o
v
er
ty
am
o
n
g
ad
u
lts
b
ec
o
m
e
o
u
td
ated
.
[
20
]
.
T
h
e
d
ec
lin
in
g
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
o
v
er
th
e
y
ea
r
s
r
esu
lted
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
ab
ilit
y
to
s
y
n
er
g
is
e
h
er
ab
u
n
d
a
n
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
cr
ea
te
an
o
r
g
a
n
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
s
ec
to
r
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
a
b
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
wid
e
s
p
r
ea
d
p
o
v
er
ty
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
co
m
p
eten
t
an
d
d
e
d
icate
d
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
is
an
an
tid
o
te
to
th
e
lo
w
-
lev
el
st
ate
o
f
in
d
u
s
tr
ializatio
n
in
Nig
er
ia
[
2
2
]
.
Vo
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
tech
n
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
t
o
lib
er
ate
t
h
e
n
atio
n
o
u
t o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
lac
k
o
f
co
m
p
eten
t a
n
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
an
p
o
wer
[
2
3
,
2
4
]
.
I
h
in
m
o
y
an
an
d
Har
u
n
a
[
2
5
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
s
y
s
tem
is
d
ef
icien
t
in
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
im
p
etu
s
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
m
s
an
d
r
estru
ctu
r
in
g
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
to
en
s
u
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
n
atio
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ca
n
o
n
ly
b
e
ac
h
eiv
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
es
ig
n
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
u
n
d
in
g
.
A
ll
Nig
er
ia
n
s
m
u
s
t
h
a
v
e
eq
u
al
ac
ce
s
s
t
o
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
a
n
d
tec
h
n
ical
ed
u
c
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
d
u
lar
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
av
a
ilab
ilit
y
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
,
a
ca
d
em
ically
s
ound
p
er
s
o
n
s
ar
e
allo
wed
tak
e
all
th
e
p
r
escr
ib
ed
m
o
d
u
les
in
ar
ea
o
f
in
ter
est
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
f
u
r
th
er
tr
ain
in
g
at
a
te
r
tiar
y
in
s
titu
tio
n
;
g
r
o
w
to
b
ec
o
m
e
a
s
p
ec
ialis
t
an
d
lead
er
in
th
ei
r
ch
o
s
en
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
s
wh
ile
o
th
e
r
p
er
s
o
n
s
ar
e
allo
we
d
to
d
e
v
el
o
p
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
eir
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
[
2
2
]
.
5.
NATI
O
N
AL
UN
I
V
E
RS
I
T
I
E
S CO
M
M
I
S
SI
O
N
(
NUC)
B
E
NCH
M
ARK
M
I
N
I
M
U
M
ACAD
E
M
I
C
ST
ANDA
RD
S
(
B
M
A
S)
F
O
R
AG
RICUL
T
U
RAL AND
B
I
O
R
E
SO
UR
CE
S
E
NG
I
N
E
E
RING
P
RO
G
RA
M
M
E
T
h
e
Ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
an
d
B
io
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
f
iv
e
-
y
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
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ad
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ar
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(
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MA
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o
f
th
e
Natio
n
al
Un
iv
er
s
ities
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
(
NUC)
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
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e
n
ts
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f
th
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cu
r
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lu
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in
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ab
le
1
.
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1
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C
ateg
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ies o
f
cu
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ts
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/
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n
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l
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t
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16
2
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46
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88
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12
6
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t
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x
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(
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W
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EP)
07
TO
TA
L
1
9
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T
h
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Dep
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ased
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io
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r
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ci
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ac
tical
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ad
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ates
with
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at
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ized
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ltu
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to
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tal
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tem
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h
e
o
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th
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p
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a
m
m
e
ar
e
to
:
a.
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ch
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
e
b
asic
p
h
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s
ical
s
cien
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s
,
ap
p
lied
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r
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ltu
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s
cien
c
es
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
f
u
n
d
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m
e
n
tals
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
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Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
:
32
-
38
36
b.
A
llo
w
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lab
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ield
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ex
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cises
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at
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tack
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ield
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th
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s
cien
tific
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d
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in
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r
in
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p
r
in
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p
les
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m
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k
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ain
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ir
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ab
ilit
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ts
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ag
r
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ltu
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al
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i
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ee
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ig
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r
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3
illu
s
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ates
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e
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ee
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ap
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g
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r
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3
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o
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ter
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iv
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als
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d
ee
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tech
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ical
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n
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er
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tan
d
in
g
,
th
e
s
tem
o
f
th
e
‘
T
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in
th
e
co
r
e
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u
b
jects
o
f
th
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p
r
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r
a
m
m
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led
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r
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th
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asic
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ce
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f
u
n
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am
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n
tals
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en
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in
ee
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in
g
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m
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ter
tech
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n
g
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i
n
g
d
esig
n
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in
n
o
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an
d
cr
ea
tiv
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,
law,
m
a
n
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em
e
n
t
an
d
en
tr
e
p
r
en
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u
r
s
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ip
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tech
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r
t w
r
itin
g
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
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n
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r
s
h
ip
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
-
Sh
ap
ed
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
ate
p
r
o
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am
m
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G
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n
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er
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ad
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ate
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r
r
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lu
m
p
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tes
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t
o
f
t
h
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co
m
p
lete
“T
”.
I
n
d
iv
id
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als
ac
q
u
ir
ed
a
b
r
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t
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o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
r
o
m
u
n
d
er
g
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u
ate
s
tu
d
ies
,
b
r
o
ad
e
r
d
ep
th
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
at
will
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
eir
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
ex
p
er
tis
e
at
t
h
e
Ma
s
ter
s
lev
el
a
n
d
ev
en
d
ee
p
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at
t
h
e
d
o
cto
r
ate
lev
el.
Th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
o
u
ld
r
esu
lt
i
n
b
r
o
a
d
wo
r
k
i
n
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
g
o
o
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
in
s
p
ec
if
i
c
ar
ea
s
an
d
f
o
s
ter
s
s
u
cc
ess
in
th
e
ch
o
s
en
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
.
T
h
e
T
-
s
h
ap
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
allo
wed
f
o
r
ca
r
ee
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
ad
d
in
g
lay
e
r
s
to
ex
p
e
r
tis
e
an
d
wo
r
k
p
lace
s
k
ills
f
o
r
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
[
4
]
.
Go
o
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
tatin
g
o
f
m
ath
e
m
atic
s
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
r
e
th
e
k
n
o
wn
im
p
o
r
tan
t
cr
u
cial
s
k
ills
f
o
r
an
y
en
g
in
ee
r
.
T
h
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
e
n
g
in
ee
r
s
an
d
th
e
ex
p
ec
ta
tio
n
s
o
f
em
p
lo
y
e
r
s
is
g
r
o
win
g
d
aily
an
d
g
ap
ca
n
o
n
ly
b
e
f
illed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
T
-
s
h
a
p
e
d
s
k
ills
f
o
r
a
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l c
ar
ee
r
[
9
]
.
C
o
m
p
an
ies
s
u
ch
as
I
B
M,
I
D
E
O,
Pro
c
to
r
&
Gam
b
le,
Nik
e
an
d
GE
all
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
r
ec
r
u
it
m
en
t
o
f
T
-
s
h
ap
ed
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
will
b
e
in
h
ig
h
d
em
an
d
wh
e
n
th
ey
g
r
a
d
u
ate
an
d
ap
p
ly
f
o
r
jo
b
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
y
ar
e
ex
p
e
ct
ed
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
in
th
eir
tech
n
ical
f
ield
s
w
ith
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
en
tire
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
t
o
co
-
c
r
ea
te
s
m
ar
t so
lu
tio
n
s
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
ar
e
m
o
v
in
g
f
aster
th
an
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ities
i
n
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
T
-
s
h
ap
ed
m
o
d
el
.
T
h
e
U
n
iv
er
s
itie
s
ar
e
to
alig
n
th
eir
cu
r
r
icu
la
t
o
m
ee
t
u
p
with
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
c
h
allen
g
e
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
eir
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
es.
L
eh
ig
h
Un
iv
er
s
ity
tr
ain
in
g
in
I
n
teg
r
ated
B
u
s
in
ess
an
d
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
(
I
B
E
)
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
p
r
e
p
ar
es
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
r
o
les
in
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
R
&
D,
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
in
itiativ
es
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
o
mp
eten
ce
-
d
r
iven
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
:
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ca
s
e
fo
r
T
-
s
h
a
p
ed
e
n
g
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…
(
A
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b
a
d
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n
B
a
b
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to
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e
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)
37
m
an
ag
em
en
t
co
n
s
u
ltin
g
,
h
ig
h
-
tech
v
en
tu
r
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in
n
o
v
ativ
e
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
f
i
n
an
cial
s
er
v
ices
[
2
8
]
.
B
o
s
to
n
C
o
lleg
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
cr
ea
tes
th
e
‘
s
o
cieta
l
en
g
in
ee
r
s
’
with
T
-
s
h
ap
ed
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
Or
eg
o
n
Un
iv
er
s
ities
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
T
-
s
h
ap
ed
lear
n
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
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m
th
e
Or
eg
o
n
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n
g
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n
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n
g
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
C
o
u
n
cil
(
E
T
I
C
)
in
v
est
m
en
t o
f
$
2
9
m
illi
o
n
f
u
n
d
[
9
]
.
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
is
s
h
if
tin
g
f
r
o
m
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
th
i
n
k
in
g
to
in
ter
d
i
s
cip
lin
ar
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
r
em
ain
co
m
p
etitiv
e
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
b
etter
e
n
g
in
e
er
s
in
T
-
s
h
ap
ed
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
win
g
g
ap
b
etwe
en
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
r
ac
ti
ce
,
an
d
r
esear
ch
ca
n
ea
s
ily
b
e
clo
s
ed
b
y
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
th
e
q
u
alif
ied
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
th
e
T
-
s
h
a
p
ed
s
k
ills
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ies
h
av
e
g
r
ea
t
r
o
les
to
p
la
y
in
ac
ce
p
tin
g
t
o
d
ev
elo
p
th
ese
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
eir
s
ix
-
m
o
n
th
SIWES
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
in
y
ea
r
4
,
ac
ce
p
tin
g
th
em
to
p
a
r
ticip
ate
in
th
e
Natio
n
al
Yo
u
t
h
Ser
v
ice
C
o
r
p
s
(
NYSC
)
.
Als
o
,
af
ter
g
r
ad
u
atio
n
an
d
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
also
b
y
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tin
g
to
th
e
f
a
cilities
,
R
esear
ch
an
d
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t a
n
d
tr
ain
i
n
g
wh
ile
i
n
s
ch
o
o
l
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
clo
s
e
r
elatio
n
s
b
et
wee
n
th
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
ies
an
d
o
u
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
T
h
u
s
,
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
es
ar
e
ca
lib
r
ated
in
r
elatio
n
to
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
n
ee
d
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
r
ec
ip
ien
ts
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
o
f
t
h
e
d
o
cto
r
ates
[
2
6
]
.
Ou
r
wo
r
ld
is
ch
an
g
in
g
an
d
c
h
an
g
in
g
r
ap
id
ly
.
T
h
er
e
is
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
class
r
o
o
m
wh
er
e
th
e
3
R
’
s
(
r
ea
d
in
g
,
wr
itin
g
an
d
ar
it
h
m
etic)
m
ee
t
th
e
4
C
’
s
(
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
cr
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
)
an
d
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
p
r
ep
ar
ed
to
b
e
a
ctiv
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
in
o
u
r
ex
citin
g
g
lo
b
al
co
m
m
u
n
ity
[
3
1
,
3
2
]
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
-
s
h
ap
ed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als,
esp
ec
i
ally
e
n
g
in
ee
r
s
,
ar
e
u
r
g
en
tl
y
n
e
ed
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
r
ap
id
ly
ch
an
g
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
-
i
n
ten
s
iv
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
ns
.
Har
d
wo
r
k
,
c
o
n
s
tan
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
an
d
f
in
d
in
g
a
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
g
en
er
al
a
n
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
r
e
m
aj
o
r
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
to
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
‘T’
in
life
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
life
to
th
e
wo
r
ld
o
f
wo
r
k
r
e
q
u
ir
es
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
atten
tio
n
in
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
cu
r
r
icu
la
f
o
r
a
b
ette
r
an
d
id
ea
l
g
r
ad
u
ate
e
n
g
in
ee
r
.
T
h
e
Ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
an
d
B
io
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
h
av
e
t
h
e
p
o
te
n
tial to
cr
ea
te
a
T
-
s
h
a
p
ed
g
r
ad
u
ate
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
E
n
g
in
ee
r
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
B.
S
e
rg
i
o
,
F
.
G
iac
o
m
o
,
N.
G
ian
c
a
rlo
a
n
d
S
.
M
a
rial
u
isa
,
“
S
tru
c
t
u
re
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
m
ics
o
f
a
“
T
-
sh
a
p
e
d
”
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
:
F
ro
m
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
ls t
o
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
ies
o
f
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
,
”
S
e
rv
ice
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
6
1
-
1
8
0
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
]
J.
P
e
ters
,
“
Ed
u
c
a
ti
n
g
d
e
s
ig
n
e
rs t
o
a
T
,
”
De
sig
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
Rev
iew
,
v
o
l.
23
,
n
o
.
4,
p
p
.
62
-
7
0
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
]
In
d
u
st
ry
Co
n
n
e
c
t,
“
Wh
a
t
i
n
d
u
stry
n
e
e
d
s:
T
-
s
h
a
p
e
d
g
ra
d
u
a
tes
,
”
Ac
c
e
ss
e
d
F
e
b
2
0
1
6
.
Re
treiv
e
d
fro
m
:
h
tt
p
:
//
b
l
o
g
s
.
o
re
g
o
n
sta
te.ed
u
/i
n
d
u
stry
/
[4
]
S
.
Uh
len
b
ro
o
k
a
n
d
E.
D.
Jo
n
g
,
“
T
-
sh
a
p
e
d
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
y
p
r
o
fil
e
f
o
r
w
a
ter
p
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
ls o
f
t
h
e
fu
t
u
re
,
”
Hy
d
ro
lo
g
y
a
n
d
Ea
rth
S
y
ste
m S
c
ien
c
e
s D
isc
u
ss
io
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
9
3
5
-
2
9
5
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
]
D.
G
u
e
st,
“
Wh
a
t
is
a
T
-
sh
a
p
e
d
sk
il
l?”
1
9
9
1
,
Re
tri
e
v
e
d
fro
m
:
h
tt
p
:/
/wo
rd
s
p
y
.
c
o
m
/i
n
d
e
x
.
p
h
p
?
/wo
rd
=
t
-
sh
a
p
e
d
Ac
c
e
ss
e
d
F
e
b
2
0
1
6
.
[6
]
K.
A.
Law
so
n
,
R.
M
.
Arm
stro
n
g
,
a
n
d
M
.
B.
Va
n
De
r
We
y
d
e
n
,
“
As
e
a
rc
h
fo
r
a
c
h
a
n
g
e
in
Au
st
ra
li
a
n
M
e
d
ica
l
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
M
e
d
ica
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
u
stra
li
a
,
v
o
l.
1
6
9
,
p
p
.
6
5
3
-
6
5
8
,
1
9
9
8
.
[7
]
N.
Do
n
o
frio
,
S
.
Ca
ll
in
e
,
a
n
d
J.
S
p
o
h
re
r,
“
Co
ll
a
b
o
ra
t
iv
e
i
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
se
rv
ice
sy
ste
m
s:
imp
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
fo
r
i
n
stit
u
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
d
isc
ip
li
n
e
s
,
”
in
H
o
li
stic E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Ed
it
e
d
b
y
Do
m
e
n
ic
o
G
ra
ss
o
,
2
0
1
6
.
[8
]
M
.
J.C.
M
.
He
rto
g
h
,
“
I
n
fra
stru
c
t
u
re
Re
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
,
”
TU
De
lft
Au
la.
COB
-
in
terv
iew
(
o
n
l
y
i
n
D
u
tch
):Bes
taa
n
d
e
in
fra
stru
c
tu
u
r
d
ra
a
ien
d
e
h
o
u
d
e
n
,
d
a
a
r
li
g
t
d
e
o
p
g
a
v
e
v
o
o
r
st
u
d
e
n
ten
2
0
1
3
.
[9
]
B.
A.
Ala
b
a
d
a
n
a
n
d
T.
M
.
S
a
m
u
e
l
,
“
Co
m
p
e
ten
c
e
-
d
ri
v
e
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
:
a
c
a
se
fo
r
t
-
sh
a
p
e
d
e
n
g
in
e
e
rs
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
6
th
Af
ric
a
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
As
so
c
ia
ti
o
n
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
-
1
3
0
,
CUT,
F
S
,
Blo
e
m
fo
n
tei
n
,
S
o
u
t
h
Afric
a
,
2
0
1
6
[1
0
]
M
.
Do
y
le,
“
Wh
y
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rs
n
e
e
d
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
t
-
sh
a
p
e
d
sk
il
ls
,
”
2
0
1
4
Re
tr
e
iv
e
d
fr
o
m
:
h
tt
p
:
//
b
l
o
g
s
.
p
tc.co
m
/
2
0
1
4
/
1
2
/
0
3
/
wh
y
e
n
g
in
e
e
rs
-
n
e
e
d
-
to
-
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
-
t
-
sh
a
p
e
d
-
sk
il
ls/#
sth
a
sh
.
Hte
J1
D9
x
.
d
p
u
fAc
c
e
ss
e
d
F
e
b
2
0
1
6
.
[1
1
]
B.
A.
Ala
b
a
d
a
n
,
“
Ed
u
c
a
ti
n
g
w
o
rk
-
re
a
d
y
T
-
sh
a
p
e
d
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rs
,
”
In
v
it
e
d
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ted
a
s
G
u
e
st
Lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
Nig
e
rian
S
o
c
iety
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
s,
Ad
o
-
E
k
it
i,
Nig
e
ria m
o
n
th
l
y
m
e
e
ti
n
g
,
Ju
n
2
0
1
6
.
[1
2
]
T.
Ha
n
e
k
o
m
,
“
Cu
rric
u
lu
m
re
v
iew
fro
m
th
e
d
u
a
l
p
rism
o
f
a
c
a
d
e
m
ia
a
n
d
in
d
u
stry
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
6
th
Af
ric
a
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
Asso
c
ia
ti
o
n
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
2
1
2
–
2
1
8
,
CU
T,
F
S
,
Blo
e
m
fo
n
tein
,
S
o
u
t
h
Afr
ic
a
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
3
]
M
.
Ha
v
e
n
g
a
,
“
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
su
sta
i
n
a
b
le
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t:
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
s
k
il
ls
i
n
p
r
o
b
lem
-
b
a
se
d
p
ro
jec
t
-
o
rg
a
n
ize
d
lea
rn
i
n
g
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
6
t
h
Af
ric
a
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
Asso
c
ia
t
io
n
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
-
1
1
0
,
CUT,
F
S
,
Blo
e
m
fo
n
tein
,
S
o
u
t
h
A
frica
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
4
]
C.
A.
S
a
n
c
h
e
z
,
B.
L.
Ru
d
d
e
ll
,
R.
S
c
h
ies
se
r
a
n
d
V.
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e
,
“
En
h
a
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wh
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d
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.
6
3
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3
5
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l
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5
]
UK
Ro
y
a
l
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o
c
iety
,
“
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d
e
n
Wea
lt
h
:
S
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v
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to
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ti
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,
”
2
0
0
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
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.
&
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es
.
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.
Vo
l.
9
,
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.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
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:
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-
38
38
[1
6
]
IfM
a
n
d
IBM
,
“
S
u
c
c
e
e
d
in
g
t
h
ro
u
g
h
se
rv
ice
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
:
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se
rv
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p
e
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u
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a
ti
o
n
,
re
se
a
rc
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,
b
u
sin
e
ss
a
n
d
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
,
”
Ca
m
b
r
i
d
g
e
,
Un
it
e
d
Ki
n
g
d
o
m
:
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
In
stit
u
te
f
o
r
M
a
n
u
fa
c
tu
rin
g
.
IS
BN:
9
7
8
-
1
-
9
0
2
5
4
6
-
65
-
0
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
7
]
M
.
M
u
k
h
tar,
Y.
Ya
h
y
a
,
S
.
A
b
d
u
ll
a
h
,
A.
Ha
m
d
a
n
,
A.
N.
Ja
il
a
n
i
,
a
n
d
Z.
Ab
d
u
ll
a
h
,
“
Em
p
lo
y
a
b
il
i
ty
a
n
d
se
rv
ice
sc
ien
c
e
:
F
a
c
in
g
th
e
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
v
ia
c
u
rricu
lu
m
d
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
re
stru
c
tu
ri
n
g
,
”
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
t
ics
ICEE
I’0
9
,
IE
EE
,
v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
3
5
7
-
3
6
1
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
8
]
S
.
C.
Ka
n
g
,
P
.
L.
Li
u
,
Y.
F
.
Lee
,
S
.
R.
Ye
,
H.
R.
Ya
n
g
,
a
n
d
C.
W
.
P
e
n
g
,
“
Th
e
tea
c
h
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
o
f
m
u
lt
id
isc
ip
li
n
a
ry
T
wo
rk
s
h
o
p
s: A
n
e
w
tea
c
h
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
l
fo
r
a
n
a
g
i
n
g
s
o
c
iety
,
”
Ge
ro
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
13
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
1
-
1
0
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
9
]
N.
D.
M
b
a
n
e
fo
h
,
a
n
d
O.
A.
Ba
m
i
ro
,
“
Trai
n
in
g
f
o
r
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
imp
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
re
-
v
o
c
a
ti
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n
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l
a
sp
e
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t
o
f
th
e
n
e
w
p
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li
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y
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d
u
c
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ti
o
n
,
”
In
T.
I.
E
z
e
a
n
d
M
.
A.
M
a
d
u
so
l
u
m
u
o
(E
d
s.),
T
h
ird
W
o
rld
S
tra
te
g
ies
fo
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
,
p
p
.
1
4
8
-
1
5
6
,
On
it
s
h
a
,
Nig
e
ria:
S
u
m
m
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
P
u
b
l
ish
e
rs L
imited
.
1
9
9
0
.
[2
0
]
C.
C.
Ca
lh
o
u
n
a
n
d
A.
V.
F
i
n
c
h
,
“
Vo
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
:
Co
n
c
e
p
ts
a
n
d
op
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
,
”
(
2
nd
E
d
.
),
Be
lmo
n
t,
Ca
li
fo
r
n
ia,
US
A:
Wad
sw
o
rt
h
,
I
n
c
.
1
9
8
2
.
[2
1
]
G
.
Ad
e
fa
y
e
,
“
Ne
g
lec
t
o
f
tec
h
n
ica
l
,
v
o
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
c
re
a
se
s y
o
u
t
h
u
n
e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
,
”
Va
n
g
u
a
rd
,p
p
.
3
0
,
2
0
0
4
.
[2
2
]
B.
M
.
Nd
o
m
i,
“
M
e
c
h
a
n
ism
s
fo
r
imp
ro
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
sk
il
l
c
o
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
c
u
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lu
m
fo
r
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h
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ica
l
c
o
ll
e
g
e
a
g
ro
-
m
e
c
h
a
n
ics
tra
d
e
s in
G
o
m
b
e
S
tate
,
”
Un
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
M
a
ste
r’s t
h
e
sis,
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Nig
e
ria,
Ns
u
k
k
a
,
1
9
9
8
.
[2
3
]
USA’s
Ad
v
iso
ry
C
o
u
n
c
il
o
n
Vo
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
“
Vo
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
:
th
e
b
ri
d
g
e
b
e
twe
e
n
m
a
n
a
n
d
h
is
wo
r
k
,
”
U.S
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
h
e
a
lt
h
,
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
we
lfare
,
o
ffice
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
Was
h
i
n
g
t
o
n
D.C.
;
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
P
rin
t
in
g
Offic
e
,
1
9
6
8
.
[2
4
]
M
.
A.
G
a
ru
b
a
,
F
.
E.
Ag
we
d
a
,
a
n
d
D.
I.
Ab
u
m
e
re
,
“
Th
e
c
o
n
tri
b
u
t
io
n
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
t
o
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t:
T
h
e
Nig
e
rian
e
x
p
e
r
ie
n
c
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
Pra
c
ti
c
e
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
16
-
2
2
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
5
]
T.
I
h
in
m
o
y
a
n
a
n
d
S
.
Ha
ru
n
a
,
“
E
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rs
h
ip
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
Ni
g
e
ria:
A
t
o
o
l
fo
r
so
c
i
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
,
”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
(A
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
B
u
sin
e
ss
Ad
m
in
istratio
n
,
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Ilo
r
in
,
Ilo
ri
n
,
Nig
e
ria.)
,
v
o
l.
10
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
17
-
2
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
6
]
NU
C,
“
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
iv
e
rsiti
e
s
C
o
m
m
issio
n
(NU
C)
Be
n
c
h
m
a
rk
M
in
imu
m
Ac
a
d
e
m
ic
S
tan
d
a
rd
s
(BM
AS)
fo
r
u
n
d
e
r
g
ra
d
u
a
te
P
ro
g
ra
m
m
e
in
Nig
e
rian
Un
iv
e
rsiti
e
s (E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
)
2
0
0
7
-
0
4
,
”
2
0
1
4
.
[2
7
]
B.
Du
n
n
,
“
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
b
u
si
n
e
ss
a
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
s
u
c
c
e
ss
.
”
Re
treiv
e
d
fr
o
m
:
h
tt
p
s://
ww
w.as
m
e
.
o
rg
/ca
re
e
r
-
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
/article
s/tea
c
h
e
rs
-
a
c
a
d
e
m
ics
/en
g
in
e
e
rin
g
-
a
n
d
-
b
u
si
n
e
ss
-
a
-
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
-
f
o
r
-
su
c
c
e
ss
.
2
0
1
4
.
[2
8
]
M
.
Li
h
,
“
M
a
k
in
g
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
m
o
re
T
-
s
h
a
p
e
d
,
”
I
n
:
D
o
y
le
M
.
(
2
0
1
4
)
:
Wh
y
E
n
g
in
e
e
rs
Ne
e
d
To
De
v
e
l
o
p
T
-
S
h
a
p
e
d
S
k
il
ls
,
2
0
1
4
.
Re
trei
v
e
d
fro
m
:
h
tt
p
:/
/b
lo
g
s.p
tc.co
m
/
2
0
1
4
/1
2
/
0
3
/w
h
y
-
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rs
-
n
e
e
d
-
to
-
d
e
v
e
lo
p
-
t
-
sh
a
p
e
d
-
sk
il
ls/#
st
h
a
sh
.
Hte
J1
D9
x
.
d
p
u
f
[2
9
]
P
.
M
.
G
e
rso
n
,
a
n
d
B.
Ra
m
o
n
d
,
“
Ed
u
c
a
ti
n
g
g
re
a
t
T
-
sh
a
p
e
d
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rs
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Pro
d
u
c
t
De
sig
n
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
13
-
1
4
S
e
p
2
0
0
7
,
No
rt
h
u
m
b
ria
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ne
wc
a
stle
Up
o
n
T
y
n
e
,
Un
it
e
d
Ki
n
g
d
o
m
2
0
0
7
.
[3
0
]
L.
Bo
rre
ll
-
Da
m
ian
,
T.
Bro
wn
,
A.
De
a
rin
g
,
J.
F
o
n
t,
S
.
Ha
g
e
n
,
J.
M
e
tca
lfe,
a
n
d
J.
S
m
it
h
,
“
Co
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
v
e
d
o
c
to
ra
l
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
:
Un
i
v
e
rsity
-
i
n
d
u
stry
p
a
r
tn
e
rsh
ip
s
f
o
r
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
,
”
Hi
g
h
e
r
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
Po
li
c
y
,
v
o
l.
23
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
9
3
-
5
1
4
,
2
0
1
0
.
[3
1
]
M
.
Ko
lk
,
“
Th
e
2
1
st
c
e
n
tu
r
y
c
las
sro
o
m
-
wh
e
re
th
e
3
R’s
m
e
e
t
th
e
4
C’s!
,
”
2
0
1
1
.
Re
treiv
e
d
fro
m
:
h
tt
p
:
//
we
b
.
tec
h
4
lea
rn
in
g
.
c
o
m
/
b
lo
g
-
0
/
b
id
/
4
5
1
4
9
.
[3
2
]
A.
H.
D
u
n
n
,
B.
S
o
n
d
e
l
a
n
d
H.C
.
Ba
g
g
e
tt
,
“
I
d
o
n
’t
wa
n
t
to
c
o
m
e
o
u
t
a
s
p
u
sh
i
n
g
a
n
a
g
e
n
d
a
:
H
o
w
c
o
n
tex
ts
sh
a
p
e
d
tea
c
h
e
rs’
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
in
th
e
d
a
y
s
a
fter
th
e
2
0
1
6
U.
S
.
p
re
sid
e
n
ti
a
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