I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
45
~
53
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
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.
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9
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1
.
2
0
3
6
6
45
J
o
ur
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ep
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:
h
ttp
:
//
ijer
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Ev
a
lua
tion o
f
citi
zenship ed
uca
tion
and v
a
lues educa
tion
in t
he
early
yea
rs
o
f
the
republi
c
Sa
bri Bece
rik
li
1
,
Sev
da
G
ülş
a
h Yıldırım
2
1
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
So
cial
Stu
d
ies De
p
ar
tm
en
t,
B
u
rsa
Ulu
d
a
ğ
Un
i
v
e
rsity
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Tu
r
k
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y
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F
a
c
u
lt
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E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Ka
h
ra
m
a
n
m
a
ra
ş S
ü
tçü
İm
a
m
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Tu
rk
e
y
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Oct
2
9
,
2
0
1
9
R
ev
is
ed
J
an
1
1
,
2
0
2
0
Acc
ep
ted
Feb
8
,
2
0
2
0
M
a
n
y
g
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
ts
in
h
ist
o
ry
h
a
v
e
a
lwa
y
s
wa
n
ted
to
e
d
u
c
a
te
th
e
ir
c
it
ize
n
s
a
c
c
o
rd
in
g
t
o
th
e
ir
o
wn
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s.
I
n
th
e
e
a
rly
y
e
a
rs
o
f
t
h
e
Re
p
u
b
li
c
,
th
e
a
d
m
in
istrato
rs
o
f
t
h
e
Re
p
u
b
li
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o
f
Tu
rk
e
y
i
n
ten
d
e
d
to
e
d
u
c
a
te
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it
ize
n
s
c
o
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u
rre
n
t
wit
h
th
e
re
p
u
b
li
c
a
n
re
g
im
e
.
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e
p
re
se
n
t
stu
d
y
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ims
to
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n
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a
te
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n
d
re
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l
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t
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o
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it
ize
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s
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d
to
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e
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ted
in
th
e
first
y
e
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rs
o
f
t
h
e
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p
u
b
li
c
.
F
ro
m
th
is
p
o
in
t
o
f
v
iew
,
n
u
m
e
ro
u
s
v
iew
s
o
f
th
e
a
d
m
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istrat
o
rs
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th
e
first
y
e
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rs
o
f
th
e
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p
u
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l
ic
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re
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led
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e
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it
ize
n
sh
ip
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d
u
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ti
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o
u
rse
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(M
u
s
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h
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b
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t
-
ı
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l
a
k
iye
a
n
d
M
a
l
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ma
t
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ı
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ta
n
iye
)
wh
ich
we
re
in
c
lu
d
e
d
i
n
th
e
1
9
2
4
P
rima
ry
S
c
h
o
o
ls
P
r
o
g
ra
m
we
re
a
d
d
re
ss
e
d
.
I
n
o
rd
e
r
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
u
rse
to
b
e
a
b
le
t
o
b
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
ted
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
a
ims
a
n
d
c
it
ize
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sh
ip
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
a
sa
m
p
le
b
o
o
k
fr
o
m
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
o
f
M
u
sa
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı
Ah
la
k
iye
a
n
d
M
a
lu
m
a
t
-
ı
Va
t
a
n
i
y
e
,
wh
ich
w
e
re
tau
g
h
t
in
f
o
u
rt
h
a
n
d
fift
h
g
ra
d
e
s
in
p
rima
ry
sc
h
o
o
ls
,
wa
s
e
x
a
m
in
e
d
.
Th
e
p
re
se
n
t
st
u
d
y
wa
s
d
e
sig
n
e
d
with
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
a
n
a
ly
sis m
e
th
o
d
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
q
u
a
li
tativ
e
re
se
a
rc
h
m
e
th
o
d
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
itizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
Valu
es e
d
u
ca
tio
n
R
ep
u
b
lic
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sab
r
i Bece
r
ik
li,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
So
cial
S
tu
d
ies De
p
ar
tm
e
n
t,
B
u
r
s
a
Ulu
d
ağ
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
Özlü
ce
,
Gö
r
ü
k
le
Kam
p
ü
s
ü
,
1
6
0
5
9
,
Nilü
f
e
r
/B
u
r
s
a,
T
u
r
k
e
y
E
m
ail: b
ec
er
ik
lis
ab
r
i@
u
lu
d
ag
.
ed
u
.
tr
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
t
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
ts
th
at
ad
m
in
is
tr
ate
th
e
s
tate
to
g
et
th
eir
o
wn
p
o
licies
as
well
a
s
th
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tate
a
cc
ep
ted
b
y
th
eir
p
e
o
p
le
an
d
s
p
r
ea
d
th
em
.
I
t
was
d
esire
d
b
y
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
ts
to
r
aise
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
wer
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
e
q
u
ip
p
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
,
b
u
t
also
w
h
o
wo
u
l
d
r
e
p
r
esen
t
th
e
o
f
f
icial
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
[1
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
co
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
tin
u
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
eg
im
e
is
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
th
e
citizen
s
wh
o
o
wn
it.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
citizen
s
h
ip
is
r
elate
d
to
th
e
b
o
n
d
th
at
th
e
s
tate
estab
lis
h
es
th
an
k
s
to
th
e
r
u
les
o
f
law,
th
e
b
o
n
d
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
th
e
s
tate
an
d
t
h
e
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
th
e
s
o
ciety
in
w
h
ich
th
ey
liv
e.
I
t
is
o
n
ly
n
atu
r
al
th
at
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
aim
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
ess
en
tial
m
is
s
io
n
in
r
aisi
n
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als
h
as
alwa
y
s
f
allen
o
n
to
to
th
e
f
am
ilies
an
d
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
ed
u
c
atio
n
ac
tiv
ities
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
u
s
u
al
f
ield
o
f
i
n
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
o
f
th
e
o
f
f
icial
id
eo
lo
g
y
[1
]
.
T
r
ain
in
g
i
n
d
iv
i
d
u
als
as
d
esire
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
ın
t
er
v
en
tio
n
s
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
as
r
ef
lectio
n
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
s
o
cial
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
in
a
way
.
W
h
en
lo
o
k
T
u
r
k
is
h
R
ep
u
b
lic’
f
ir
s
t
y
ea
r
s
,
t
o
r
u
n
in
to
s
im
ilar
s
itu
atio
n
s
ar
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
On
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
d
eter
m
in
e
th
at
w
h
at
citizen
s
h
ip
is
d
esig
n
ed
in
T
u
r
k
is
h
R
ep
u
b
lic
an
d
t
h
is
citizen
s
h
ip
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
wh
at
m
o
r
al
p
r
i
n
c
ip
les
in
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
is
h
an
d
led
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
o
f
p
er
io
d
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
p
r
im
ar
il
y
,
an
d
is
r
ev
iewe
d
co
u
r
s
e
b
o
o
k
s
an
d
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
wh
ich
is
th
o
u
g
h
t
h
av
in
g
b
ee
n
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
as r
ef
lectio
n
s
o
f
th
is
o
p
in
io
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
:
45
-
53
46
A
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
th
e
v
iews
o
f
Mu
s
taf
a
Kem
al
d
ir
ec
ted
T
u
r
k
e
y
'
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
ea
r
l
y
y
ea
r
s
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
l
ic.
Mu
s
taf
a
Kem
al
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
n
ew
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
b
asis
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
T
u
r
k
ey
in
th
e
p
er
io
d
o
f
th
e
Natio
n
al
Stru
g
g
le
an
d
th
e
f
ir
s
t
y
ea
r
s
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
[
3
]
.
Mu
s
taf
a
Kem
al
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
e
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
C
o
n
g
r
ess
h
el
d
in
J
u
ly
1
9
2
1
ju
s
t
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
B
attle
o
f
Sak
ar
y
a
an
d
v
is
ited
s
ch
o
o
ls
d
u
r
in
g
h
is
tr
av
els
to
Ko
n
y
a,
Kü
tah
y
a
a
n
d
B
u
r
s
a
a
n
d
e
m
p
h
asized
th
at
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
m
u
s
t
b
e
th
e
n
atio
n
al,
s
cien
tific
an
d
p
r
ac
tical.
He
al
s
o
in
s
is
ted
th
at
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
Otto
m
a
n
E
m
p
ir
e
was
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ca
u
s
e
o
f
b
ac
k
war
d
n
ess
b
y
s
er
io
u
s
ly
cr
iticizin
g
th
e
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
s
y
s
tem
lef
t
o
v
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
Otto
m
an
er
a
[
4
]
.
W
ith
th
e
d
ec
lar
atio
n
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic,
th
e
d
u
ty
o
f
p
r
o
tec
tin
g
an
d
d
e
f
en
d
i
n
g
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
was
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
s
im
ilar
s
tatem
en
ts
.
T
h
e
le
ad
er
s
o
f
th
e
n
ew
r
e
g
im
e
to
o
k
an
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
s
tep
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
with
th
e
L
aw
o
n
Tevh
id
-
i
Ted
r
is
a
t
(
Un
if
icatio
n
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
)
an
d
th
u
s
m
a
d
e
th
e
f
ir
s
t
b
ig
m
o
v
e
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
o
ld
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Ma
d
r
asas
(
I
s
lam
ic
th
eo
lo
g
ical
s
ch
o
o
ls
)
wer
e
clo
s
ed
d
o
wn
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
th
is
law
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
was star
ted
to
b
e
b
u
ilt o
n
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
n
d
er
s
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
an
r
eg
im
e
claim
ed
t
h
at
th
ey
h
ad
estab
lis
h
ed
a
n
ew
s
tate
an
d
a
n
ew
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
at
h
ad
n
o
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
th
e
Otto
m
an
er
a
an
d
Otto
m
an
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
[
6
]
.
T
u
r
k
ey
th
at
g
ain
e
d
a
n
ew
id
en
tity
af
ter
th
e
d
ec
lar
atio
n
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
in
1
9
2
3
in
ten
d
ed
to
ed
u
ca
te
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
is
n
ew
id
en
tity
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
wer
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
i
n
th
e
d
is
co
u
r
s
es
o
f
th
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
a
ctin
g
f
o
r
t
h
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
an
d
th
e
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
p
u
t
th
eir
wo
r
d
s
in
to
ac
ti
o
n
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
illar
s
o
f
t
h
ese
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
was
to
ch
an
g
e
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
an
d
th
e
tex
t
b
o
o
k
s
.
Ap
a
r
t
f
r
o
m
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
th
eo
lo
g
y
co
u
r
s
e,
ev
e
n
if
th
er
e
was
n
o
t
m
u
ch
o
f
a
ch
an
g
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
c
o
u
r
s
es
tau
g
h
t,
th
e
lo
v
e
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
was
in
s
till
ed
in
th
e
co
n
te
n
t
o
f
th
e
co
u
r
s
es
o
f
f
er
e
d
[
7
-
10
]
.
T
h
e
ch
an
g
es
in
q
u
esti
o
n
wer
e
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
e
d
is
co
u
r
s
es
o
f
th
e
p
e
o
p
le
at
th
e
a
d
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
lev
el.
I
n
an
in
ter
v
iew
w
ith
a
n
ewsp
ap
er
,
th
e
ac
tin
g
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Min
is
ter
Vas
ıf
B
ey
(
Mr
.
Ç
ın
ar
)
d
ec
lar
ed
th
at
all
is
s
u
es
r
elate
d
to
th
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
ed
u
ca
tio
n
wo
u
l
d
b
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lican
s
p
ir
it,
th
at
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
la
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
n
ew
g
u
i
d
elin
es,
an
d
th
at
th
er
e
was
n
o
p
lace
f
o
r
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
wr
itten
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
o
ld
m
en
tality
at
th
e
n
ew
s
ch
o
o
ls
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
T
u
r
k
ey
[
11
]
.
M.
Kem
al
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
d
ev
o
ted
teac
h
er
s
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
at
th
e
T
ea
ch
er
s
Un
io
n
C
o
n
g
r
ess
o
n
Au
g
u
s
t
2
5
,
1
9
2
4
an
d
ask
ed
th
em
to
ed
u
ca
t
e
“a
ca
d
em
ically
,
s
cien
tific
ally
,
m
en
tally
an
d
p
h
y
s
ically
”
s
tr
o
n
g
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
with
h
ig
h
m
o
r
a
l
v
alu
es
wh
o
wo
u
ld
d
ef
en
d
t
h
e
R
ep
u
b
lic.
M.
Kem
al
co
n
clu
d
e
d
h
is
s
p
ee
ch
with
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
wo
r
d
s
:
C
o
mra
d
es,
th
e
milita
r
y,
p
o
lit
ica
l,
a
d
min
is
tr
a
tive
tr
a
n
s
fo
r
ma
tio
n
s
th
a
t
t
h
e
n
ew
Tu
r
ke
y
h
a
s
ma
n
a
g
ed
to
p
u
t
to
g
eth
er
i
n
few
ye
a
r
s
’
time
a
r
e
ve
r
y
e
n
o
r
mo
u
s
,
ve
r
y
imp
o
r
ta
n
t.
Th
ese
tr
a
n
s
fo
r
ma
tio
n
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
co
n
fir
med
b
y
yo
u
r
,
yo
u
h
o
n
o
r
a
b
le
t
ea
ch
ers
,
a
cc
o
mp
lis
h
men
ts
in
th
e
s
o
cia
l
a
n
d
in
tellectu
a
l
s
p
h
eres
.
N
ev
er
fo
r
g
et
th
a
t
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
w
a
n
ts
yo
u
to
ed
u
ca
te
g
en
era
tio
n
s
th
a
t
a
r
e
in
tellectu
a
lly
fr
ee
,
co
n
s
cien
tio
u
s
ly
fr
ee
,
a
n
d
s
cien
tifi
ca
lly
fr
ee
[
9
]
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
g
r
ess
,
Vasıf
B
ey
s
tated
th
at
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
f
o
o
ts
tep
s
o
f
M.
Kem
al,
th
e
n
atio
n
h
ad
m
o
v
ed
awa
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
an
cien
t
s
u
p
er
s
titi
o
n
s
an
d
tr
ad
itio
n
s
an
d
th
at
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
wo
u
ld
ta
k
e
its
p
lace
am
o
n
g
th
e
civ
ilized
s
o
cieties
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
o
f
t
h
e
teac
h
er
s
[
9
]
.
I
n
a
cir
cu
lar
is
s
u
ed
b
y
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
,
it
was
s
tated
th
at
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
wer
e
to
ed
u
ca
te
t
h
e
y
o
u
n
g
p
eo
p
le
well
an
d
ch
a
n
g
e
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
r
v
iv
al
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
an
d
th
e
n
ew
s
tat
e
[
12
]
.
I
n
th
e
E
lem
en
tar
y
Sch
o
o
ls
C
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
1
9
2
4
,
s
u
b
jects
s
u
ch
as
th
e
d
ef
en
s
e
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lican
id
eo
lo
g
y
an
d
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
g
o
o
d
citizen
s
wer
e
m
ain
ly
r
ef
lect
ed
in
th
e
co
n
te
n
t
o
f
Mu
s
a
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı
A
h
la
kiye
an
d
Ma
lu
ma
t
-
ı
V
a
ta
n
iye
c
o
u
r
s
e
[
7
]
.
E
s
s
en
tially
,
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
th
is
co
u
r
s
e
to
b
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
o
f
th
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
R
ep
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
wer
e
laid
in
th
e
2
n
d
in
th
e
C
o
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
Mo
n
ar
ch
y
p
er
io
d
,
an
d
a
n
e
w
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
citizen
s
h
ip
av
ailab
le
with
in
th
e
citi
ze
n
s
h
ip
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
th
e
Otto
m
an
E
r
a
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
s
wer
e
tr
ied
to
b
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
[
13
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
R
ep
u
b
lican
p
er
i
o
d
t
o
o
,
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
th
at
th
e
citi
ze
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
ew
id
eo
lo
g
y
a
n
d
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
th
is
id
eo
lo
g
y
wer
e
em
p
h
asized
in
t
h
is
co
u
r
s
e
[
7
]
.
W
h
en
th
e
r
elev
an
t
li
ter
atu
r
e
is
ex
am
in
ed
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
f
in
d
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
wh
at
ty
p
e
o
f
citizen
s
to
ed
u
ca
te
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
y
ea
r
s
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
[
13
-
18
]
.
I
t
is
clea
r
ly
s
ee
n
th
at
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
es
e
s
tu
d
ies
d
ea
lt
with
th
e
s
u
b
jects
o
f
citizen
s
h
ip
[
1
3
,
15,
17
]
an
d
s
o
m
e
o
th
e
r
s
with
m
o
r
ality
[
1
4
,
1
8
]
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
was
ex
am
in
ed
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
r
o
le
-
m
o
d
el
citizen
s
h
ip
wh
o
w
as
d
esig
n
ed
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
y
ea
r
s
o
f
T
u
r
k
is
h
R
ep
u
b
lic.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
it
is
aim
ed
to
r
ev
ea
l
with
th
e
h
o
lis
tic
p
o
in
t
o
f
v
iew
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
wh
at
ty
p
e
o
f
citizen
s
wer
e
to
b
e
e
d
u
ca
ted
an
d
wh
at
k
in
d
o
f
m
o
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
w
as
to
b
e
g
iv
e
n
o
n
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lican
p
er
io
d
.
Fo
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
Mu
s
a
b
a
h
a
t
-
ı
A
h
la
k
iye
an
d
Ma
lu
ma
t
-
ı
V
a
ta
n
iye
co
u
r
s
e
an
d
its
tex
tb
o
o
k
wer
e
ex
a
m
in
ed
in
d
ep
th
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f c
itiz
en
s
h
ip
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
a
n
d
va
l
u
es
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
ye
a
r
s
o
f th
e
r
ep
u
b
lic
(
S
a
b
r
i B
ec
erikli
)
47
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
it
is
ai
m
ed
to
ex
a
m
in
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
citizen
s
wh
o
wer
e
tar
g
eted
to
b
e
ed
u
ca
ted
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
y
ea
r
s
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic.
Fo
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
was
d
esig
n
ed
with
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
q
u
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Do
cu
m
en
t
a
n
aly
s
is
in
v
o
l
v
es
“
th
e
ex
am
i
n
atio
n
o
f
th
e
wr
itten
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
f
f
u
ll
te
x
ts
o
f
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al,
clin
ical
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
r
ec
o
r
d
s
,
o
r
q
u
o
tat
io
n
s
,
m
em
o
r
an
d
u
m
s
an
d
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ce
s
,
o
f
f
icial
p
u
b
licat
io
n
s
o
r
r
ep
o
r
ts
,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
iar
ies to
o
p
en
-
e
n
d
ed
s
u
r
v
ey
s
”
[
19
]
.
2
.
1
.
Da
t
a
co
llect
io
n t
o
o
l
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
g
ath
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
citizen
s
wh
o
wer
e
tar
g
e
ted
to
b
e
ed
u
ca
ted
in
t
h
e
R
ep
u
b
lican
p
er
io
d
,
th
e
c
o
u
r
s
e
co
n
ten
t
an
d
h
o
w
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
Mu
s
a
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı
A
h
la
kiye
an
d
Ma
lu
ma
t
-
ı
V
a
ta
n
iye
was
tau
g
h
t
in
th
e
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
wer
e
d
ea
lt
wit
h
.
I
t
is
k
n
o
wn
th
at
m
o
r
e
th
an
o
n
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
was u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
teac
h
in
g
o
f
t
h
is
co
u
r
s
e.
T
h
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
titl
ed
Mu
s
a
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı
A
h
l
a
kiye
an
d
Ma
lu
m
a
t
-
ı
V
a
ta
n
iye
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
t
h
e
p
r
e
s
en
t
s
tu
d
y
was
wr
itten
b
y
Or
h
an
Fu
ad
i
n
1
9
2
4
as
two
v
o
lu
m
es
to
b
e
tau
g
h
t
in
th
e
4
th
a
n
d
5
t
h
g
r
ad
es
o
f
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
[
2
4
,
2
5
]
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lican
p
er
io
d
,
v
a
r
io
u
s
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
o
f
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
s
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
o
n
m
o
r
ality
wer
e
wr
itten
f
o
r
e
lem
en
tar
y
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
0
,
2
1
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
s
h
o
r
tly
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
d
ec
lar
atio
n
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
l
ic,
s
im
ilar
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
wer
e
wr
itten
f
o
r
s
c
h
o
o
ls
[
22
,
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
s
o
f
Or
h
an
Fu
ad
,
as
f
ar
as
we
co
u
ld
tr
ac
e
th
em
,
wer
e
o
f
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
b
ein
g
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
Mu
s
a
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı
A
h
la
kiye
an
d
Ma
lu
ma
t
-
ı
V
a
ta
n
iye
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
wr
itten
f
o
r
th
e
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
lev
el
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lican
p
er
io
d
af
ter
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l’
s
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
o
f
1
9
2
4
[
2
4
,
2
5
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
o
f
Mu
s
a
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı
A
h
la
kiye
an
d
Ma
lu
ma
t
-
ı
V
a
ta
n
iye
b
y
Or
h
an
Fu
ad
was
ch
o
s
en
am
o
n
g
s
t
th
e
o
th
er
Mu
s
a
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı A
h
la
kiye
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
an
in
-
d
ep
th
an
aly
s
is
.
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
I
n
ac
co
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
q
u
alitativ
e
s
tu
d
ies,
d
ed
u
ctiv
e
co
n
ten
t
an
al
y
s
is
was
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
d
e
d
u
ctiv
e
a
n
aly
s
is
,
th
e
d
ata
ar
e
an
aly
ze
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
[
19
]
.
A
g
e
n
er
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
was
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
ac
c
o
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
was
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
th
r
ee
titl
es
“c
o
n
ten
t,
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
v
alu
es”.
T
h
e
two
r
esear
ch
er
s
m
ad
e
co
d
i
n
g
f
o
r
ea
c
h
th
em
e
s
ep
ar
ately
an
d
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
co
d
in
g
was
co
m
p
a
r
ed
.
W
h
er
e
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
u
l
d
n
o
t
ag
r
ee
,
th
e
th
ir
d
r
esear
ch
er
’
s
o
p
i
n
io
n
was so
u
g
h
t.
As a
r
esu
lt o
f
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
r
ee
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
f
in
al
f
in
d
in
g
s
wer
e
f
o
r
m
e
d
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
f
ir
s
tly
,
g
en
er
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
Mu
s
a
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı
A
h
la
kiye
an
d
Ma
lu
ma
t
-
ı
V
a
ta
n
iye
s
y
llab
u
s
was
g
iv
en
.
T
h
e
d
ata
was
t
h
en
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
th
em
es:
“th
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
co
u
r
s
e,
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
v
alu
e
s
”.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
th
e
d
etails o
f
ea
ch
th
em
e
.
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
3
.
1
.
1
.
Musa
ha
b
a
t
-
ı
a
hla
k
iye
a
nd
m
a
luma
t
-
i v
a
ta
niye
curr
iculu
m
T
h
e
citizen
s
wh
o
wer
e
tar
g
e
ted
to
b
e
ed
u
ca
ted
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
y
ea
r
s
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
wer
e
d
ef
in
ed
in
th
e
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
as
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
as
p
o
s
s
ess
in
g
th
e
titl
e
o
f
th
e
citizen
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
T
u
r
k
ey
,
wh
o
s
e
ac
ts
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
a
r
e
d
ir
ec
ted
b
y
m
o
r
al
p
r
i
n
cip
les
an
d
wh
o
ar
e
well
awa
r
e
o
f
th
eir
s
tatu
to
r
y
r
ig
h
ts
,
an
d
f
u
lf
ills
th
eir
n
atio
n
al
a
n
d
h
u
m
an
itar
ian
d
u
ties
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
task
o
f
ed
u
ca
tin
g
th
e
d
esire
d
citizen
in
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
was a
s
s
ig
n
ed
to
th
e
co
n
ten
t
Mu
s
a
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı A
h
l
a
kiye
an
d
Ma
lu
ma
t
-
ı V
a
ta
n
iye
co
u
r
s
e
[
7
]
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
Otto
m
an
E
m
p
ir
e
er
a,
th
e
Ma
lu
ma
t
-
ı
Med
en
iye
co
u
r
s
e
th
e
s
tate
wh
ich
w
as
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
with
aim
o
f
e
n
co
u
r
ag
in
g
t
h
e
citizen
s
t
o
lo
v
e
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
,
th
e
s
tate
an
d
th
e
i
d
ea
o
f
f
a
m
ily
u
n
io
n
an
d
ed
u
ca
te
th
em
as
citizen
s
wh
o
wer
e
p
r
o
n
e
to
s
h
o
w
o
b
ed
ien
ce
to
all
th
ese
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
was
n
am
ed
as
th
e
Mu
s
a
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı
A
h
la
kiye
a
n
d
Ma
lu
ma
t
-
ı
V
a
ta
n
iye
co
u
r
s
e
w
ith
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
Otto
m
an
cr
iticis
m
an
d
lo
v
e
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
to
its
co
n
ten
t
[
7
,
1
3
]
.
Mu
s
a
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı
A
h
la
kiye
c
o
u
r
s
e
was
in
clu
d
ed
at
all
lev
els
o
f
th
e
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l.
I
n
th
e
1
9
2
4
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
,
it
was
m
en
tio
n
e
d
th
at
o
n
ly
t
h
e
4
th
an
d
5
t
h
g
r
ad
es
wo
u
ld
b
e
g
iv
en
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
.
B
ef
o
r
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
d
o
wn
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
in
t
h
e
u
p
p
er
class
es,
in
th
e
1
s
t,
2
n
d
an
d
3
r
d
g
r
ad
es,
th
e
wa
y
th
e
Mu
s
a
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı
A
h
la
kiye
co
u
r
s
e
was
c
o
n
d
u
cted
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
s
,
teac
h
er
'
s
m
o
r
al
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
,
s
to
r
i
es
o
f
g
r
ea
t
n
atio
n
al
h
er
o
es,
g
r
ea
t
s
ch
o
lar
s
,
ex
p
l
o
r
er
s
,
in
v
e
n
to
r
s
,
esp
ec
ially
t
h
e
s
to
r
y
o
f
th
e
ad
v
e
n
tu
r
es
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
h
e
r
o
es
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
attr
ac
tiv
e
s
to
r
ies
was
ap
p
r
ec
iated
.
I
t
was
b
eliev
ed
b
y
th
e
d
r
af
ter
s
o
f
t
h
e
1
9
2
4
Pro
g
r
a
m
th
at
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
th
r
ee
y
e
a
r
s
wo
u
ld
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
m
o
r
ality
a
n
d
s
p
ir
itu
ality
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
d
r
af
ter
s
,
th
e
ad
v
e
n
tu
r
es
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
ea
t
p
er
s
o
n
alities
an
d
h
e
r
o
es,
wh
ic
h
wer
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
h
u
m
an
ity
,
wo
u
ld
h
av
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
th
at
th
e
s
ch
o
last
ic
an
d
life
less
m
o
r
a
l
r
u
les
ca
n
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e.
T
h
e
h
er
o
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
:
45
-
53
48
alwa
y
s
s
et
an
ex
am
p
le
f
o
r
c
h
i
ld
r
en
to
b
e
v
ir
tu
o
u
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
iti
o
n
,
it
was
b
eliev
ed
th
at
c
h
ild
r
en
s
h
o
u
l
d
g
et
g
o
o
d
h
ab
its
ad
o
p
ted
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
it
was
em
p
h
asized
th
at
s
ch
o
o
ls
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
o
r
g
a
n
ized
in
a
way
th
at
co
u
ld
g
iv
e
ch
ild
r
en
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
s
u
ch
as c
lean
lin
ess
,
o
r
d
er
,
c
o
u
r
te
s
y
,
h
o
n
esty
,
c
o
o
p
e
r
atio
n
an
d
s
o
lid
ar
ity
[
7
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
s
p
a
r
t
o
f
t
h
e
Mu
s
a
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı
A
h
la
kiye
co
u
r
s
e,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
ee
s
o
m
e
r
u
les
an
d
g
u
id
elin
es
th
at
f
o
r
m
th
e
b
asis
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
y
to
d
ay
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
en
ab
le
ch
i
ld
r
en
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
s
ch
o
o
l
life
f
r
o
m
t
h
eir
f
ir
s
t
d
ay
s
,
it
was
aim
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
em
with
s
m
all
task
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
er
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
o
r
g
an
ize
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
lib
r
ar
y
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
y
ar
d
,
an
d
th
u
s
d
e
v
elo
p
t
h
e
s
p
ir
it
o
f
co
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
s
o
lid
ar
ity
am
o
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
s
wer
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
to
ch
at
with
ch
ild
r
en
an
d
en
g
ag
e
in
d
ialo
g
u
e
with
th
em
,
d
r
aw
atten
tio
n
to
th
e
g
o
o
d
an
d
b
ad
b
eh
av
io
r
th
ey
s
h
o
wed
in
a
n
d
o
u
t
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l,
g
iv
e
th
em
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
e
n
g
ag
e
an
d
e
n
g
ag
e
ch
ild
r
e
n
i
n
all
m
ater
ial
an
d
m
o
r
al
is
s
u
es
r
elate
d
t
o
th
eir
s
ch
o
o
l,
g
iv
e
th
em
task
s
with
in
th
eir
ca
p
a
b
i
liti
es
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
th
at
w
o
u
ld
allo
w
ch
ild
r
e
n
to
d
is
co
v
er
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
alities
.
I
n
th
is
way
,
it
was
b
eliev
ed
t
h
at
th
e
n
ex
t
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
citi
ze
n
s
wo
u
ld
b
e
a
b
le
to
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
id
e
as
an
d
th
o
u
g
h
ts
ea
s
ily
,
d
ef
e
n
d
th
ei
r
r
ig
h
ts
,
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
in
te
r
ests
o
f
th
e
s
o
ciety
r
ath
er
t
h
an
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
te
r
ests
,
an
d
r
e
co
g
n
ize
th
e
laws a
n
d
o
b
e
y
th
e
m
;
I
t
w
a
s
r
ec
o
mme
n
d
ed
th
a
t
th
e
y
b
e
ed
u
c
a
ted
a
s
a
ctive
,
d
y
n
a
mic,
en
terp
r
is
in
g
,
c
o
n
s
cien
tio
u
s
a
n
d
c
o
mp
eten
t
citiz
en
s
o
f
th
e
Tu
r
kish
R
ep
u
b
lic.
Th
e
yo
u
n
g
p
e
o
p
le
w
h
o
g
r
ew
u
p
in
o
u
r
s
ch
o
o
ls
lea
r
n
ed
fr
o
m
th
eir
o
w
n
ex
p
erien
ce
th
a
t
th
e
mo
s
t
s
u
cc
ess
fu
l
a
n
d
p
erfect
s
tyle
o
f
a
d
min
is
tr
a
tio
n
w
a
s
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lica
n
a
d
min
is
tr
a
tio
n
a
n
d
w
o
u
ld
n
o
t
h
esit
a
te
to
ma
ke
a
n
y
s
a
crif
ice
fo
r
th
e
d
efen
s
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
f th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
”
[
7
]
.
I
n
th
e
4
th
a
n
d
5
t
h
g
r
ad
es,
th
e
le
s
s
o
n
s
wer
e
tau
g
h
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
b
o
o
k
[
7
]
.
I
n
th
e
4
th
g
r
a
d
e,
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al,
s
o
ciety
,
th
e
d
u
ties
o
f
an
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
to
h
im
s
elf
/h
er
s
elf
,
h
is
/h
er
f
am
ily
,
n
atio
n
an
d
h
u
m
an
ity
,
th
e
h
ea
lth
,
clea
n
lin
ess
an
d
d
is
cip
lin
e
d
u
ties
,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
b
e
tak
e
n
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
m
f
o
r
t
o
f
t
h
e
citizen
,
an
d
th
e
r
u
les
th
at
th
e
citizen
s
h
o
u
ld
c
o
m
p
ly
with
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
th
e
m
u
n
icip
alities
wer
e
in
clu
d
ed
.
I
n
th
e
5
th
g
r
a
d
e,
s
u
b
jects su
ch
as th
e
m
o
th
er
lan
d
,
th
e
n
atio
n
,
th
e
s
tate,
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t,
th
e
b
est f
o
r
m
o
f
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t,
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic,
t
h
e
W
ar
o
f
I
n
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
,
th
e
o
p
en
in
g
o
f
th
e
Par
liam
en
t,
th
e
d
ec
lar
atio
n
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
l
ic,
th
e
C
o
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
L
aw,
p
o
liti
ca
l
r
ig
h
ts
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
to
th
e
citizen
s
,
f
r
ee
d
o
m
,
eq
u
ality
,
m
u
n
icip
al
an
d
p
ar
liam
en
tar
y
elec
tio
n
,
s
tate
b
u
d
g
et
,
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
(
p
r
o
v
i
n
ce
,
d
is
tr
ict,
to
wn
s
h
ip
)
,
d
u
ties
o
f
th
e
s
tate
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
u
b
lic
o
r
d
er
,
o
r
p
h
an
s
an
d
wid
o
ws,
m
ar
ty
r
s
an
d
p
o
o
r
c
h
ild
r
en
,
th
e
ill,
th
e
d
is
ab
led
,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
estab
lis
h
ed
f
o
r
th
e
v
eter
an
s
,
citizen
s
'
d
u
ties
to
war
d
s
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
T
u
r
k
e
y
(
to
o
b
e
y
th
e
laws,
tax
g
iv
in
g
,
m
ilit
ar
y
s
er
v
ice)
,
r
ev
e
r
en
ce
to
th
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
b
an
n
er
,
p
atr
io
tis
m
,
s
ac
r
if
ice
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
m
o
th
er
lan
d
,
d
e
f
en
s
e
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lican
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
with
h
ea
r
t a
n
d
s
o
u
l w
er
e
in
cl
u
d
e
d
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
b
o
o
k
s
th
at
wer
e
ta
u
g
h
t
in
th
e
Mu
s
a
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı
A
h
l
a
kiye
an
d
Ma
lu
ma
t
-
ı
V
a
ta
n
iye
in
th
e
4
th
an
d
5
th
g
r
ad
es
wer
e
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
b
y
Or
h
an
Fu
ad
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
1
9
2
4
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
an
d
ac
ce
p
ted
b
y
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ag
es
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
k
s
co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
th
e
co
n
ten
t
p
r
ep
ar
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
I
t
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
f
i
v
e
ch
a
p
ter
s
in
t
wo
b
o
o
k
s
[
2
4
,
2
5
]
.
Fo
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
b
o
o
k
,
v
ar
i
o
u
s
t
h
em
es
wer
e
cr
ea
ted
f
o
r
a
d
etailed
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
k
.
R
elate
d
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
th
e
titl
e
o
f
c
o
n
ten
t,
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
th
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
v
alu
es
g
i
v
en
3
.
1
.
2
.
Co
nte
nt
Un
d
er
th
is
th
em
e,
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
te
x
tb
o
o
k
s
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
g
r
ad
e
lev
els
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
I
n
th
e
4
th
g
r
a
d
e
te
x
tb
o
o
k
,
m
o
s
tly
th
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
s
u
ch
as
r
esp
ec
t
an
d
d
u
ties
o
f
c
itizen
s
to
th
e
s
tat
e
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
t
h
eir
r
esp
ec
t
to
f
a
m
ily
a
n
d
s
o
ciety
,
g
r
atitu
d
e
a
n
d
s
ac
r
if
ice
wer
e
c
o
v
e
r
ed
.
On
e’
s
m
o
r
ality
,
v
ir
tu
e
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
er
io
d
wer
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
n
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
o
n
h
o
w
th
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
b
eh
a
v
e.
Mo
r
ality
was
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
o
f
th
e
lo
v
e
o
f
h
o
m
elan
d
,
an
d
th
e
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
o
f
th
e
o
n
e
w
h
o
h
as
m
o
r
als
lo
v
es
h
is
/h
er
co
u
n
tr
y
was
r
ec
o
g
n
iz
ed
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
ese
s
u
b
je
cts,
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
m
u
n
icip
alities
an
d
th
eir
d
u
ties
to
th
e
citizen
s
co
n
s
titu
ted
a
lar
g
e
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
k
[
2
4
]
.
5
th
g
r
ad
e
is
a
p
er
io
d
in
wh
ic
h
a
litt
le
m
o
r
e
tech
n
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
was
g
i
v
en
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
4
th
g
r
ad
e
.
I
n
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
,
th
e
d
u
ties
o
f
t
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
a
n
d
th
e
citizen
wer
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
a
v
e
r
y
s
m
all
s
ec
tio
n
.
A
s
tu
d
en
t
wh
o
lear
n
t th
e
m
o
r
al
r
u
les in
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t f
o
u
r
y
ea
r
s
was e
x
p
ec
te
d
to
lear
n
t
h
e
s
u
b
jects su
ch
as:
Wh
a
t
is
a
co
u
n
tr
y
a
n
d
n
a
tio
n
?
Wh
a
t
is
th
e
g
o
ve
r
n
men
t
?
Wh
a
t
is
th
e
s
ta
te?
Ho
w
ma
n
y
ty
p
es
o
f
g
o
ve
r
n
men
ts
a
r
e
th
ere?
Wh
a
t
is
co
n
s
ti
tu
tio
n
a
l
mo
n
a
r
ch
y?
Wh
ich
typ
e
o
f
th
ese
g
o
ve
r
n
men
ts
is
g
o
o
d
?
Th
e
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
g
g
le
o
f
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
,
th
e
fo
r
ma
tio
n
o
f
th
e
Gra
n
d
N
a
tio
n
a
l
A
s
s
emb
ly
o
f
Tu
r
ke
y,
th
e
p
r
o
cla
ma
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
Tu
r
ke
y,
th
e
b
e
n
efits
w
e
h
a
ve
h
a
d
a
n
d
w
ill
h
a
ve
o
f
th
ese
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
w
h
a
t
kin
d
o
f
r
ig
h
ts
d
o
es
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
p
r
o
v
id
e
u
s
?
Wh
a
t
is
I
n
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
?
Typ
es
o
f
I
n
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
,
th
e
o
th
er
la
w
s
o
f
citi
z
en
s
,
th
e
r
ig
h
t
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f c
itiz
en
s
h
ip
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
a
n
d
va
l
u
es
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
ye
a
r
s
o
f th
e
r
ep
u
b
lic
(
S
a
b
r
i B
ec
erikli
)
49
imp
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
elec
tio
n
s
,
elec
tio
n
s
in
o
u
r
co
u
n
tr
y,
h
o
w
to
b
e
elec
ted
a
s
mem
b
ers
o
f
t
h
e
N
a
tio
n
a
l A
s
s
emb
ly?
I
n
th
e
last
y
ea
r
,
a
n
d
th
u
s
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
ex
p
ec
te
d
to
b
e
eth
ical
an
d
well
-
b
eh
a
v
ed
as
well
as
k
n
o
wled
g
ea
b
le,
wh
o
lo
v
e
d
t
h
e
r
ep
u
b
lic
an
d
wer
e
h
ar
d
wo
r
k
in
g
citizen
.
T
h
e
co
u
r
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
as o
n
e
lectu
r
e
an
d
o
n
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ess
io
n
[
25
]
.
3
.
1
.
3
.
Co
ncept
s
Un
d
er
th
is
th
em
e,
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
h
o
m
elan
d
,
n
atio
n
a
n
d
r
ep
u
b
lic
wh
ich
wer
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
m
en
tio
n
ed
i
n
th
e
4
th
an
d
5
th
g
r
ad
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
.
W
h
ile
s
o
m
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
te
x
tb
o
o
k
s
was
g
iv
e
n
ab
o
u
t
h
o
w
th
e
s
tate
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
ed
,
it
was
a
ls
o
tr
ied
to
teac
h
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
an
d
c
o
n
ten
ts
o
f
im
p
o
r
tan
t
co
n
ce
p
ts
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
in
ter
n
alize
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
id
eo
lo
g
y
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
as
was
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
m
en
tio
n
ed
,
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
m
ad
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
b
o
o
k
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
ew
r
eg
im
e
to
g
et
its
elf
ac
ce
p
ted
b
y
th
e
citizen
s
an
d
e
d
u
ca
te
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als to
d
ef
e
n
d
it
[
2
4
,
2
5
]
.
I
n
th
e
5
th
g
r
a
d
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
,
th
e
h
o
m
elan
d
was
n
o
t
r
e
g
ar
d
e
d
o
n
ly
as
a
p
lace
o
f
b
ir
th
,
wh
er
e
o
n
e
g
r
ew
u
p
an
d
liv
ed
.
E
v
en
if
a
p
er
s
o
n
was b
o
r
n
s
o
m
ewh
er
e
,
if
h
e
d
id
n
o
t h
av
e
th
e
citizen
s
h
ip
r
ig
h
ts
o
f
th
at
co
u
n
tr
y
,
it
was
n
o
t
d
ef
in
ed
as
h
o
m
elan
d
f
o
r
h
im
/h
e
r
.
T
h
o
s
e
wh
o
h
a
d
th
e
s
am
e
p
o
liti
ca
l
r
ig
h
ts
r
eg
ar
d
l
ess
o
f
r
ac
e,
r
elig
io
n
o
r
lan
g
u
ag
e
wer
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
e
d
as
citizen
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
n
atio
n
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
ar
ticu
l
ated
th
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
wh
o
wer
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
ac
e,
lan
g
u
a
g
e
an
d
cu
s
to
m
ev
en
if
th
ey
liv
ed
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
lan
d
s
.
I
n
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
,
it
was
s
tat
ed
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lo
u
s
n
atio
n
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
was
th
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
n
atio
n
b
y
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
T
u
r
k
s
liv
in
g
in
o
th
e
r
s
tates.
An
o
th
er
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
o
in
t
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ted
in
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
was
th
e
d
is
tin
ctio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
citizen
an
d
m
em
b
er
o
f
a
n
atio
n
.
W
h
ile
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
citizen
was
d
ef
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
o
liti
ca
l
r
ig
h
t
s
,
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
m
em
b
er
o
f
a
n
atio
n
was
d
e
f
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
a
ce
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
lo
v
e
o
f
s
co
r
in
g
was
m
ad
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
citizen
an
d
m
em
b
er
o
f
a
n
atio
n
.
T
h
er
e
w
as
n
o
o
b
lig
atio
n
th
at
th
e
citizen
an
d
th
e
m
em
b
er
o
f
a
n
atio
n
h
ad
to
liv
e
i
n
th
e
s
am
e
co
u
n
tr
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
w
as
em
p
h
asized
th
at
th
o
s
e
wh
o
wer
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
am
e
n
atio
n
an
d
wh
o
liv
ed
in
th
e
s
am
e
co
u
n
tr
y
wer
e
lo
v
ed
m
o
r
e
th
an
th
o
s
e
wh
o
wer
e
o
n
ly
citizen
s
o
r
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
a
n
atio
n
.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
T
u
r
k
is
h
citizen
s
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
u
p
er
io
r
to
n
o
n
-
T
u
r
k
is
h
in
d
i
v
id
u
als,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
ey
wer
e
ac
ce
p
te
d
as
citizen
s
.
As
a
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
is
s
itu
atio
n
,
it
was
s
h
o
wn
th
at
cu
ltu
r
ally
th
e
T
u
r
k
s
h
a
d
clo
s
er
ties
b
etwe
en
th
em
[
25
]
.
I
n
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
,
th
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
au
to
cr
ac
y
,
co
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
m
o
n
ar
ch
y
an
d
r
e
p
u
b
lic
wer
e
ex
p
licated
in
a
s
im
p
le
way
an
d
th
e
an
s
wer
to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
“Wh
y
s
h
o
u
ld
th
e
r
eg
im
e
o
f
R
ep
u
b
lic
b
e
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
?”
was
g
iv
en
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
ese
r
eg
im
es.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
ed
u
ca
te
th
e
y
o
u
n
g
er
g
en
er
atio
n
s
as
a
r
ep
u
b
lican
,
wh
ile
th
e
g
o
o
d
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
r
eg
im
e
wer
e
e
m
p
h
asized
,
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
th
e
Otto
m
an
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
was
cr
iticized
eith
er
d
ir
ec
tly
o
r
in
d
ir
ec
tly
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
b
o
o
k
;
in
au
to
cr
ac
y
,
it
was
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
v
er
eig
n
to
b
e
ju
s
t
an
d
g
o
o
d
-
in
ten
tio
n
e
d
.
E
v
e
n
i
f
th
e
s
o
v
er
ei
g
n
was
n
o
t
ev
il,
it
was
ar
g
u
ed
t
h
at
th
e
p
o
s
s
ess
io
n
o
f
p
o
wer
b
y
a
s
in
g
le
in
d
iv
id
u
al
w
o
u
ld
s
o
m
eh
o
w
lead
to
a
b
u
s
es.
As
an
ex
am
p
le,
it
was
em
p
h
asized
th
at
a
civ
il
s
er
v
an
t
ap
p
o
i
n
ted
b
y
a
f
air
an
d
g
o
o
d
s
u
ltan
co
u
ld
p
e
r
s
ec
u
te
h
im
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
also
co
n
tain
e
d
cr
i
ticis
m
th
at
d
ir
ec
tly
d
is
p
ar
ag
ed
th
e
s
u
ltan
:
Th
e
tr
ea
ch
ero
u
s
h
ea
r
ted
,
co
w
a
r
d
ly
s
u
lta
n
[
Meh
met
V
a
h
d
ettin
]
a
n
d
h
is
lo
ya
l
d
eleg
a
tio
n
a
p
p
o
in
te
d
b
y
h
im
d
id
n
o
t
ma
ke
a
n
y
crit
icis
m
a
g
a
in
s
t
th
ese
b
a
r
b
a
r
ic
mo
ve
men
ts
,
th
ey
w
ere
mere
s
p
ec
ta
to
r
s
,
th
ey
s
u
ck
ed
u
p
to
th
e
B
r
itis
h
;
th
ey
cru
s
h
ed
ma
n
y
Mu
s
lims
w
ith
th
e
w
o
r
d
s
o
f
B
r
itis
h
.
A
n
d
th
e
B
r
itis
h
;
th
ey
d
ec
eive
d
th
e
tr
a
it
o
r
S
u
lta
n
Meh
met
V
a
h
d
ettin
b
y
o
ve
r
ta
kin
g
th
e
so
-
ca
lled
tr
ea
ch
ero
u
s
g
r
a
n
d
v
iz
ier
Da
ma
tFe
r
it.
I
n
A
n
a
to
lia
,
th
e
mu
ja
h
ed
in
w
h
o
to
o
k
u
p
a
r
ms
to
s
a
ve
th
e
r
elig
io
n
a
n
d
n
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
h
o
mela
n
d
w
ere
d
ec
l
a
r
ed
a
s
r
eb
els;
th
ey
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
fa
tw
a
s
(
I
s
la
mic
r
e
lig
io
u
s
la
w
)
a
r
o
u
n
d
.
Th
e
ig
n
o
r
a
n
t p
e
o
p
le
o
f so
me
co
u
n
tr
ies a
lmo
s
t b
eliev
ed
in
th
em.
B
u
t it
w
a
s
lu
ck
ily
p
r
ev
en
ted
;
th
e
p
u
b
lic
a
g
a
in
w
ere
r
eu
n
ited
[
25
]
.
An
o
th
er
cr
iticis
m
o
f
au
to
cr
ac
y
was
th
e
claim
th
at
f
o
r
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
f
r
ee
n
ewsp
ap
er
s
an
d
b
o
o
k
s
in
wh
ich
th
e
p
eo
p
le
c
o
u
l
d
m
ak
e
th
eir
v
o
ice
h
ea
r
d
,
t
o
ler
an
ce
lev
el
o
f
th
e
au
to
c
r
atic
r
e
g
im
e
was
lo
w
[
25
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
alities
o
f
co
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
m
o
n
ar
ch
y
an
d
th
e
r
e
p
u
b
li
c
wer
e
welc
o
m
ed
.
I
n
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
,
it
was
o
f
ten
s
tated
h
o
w
g
o
o
d
th
e
two
r
eg
i
m
es
wer
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
p
ar
liam
en
t
an
d
th
e
r
u
le
o
f
law.
H
o
wev
e
r
,
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
v
e
r
e
ig
n
was
s
ee
n
as
a
p
r
o
b
lem
i
n
th
e
co
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
m
o
n
ar
ch
y
an
d
t
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
v
er
eig
n
t
o
in
ter
v
e
n
e
at
an
y
tim
e
was
p
u
t
f
o
r
war
d
as
a
d
r
awb
ac
k
f
o
r
th
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
m
o
n
ar
c
h
y
.
I
n
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lican
r
eg
i
m
e,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
it
was
em
p
h
asized
th
at
s
u
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
s
d
id
n
o
t
e
x
is
t
an
d
th
at
t
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
p
r
esid
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
tate
wo
u
ld
o
n
l
y
c
o
m
e
to
p
o
wer
i
n
ev
e
r
y
4
,
5
o
r
7
y
e
ar
s
was
s
ee
n
as
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
citizen
o
v
er
th
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
.
T
h
is
s
itu
atio
n
was
ju
s
tifie
d
in
th
e
b
o
o
k
as
f
o
llo
ws:
“I
f
th
e
Pre
s
id
en
t
d
o
es
a
m
in
o
r
i
n
ju
s
tice,
n
o
b
o
d
y
will
v
o
te
f
o
r
h
im
in
th
e
elec
tio
n
s
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ter
m
o
f
h
is
o
f
f
ice.
Fo
r
th
e
s
e
co
n
d
te
r
m
o
f
o
f
f
ice,
th
e
Pre
s
i
d
en
t
wo
u
l
d
n
o
t
d
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t.
J
.
E
v
al
.
&
R
es
.
E
d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
:
45
-
53
50
an
y
in
ju
s
tice
with
th
e
d
esire
to
b
e
elec
ted
;
h
e
wo
u
ld
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
th
in
k
o
f
th
e
in
ter
est
an
d
b
en
ef
its
o
f
th
e
p
eo
p
le”
[
25
]
.
I
n
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
,
it
was
s
tated
th
at
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
was
th
e
C
o
n
s
titu
tio
n
.
E
q
u
ality
,
co
n
s
cien
ce
,
id
ea
,
s
p
ee
ch
,
wr
itin
g
,
tr
av
elin
g
,
wo
r
k
in
g
,
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ty
,
estab
lis
h
in
g
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
,
estab
lis
h
in
g
co
m
p
an
ies,
a
n
d
f
r
ee
d
o
m
o
f
elec
tin
g
a
n
d
b
ein
g
elec
ted
wer
e
am
o
n
g
th
e
b
en
ef
its
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
t
o
th
e
citizen
s
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
[
25
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
ex
am
p
les s
u
c
h
as
:
E
ve
r
y
Tu
r
k
i
s
eq
u
a
l
a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
la
w
.
Th
ere
a
r
e
n
o
p
r
ivileg
es
fo
r
cla
s
s
,
fa
mi
ly
o
r
in
d
ivid
u
a
l.”
“Po
s
s
ess
io
n
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
erty,
w
e
p
o
s
s
ess
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
s
eized
b
y
s
o
meo
n
e
else.
N
o
o
n
e’
s
letter
ca
n
b
e
o
p
en
ed
a
n
d
r
ea
d
.
N
o
o
n
e
ca
n
b
e
co
mp
elled
to
g
o
fr
o
m
o
n
e
co
u
r
t
to
a
n
o
th
er
co
u
r
t.
N
o
o
n
e’
s
p
r
o
p
erty
ca
n
b
e
co
n
fis
ca
ted
b
y
th
e
g
o
ve
r
n
me
n
t.…
”
“…
N
o
in
d
ivid
u
a
l m
a
y
b
e
u
s
ed
in
la
b
o
r
.
N
o
th
in
g
ca
n
b
e
ta
ke
n
fr
o
m
a
n
y
p
ers
o
n
u
n
d
er th
e
n
a
me
o
f
ta
x
a
n
d
d
u
ties
u
n
la
w
fu
lly.
Ho
w
ev
er,
th
e
n
a
tio
n
s
g
o
ve
r
n
ed
b
y
a
n
A
b
s
o
lu
te
R
u
ler
a
r
e
d
ep
r
ived
o
f
s
u
ch
r
ig
h
ts
a
n
d
in
teres
ts
.
He
d
o
es n
o
t p
o
s
s
ess
a
n
y
o
f th
e
ki
n
d
o
f freed
o
m
[
25
]
.
R
ea
s
o
n
s
wer
e
g
iv
en
an
d
it
w
as
ar
g
u
ed
th
at
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
was
th
e
b
est
f
o
r
m
o
f
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
[
25
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
was
ig
n
o
r
e
d
th
at
s
im
ilar
is
s
u
es
wer
e
also
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
in
th
e
Ta
n
z
ima
t
E
d
ic
t
(
I
m
p
er
ial
E
d
ict
o
f
R
eo
r
g
an
izatio
n
)
[
26
]
.
I
n
th
e
t
ex
tb
o
o
k
,
th
e
r
ig
h
t
to
elec
t
an
d
b
e
e
lecte
d
,
wh
ich
was
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
is
s
u
e
f
o
r
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lican
r
eg
im
e
,
was
also
co
v
er
ed
a
n
d
wo
m
e
n
’
s
r
i
g
h
ts
wer
e
n
o
t
f
o
r
g
o
tten
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
was
also
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
in
th
e
r
elev
an
t
s
ec
tio
n
th
at
th
e
l
ev
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
wo
m
e
n
h
ad
n
o
t
y
et
r
ea
ch
e
d
th
e
lev
el
wh
er
e
th
ey
c
o
u
ld
cl
aim
th
eir
r
ig
h
ts
.
E
v
e
n
th
o
u
g
h
wo
m
en
d
id
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
th
is
r
ig
h
t
at
th
e
tim
e
wh
en
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
was
wr
itten
,
it
w
as
s
tated
th
at
th
ey
wo
u
l
d
h
a
v
e
th
e
r
ig
h
t
t
o
elec
t
a
n
d
b
e
elec
ted
wh
en
th
ey
wo
u
l
d
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
[
25
]
.
B
ef
o
r
e
lo
n
g
,
wo
m
en
wer
e
g
r
an
t
ed
th
e
r
ig
h
t
to
elec
t
an
d
b
e
elec
ted
f
o
r
m
u
n
icip
a
l
elec
tio
n
s
in
1
9
3
0
,
v
illag
e
elec
tio
n
s
in
1
9
3
3
,
a
n
d
p
ar
li
am
en
tar
y
elec
tio
n
in
1
9
3
4
[
27
]
.
3
.
1
.
4
.
Va
lues
I
n
T
u
r
k
is
h
h
is
to
r
y
,
e
v
en
if
th
e
r
e
wer
e
lo
g
ical
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
p
o
liti
ca
l
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
v
alu
e
in
m
o
r
ality
d
id
n
o
t
c
h
an
g
e
m
u
ch
[1
,
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
esp
ec
t
f
o
r
r
elig
io
n
an
d
th
e
Su
ltan
in
th
e
Otto
m
an
E
m
p
ir
e
er
a
[1
]
,
was
r
ef
lecte
d
as
r
e
s
p
ec
t
f
o
r
th
e
r
ep
u
b
lican
elem
en
ts
in
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lican
T
u
r
k
e
y
[
29
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
b
r
av
e
r
y
,
wi
s
d
o
m
,
g
en
er
o
s
ity
,
r
esp
ec
t
f
o
r
p
ar
en
ts
,
en
d
u
r
an
ce
,
lo
v
e
o
f
h
o
m
elan
d
,
f
r
ee
d
o
m
,
ca
r
in
g
f
o
r
f
am
ily
u
n
ity
,
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
ce
,
co
u
r
ag
e,
g
e
n
er
o
s
it
y
,
f
ee
lin
g
ash
am
e
d
,
b
r
av
er
y
,
ju
s
tice,
k
in
d
n
ess
,
eq
u
ality
,
r
esp
ec
t
f
o
r
h
u
m
an
it
y
,
f
r
ien
d
s
h
ip
,
h
o
n
esty
,
lo
v
e
,
v
alu
es
s
u
ch
as
h
elp
f
u
ln
ess
,
clea
n
lin
ess
an
d
h
ea
lth
ca
n
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
as e
x
am
p
les
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
n
tin
u
atio
n
o
f
th
is
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
[
2
8
,
3
0
-
33
]
.
As
was
m
en
tio
n
ed
a
b
o
v
e,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
s
o
m
e
s
u
b
jects
b
etwe
en
4
t
h
an
d
5
th
g
r
ad
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
.
I
n
th
e
5
t
h
g
r
a
d
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
,
m
o
r
e
tech
n
ical
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
was
g
iv
en
a
n
d
co
n
c
ep
ts
s
u
ch
as
s
tate,
r
ep
u
b
lic,
h
o
m
elan
d
an
d
law
wer
e
ex
p
lain
ed
.
I
n
th
e
4
th
g
r
a
d
e
b
o
o
k
,
th
e
v
alu
es
th
at
wer
e
d
esire
d
t
o
b
e
g
iv
e
n
u
n
d
er
th
e
n
am
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
u
ties
o
f
th
e
citizen
s
wer
e
em
p
h
asized
[
2
4
,
2
5
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
,
th
e
v
alu
es
an
d
th
e
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
v
al
u
es
as
b
eh
av
io
r
th
at
th
e
citizen
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
as sh
o
wn
in
ap
p
en
d
ix
.
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tab
l
e,
it
was
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
v
a
lu
es
d
esire
d
to
b
e
tau
g
h
t
to
c
h
ild
r
en
in
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lican
p
e
r
io
d
in
th
e
t
ex
tb
o
o
k
e
x
am
in
ed
wer
e
g
iv
in
g
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
to
f
am
ily
u
n
ity
,
d
ilig
en
ce
,
s
tam
in
a
,
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
h
o
n
esty
,
co
o
p
er
at
io
n
,
m
o
d
e
r
atio
n
,
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
attac
h
ed
to
b
ein
g
h
ea
lth
y
,
r
esp
ec
t,
af
f
ec
tio
n
,
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
,
b
ein
g
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
clea
n
lin
ess
,
p
atr
io
tis
m
,
lo
y
alty
a
n
d
ch
ar
ity
.
I
t
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
em
p
h
asized
v
alu
es
in
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
wer
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
b
ein
g
h
ea
lth
y
,
cle
an
lin
ess
,
ch
ar
ity
,
r
esp
ec
t
an
d
o
b
e
d
ien
ce
to
th
e
ad
u
lts
[
2
4
,
2
5
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
tatem
en
ts
r
elate
d
to
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
ea
ch
v
alu
e
wer
e
also
in
clu
d
ed
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
l
o
v
e
b
eh
av
io
r
,
f
o
r
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
lo
v
in
g
all
p
eo
p
le,
wh
il
e
th
e
s
tatem
e
n
t:
“Af
ter
o
u
r
f
am
ily
,
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
s
an
d
f
ello
w
citizen
s
,
we
m
u
s
t
lo
v
e
all
p
eo
p
le.
”
was
u
s
ed
,
f
o
r
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
b
ein
g
lo
y
al
to
th
e
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
o
t
h
er
n
atio
n
in
o
u
r
c
o
u
n
tr
y
,
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
"I
f
a
m
em
b
er
o
f
a
n
atio
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
lik
e
o
th
er
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
o
th
er
n
atio
n
s
,
th
a
t
n
atio
n
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
co
n
ten
d
e
d
an
d
h
ap
p
y
.
"
was
u
s
ed
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
as
an
ex
am
p
le
f
o
r
th
e
in
d
ica
to
r
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
wo
r
k
in
g
to
g
eth
e
r
,
th
e
f
o
llo
wi
n
g
s
tatem
en
t
ca
n
b
e
s
h
o
wn
;
“
On
e
ca
n
n
o
t
wo
r
k
o
r
s
u
cc
ee
d
alo
n
e
in
t
h
is
wo
r
ld
.
S/h
e
n
e
ed
s
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
id
ea
s
,
m
o
n
ey
an
d
h
er
itag
e
o
f
o
t
h
er
s
.
”
Fo
r
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
th
er
e
wer
e
in
d
icatio
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
u
ties
to
t
h
e
s
tate
th
at
th
e
citizen
s
h
o
u
ld
f
u
lf
ill.
R
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
s
u
b
ject
in
t
h
e
tex
t
b
o
o
k
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tatem
en
t
is
av
ailab
le;
“I
o
wn
th
e
r
ig
h
t
t
o
citizen
s
h
ip
b
ec
au
s
e
I
p
ay
tax
es
to
t
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t,
d
o
m
y
m
ilit
ar
y
s
er
v
ice
at
an
y
tim
e
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
ask
s
m
e
to
d
o
it,
an
d
I
r
esp
ec
t
an
d
o
b
ey
all
th
e
laws.”
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
ex
am
p
les
f
r
o
m
d
aily
life
r
ef
lecte
d
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
as
well
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tatem
en
t
was
in
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
th
at
“Wh
en
I
b
u
y
v
eg
eta
b
les,
b
r
ea
d
,
f
r
u
it
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
az
aa
r
a
n
d
th
e
m
ar
k
et,
an
d
af
te
r
I
b
r
in
g
th
em
h
o
m
e,
if
I
r
ea
lize
t
h
at
th
ey
ar
e
r
o
tten
an
d
b
ad
f
o
r
h
ea
lth
,
I
m
u
s
t
g
o
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
th
e
city
o
f
f
icials.”
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f c
itiz
en
s
h
ip
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
a
n
d
va
l
u
es
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
ye
a
r
s
o
f th
e
r
ep
u
b
lic
(
S
a
b
r
i B
ec
erikli
)
51
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
m
o
d
e
r
atio
n
,
wh
i
ch
is
n
o
t
s
ee
n
i
n
th
e
r
elev
an
t
l
iter
atu
r
e
to
d
a
y
,
ap
p
ea
r
s
to
b
e
i
n
s
u
ch
a
s
tatem
en
t;
Feed
in
g
o
n
eself
e
n
o
u
g
h
to
k
ee
p
o
u
r
b
o
d
y
s
tr
o
n
g
an
d
r
est th
e
b
o
d
y
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
.
I
n
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
o
n
th
is
s
u
b
ject,
ch
ild
r
en
wer
e
g
iv
en
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
with
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tatem
en
ts
;
“We
s
h
o
u
ld
ea
t
m
o
d
er
ately
;
n
eith
er
to
o
litt
le
n
o
t
to
f
ee
l
h
u
n
g
r
y
ag
ain
n
o
r
to
o
m
u
ch
to
f
ill
o
u
r
s
to
m
ac
h
”
an
d
“We
s
h
o
u
ld
s
leep
m
o
d
er
ately
:
n
eith
er
to
litt
le
n
o
t
t
o
f
ee
l
r
ested
n
o
t
to
o
m
u
c
h
to
f
ee
l
la
zy
.
”
I
n
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
f
aith
f
u
ln
ess
,
th
er
e
was
a
clea
r
s
tatem
en
t
as
th
e
in
d
icato
r
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
f
ee
lin
g
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
th
e
p
eo
p
le
wh
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
o
r
th
e
b
en
ef
it
o
f
th
e
n
atio
n
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
b
ein
g
f
aith
f
u
l
was
em
p
h
asized
with
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tatem
en
t
in
t
h
e
tex
t
b
o
o
k
;
“I
m
ag
in
e
a
p
iece
o
f
b
r
ea
d
.
W
e
ca
n
clea
r
ly
s
ee
th
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
,
in
tellectu
al
an
d
s
cien
tific
s
er
v
ice
o
f
h
u
n
d
r
e
d
s
o
f
th
o
u
s
an
d
s
o
f
p
eo
p
le
in
th
e
p
ast wh
o
p
u
t th
eir
ef
f
o
r
t in
to
it f
o
r
it
to
tak
e
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
b
r
ea
d
.
”
I
t
is
s
ee
n
th
at
th
er
e
wer
e
m
an
y
ex
am
p
les
ab
o
u
t
v
alu
e
s
in
th
e
d
aily
life
in
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
.
I
n
th
e
Mu
s
a
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı
A
h
la
kiye
co
u
r
s
e,
it
was
o
f
ten
em
p
h
asized
th
at
n
o
t
h
av
i
n
g
v
alu
es
a
n
d
b
eh
a
v
in
g
co
n
tr
ar
y
to
th
e
v
alu
es
wo
u
l
d
b
e
c
o
n
d
e
m
n
ed
b
y
th
e
s
o
ciety
.
As
a
m
eth
o
d
o
f
teac
h
i
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
t
h
e
v
alu
es,
it
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
a
t
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
tellin
g
ab
o
u
t
in
cid
e
n
ce
s
th
at
th
e
r
o
le
-
m
o
d
el
p
eo
p
le
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
,
s
to
r
ies,
p
o
em
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
a
n
d
th
e
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was a
d
o
p
te
d
[
2
4
,
2
5
]
.
3
.
2
.
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
I
n
th
e
r
ele
v
an
t
liter
atu
r
e,
s
tu
d
ies
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
p
r
esen
t
o
n
e
was
f
o
u
n
d
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies th
at
th
e
s
u
b
jec
ts
o
f
eith
er
citizen
s
h
ip
o
r
m
o
r
a
lity
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
in
d
i
v
id
u
all
y
.
W
h
en
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
Ç
elik
[
17
]
,
wh
ic
h
d
ea
lt
wi
th
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
citizen
s
h
ip
,
was
ex
am
in
ed
,
it
was
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
wh
at
ty
p
e
o
f
citizen
was
d
esire
d
to
b
e
e
d
u
ca
ted
in
lin
e
with
t
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
o
f
co
u
r
s
es
s
u
ch
as
h
is
to
r
y
,
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
y
,
mu
s
a
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı
a
h
la
kiye
,
ma
lu
m
a
t
-
ı
va
ta
n
iye
a
n
d
civ
ics,
esp
e
cially
in
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
la
o
f
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
o
f
1
9
2
4
a
n
d
1
9
2
6
.
I
n
Altın
d
ağ
’
s
[
15
]
s
tu
d
y
,
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
y
ea
r
s
o
f
th
e
R
e
p
u
b
lic
b
u
t
also
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
y
ea
r
s
wer
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
Altın
d
ağ
[
15
]
ex
a
m
in
ed
th
e
citizen
s
h
ip
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
in
clu
d
e
d
in
t
h
e
C
iv
ics
an
d
C
iv
il
Kn
o
wled
g
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
in
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
also
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
h
o
m
elan
d
,
n
atio
n
,
co
n
ce
p
ts
r
elate
d
t
o
T
u
r
k
is
h
an
d
T
u
r
k
is
h
n
ess
,
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
citizen
s
h
ip
an
d
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
elev
a
n
t
p
er
io
d
m
en
tio
n
e
d
in
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
.
Altın
d
ağ
also
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
Otto
m
an
an
d
S
u
ltan
cr
iticis
m
s
in
t
h
e
b
o
o
k
s
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
citizen
s
h
ip
is
s
u
es
i
s
Ü
s
tel
's
[
13
]
b
o
o
k
titl
ed
‘
I
n
Pu
r
s
u
it
o
f
Acc
ep
tab
le
C
itizen
’
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
Üst
el
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
b
o
th
Otto
m
an
an
d
R
ep
u
b
lican
p
er
io
d
s
.
Üst
el,
wh
o
e
x
am
in
e
d
m
o
r
e
wo
r
k
s
th
an
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies,
s
h
o
wed
in
d
etail
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
tr
an
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
b
ein
g
a
n
atio
n
al
s
u
b
ject
to
citizen
s
h
ip
an
d
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
citizen
s
h
ip
th
at
was
d
e
s
ir
ed
to
b
e
cr
ea
ted
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
C
o
ş
ğ
u
n
[
16
]
e
x
am
in
ed
th
e
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
ical
an
d
s
o
cio
lo
g
ical
tr
en
d
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t
ed
th
e
co
n
ten
ts
o
f
b
o
o
k
s
o
n
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
u
s
in
g
s
im
ilar
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
W
h
en
we
lo
o
k
at
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
t
h
at
m
ain
ly
d
ea
lt
with
m
o
r
al
is
s
u
es;
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
C
iv
ics
an
d
C
iv
il
Kn
o
wled
g
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
,
in
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
Yin
ilm
ez
Ak
ag
ü
n
d
ü
z
[
18
]
also
ex
am
i
n
ed
th
e
b
o
o
k
s
o
f
C
u
ltu
r
e
o
f
R
elig
io
n
an
d
Kn
o
wled
g
e
o
f
E
th
ics.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
Yin
ilm
ez
Ak
ag
ü
n
d
ü
z
talk
ed
ab
o
u
t
n
atio
n
an
d
T
u
r
k
is
h
n
ess
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
citizen
s
h
ip
is
s
u
es,
h
e
m
o
s
tly
d
ea
lt
with
th
e
m
o
r
al
teac
h
i
n
g
s
in
th
ese
tex
t
b
o
o
k
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
m
o
r
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
a
g
o
o
d
citizen
wer
e
ex
am
i
n
ed
b
y
tak
in
g
ex
am
p
les f
r
o
m
th
e
p
a
s
s
ag
es in
th
e
b
o
o
k
s
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
o
n
m
o
r
al
is
s
u
es
was
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Alab
aş
[
14
]
.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
Alab
aş
,
h
e
tr
ied
to
r
e
v
ea
l
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
la
ca
lled
v
alu
es
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
n
am
e
o
f
m
o
r
ality
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
a
s
in
g
l
e
wo
r
k
in
d
ep
th
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
titl
ed
“Res
im
li
Yen
i
Mu
s
âh
ab
ât
-
ı
Ah
lâk
ıy
e
a
n
d
M
ed
en
iy
e”
,
s
tu
d
ied
b
y
Alab
aş,
b
elo
n
g
s
to
1
9
2
4
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
in
v
esti
g
ated
u
n
d
er
t
h
r
ee
titl
es
as
“th
e
g
en
er
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
t
h
e
b
o
o
k
,
t
h
e
teac
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
an
d
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
d
esire
d
to
b
e
tau
g
h
t
to
t
h
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al”.
I
n
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
Alab
aş
lis
ted
th
e
v
alu
es
d
esire
d
to
b
e
ta
u
g
h
t
u
n
d
er
th
e
titl
e
o
f
“c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
d
esire
d
to
b
e
g
ain
ed
to
t
h
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al”
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
u
b
h
ea
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
s
o
cial
h
ar
m
o
n
y
an
d
r
elig
io
u
s
b
elief
s
.
I
n
th
is
lis
tin
g
,
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
“c
ar
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
f
am
ily
,
h
o
n
esty
,
m
o
r
ality
,
d
ilig
en
ce
,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
p
ay
in
g
atten
tio
n
to
h
ea
lth
,
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
h
am
e,
clea
n
lin
ess
,
s
p
ir
itu
al
wel
l
-
b
ein
g
,
ch
ar
ity
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ta
l
awa
r
en
ess
,
n
o
t
b
ein
g
p
r
o
u
d
,
f
r
u
g
a
lity
,
b
ein
g
h
elp
f
u
l”
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
I
n
th
e
s
o
cial
co
h
esio
n
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
“r
esp
ec
t
f
o
r
r
ig
h
ts
,
civ
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
s
o
lid
ar
ity
,
p
atr
io
tis
m
an
d
lo
v
e
o
f
th
e
n
atio
n
al
b
an
n
er
,
an
d
a
d
h
er
e
n
c
e
to
cu
s
to
m
s
”
wer
e
in
clu
d
ed
.
I
n
th
e
r
elig
io
u
s
b
el
ief
s
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
“
f
aith
”
was
d
e
s
cr
ib
ed
as
a
v
alu
e.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
as
well
a
s
s
im
ilar
ities
am
o
n
g
th
e
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
k
s
o
n
citizen
s
h
ip
o
f
t
h
e
R
ep
u
b
lican
er
a
an
d
wh
at
k
in
d
o
f
a
citizen
was
d
es
ir
ed
to
b
e
ed
u
ca
ted
.
Ç
elik
[
17
]
,
Altın
d
ağ
[
15
]
an
d
Üst
el
[
13
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
p
o
liti
ca
l
an
d
p
o
liti
ca
l
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
f
citi
ze
n
s
h
ip
m
o
s
tly
an
d
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
liti
ca
l
p
o
wer
f
o
r
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lican
c
itizen
s
to
h
av
e
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
p
o
liti
ca
l
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
I
n
Ç
elik
’
s
[
17
]
s
tu
d
y
,
it
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
s
o
m
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
is
s
u
es
th
at
m
ig
h
t
b
e
s
ee
n
in
th
e
te
x
tb
o
o
k
s
wer
e
n
o
t
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
.
T
h
is
m
a
y
b
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
’
s
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
ly
o
n
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
l
a
i
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
s
o
f
Altın
d
ağ
an
d
Üst
el,
wh
er
e
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
wo
r
k
w
as
ex
am
in
ed
,
d
ea
lt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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&
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Vo
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9
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Ma
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45
-
53
52
with
a
ce
r
tain
p
er
io
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ir
s
t
y
ea
r
s
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
u
n
til
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
er
io
d
s
an
d
r
ev
ea
led
h
o
w
th
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
s
tate,
h
o
m
elan
d
,
n
atio
n
an
d
T
u
r
k
is
h
n
ess
w
er
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
an
d
in
A
ltın
d
ağ
an
d
Üst
el’
s
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
er
e
s
o
m
e
r
ac
is
t
d
is
co
u
r
s
es
an
d
Otto
m
an
cr
iticis
m
wer
e
p
r
esen
t,
s
im
ilar
r
esu
lts
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
h
o
w
th
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
s
tate,
h
o
m
elan
d
,
n
atio
n
an
d
T
u
r
k
is
h
n
ess
wer
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
y
ea
r
s
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
an
d
in
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
co
u
r
s
es
u
s
ed
o
n
r
ac
is
t
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
a
n
d
Otto
m
an
c
r
iticis
m
an
d
th
e
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
o
f
th
e
p
er
io
d
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
al
s
o
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
en
tio
n
e
d
s
tu
d
ies
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ex
am
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
alu
es
to
b
e
tau
g
h
t
to
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als.
C
o
ş
ğ
u
n
’
s
[
16
]
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ich
c
an
also
b
e
ev
alu
ated
with
in
th
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
o
f
citizen
s
h
ip
co
n
ce
p
t,
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
r
ev
ea
led
th
e
wh
ic
h
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
ical
an
d
s
o
cio
l
o
g
ical
m
o
v
em
en
ts
th
e
C
iv
ic
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
ex
am
in
e
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
tain
e
d
,
b
u
t
also
co
v
er
e
d
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
d
e
s
ir
ed
citizen
s
as
i
n
th
e
o
th
er
wo
r
k
s
as we
ll a
s
th
e
p
r
esen
t stu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
Yin
ilm
ez
Ak
ag
ü
n
d
ü
z
[
18
]
an
d
Alab
aş
[
14
]
,
wh
ich
p
lace
d
th
e
m
o
r
al
is
s
u
es
o
n
th
e
f
o
ca
l
p
o
i
n
t
o
f
th
eir
s
tu
d
ies,
r
ev
ea
led
s
im
ila
r
r
esu
lts
as
we
ll
as
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
.
Yin
ilm
ez
A
k
ag
ü
n
d
ü
z
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
p
ass
ag
es
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
o
o
k
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
m
o
r
al
d
o
ctr
in
e
an
d
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
m
o
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lican
p
er
io
d
.
I
n
th
e
wo
r
k
s
h
e
ex
am
in
e
d
,
Yin
ilm
ez
Ak
ag
ü
n
d
ü
z
em
p
h
asized
th
e
m
o
r
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
g
o
o
d
citizen
s
u
ch
as
b
ein
g
h
o
n
est,
r
eliab
l
e
an
d
t
r
u
th
f
u
l
an
d
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t
th
at
a
co
m
m
o
n
n
atio
n
al
eth
ics
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
t
h
e
b
o
o
k
s
f
o
r
s
o
cial
c
o
h
e
s
io
n
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
o
n
t
h
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
th
e
i
s
s
u
e
o
f
b
ein
g
h
o
n
est
an
d
r
elia
b
le
was
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
with
in
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
e
v
alu
es
to
b
e
tau
g
h
t a
n
d
s
im
ilar
r
esu
lts
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
r
al
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
c
itizen
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
with
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
wh
ich
is
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
Yin
ilm
ez
Ak
ag
ü
n
d
ü
z’
s
[
18
]
s
tu
d
y
,
s
in
ce
o
n
ly
o
n
e
s
in
g
le
wo
r
k
was
ex
am
in
ed
in
d
ep
th
,
it
was
r
ev
e
aled
wh
ich
in
d
iv
id
u
al
v
alu
es
wer
e
d
esire
d
to
b
e
tau
g
h
t.
Similar
r
esu
lts
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
with
Alab
aş
wh
o
ex
am
in
ed
a
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
tex
tb
o
o
k
.
Alab
aş
d
iv
id
ed
th
e
v
alu
es
th
at
wer
e
d
esire
d
to
b
e
tau
g
h
t
in
to
t
h
r
ee
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
as
in
d
iv
id
u
al,
s
o
ciety
an
d
r
elig
io
u
s
an
d
o
b
tain
ed
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
“c
ar
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
f
am
ily
,
r
ig
h
teo
u
s
n
es
s
,
h
o
n
esty
,
d
ilig
en
ce
,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
atten
tio
n
t
o
h
ea
lth
,
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
h
am
e,
clea
n
lin
ess
,
s
p
i
r
itu
al
well
-
b
ein
g
,
ch
ar
ity
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
en
es
s
,
n
o
t
b
ein
g
p
r
o
u
d
,
f
r
u
g
ality
,
b
ein
g
u
s
ef
u
l,
r
esp
ec
tin
g
o
th
e
r
’
s
r
ig
h
ts
,
citizen
s
h
ip
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
s
o
lid
ar
ity
,
p
atr
io
tis
m
an
d
l
o
v
e
o
f
th
e
n
atio
n
al
b
an
n
e
r
,
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
cu
s
to
m
s
an
d
f
aith
”
w
er
e
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
h
e
e
x
am
in
ed
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
s
,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
“l
o
v
e,
d
ilig
en
ce
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
ch
ar
ity
,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
r
esp
ec
t,
h
o
n
esty
,
ca
r
in
g
f
o
r
f
am
ily
u
n
ity
,
b
ein
g
h
ea
lth
y
,
m
o
d
er
atio
n
,
clea
n
lin
ess
,
lo
y
alty
,
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
o
r
p
er
s
ev
er
an
ce
,
en
d
u
r
an
ce
(
f
o
r
titu
d
e)
,
p
atr
io
tis
m
an
d
s
en
s
itiv
ity
”
wer
e
tar
g
eted
to
b
e
tau
g
h
t.I
n
b
o
th
s
tu
d
ies,
wh
ile
s
o
m
e
s
im
ilar
v
alu
es
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
,
t
h
er
e
we
r
e
also
s
o
m
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
v
alu
es.
I
n
th
e
Mu
s
a
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı
A
h
la
kiye
an
d
Ma
lu
ma
t
-
ı
V
a
t
a
n
iye
tex
t
b
o
o
k
,
wh
ich
was
ex
am
i
n
ed
i
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
“p
er
s
is
ten
ce
,
f
o
r
titu
d
e
an
d
m
o
d
er
atio
n
”,
a
n
d
i
n
th
e
b
o
o
k
titl
ed
Yen
i
Mu
s
â
h
a
b
â
t
-
ı
A
h
lâ
k
i
ye
an
d
Med
en
iye
,
wh
ich
was
th
e
wo
r
k
ex
am
in
ed
b
y
Alab
aş,
th
e
v
a
lu
es
o
f
“e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
,
n
o
t
b
ein
g
p
r
o
u
d
an
d
f
aith
”
ar
e
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ab
le
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
two
d
if
f
er
en
t
tex
t
b
o
o
k
s
th
at
wer
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
th
e
s
a
m
e
y
ea
r
co
n
f
lict
with
ea
ch
o
t
h
er
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
m
en
tio
n
e
d
v
alu
es
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
o
f
m
o
r
al
ele
m
en
ts
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
wer
e
n
o
t
clea
r
ly
d
r
awn
i
n
th
e
ea
r
ly
y
ea
r
s
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
an
d
th
at
th
ey
d
id
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
clea
r
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
th
is
s
u
b
ject
in
th
eir
cu
r
r
icu
la.
I
n
th
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
co
n
tex
t,
e
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
two
s
tu
d
ies
r
ea
ch
ed
s
im
ilar
r
esu
l
ts
in
ter
m
s
o
f
v
alu
es,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
in
th
is
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
th
at
th
er
e
was
n
o
c
o
m
p
lete
h
a
r
m
o
n
y
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
o
o
k
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
eir
co
n
ten
ts
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
y
ea
r
s
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lican
p
er
io
d
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
citizen
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licy
in
t
h
e
ea
r
ly
y
e
ar
s
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
T
u
r
k
ey
was
ex
am
in
ed
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
p
o
liti
ca
l
an
d
s
o
cial
co
n
s
ci
o
u
s
n
ess
im
p
o
s
ed
o
n
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
citizen
s
h
ip
,
wh
ich
m
o
r
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
th
e
citizen
s
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
wer
e
also
em
p
h
asized
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
r
ev
e
al
th
e
citizen
m
o
d
el
th
at
t
h
e
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ato
r
s
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lican
p
er
io
d
wan
ted
to
g
e
n
er
ate,
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
la
o
f
th
e
p
er
io
d
,
th
e
d
is
co
u
r
s
es
o
f
th
e
p
o
li
tician
s
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
an
d
esp
ec
ially
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
was selec
ted
an
d
in
-
d
e
p
th
an
aly
s
is
was c
o
n
d
u
cted
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
ın
ter
p
r
ete
d
in
th
e
m
a
n
n
er
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
d
th
e
citizen
s
h
ip
s
ty
le
p
lan
o
f
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
also
r
ef
lectio
n
o
f
th
is
to
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
’
co
n
ten
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
y
ea
r
s
o
f
T
u
r
k
is
h
R
ep
u
b
lic.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
h
as
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
h
o
w
a
citizen
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
p
o
liti
ca
lly
tr
ai
n
ed
,
b
u
t
also
wh
at
in
d
iv
id
u
als
h
a
v
e
m
o
r
al
v
alu
es
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
er
e
ar
e
s
tu
d
ies
d
ea
lin
g
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
ates
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
citizen
s
h
ip
an
d
v
alu
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
in
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lican
er
a,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
r
elev
an
t
r
esear
ch
es
m
ay
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
m
o
r
e
liter
atu
r
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
T
h
is
ca
s
e
m
ay
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
p
r
ac
tices
in
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
T
u
r
k
ey
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
co
n
d
u
ct
in
g
s
im
ilar
s
tu
d
y
in
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
co
u
n
tr
ies
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
b
o
th
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
co
u
n
tr
ies’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
to
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
co
r
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
wh
eth
er
th
er
e
a
r
e
s
am
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
in
th
e
an
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
an
d
if
an
y
,
wh
ich
way
s
r
e
f
le
cted
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
.
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f c
itiz
en
s
h
ip
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
a
n
d
va
l
u
es
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
ye
a
r
s
o
f th
e
r
ep
u
b
lic
(
S
a
b
r
i B
ec
erikli
)
53
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
N.
Do
ğ
a
n
,
De
rs
k
it
a
p
l
a
rı ve
so
sy
a
ll
e
şm
e
(1
8
7
6
-
1
9
1
8
),
İsta
n
b
u
l:
Ba
ğ
lam
Ya
y
ın
ları,
1
9
9
4
.
[2
]
Ş
.
V.
Ha
b
lem
it
o
ğ
l
u
a
n
d
E.
Öz
m
e
te,
“
Et
k
il
i
b
ir
v
a
tan
d
a
şlı
k
e
ğ
it
imi
için
b
ir
ö
n
e
ri
,
”
An
k
a
r
a
S
a
ğ
lı
k
Bi
l
imler
i
De
rg
isi
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
9
-
5
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
]
C.
Öz
tü
rk
,
“
Ça
ğ
d
a
ş
e
ğ
it
im
v
e
b
il
im
,
”
Öz
tü
rk
,
C.
(
Ed
s.),
İmp
a
r
a
to
rlu
k
ta
n
u
l
u
s
d
e
v
lete
T
ü
rk
in
k
ıl
a
p
ta
rih
i
,
p
p
.
2
4
1
-
264
,
An
k
a
ra
:
P
e
g
e
m
Ya
y
ın
ları,
2
0
0
5
.
[4
]
A.
B.
P
a
laz
o
ğ
lu
,
At
a
tü
rk
’ü
n
e
ğ
it
i
mle
il
g
il
i
d
ü
ş
ü
n
c
e
ler
i
.
An
k
a
ra
:
M
EB
Ya
y
ın
ları,
1
9
9
9
.
[5
]
M
.
G
ü
n
d
ü
z
,
M
a
a
rif
ten
e
ğ
i
ti
me
,
A
n
k
a
ra
:
Do
ğ
u
-
Ba
tı
Ya
y
ın
ları,
2
0
1
6
.
[6
]
F
.
Ah
m
a
d
,
M
o
d
e
rn
T
ü
rk
iye
’Nin
o
lu
şu
mu
(1
4
.
e
d
.
),
İsta
n
b
u
l
:
Ka
y
n
a
k
Ya
y
ın
ları,
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
İlk
M
e
k
tep
ler M
ü
fre
d
a
t
P
r
o
g
ra
m
ı
(İM
M
P
),
1
3
4
0
.
[8
]
İ.
Ba
şg
ö
z
a
n
d
H.
E
.
Wi
ls
o
n
,
T
ü
rk
iye
Cu
mh
u
riy
e
ti
n
d
e
e
ğ
it
im
v
e
At
a
t
ü
rk
.
An
k
a
ra
:
D
o
st Ya
y
ın
ları,
1
9
6
8
[9
]
Erg
ü
n
,
M
.,
Ata
t
ü
rk
d
e
v
ri
Tü
r
k
e
ğ
i
ti
m
i
(2
.
e
d
.
).
A
n
k
a
ra
:
Oc
a
k
Ya
y
ı
n
ları
,
1
9
9
7
.
[1
0
]
E.
As
lan
,
“
T
ü
rk
i
y
e
Cu
m
h
u
ri
y
e
ti
’
n
in
il
k
d
e
rs k
i
tap
ları.
”
E
ğ
it
im
v
e
Bi
li
m
,
v
.
35
,
n
o
.
1
5
8
,
p
p
.
2
1
5
-
2
3
1
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
1
]
Hâ
k
imiy
e
t
-
i
M
il
li
y
e
,
M
a
rc
h
9
,
1
9
2
4
.
[1
2
]
Hâ
k
imiy
e
t
-
i
M
il
li
y
e
,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
4
,
1
9
2
4
.
[1
3
]
F
.
Üs
tel,
M
a
k
b
u
l
v
a
t
a
n
d
a
şı
n
p
e
ş
in
d
e
I
I.
M
e
şr
u
ti
y
e
t’t
e
n
b
u
g
ü
n
e
v
a
ta
n
d
a
şlık
e
ğ
i
ti
mi
(
3
.
Ba
sk
ı).
İst
a
n
b
u
l
:
İletişim
Ya
y
ın
ları,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
4
]
R.
Ala
b
a
ş,
“
Cu
m
h
u
riy
e
t’i
n
il
k
y
ıl
ların
d
a
il
k
m
e
k
tep
ler
d
e
in
sa
n
i
v
e
t
o
p
l
u
m
sa
l
d
e
ğ
e
rler
e
ğ
i
ti
m
i
:
re
sim
li
,
y
e
n
i
m
u
sâ
h
a
b
â
t
-
ı
a
h
lâk
ıy
e
v
e
m
e
d
e
n
i
y
e
d
e
rs
k
it
a
b
ı
ö
r
n
e
ğ
i
,
”
Ç
a
ğ
d
a
ş
T
ü
rk
iye
T
a
rih
i
Ara
ştırm
a
la
rı
De
rg
isi
,
XV
III
(3
6
)
,
p
p
.
5
5
-
8
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
5
]
A.
Altı
n
d
a
ğ
,
“
Tek
p
a
rti
d
ö
n
e
m
i’n
d
e
(
1
9
2
4
-
1
9
4
6
)
il
k
o
k
u
ll
a
rd
a
v
a
tan
d
a
şlık
e
ğ
it
imi
,
”
U
n
p
u
b
l
ish
e
d
m
a
ste
r'
s
th
e
sis
,
Do
k
u
z
E
y
l
ü
l
Ün
iv
e
rsites
i,
İz
m
ir,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
6
]
S
.
Co
şğ
u
n
,
“
Ata
tü
r
k
d
ö
n
e
m
i
y
u
rt
b
il
g
isi
d
e
rs
k
it
a
p
ların
ı
n
e
ğ
it
im
fe
lse
fe
si
v
e
so
sy
o
l
o
ji
si
a
ç
ısın
d
a
n
d
e
ğ
e
rlen
d
ir
il
m
e
si
,
”
U
n
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
d
o
c
to
ra
l
d
isse
rtatio
n
,
Erzi
n
c
a
n
Ü
n
iv
e
rsites
i,
Erzi
n
c
a
n
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
7
]
H.
Çe
li
k
,
“
Cu
m
h
u
ri
y
e
t
d
ö
n
e
m
i
v
a
tan
d
a
şlı
k
e
ğ
it
imin
d
e
ö
n
e
m
li
a
d
ımla
r.
”
S
a
k
a
ry
a
Ün
ive
rs
it
e
si
Fen
E
d
e
b
iya
t
Fa
k
ü
lt
e
si De
rg
isi,
v
o
l.
10
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
5
9
-
3
6
9
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
8
]
S
.
Yin
il
m
e
z
Ak
a
g
ü
n
d
ü
z
,
“
C
u
m
h
u
riy
e
t’i
n
il
k
y
ıl
ların
d
a
n
g
ü
n
ü
m
ü
z
e
d
e
rs
k
it
a
p
ları
n
d
a
a
h
la
k
e
ğ
it
imi
,
”
U
n
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
d
o
c
to
ra
l
d
isse
rtatio
n
,
A
n
k
a
ra
Ün
i
v
e
rsites
i,
An
k
a
ra
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
9
]
M
.
Q.
P
a
t
to
n
,
Nit
e
l
a
ra
ştırma
v
e
d
e
ğ
e
rle
n
d
irme
y
ö
n
tem
ler
i
.
(Çe
v
.
Ed
.
M
.
B
ü
tü
n
&
S
.
B.
De
m
ir).
An
k
a
ra
:
P
e
g
e
m
Ak
a
d
e
m
i,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
0
]
Ali
Ka
m
i,
M
u
s
a
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı
a
h
l
a
k
iye
ma
lu
ma
t
-
iva
t
a
n
iye
.
İsta
n
b
u
l
:
Orh
a
n
iy
e
M
a
tb
a
a
sı,
1
9
2
6
.
[2
1
]
M
u
slih
id
d
in
A
d
il
,
M
a
lu
m
a
t
-
ı
a
h
l
a
k
iye
v
e
me
d
e
n
iye
.
İsta
n
b
u
l
:
Orh
a
n
iy
e
M
a
t
b
a
a
sı,
1
9
2
3
.
[2
2
]
Ali
S
e
y
d
i,
M
u
sa
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı
a
h
l
a
k
iye
,
d
in
iye
,
t
a
rih
iye
,
me
d
e
n
iye
.
İsta
n
b
u
l:
Orh
a
n
iy
e
M
a
tb
a
a
sı,
1
3
3
5
.
[2
3
]
M
e
h
m
e
d
As
ım
a
n
d
A
h
m
e
d
Ce
v
a
d
,
A
n
a
d
o
l
u
y
a
v
ru
s
u
n
u
n
k
it
a
b
ı.
İst
a
n
b
u
l
:
Ev
k
a
f
-
I
İsla
m
iy
e
M
a
t
b
a
a
sı,
1
3
4
0
-
1
3
3
8
.
[2
4
]
Orh
a
n
F
u
a
d
,
M
u
s
a
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı
a
h
l
a
k
iye
v
e
ma
lu
ma
tı
v
a
ta
n
iye
-
4
th
g
ra
d
e
.
İsta
n
b
u
l:
Ka
n
a
a
t
M
a
t
b
a
a
sı,
1
3
4
0
a
.
[2
5
]
Orh
a
n
F
u
a
d
,
M
u
s
a
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı
a
h
l
a
k
iye
v
e
ma
lu
ma
tı
v
a
ta
n
iye
-
5
th
g
ra
d
e
.
İsta
n
b
u
l:
Ka
n
a
a
t
M
a
t
b
a
a
sı,
1
3
4
0
b
.
[2
6
]
E.
Z.
Ka
ra
l,
Os
ma
n
lı
t
a
rih
i
-
5
.
Cil
t
(8
.
e
d
.
)
.
A
n
k
a
ra
:
T
ü
rk
Tarih
K
u
r
u
m
u
Ya
y
ı
n
ları,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
7
]
S
.
G
ö
k
ç
ime
n
,
“
Ülk
e
m
izd
e
k
a
d
ın
l
a
rın
siy
a
sa
l
h
a
y
a
ta
k
a
tı
lı
m
m
ü
c
a
d
e
les
i.
”
Y
a
sa
ma
De
rg
isi
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
p
p
.
5
-
5
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
8
]
U.
Ka
y
a
,
T
a
n
zima
t’
ta
n
Cu
m
h
u
riy
e
t’e Osm
a
n
lı
’d
a
a
h
l
â
k
e
ğ
it
imi.
İst
a
n
b
u
l
:
De
m
Ya
y
ın
ları,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
9
]
Orh
a
n
F
u
a
d
,
M
u
s
a
h
a
b
a
t
-
ı
a
h
l
a
k
iye
v
e
ma
lu
ma
tı
v
a
ta
n
iye
.
İsta
n
b
u
l:
Tü
rk
M
a
tb
a
a
sı,
1
3
4
2
.
[3
0
]
F
.
Çe
ti
n
t
ü
rk
,
C
.
Çü
r
ü
k
,
A.
Us
tao
ğ
lu
,
H.
Ka
ra
ç
a
lı
,
S
.
Ka
şe
v
e
k
o
ğ
lu
a
n
d
Ç.
K
o
z
a
n
e
r,
S
o
sy
a
l
b
il
g
il
e
r
e
ğ
it
imi
a
ç
ısın
d
a
n
Kın
a
lı
z
a
d
e
A
li
Ef
e
n
d
i’
n
in
a
h
la
k
-
ı
a
la
’I
ü
ze
rin
e
o
k
u
ma
l
a
r.
Ata
,
B.
(
Ed
s.),
A
n
k
a
r
a
:
P
e
g
e
m
Ya
y
ın
ları,
2
0
1
1
.
[3
1
]
İ.
Ka
fe
so
ğ
lu
,
T
ü
rk
mill
i
k
ü
l
tü
rü
(4
0
.
B
a
sk
ı).
İsta
n
b
u
l:
Ötü
k
e
n
Ya
y
ı
n
ları,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
2
]
H.
Ek
şi
a
n
d
A.
Ka
tı
lmış
,
Ka
ra
k
te
r e
ğ
it
imi
e
l
k
it
a
b
ı
(3
.
e
d
.
)
,
An
k
a
ra
:
No
b
e
l
A
k
a
d
e
m
ik
Ya
y
ı
n
c
ıl
ı
k
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
3
]
S
a
d
i
Ş
iraz
i,
Bo
st
a
n
v
e
g
ü
li
st
a
n
(1
.
e
d
.
),
İsta
n
b
u
l:
Ara
s Ya
y
ın
ları
,
2
0
1
3
.
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