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r
o
c
e
s
s
o
r
ga
ni
z
e
d by
e
duc
a
t
i
o
n,
due
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
i
g
n
o
ra
n
c
e
a
b
o
ut
h
o
w
t
o
ed
u
c
a
t
e c
h
i
l
d
w
e
l
l
.
I
n
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
d
ea
l
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
t
h
o
s
e
ch
an
g
es
l
e
a
d
s
t
o
d
y
s
f
u
n
ct
i
o
n
a
l
f
ami
lie
s
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
le
mat
ic
c
h
ild
r
e
n
.
T
h
e
i
mp
le
me
n
t
at
io
n
o
f
tec
h
n
o
c
r
at
ic
e
d
u
c
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am is
n
o
t me
r
e
ly
th
at t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
c
a
n
b
e
ru
n t
h
ro
u
g
h no
n
-
f
o
rm
a
l
a
n
d
i
nf
o
rm
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
ha
n
ne
l
s
.
T
he
p
ro
g
r
a
m
p
ro
m
o
t
e
d
c
u
r
re
nt
l
y
i
s
pa
r
e
nt
i
ng e
duc
a
t
i
o
n t
o
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
t
h
e
pa
r
e
n
t
’s
a
nd f
a
m
i
l
y
’s
r
o
l
e
i
n i
n
f
o
r
m
a
l
e
duc
a
t
i
o
n.
P
ar
e
n
ti
n
g
e
d
u
c
at
io
n
is
e
v
id
e
n
tly
s
tr
a
te
g
ic
[4]
.
P
a
r
e
n
ti
n
g
e
d
u
c
atio
n
is
o
n
e
o
f
m
o
s
t imp
o
r
ta
n
t
f
ac
to
r
s
to
af
f
e
c
t th
e
c
h
i
ld
’
s
ac
h
ie
v
e
me
n
t a
n
d
mo
tiv
atio
n
[
5]
.
P
a
re
n
t
i
n
g e
duc
a
t
i
o
n p
r
o
gra
m
ha
s
s
h
o
w
n
t
ha
t
t
h
e
i
m
pr
ov
e
d
q
u
ality
o
f
s
ev
e
r
al
i
n
te
r
ac
t
io
n
s
[6]
,
co
m
p
et
en
c
y
a
n
d
s
t
r
e
s
s
c
a
r
e
t
a
k
i
n
g
[7]
,
[8]
a
nd
de
pr
e
s
s
e
d
m
o
t
h
e
r
[9]
af
f
ec
te
d
s
ig
n
if
ic
a
n
t
ly
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
l
y
th
e
s
e
lf
-
ef
f
ic
acy
acad
e
mic
ac
h
ie
v
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
mo
tiv
atio
n
[10]
.
T
h
es
e
p
r
ogr
a
m
s
h
a
ve
be
e
n
d
e
l
i
ve
r
e
d
i
n
va
r
i
ou
s
f
or
m
a
t
s
i
n
c
l
ud
i
n
g l
a
r
g
e
gr
ou
p
[11]
,
s
ma
ll g
r
o
u
p
[12
]
,
i
ndi
v
i
du
a
l
gui
di
ng/
c
o
n
s
ul
t
a
t
i
o
n
[9]
,
s
e
l
f
-
m
a
n
ag
ed
[13]
,
or
a
s
t
e
l
e
vi
s
i
on
p
r
ogr
a
m
[14]
.
T
h
e
f
ac
t s
h
o
w
s
th
at
p
a
r
e
n
ti
n
g
e
d
u
c
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
g
e
ts
le
s
s
p
u
b
lic
p
a
r
t
ic
ip
atio
n
,
p
a
r
tic
u
l
a
r
ly
p
a
r
e
n
t
w
ith
e
a
r
ly
ag
e
c
h
ild
r
e
n
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
limite
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
g
iv
e
n
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
i
n
g
its
o
b
je
c
tiv
e
,
b
e
n
e
f
it an
d
imp
le
me
n
ta
tio
n
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
th
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
t
h
e
co
mmu
n
i
ty
’
s
aw
a
r
e
n
es
s
o
f
t
h
e i
m
p
o
r
t
an
ce
o
f
p
a
r
e
n
t
car
et
a
k
i
n
g
p
at
te
r
n
is
s
ti
ll
lo
w
.
F
o
r
t
h
at
r
e
as
o
n
,
h
e
a
lt
h
p
r
o
mo
tio
n
e
f
f
o
r
t i
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
,
b
e
c
au
s
e
it
is
t
h
e
a
tte
mp
t o
f
imp
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
c
o
mmu
n
ity
’
s
ab
ility
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
le
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
,
f
r
o
m,
b
y
,
f
o
r
,
a
n
d
a
lo
n
g
w
it
h
me
mb
e
r
s
o
f
c
o
mmu
n
ity
to
e
n
ab
le
t
h
e
m
to
h
e
l
p
t
h
e
ms
e
lv
e
s
a
n
d
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
co
mmu
n
ity
-
b
as
e
d
ac
tiv
ity
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
i
n
g
to
lo
c
al s
o
c
ial
-
c
u
ltu
r
a
l c
o
n
d
itio
n
[1
5]
.
T
h
e
o
b
je
c
tiv
e
o
f
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h
w
as
to
f
in
d
o
u
t t
h
e
h
e
a
lt
h
p
r
o
mo
tio
n
i
n
f
o
r
ma
tio
n
ac
c
e
s
s
in
g
pa
t
t
e
rn o
f
pa
r
e
nt
c
a
r
e
t
a
ki
ng
pa
t
t
e
r
n
t
h
ro
u
g
h p
a
re
nt
i
ng
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n.
2.
RE
SE
ARCH
ME
T
HOD
S
C
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
e o
b
j
e
ct
i
v
e
o
f
r
es
ea
r
ch
,
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
r
es
ea
r
ch
e
m
p
l
o
y
ed
w
a
s
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
o
n
e
w
i
t
h
e
x
p
la
n
a
to
r
y
s
tu
d
y
.
Q
u
alita
tiv
e
d
ata
-
b
a
s
e
d
i
nf
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
w
a
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
rt
a
nd
t
o
s
ha
rp
e
n
t
he
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
[16]
.
Th
e
imp
le
me
n
ta
tio
n
o
f
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h
w
as
co
n
d
u
c
te
d
u
s
in
g
s
u
r
v
ey
me
th
o
d
w
ith
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
e
c
tio
n
al ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
w
as
tak
e
n
p
l
ac
e
in
a
n
I
n
te
g
r
a
tiv
e
H
o
lis
tic
Ear
ly
A
g
e
C
h
i
ld
Ed
u
c
a
tio
n
(
P
AU
D
H
o
lis
t
ikI
n
teg
r
a
ti
f
)
s
y
n
e
r
gi
z
i
ng P
o
s
P
A
U
D
,
B
K
B
,
a
n
d P
o
s
y
a
n
du i
n
f
i
v
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
l
o
c
atio
n
s
: 1
)
P
A
U
D
N
ak
itaW
e
ta
n
K
al
i,
Gi
r
i
l
a
y
u
Ma
t
e
si
h
;
2
)
PAU
D Ka
si
h
B
u
n
d
a
Pa
n
j
a
n
g
,
Se
p
a
n
j
a
n
g
,
T
a
w
a
n
g
m
a
n
g
u
;
3
)
PAU
D
M
a
w
a
r
P
ut
i
h
K
ra
n
ge
a
n,
N
ge
b
l
a
k,
T
a
w
a
n
g
m
a
ngu;
4) P
A
U
D
A
m
a
na
h
D
a
ge
n,
D
a
ge
n,
J
a
t
e
n;
5) P
A
U
D
S
er
u
n
i
S
e
h
at
,
J
e
r
u
k
S
t
r
e
et
0
3
N
g
r
i
n
g
o
,
J
at
e
n
.
T
h
e
po
pul
a
t
i
o
n o
f
re
s
e
a
rc
h c
o
ns
i
s
t
e
d
o
f
t
he
p
a
re
nt
s
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
-
a
g
e
c
hi
l
d
re
n a
t
t
e
nd
i
n
g
i
n o
ne
-
s
t
op
I
n
te
g
r
at
iv
e
H
o
lis
tic
Ea
r
ly
A
g
e
C
h
ild
Ed
u
c
at
io
n
(
P
AU
D
H
o
li
s
tikI
n
te
g
r
a
ti
fs
a
tu
a
ta
p
) c
o
n
s
i
s
t
i
n
g o
f
108 pe
r
s
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
pl
i
n
g t
e
c
hni
que
us
e
d
w
a
s
pur
po
s
i
v
e
s
a
m
pl
i
ng on
e
.
T
e
c
hn
i
q
u
es
o
f
c
o
l
l
ec
t
i
n
g
d
a
t
a
u
s
ed
w
er
e
que
s
t
i
o
nna
i
r
e
,
i
n
-
de
pt
h
i
nt
e
r
v
i
e
w
,
doc
um
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
udy
,
a
n
d
ob
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n.
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
udy
,
t
h
e
da
t
a
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
w
a
s
ca
r
r
i
ed
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
l
i
n
e
ar
r
eg
r
es
s
i
o
n
an
d
p
a
t
h
an
al
y
s
e
s
.
T
h
e d
at
a
w
a
s
co
n
v
e
r
t
ed
f
i
r
s
t
u
s
i
n
g
S
u
cce
s
s
i
v
e
Int
e
r
v
a
l
M
e
t
h
o
d (S
IM
) a
n
d t
e
s
t
e
d us
i
n
g pa
ra
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
s
s
um
pt
i
o
n
,
i
n
c
l
udi
n
g
n
o
rm
a
l
i
t
y
,
l
i
n
e
a
ri
t
y
,
mu
l
tic
o
li
n
e
a
r
i
ty
,
a
n
d
h
e
te
r
o
s
k
e
d
as
tic
i
ty
,
t
h
e
r
e
b
y
y
ie
ld
in
g
B
LU
E (
B
e
s
t L
in
e
a
r
U
n
b
ias
e
d
Es
ti
ma
to
r
)
3.
RE
SUL
T
S AND ANAL
Y
SIS
A
c
c
e
s
s
of
pa
r
e
nt
c
a
r
e
t
a
k
i
n
g p
a
t
t
e
rn
t
hr
o
ug
h
pa
r
e
n
t
i
n
g e
duc
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
hi
s
s
t
udy
wa
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
fr
om
th
r
e
e
a
s
p
ect
s
,
n
ame
ly
:
(
1)
in
t
e
r
a
cti
o
n
wi
t
h
o
t
he
r
p
a
re
n
t
s
;
(
2
)
i
n
te
r
ac
tio
n
wi
t
h
o
th
e
r
f
am
ily
me
mb
e
r
s
;
a
nd
(
3
)
in
t
e
r
a
cti
o
n
w
i
th
th
e
m
e
d
ia
wi
t
h
a
n
um
be
r
o
f
q
u
e
st
i
o
n
sa
s
m
u
c
h
a
s
11g
r
a
i
n
s
.
T
he
n
u
m
b
e
r o
f
re
s
p
o
nd
e
nt
s
i
s
108
p
ar
en
t
s
w
h
o
s
e
ch
i
l
d
r
e
n
f
o
llo
w
i
n o
ne
-
s
to
p
I
n
te
g
r
a
tiv
e
H
o
lis
tic
Ea
r
ly
A
g
e
C
h
i
ld
Ed
u
c
atio
n
.
A
c
c
e
s
s
o
f
p
ar
e
n
t
c
a
r
e
t
a
ki
ng p
a
t
t
e
rn t
hr
o
ug
h p
a
r
e
n
t
i
ng e
duc
a
t
i
o
n
c
an
b
e s
een
i
n
t
h
e f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
d
es
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
.
3
.
1.
Re
su
l
t
o
f
Ana
l
y
si
s
A
c
c
e
s
s
of
pa
r
e
nt
c
a
r
e
t
a
k
i
n
g
pa
t
t
e
rn
t
hr
o
ug
h
pa
r
e
nt
i
ng
e
duc
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
t
r
ib
u
te
s
ig
n
if
ic
a
n
tly
to
h
o
lis
tic
p
a
r
e
n
ti
n
g
p
a
r
e
n
ts
e
it
h
e
r
d
i
r
e
ct
an
d
i
n
d
i
r
e
ct
ef
f
e
ct
s
pa
r
e
nt
c
a
r
e
t
a
ki
n
g
pa
t
t
e
rn t
hr
o
ug
h
p
a
r
e
n
t
i
ng
ed
u
ca
t
i
o
n
.
Th
e
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
is
s
ol
ve
d
b
y
mu
ltip
le
li
n
e
a
r
r
e
g
r
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I
SSN
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882
2
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.
3
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Di
sc
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of
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]
,
[18]
ca
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[19]
.
G
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g
a
r
e
v
er
y
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
.
Co
n
s
i
de
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
atio
n
i
n
t
h
e
f
ie
ld
,
i
t c
a
n
b
e
s
ee
n
t
h
at
a f
at
h
e
r
p
ay
s
le
s
s
atte
n
tio
n
to
h
is
ch
i
l
d
r
e
n
’
s
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
,
ev
e
n
t
h
e
y
s
e
em
t
o
b
e
u
n
car
ed
-
f
o
r
it
.
I
t
af
f
e
c
ts
th
e
me
mb
e
r
s
o
f
f
amily
’
s
s
h
a
r
e
d
u
n
d
er
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
ca
r
e
t
a
k
i
n
g
.
I
t
i
n
d
i
ca
t
e
s
t
h
at
d
e
s
p
i
t
e d
a
i
ly
e
n
c
o
u
n
te
r
,
t
h
e
me
mb
e
r
s
o
f
f
amily
talk
mo
r
e
ab
o
u
t o
th
e
r
ma
tte
r
s
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
i
r
c
h
ild
r
e
n
d
e
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
.
H
o
w
ev
e
r
,
p
a
r
e
n
ts
w
ill f
i
n
d
s
o
c
ial
h
e
lp
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
o
t
he
i
r c
a
re
t
a
k
i
ng
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
[20]
,
[21]
.
T
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
,
a
n
o
t
h
er
f
a
ct
o
r
a
f
f
ect
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
’
ca
r
et
a
k
i
n
g
p
a
t
te
r
n
is
o
th
e
r
s
’
p
a
r
tic
ip
at
io
n
[22]
,
i
.
e
.
g
r
o
up s
uppo
rt
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
t
u
de
nt
s
’ pa
r
e
n
t
s
[2
3]
by
c
o
n
duc
t
i
n
g i
nt
e
r
pe
r
s
o
n
a
l
e
xc
h
a
nge
[24
]
is
m
ea
n
s
o
f
p
r
ovi
d
i
n
g
i
n
for
m
a
t
i
on
[23]
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
ul
t
o
f
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
r
e
v
e
a
l
s
t
ha
t
t
h
e
di
r
e
c
t
e
f
fe
c
t
(17.
0%) o
f
i
nt
e
ra
c
t
i
o
n w
i
t
h
ot
h
e
r
s
t
ude
n
t
s
’ p
a
r
e
n
t
s
o
n
c
a
r
e
t
a
ki
ng p
a
t
t
e
rn
i
s
l
a
rge
r
t
ha
n
t
h
e
i
ndi
r
e
c
t
o
n
e
(9
.
6%)
t
hr
o
ug
h
pa
r
e
nt
i
n
g
e
d
u
c
atio
n
.
I
t i
n
d
ic
a
te
s
th
at
t
h
e
q
u
a
n
ti
ty
an
d
t
h
e
q
u
a
li
ty
o
f
me
e
tin
g
b
e
tw
e
e
n
s
tu
d
e
n
t p
a
r
e
n
ts
a
r
e
s
til
l
i
n
a
d
eq
u
a
t
e.
W
h
e
n
m
ee
t
i
n
g
o
t
h
er
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
p
ar
e
n
t
s
,
t
h
ey
talk
mo
r
e
ab
o
u
t
d
o
me
s
tic
is
s
u
e
s
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
i
r
c
h
ild
d
e
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t.
T
h
e
i
n
te
n
s
ity
o
f
me
e
tin
g
e
f
f
e
c
tiv
e
t
o
talk
a
b
o
u
t c
h
ild
r
e
n
c
a
r
e
ta
k
i
n
g
p
at
te
r
n
a
n
d
g
r
o
w
th
–
pa
r
e
nt
i
ng e
duc
a
t
i
o
n
–
is
s
ti
ll
v
e
r
y
lo
w
; it is
o
r
g
a
n
i
ze
d
o
n
ly
o
n
c
e
a
mo
n
t
h
o
r
e
v
e
n
tw
o
o
r
t
h
r
e
e
mo
n
t
h
s
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e f
a
ct
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
i
n
t
e
r
a
ct
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
o
t
h
e
r
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
p
ar
e
n
t
s
a
f
f
e
ct
t
h
e p
ar
en
t
s
’
ca
r
et
a
k
i
n
g
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
.
I
t
i
nd
i
c
a
t
e
s
t
ha
t
t
he
y
a
re
a
p
a
r
t
o
f
o
t
he
r s
t
u
d
e
nt
s
’
p
a
re
nt
g
ro
u
p
,
i
n w
h
i
c
h
t
he
y
a
re
s
ha
r
i
ng
e
a
c
h o
t
he
r
.
T
h
e p
ar
e
n
t
s
s
u
cce
s
s
f
u
l
l
y
ed
u
ca
t
e
t
h
e
i
r
c
h
i
l
d
re
n w
i
l
l
b
e
i
nf
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
re
s
o
u
rc
e
f
o
r o
t
he
r p
a
re
n
t
s
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
he
i
r
f
amil
ia
r
ity
,
i
n
ti
m
acy
,
a
n
d
s
i
mi
la
r
p
o
i
n
t o
f
v
iew
o
n
a p
r
o
b
le
m
[25]
.
[
26]I
d
e
n
t
if
ie
d
s
o
me
s
itu
at
io
n
s
w
h
e
n
p
ar
en
t
s
c
an
b
en
ef
i
t
f
r
o
m
b
ei
n
g
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
ci
p
a
n
t
s
o
f
p
a
r
e
n
t
i
n
g
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
.
W
h
a
t
t
h
e p
ar
e
n
t
s
m
o
s
t
l
y
a
p
p
r
eci
a
t
e
i
n
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
t
i
n
g
i
n t
h
e
t
r
a
i
n
i
ng i
s
s
uppo
rt
t
h
e
y
ge
t
f
r
o
m
b
e
i
n
g b
e
t
w
e
e
n
o
t
h
e
r pa
r
e
nt
s
a
nd t
h
e
o
ppo
rt
u
n
i
t
y
of
b
e
i
n
g
th
e
m
s
e
l
v
es
i
n
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
t
h
a
t
can
a
ccep
t
t
h
e
m
a
s
t
h
e
w
a
y
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
.
T
h
e
f
a
ct
t
h
at
t
h
e d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
y
t
h
e
y
e
n
c
o
un
t
e
r
i
s
n
o
t
o
nl
y
t
h
e
i
r
s
b
ut
a
l
s
o
m
a
ke
s
t
h
e
m
s
t
r
o
nge
r
by
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
n
g
,
c
a
ri
n
g f
o
r
a
n
d
s
up
po
r
t
i
n
g
e
a
c
h
ot
h
e
r
[27
]
.
A
no
t
he
r
i
nf
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
u
rc
e
f
o
r
p
a
re
n
t
s
i
s
m
a
s
s
m
ed
i
a
ex
i
s
t
i
n
g
an
d
a
c
ces
s
i
b
l
e
t
o
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
s
s
m
e
d
i
a
p
l
a
y
s
a
n
i
m
p
o
rt
a
n
t
ro
l
e
i
n p
ro
v
i
d
i
ng
he
a
l
t
h
i
nf
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n f
o
r t
he
g
e
ne
ra
l
p
u
b
l
i
c
[28
]
,
a
n
d
te
le
v
is
io
n
ac
ts
a
s
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
m
a
s
s
m
ed
i
a
i
n
t
o
d
a
y
'
s
s
o
c
i
e
t
y
.
T
el
ev
i
s
i
o
n
h
a
s
b
een
s
h
o
w
n
t
o
h
a
v
e t
h
e ca
p
a
ci
t
y
t
o
i
n
f
u
en
ce a
w
a
r
en
e
s
s
a
n
d
t
o
ch
an
g
e
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
es
,
b
e
l
i
e
f
s
,
a
n
d
b
eh
a
v
i
o
r
s
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
i
t
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
y
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e m
o
s
t
p
o
w
er
f
u
l
ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
es
o
u
r
c
es
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
a
t
t
h
e
p
r
es
en
t
t
i
m
e
[29],
[30]
.
Ma
ss m
e
d
i
a
i
n
t
h
i
s st
u
d
y
h
a
s b
o
t
h
di
r
e
c
t
(9
.
2%)
a
n
d
i
ndi
r
e
c
t
(
21
.
1%
)
e
ff
e
c
t
s
vi
a
h
e
a
l
t
h
pr
om
ot
i
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
t
h
r
ou
gh
pa
r
e
n
t
i
n
g
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
on
.
D
e
s
p
i
t
e
s
mal
l s
ize
,
t
h
is
f
ig
u
r
e
h
as
l
a
r
g
e
r
e
f
f
ec
t th
a
n
t
h
at o
f
in
te
r
ac
t
io
n
w
it
h
o
th
e
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
a
r
e
n
ts
a
n
d
i
n
te
r
ac
tio
n
w
ith
o
t
h
e
r
me
mb
e
r
s
o
f
f
amily
.
M
e
d
ia c
an
p
l
ay
an
im
p
o
r
t
a
n
t p
a
r
t
i
n
i
m
p
ro
v
i
ng
p
a
re
n
t
s
’
a
w
a
re
ne
s
s
o
f
a
nd
w
illi
n
g
n
e
s
s
to
atte
n
d
t
h
e
c
a
r
e
tak
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
[13
]
an
d
p
r
o
v
e
s
e
f
f
ec
t
i
v
e
l
y
ch
an
g
i
n
g
t
h
e c
a
r
et
a
k
i
n
g
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
[31]
.
I
n a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
ro
u
g
h a
n
i
nt
e
rv
e
nt
i
o
n
-
b
as
e
d
te
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
mo
s
t p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
a
r
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
to
r
e
ac
h
w
ith
v
e
r
y
l
ow
c
os
t
[32]
.
S
ugge
s
t
e
d
t
ha
t
m
a
s
s
m
e
di
a
,
i
n
c
l
ud
i
n
g
T
V
,
ha
s
e
i
t
h
e
r
po
s
i
t
i
v
e
o
r
n
e
ga
t
i
v
e
a
s
pe
c
t
[29
]
.
Mo
st
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
h
av
e
e
le
c
tr
o
n
ic
me
d
i
a s
u
c
h
as
te
le
v
is
io
n
a
t
h
o
me
,
b
u
t
it
l
a
r
g
e
ly
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
as
e
n
te
r
t
ai
n
me
n
t
me
d
iu
m.
B
u
t
,
s
o
m
e
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
can
t
a
k
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e a
s
p
ect
f
r
o
m
s
uc
h
t
h
e
m
e
di
a
,
by
w
a
t
c
h
i
n
g k
i
d p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
de
s
pi
t
e
s
m
a
l
l
num
b
e
r,
s
o
t
ha
t
t
he
y
c
a
n l
e
a
r
n
a
b
o
u
t
c
hi
l
d
re
n c
a
re
t
a
k
i
ng
p
a
t
t
e
r
n f
ro
m
t
he
p
ro
g
ra
m
.
I
nt
e
rv
e
nt
i
o
n
t
h
ro
u
g
h t
e
l
e
v
i
s
i
o
n
p
r
o
v
es
e
f
f
ect
i
v
el
y
ch
an
g
i
n
g
c
ar
et
a
k
i
n
g
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
[3
3
]
a
n
d
p
h
o
n
e
c
o
n
s
u
lta
tio
n
is
m
o
r
e
f
le
x
ib
le
as
w
e
ll
[17]
.
T
e
l
ev
i
s
i
o
n
can
b
e s
e
en
t
o
h
a
v
e a
p
e
r
v
a
s
i
v
e
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce o
n
f
a
m
i
l
i
es
.
A
u
s
t
r
al
i
an
a
d
u
l
t
s
w
a
t
ch
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
el
y
3
h
our
s
of t
e
l
e
vi
s
i
on
p
e
r
d
a
y
[3
4
]
.
T
e
l
ev
i
s
e
d
p
ar
e
n
t
e
d
u
cat
i
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
c
o
u
l
d
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.
[4
]
S
a
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s
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M
R.
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:
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4)
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p
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.
[5
]
S
e
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KP
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nal
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s
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:
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3)
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75
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,
2013
.
[6
]
C
ow
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, C
.,
C
o
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, P
.
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a
r
r
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, J
.
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2
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–
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11.
[7
]
G
r
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s
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., W
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., J
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.,
G
r
a
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[8
]
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2)
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–
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[9
]
S
a
nde
r
s
, M
R
.,
M
c
F
a
r
l
a
n
d
, M
.
,“
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r
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p.
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–
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[
10]
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be
s
ha
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G.
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f
o
r
n
i
a
,
Lo
s
A
n
g
e
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s
,
2012
.
[
11]
S
a
nde
r
s
,
M
R
.
, P
r
i
o
r
, J
., R
a
l
p
h
, A
.
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n E
v
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l
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A
B
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U
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our
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h
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l
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Se
r
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12]
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oa
t
h
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a
n
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ur
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s
s
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:
19(
4
)
,
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.
1
91
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2.
[
13]
M
or
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w
s
ka
,
A
.,
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an
d
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s
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R.
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our
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al
P
s
y
c
ho
l
o
gy
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v
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l
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i
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S
a
nde
r
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R
.
,
M
a
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e
-
D
a
d
d
s
,
C
.,
T
u
l
l
y
,
L
.,
B
o
r
,
W
.
,“
Th
e
Tr
i
p
l
e
P
-
P
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
P
a
r
e
nt
i
n
g
P
r
ogr
a
m
:
A
C
om
p
a
r
i
s
on
o
f
E
nha
nc
e
d
,
S
t
a
nd
a
r
d
,
a
n
d
S
e
l
f
D
i
r
e
c
t
e
d
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
l
F
a
m
i
l
y
I
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
f
or
P
a
r
e
nt
s
O
f
C
h
i
l
dr
e
n
W
i
t
h E
a
r
l
y
O
ns
e
t
C
o
nduc
t
P
r
o
bl
e
m
s
”,
J
our
n
al
o
f
C
ons
ul
t
i
ng
and
C
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
P
s
y
c
ho
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He
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h
De
p
a
r
t
e
m
e
n
t
t
he
R
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i
c
o
f
I
ndo
ne
s
i
a
,
“
G
u
id
e
li
n
e
s
f
or
H
e
a
l
t
h P
r
om
ot
i
on
i
n
t
h
e
R
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gi
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J
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ka
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t
i
v
e
a
n
d
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
”,
Y
o
gy
a
ka
r
t
a
,
P
u
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C
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nne
l
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r
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D
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C
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d
i
r
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ct
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d
B
e
h
a
v
i
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r
a
l
F
a
m
i
l
y
I
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
f
or
Pa
r
e
n
t
s
o
f
O
ppo
s
i
t
i
o
na
l
C
h
i
l
dr
e
n
i
n R
ur
a
l
a
n
d R
e
m
ot
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A
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a
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hav
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r
M
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pa
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udy
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,
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o
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s
D
e
v
e
l
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pm
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nt
:
A
s
s
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s
s
i
n
g
D
e
t
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
E
f
f
e
c
t
P
a
t
t
e
r
n
"
p
a
r
e
nt
i
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P
a
r
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nt
s
A
g
a
i
n
s
t
U
n
f
a
i
r
C
h
ar
a
ct
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D
e
f
i
ci
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i
nC
hi
l
d
r
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”
,
D
i
s
s
e
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
A
g
r
i
c
u
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t
u
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a
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r
a
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d
M
a
l
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r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
:
T
h
e
M
e
d
i
a
t
i
n
g
R
o
l
e
s
O
f
P
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
D
i
s
t
r
e
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s
A
n
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c
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a
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uppo
r
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”
,
D
i
s
s
e
r
t
a
t
i
on A
b
s
t
r
ac
t
s
I
nt
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r
n
at
i
on
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Se
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i
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f
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c
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F
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mil
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F
a
c
t
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r
s
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n
B
e
ha
v
i
or
P
r
ob
l
e
m
s
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n
Af
r
i
ca
n
-
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m
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n
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h
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l
d
r
e
n
L
i
v
i
n
g
i
n
U
r
b
a
n P
ove
r
t
y
”
,
D
i
s
s
e
r
t
a
t
i
o
n A
b
s
t
r
ac
t
s
I
n
t
e
r
na
t
i
ona
l
:
Se
c
t
i
on
B
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Sc
i
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nc
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s
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s
i
a
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I
nt
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r
a
c
t
i
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E
di
t
i
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”,
Ne
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k
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n
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s
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a
n
d
M
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d
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cal
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a
r
e
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,
P
a
s
i
f
i
c
G
r
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n
t
i
a
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/
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a
d
i
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s
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S
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l
f
,
An
d
I
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duc
t
i
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n
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oI
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r
P
r
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b
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e
m
s
a
nd
P
a
r
e
n
t
T
r
a
i
ni
n
g P
r
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a
m
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”,
J
ou
r
na
l
of
D
e
v
e
l
opm
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nt
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W
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An
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t
h
a
ga
i
ns
t
vi
ol
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c
e
:
C
h
o
os
e
t
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e
-
fu
s
e
”,
A
m
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ca
n
J
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ur
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O
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t
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Th
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ve
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t
i
on
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C
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i
l
d
B
e
ha
vi
or
P
r
ob
l
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m
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:
T
h
e
E
va
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
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f
a
T
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l
e
v
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s
i
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S
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r
i
e
s
t
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r
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ot
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P
os
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t
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O
u
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c
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s
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r
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r
C
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”,
J
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na
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I
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e
du
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e
H
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a
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t
h
D
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d
B
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h
a
v
i
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r
P
r
ob
l
e
m
s
:
T
h
e
E
va
l
ua
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
T
e
l
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v
i
s
i
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n
S
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r
i
e
s
t
o
P
r
om
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t
e
P
os
i
t
i
ve
O
u
t
c
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e
s
f
o
r
P
a
re
n
t
s
a
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T
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i
r
C
hi
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dr
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”,
J
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r
na
l
of
C
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c
h
ol
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a
n
d P
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c
hi
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939
–
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7
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