I
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io
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urna
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f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
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du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
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)
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
6
,
p
p
.
31
0~
32
2
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
310
J
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l ho
m
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e
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ttp
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jo
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h
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/I
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M
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e
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o
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Att
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Reg
a
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ng
F
o
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e Sk
ills
a
nd Its Relat
io
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w
ith
Success
T
üli
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ec
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Sep
2
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,
2
0
1
6
R
ev
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s
ed
Oct
2
8
,
2
0
1
6
A
cc
ep
ted
No
v
1
0
,
2
0
1
6
T
h
e
a
i
m
o
f
th
is
re
se
a
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is
to
d
e
term
in
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th
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a
tt
it
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s
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f
se
c
o
n
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a
ry
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v
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l
stu
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e
n
ts
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a
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e
sk
il
ls
i
n
En
g
li
sh
a
s
a
F
o
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ig
n
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a
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u
a
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e
a
n
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to
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o
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p
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re
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latio
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i
p
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e
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e
e
n
th
e
a
c
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d
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m
ic
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c
c
e
ss
a
t
En
g
li
sh
a
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d
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h
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a
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it
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s
m
e
a
su
re
d
.
A
tt
it
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d
e
s
a
n
d
su
c
c
e
ss
lev
e
ls
o
f
th
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stu
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e
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ts
o
f
se
c
o
n
d
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e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
re
g
a
rd
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g
th
e
ir
lan
g
u
a
g
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sk
il
ls
w
e
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o
u
n
d
to
b
e
h
ig
h
.
A
si
g
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if
ica
n
t
re
latio
n
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ip
a
t
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l
i
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e
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s
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ic
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ts
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t
o
w
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r
d
s
En
g
li
sh
lan
g
u
a
g
e
sk
il
ls.
In
th
is
st
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d
y
,
th
e
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
o
f
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ig
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h
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l
st
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d
e
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ts
m
e
a
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d
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c
c
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g
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d
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r
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rit
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g
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k
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n
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sk
il
ls,
sh
o
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e
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d
if
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re
n
c
e
in
f
a
v
o
r
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f
f
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le
stu
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n
ts.
A
g
a
in
,
h
ig
h
sc
h
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o
l
st
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ts‟
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tt
it
u
d
e
s
t
o
w
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rd
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w
rit
in
g
,
sp
e
a
k
in
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ste
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sk
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tt
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u
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e
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to
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rd
s
re
a
d
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g
sk
il
ls
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d
if
f
e
re
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ti
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te
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c
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o
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ty
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e
y
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ti
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K
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w
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d
s
:
A
tt
itu
d
e
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
ills
S
ca
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
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n
t
Co
p
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rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
6
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
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ts
re
se
rv
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d
.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
T
ü
lin
A
ca
r
,
P
ar
an
tez
E
d
u
ca
tio
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E
d
u
ca
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R
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ch
C
o
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s
u
lta
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c
y
C
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n
ter
,
Selan
i
k
ca
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.
4
6
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Kızılay
,
An
k
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a
,
T
u
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E
m
ail: to
tb
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@
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m
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co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
T
u
r
k
e
y
,
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
w
it
h
it
e
m
f
i
v
e
o
f
t
h
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Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Na
tio
n
al
E
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u
ca
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R
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u
latio
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r
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a
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ated
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Ma
y
3
1
,
2
0
0
6
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
ed
2
6
1
8
4
,
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
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o
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eig
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lan
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ed
u
ca
tio
n
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to
h
elp
t
h
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i
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iv
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als
g
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in
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te
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in
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,
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ea
d
in
g
,
s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
w
r
iti
n
g
s
k
il
l
s
,
co
m
m
u
n
icat
e
w
ith
t
h
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
th
e
y
‟
v
e
lear
n
ed
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
p
o
s
itiv
e
attit
u
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ac
ti
v
itie
s
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
e
f
o
u
r
s
k
ills
ar
e
o
r
g
a
n
ized
in
t
h
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
,
th
e
d
i
g
ital
d
ata
r
elate
d
to
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
‟
s
u
cc
e
s
s
at
b
o
th
m
o
th
er
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
tar
g
et
lan
g
u
ag
e
i
n
t
h
e
n
atio
n
a
l (
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
tr
an
s
f
er
ex
a
m
s
)
an
d
in
ter
n
a
tio
n
al
ex
a
m
s
(
P
I
SA
,
P
I
R
L
S
…et
c.
)
is
n
o
t
at
ex
p
ec
ted
o
r
d
esir
ed
lev
els.
W
h
en
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
f
ai
lu
r
e
ar
e
ex
a
m
i
n
ed
,
it
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
a
t,
attitu
d
es
ar
e
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
les
wh
ich
a
f
f
ec
t
s
u
cc
es
s
[
2
]
-
[
5
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Star
k
s
a
n
d
P
altr
id
g
e
[
6
]
,
lea
r
n
in
g
a
lan
g
u
a
g
e
is
clo
s
el
y
r
elate
d
to
th
e
attitu
d
es
to
w
ar
d
s
th
at
la
n
g
u
a
g
e.
I
n
t
h
at
ca
s
e,
wh
at
is
t
h
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
attit
u
d
e
th
a
t
p
la
y
s
an
ac
ti
v
e
r
o
le
in
s
u
cc
e
s
s
?
A
t
tit
u
d
e
is
d
escr
ib
e
d
as
th
e
ten
d
e
n
c
y
o
f
m
a
k
in
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
r
n
eg
at
iv
e
r
ea
c
t
i
o
n
ag
ai
n
s
t
a
ce
r
tai
n
o
b
j
ec
t,
s
itu
a
tio
n
,
co
n
ce
p
t o
r
o
t
h
er
p
eo
p
le
[
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it is
a
r
e
m
ar
k
ab
le
d
ed
u
ct
io
n
th
at
a
ttit
u
d
es
ar
e
lear
n
ed
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
e
g
ati
v
e
af
f
ec
ti
v
e
b
eh
av
io
r
s
an
d
th
at,
th
e
y
ca
n
b
e
s
h
ap
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Af
f
ec
tiv
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
ca
n
also
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
t
h
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
th
e
y
d
escr
ib
e,
j
u
s
t
lik
e
co
g
n
iti
v
e
b
eh
av
io
r
s
.
Af
f
ec
ti
v
e
f
ea
t
u
r
e,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
is
a
ttit
u
d
e.
T
h
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
o
f
t
h
e
attit
u
d
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
is
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
‟
s
k
ill
s
in
E
n
g
lis
h
as
a
f
o
r
eig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e,
w
h
o
c
o
n
ti
n
u
e
t
h
eir
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
in
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
c
h
o
o
l.
An
d
s
k
ill
is
d
escr
ib
ed
as
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
e
m
o
r
ized
an
d
r
e
m
e
m
b
er
ed
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
as
ap
p
licatio
n
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
[
8
]
.
Def
in
iti
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
E
n
g
l
is
h
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
ill
s
th
a
t
ar
e
tr
ied
to
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
iz
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
s
[
9
]:
T
h
ese
ar
e
f
o
r
lis
te
n
in
g
s
k
il
l;
p
o
s
itiv
e
a
n
d
n
eg
a
tiv
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
d
is
t
i
n
g
u
i
s
h
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
n
o
i
s
es
in
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
w
h
a
t is sp
o
k
e
n
an
d
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
R
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
Mea
s
u
r
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n
t o
f A
ttit
u
d
es R
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a
r
d
in
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F
o
r
eig
n
La
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g
u
a
g
e
S
kills
a
n
d
I
ts
R
ela
tio
n
w
ith
S
u
cc
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(
Tu
lin
A
ca
r
)
311
Fo
r
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
i
ll;
p
o
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itiv
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an
d
n
eg
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m
m
ar
r
u
les,
b
ein
g
e
n
t
h
u
s
ias
tic
ab
o
u
t
w
r
iti
n
g
,
an
d
ex
p
r
ess
in
g
id
ea
s
w
h
ile
w
r
iti
n
g
.
I
n
th
e
liter
at
u
r
e,
it
w
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
f
o
u
r
s
k
ill
s
an
d
attitu
d
esre
lated
to
th
i
s
in
ad
eq
u
ate
m
ea
s
u
r
e
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ai
m
o
f
t
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
i
s
to
an
al
y
ze
th
e
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
etr
ic
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
t
h
e
s
ca
le
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
atti
tu
d
es
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
t
h
eir
E
n
g
l
is
h
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
ill
s
,
w
h
o
co
n
tin
u
e
t
h
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
c
h
o
o
l.
1
.
1
.
F
o
re
ig
n
L
a
ng
ua
g
e
L
ea
rning
S
k
ill
s
a
nd
T
ur
k
ey
T
o
d
ay
,
th
e
o
b
lig
atio
n
o
f
lea
r
n
in
g
a
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
i
s
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
b
o
th
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
ca
r
ee
r
co
n
ce
r
n
a
n
d
b
ec
au
s
e
w
e
u
s
e
t
h
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
o
u
r
er
a.
E
v
e
n
i
n
a
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
y
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
t
h
r
ee
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
th
a
t
h
ad
d
if
f
er
en
t
la
n
g
u
a
g
es
a
n
d
c
u
lt
u
r
es,
L
ar
s
s
o
n
a
n
d
Ol
s
s
o
n
[
10
]
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
th
at
w
h
atev
er
th
e
m
o
th
er
la
n
g
u
e
an
d
t
h
e
c
u
lt
u
r
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
b
elo
n
g
to
w
a
s
lear
n
in
g
E
n
g
li
s
h
m
ea
n
t a
h
i
g
h
v
alu
e
f
o
r
th
e
m
,
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
d
th
e
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
a
m
o
n
g
p
eo
p
le
s
o
ciall
y
an
d
p
la
y
ed
an
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t r
o
le
i
n
t
h
eir
li
v
es.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
‟
lev
el
o
f
lear
n
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
o
r
t
h
eir
w
illi
n
g
n
es
s
to
lear
n
a
f
o
r
ei
g
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e,
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
teac
h
er
s
‟
ab
ilit
ie
s
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
lear
n
in
g
-
teac
h
in
g
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
an
d
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
in
-
clas
s
ac
tiv
ities
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
tak
en
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
i
n
m
a
n
y
r
esear
c
h
es
d
u
e
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
E
v
en
if
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
co
u
r
s
es
ar
e
in
q
u
e
s
tio
n
,
t
w
o
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
v
ar
iab
les
th
at
a
f
f
ec
t
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
r
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
u
cc
es
s
o
f
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
ar
e
k
n
o
w
n
to
b
e
an
x
iet
y
an
d
attitu
d
e
lev
els
[1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
B
ain
,
Mc
C
allu
m
,
B
ell,
C
o
ch
r
an
an
d
S
a
wy
er
,
2
0
1
0
;
[1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
th
eir
s
t
u
d
y
,
Star
k
an
d
P
altr
id
g
e
(
1
9
9
6
)
ex
p
r
ess
ed
th
a
t
t
h
er
e
w
as
a
v
er
y
s
tr
o
n
g
b
o
n
d
b
et
w
ee
n
f
o
r
ei
g
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
t
h
e
atti
tu
d
e
.
Ver
m
a
[
15
]
in
d
icate
d
th
at
t
h
ese
t
w
o
v
ar
iab
les
“m
o
tiv
a
tio
n
a
n
d
attitu
d
e”
p
la
y
a
k
e
y
r
o
le
in
lear
n
in
g
a
s
ec
o
n
d
lan
g
u
ag
e.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
a
t
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
T
u
r
k
e
y
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
h
i
g
h
s
u
cc
e
s
s
a
t
E
n
g
l
is
h
test
s
.
I
t
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
r
ea
ch
th
is
j
u
d
g
m
e
n
t,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
u
cc
es
s
av
er
ag
e
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
E
n
g
lis
h
test
s
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
in
U
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
P
lace
m
e
n
t
E
x
a
m
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
Me
as
u
r
e
m
en
t,
Select
io
n
an
d
P
lace
m
e
n
t
C
en
ter
[
16
]
ea
ch
y
ea
r
.
T
h
r
ee
-
y
ea
r
a
v
er
ag
e
s
tatis
t
ics
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
n
al
y
ea
r
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
o
f
s
e
co
n
d
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
E
n
g
lis
h
te
s
ts
i
n
clu
d
ed
i
n
t
h
e
U
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
at
e
P
lace
m
e
n
t
E
x
a
m
s
(
UP
E
)
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
y
ea
r
s
2011
-
2
0
1
3
,
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
U
P
E
th
e
Av
er
ag
e
f
o
r
E
n
g
l
is
h
T
est
Ex
a
m Y
e
a
r
M
e
a
n
R
e
a
d
i
n
t
h
e
L
a
st
Y
e
a
r
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
C
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e
s
2
0
1
3
2
8
.
08
2
6
6
6
2
2
0
1
2
3
3
.
13
2
2
8
8
7
2
0
1
1
3
0
.
69
1
8
9
8
4
So
u
r
s
e:
Me
as
u
r
e
m
en
t,
Se
lecti
o
n
an
d
P
lace
m
en
t
C
e
n
ter
,
in
T
u
r
k
e
y
W
h
en
t
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
r
es
u
lts
in
t
h
e
tab
le
w
er
e
e
v
al
u
ated
,
it
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
t
h
at
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
co
n
tin
u
i
n
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th
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ed
u
ca
tio
n
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n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
h
ad
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
o
f
l
ess
t
h
an
4
0
co
r
r
ec
t
an
s
w
er
s
o
u
t
o
f
8
0
q
u
es
tio
n
s
ask
ed
in
th
e
E
n
g
l
is
h
test
,
in
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
th
e
m
aj
o
r
it
y
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
co
u
ld
n
‟
t
ev
e
n
an
s
w
er
h
al
f
o
f
th
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tes
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q
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esti
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n
s
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co
r
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tl
y
.
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t
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tr
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s
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x
a
m
in
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t
h
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s
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‟
r
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d
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co
m
p
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e
n
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an
d
th
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k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
g
r
a
m
m
ar
r
u
les.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
in
c
lin
ed
to
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
il
l.
On
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
n
o
t
b
ein
g
ab
le
to
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
u
cc
e
s
s
e
x
p
ec
ted
f
r
o
m
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ill
s
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
t
h
e
n
e
g
ati
v
it
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in
s
t
u
d
en
t
‟
s
attit
u
d
es
to
w
ar
d
s
E
n
g
l
is
h
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
i
n
liter
atu
r
e,
t
h
e
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x
is
ten
ce
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f
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r
r
elat
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s
h
ip
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et
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itu
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n
o
t
h
y
p
o
t
h
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l
an
y
m
o
r
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
b
ec
au
s
e
a
clea
r
m
aj
o
r
it
y
o
f
t
h
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s
tu
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n
ts
,
w
h
o
an
s
w
er
ed
th
e
E
n
g
lis
h
test
i
n
UP
E
,
h
ad
r
ec
eiv
ed
a
f
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r
eig
n
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a
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u
ca
tio
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it
m
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k
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k
t
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at
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h
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s
o
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f
t
h
is
f
ail
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m
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t
b
e
ca
r
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ied
to
w
ar
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s
d
if
f
er
en
t a
s
p
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ts
i
n
s
tead
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f
th
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attit
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h
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f
ac
to
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ati
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m
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n
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T
h
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in
cr
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ati
v
el
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f
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t
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ca
r
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o
u
t
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n
1
0
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clas
s
s
t
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d
en
t
s
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Hu
s
s
ai
n
,
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h
ah
id
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n
d
Z
a
m
a
n
[1
3
]
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
a
n
eg
at
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e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
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et
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g
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n
lear
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ac
ti
v
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f
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ts
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m
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t
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n
,
attit
u
d
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d
an
x
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t
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v
ar
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m
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a
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f
ica
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t
in
p
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an
d
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s
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cc
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r
ed
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g
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co
n
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s
ig
n
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n
t
o
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tp
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t.
T
h
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s
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d
aim
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f
th
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esear
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e
g
e
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ten
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n
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y
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s
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s
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ills
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n
E
n
g
l
is
h
as
a
f
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eig
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ar
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lev
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E
n
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s
h
less
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ed
;
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d
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co
m
p
ar
e
t
h
e
s
t
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t
‟
s
attit
u
d
es
r
elate
d
to
E
n
g
li
s
h
L
a
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g
u
a
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k
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d
as
4
2
%.
I
n
p
atter
n
s
w
it
h
a
s
i
n
g
le
f
ac
to
r
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
i
f
ex
p
lai
n
ed
v
ar
ia
n
ce
is
3
0
%
o
r
h
ig
h
er
[
23
]
.
K
MO
s
tatis
tics
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
as
0
.
8
5
8
.
KM
O
s
tatis
tics
b
ein
g
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
5
0
in
d
icate
s
th
at
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
a
m
p
le
is
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
th
e
d
ata
[
2
5
]
)
.
A
s
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
B
ar
tlett
s
p
h
er
icit
y
t
ests
,
it
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
d
ata
w
er
e
in
ac
co
r
d
w
it
h
th
e
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
i
s
(
ch
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
7
4
4
.
0
6
0
d
f
=3
6
p
=
0
.
0
0
0
)
.
I
t
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at,
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
att
itu
d
e
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ill
s
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
1
6
ite
m
s
,
v
ar
ied
b
et
w
ee
n
0
,
2
5
2
an
d
0
,
6
2
6
an
d
th
at,
s
e
v
en
i
t
e
m
s
(
ite
m
s
2
,
1
4
,
2
1
,
2
4
,
2
8
,
4
9
an
d
5
7
)
lo
w
er
th
a
n
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
o
f
0
.
5
0
w
er
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
an
d
th
e
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
o
f
r
e
m
ain
i
n
g
9
ite
m
s
v
ar
ied
b
et
w
ee
n
0
,
5
4
8
an
d
0
,
6
7
7
.
I
t
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
w
er
e
t
w
o
f
ac
to
r
s
h
i
g
h
er
th
a
n
1
ei
g
e
n
v
al
u
e
a
n
d
t
h
at,
t
h
e
eig
en
v
al
u
e
r
elate
d
to
f
ac
to
r
1
w
a
s
3
.
3
0
4
an
d
th
e
eig
e
n
v
al
u
e
r
elate
d
to
f
ac
to
r
2
w
a
s
1
.
0
3
3
.
A
ls
o
,
a
s
in
g
l
e
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
f
ac
to
r
w
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
ei
g
en
v
al
u
es
d
ia
g
r
a
m
.
I
n
th
e
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
i
s
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
b
y
p
r
in
c
ip
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
m
et
h
o
d
r
estricte
d
w
it
h
a
s
i
n
g
le
f
ac
to
r
,
t
h
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
v
ar
ia
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
esire
d
to
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
w
r
iti
n
g
s
k
ills
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
as
3
7
%.
KM
O
s
tatis
tics
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
as
0
.
8
5
4
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
B
ar
tlett sp
h
er
icit
y
te
s
ts
ca
m
e
o
u
t c
o
n
s
i
s
ten
t (
ch
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
5
0
3
.
5
4
7
d
f
=3
6
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
.
I
t
w
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at,
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
attit
u
d
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
il
ls
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
1
7
ite
m
s
,
v
ar
ied
b
etw
ee
n
0
.
3
7
8
an
d
0
.
7
4
0
an
d
th
at,
eig
h
t
ite
m
s
(
ite
m
s
3
,
6
,
1
9
,
2
9
,
3
1
,
3
3
,
5
0
an
d
5
9
)
lo
w
er
th
a
n
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
o
f
0
.
5
0
w
er
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
an
d
th
e
f
ac
to
r
lo
a
d
in
g
o
f
r
e
m
ain
in
g
9
ite
m
s
v
ar
ied
b
et
w
ee
n
0
,
5
7
1
an
d
0
,
7
2
5
.
I
t
w
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
w
er
e
t
w
o
f
ac
to
r
s
h
ig
h
er
th
an
1
ei
g
en
v
al
u
e
an
d
th
a
t,
th
e
eig
e
n
v
al
u
e
r
elate
d
to
f
ac
to
r
1
w
as 3
.
6
0
1
an
d
th
e
eig
e
n
v
a
lu
e
r
elate
d
to
f
ac
to
r
2
w
a
s
1
.
0
4
7
.
A
ls
o
,
a
s
in
g
le
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
f
ac
to
r
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
ei
g
en
v
al
u
es
d
ia
g
r
a
m
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
p
r
i
n
cip
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
m
et
h
o
d
r
estricte
d
w
it
h
a
s
i
n
g
le
f
ac
to
r
,
t
h
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
v
ar
ia
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
esire
d
to
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
s
k
ill
s
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
4
0
%.
K
MO
s
ta
tis
tic
s
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
0
.
8
6
4
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
B
ar
tlett sp
h
er
icit
y
te
s
ts
ca
m
e
o
u
t c
o
n
s
i
s
ten
t (
ch
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
6
3
3
.
4
2
2
d
f
=3
6
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
.
I
t
w
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at,
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
o
f
th
e
attit
u
d
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
lis
ten
in
g
s
k
il
ls
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
1
2
ite
m
s
,
v
ar
ied
b
et
w
ee
n
0
.
4
1
9
an
d
0
.
6
8
2
an
d
th
at,
f
o
u
r
ite
m
s
(
ite
m
s
1
1
,
4
7
,
5
1
an
d
5
5
)
lo
w
er
th
an
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
o
f
0
.
5
0
w
er
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
an
d
th
e
f
ac
t
o
r
lo
ad
in
g
o
f
r
em
a
in
i
n
g
8
item
s
v
ar
ied
b
et
w
ee
n
0
.
5
6
2
an
d
0
.
7
0
5
.
I
t
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
w
a
s
a
s
i
n
g
le
f
a
cto
r
h
i
g
h
er
th
a
n
1
e
ig
e
n
v
alu
e
(
eig
en
v
al
u
e
3
.
3
8
9
)
an
d
th
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
d
esire
d
to
b
e
m
e
asu
r
ed
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
lis
te
n
i
n
g
s
k
il
l
s
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
4
2
%.
KM
O
s
tati
s
tics
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
as
0
.
8
5
4
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
B
ar
tlett
s
p
h
er
icit
y
te
s
ts
c
a
m
e
o
u
t
co
n
s
i
s
te
n
t
(
ch
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
5
7
2
.
0
0
9
d
f
=2
8
p
=
0
.
0
0
0
)
.
I
n
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
ess
,
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
3
5
ite
m
s
.
2
.
1
.
3
.
3
.
V
a
lid
it
y
Study
w
it
h Co
nfir
m
a
t
o
ry
F
a
ct
o
r
Ana
ly
s
is
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
test
th
e
s
ca
le
t
h
eo
r
etica
ll
y
w
h
ic
h
w
as
d
ev
elo
p
ed
as
o
n
e
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
a
l,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
f
o
u
r
s
u
b
-
f
ac
to
r
s
,
a
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
(
C
F
A
)
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
is
u
s
ed
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
f
ac
to
r
ial
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
[2
6
]
.
Af
ter
th
e
ite
m
s
t
h
at
d
id
n
o
t
h
av
e
th
e
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
e
x
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
w
er
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ca
le;
C
F
A
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
r
e
m
ain
in
g
3
5
ite
m
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
e
v
en
t
t
h
at
t
h
e
m
u
lti
v
ar
iate
as
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
n
o
r
m
alit
y
i
s
n
o
t
m
et,
es
ti
m
atio
n
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
b
y
w
ei
g
h
ted
least
s
q
u
ar
es
m
et
h
o
d
[
27
]
,
[
2
8]
.
A
s
th
e
m
u
lti
v
ar
iate
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
n
o
r
m
alit
y
w
as
n
o
t
m
e
t
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
w
e
ig
h
ted
least
s
q
u
ar
es
m
eth
o
d
w
as
u
s
ed
w
h
en
m
a
k
i
n
g
e
s
ti
m
atio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
as
it
w
as
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
ca
lcu
late
t
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
v
a
lu
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
d
ata
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
was
co
n
ti
n
u
ed
b
y
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
L
ik
e
lih
o
o
d
.
„
t
‟
v
al
u
es
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
ce
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
ea
ch
it
e
m
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
m
p
licit
v
ar
iab
le
w
er
e
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
f
o
r
all
t
h
e
i
te
m
s
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
.
Yet,
as
it
h
ad
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
2
2
o
u
t
o
f
3
5
item
s
w
er
e
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
p
o
s
iti
v
e
an
d
1
3
w
er
e
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
n
eg
ati
v
e
j
u
d
g
m
e
n
t
s
,
t
w
o
p
o
s
it
iv
e
ite
m
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
w
h
ic
h
h
ad
th
e
lo
w
est
la
m
b
d
a
v
al
u
e
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
,
w
r
iti
n
g
an
d
s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
w
er
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
.
C
F
A
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ti
m
e
o
n
th
e
s
ca
le
o
f
to
t
al
2
9
item
s
,
w
h
ich
w
a
s
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
1
6
p
o
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9
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4
)
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1
6
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s
itiv
e
an
d
1
3
w
er
e
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
n
eg
a
tiv
e
j
u
d
g
m
e
n
ts
.
T
o
tal
p
o
in
ts
o
f
th
e
f
i
n
al
s
ca
l
e;
v
ar
y
b
et
w
ee
n
2
9
an
d
1
4
5
p
o
in
ts
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
w
h
en
to
tal
ite
m
p
o
in
ts
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ed
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ite
m
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
s
i
m
p
li
f
y
th
e
i
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
to
tal
p
o
in
t o
f
s
ca
le;
to
tal
p
o
in
ts
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
w
ill
v
ar
y
b
et
w
ee
n
1
a
n
d
5
p
o
in
ts
.
5
p
o
in
ts
r
ef
er
to
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
atti
tu
d
e
p
o
in
t
an
d
1
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o
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t
r
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er
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t
attit
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t.
A
t
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e,
if
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h
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tal
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le
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o
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t
is
b
et
w
ee
n
1
.
0
0
a
n
d
1
.
8
0
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
attitu
d
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
v
er
y
lo
w
;
i
f
it
is
b
et
w
ee
n
1
.
8
1
an
d
2
.
6
0
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
att
itu
d
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
lo
w
;
if
it
is
b
et
w
ee
n
2
.
6
1
an
d
3
.
4
0
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
atti
tu
d
e
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
m
ed
iu
m
;
i
f
it
is
b
et
w
ee
n
3
.
4
1
an
d
4
.
2
0
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
attitu
d
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
h
ig
h
an
d
i
f
it
is
b
et
w
ee
n
4
.
2
1
an
d
5
.
0
0
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
attitu
d
e
le
v
el
is
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
as
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
.
Attit
u
d
e
s
ca
le
p
o
in
ts
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
r
elate
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to
th
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d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
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o
f
r
ea
d
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g
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w
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s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
lis
te
n
i
n
g
ar
e
ca
lc
u
lated
s
ep
ar
atel
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
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8822
Mea
s
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r
eme
n
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f A
ttit
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es R
eg
a
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d
in
g
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eig
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La
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a
g
e
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kills
a
n
d
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ts
R
ela
tio
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w
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cc
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(
Tu
lin
A
ca
r
)
315
2
.
2
.
P
ha
s
e
I
I
:
I
m
p
le
m
ent
a
t
io
n o
f
t
he
i
i
m
pro
v
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ca
le
2
.
2
.
1
.
Study
G
ro
up
o
f
t
he
Resea
rc
h
Stu
d
y
g
r
o
u
p
o
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th
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n
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h
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esear
ch
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m
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at
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lo
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-
p
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m
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et
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h
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ie
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m
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li
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llo
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ed
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e
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ien
ce
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a
m
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et
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a
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a
m
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at
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r
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ied
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t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
ls
w
h
o
a
r
e
ea
s
y
to
ac
ce
s
s
,
a
v
ailab
le
o
r
w
h
o
w
a
n
t
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
[
33
].
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
ata
w
er
e
co
llected
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
an
s
w
er
s
o
f
to
tal
4
4
3
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
,
g
iv
en
to
th
e
atti
tu
d
e
s
ca
le
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
L
an
g
u
a
g
e
S
k
ill
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
r
el
ated
to
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
p
ar
ticip
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t
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tu
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t
h
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s
ec
o
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d
ar
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o
w
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ab
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ab
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tio
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h
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e
m
o
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r
ap
h
ic
Featu
r
e
s
o
f
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n
d
ar
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d
u
ca
tio
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St
u
d
en
t
s
n
%
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e
n
d
e
r
F
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mal
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2
2
2
50
.
1
M
a
l
e
2
2
1
4
9
.
9
C
l
a
ss
9
t
h
c
l
a
ss
1
5
5
3
5
.
1
1
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t
h
c
l
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ss
1
7
6
3
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.
8
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3
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2
t
h
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ss
6
1.
4
Ty
p
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sch
o
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l
P
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v
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t
e
2
6
3
59
.
4
S
t
a
t
e
1
8
0
40
.
6
F
i
e
l
d
N
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me
r
i
c
a
l
2
1
0
58
.
3
V
e
r
b
a
l
25
6
.
9
Eq
u
a
l
l
y
-
w
e
i
g
h
t
e
d
93
25
.
8
F
o
r
e
i
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L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
32
8
.
9
H
a
v
e
y
o
u
e
v
e
r
g
o
t
o
En
g
l
i
sh
c
o
u
r
se
?
Y
e
s
1
4
8
34
.
5
No
2
8
1
6
5
.
5
5
0
%
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
w
as
m
ale
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d
th
e
r
em
a
in
i
n
g
5
0
%
w
a
s
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e
m
ale
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tu
d
e
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ts
.
Fo
u
r
th
y
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ce
n
t
o
f
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tu
d
e
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ts
w
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e
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las
s
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t
u
d
en
t
s
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h
ile
5
9
%
o
f
th
ese
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
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er
e
r
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eiv
in
g
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ca
t
io
n
i
n
p
r
iv
ate
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
5
8
% o
f
t
h
ese
s
t
u
d
en
ts
w
er
e
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
t
h
e
n
u
m
er
ic
f
ie
ld
.
I
t
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
6
6
% o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
h
ad
n
o
t g
o
n
e
to
an
E
n
g
lis
h
co
u
r
s
e
b
e
f
o
r
e.
2
.
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
Co
llect
io
n T
o
o
l
T
h
e
d
ata
in
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
w
er
e
co
llected
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
an
a
ttit
u
d
e
s
ca
le
r
elate
d
to
th
e
s
k
ill
s
in
E
n
g
lis
h
as
a
f
o
r
eig
n
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
2
9
item
s
w
h
o
s
e
f
iv
e
p
o
in
t
li
k
er
t
t
y
p
e
s
ca
le
h
ad
b
ee
n
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
,
an
d
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
r
elate
d
to
th
e
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
ea
t
u
r
es.
R
elate
d
s
ca
le
w
as
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
A
lp
h
a
i
n
ter
n
a
l
co
n
s
is
ten
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
ca
le
w
as
ca
lc
u
lated
as
0
.
9
1
8
.
I
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
i
s
ten
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
ca
le
ite
m
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
w
a
s
ca
lcu
lated
as
0
.
7
4
;
I
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
te
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
ca
le
ite
m
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
w
r
it
i
n
g
s
k
il
ls
w
a
s
ca
lc
u
lated
a
s
0
.
7
2
;
I
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
i
s
ten
c
y
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
ite
m
s
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
w
as
ca
lcu
lated
as
0
.
7
4
an
d
in
ter
n
a
l
co
n
s
is
te
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
ca
le
ite
m
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
lis
ten
i
n
g
s
k
i
lls
w
a
s
ca
lcu
lated
as
0
.
7
8
.
W
h
en
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
e
x
p
lo
r
a
to
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
a
l
y
s
is
w
er
e
ev
al
u
ated
b
y
t
h
e
p
r
i
n
cip
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
m
et
h
o
d
r
estricte
d
w
it
h
a
s
in
g
le
f
ac
to
r
;
ex
p
lain
ed
v
ar
ian
c
e
o
f
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ill
s
w
as
ca
lcu
lated
as
4
0
%
;
ex
p
lain
ed
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
t
h
e
w
r
iti
n
g
s
k
ill
s
as
3
8
%;
e
x
p
l
ain
ed
v
ar
ia
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
i
lls
a
s
3
9
%
an
d
ex
p
lai
n
ed
v
ar
ia
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
lis
te
n
in
g
s
k
ills
,
w
a
s
ca
lc
u
lated
as
4
0
%.
Kaiser
-
Me
y
er
-
O
lk
i
n
s
tatis
t
ics
r
elate
d
to
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
i
ze
w
as d
eter
m
in
ed
as 0
.
7
6
7
,
0
.
7
9
4
,
0
.
7
9
9
an
d
0
.
8
3
5
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
B
y
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
i
s
,
f
o
u
r
s
u
b
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
ca
le
w
a
s
test
ed
o
n
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
d
ata.
T
h
e
m
u
lt
iv
a
r
iate
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
n
o
r
m
ali
t
y
w
as
n
o
t
m
et
in
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
a
n
d
w
ei
g
h
ted
leas
t
s
q
u
ar
es
(
W
L
S)
m
et
h
o
d
w
a
s
u
s
ed
w
h
e
n
m
a
k
in
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
e
s
ti
m
atio
n
s
[
27
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
as
it
w
as
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
m
a
k
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
e
s
ti
m
atio
n
s
b
y
W
L
S
m
e
th
o
d
,
t
h
e
a
n
al
y
s
is
w
a
s
co
n
ti
n
u
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
L
ik
eli
h
o
o
d
m
et
h
o
d
.
„
t‟
v
al
u
es i
n
d
icatin
g
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
ite
m
s
a
n
d
th
e
laten
t
v
ar
iab
le.
I
t
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
th
at
all
th
e
v
al
u
es
o
n
t
h
e
p
ath
d
iag
r
a
m
w
er
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
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I
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2
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I
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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R
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I
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N:
2252
-
8822
Mea
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Sk
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3
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3
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(
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)
.
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lated
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eir
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p
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i
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g
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,
also
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n
cr
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e;
o
r
as
th
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s
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ts
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s
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cc
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s
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r
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elate
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ir
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te
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ls
o
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ec
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W
h
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ex
p
lai
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at
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th
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ad
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s
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ar
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m
p
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ed
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f
th
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t
tit
u
d
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to
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1
%
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s
co
m
p
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s
ed
o
f
th
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itin
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%
is
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m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
th
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u
d
es
to
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d
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s
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ll
an
d
1
3
%
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
th
e
attitu
d
es to
w
ar
d
s
li
s
ten
in
g
s
k
il
l.
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