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Ass
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F
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p
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Nurra
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a
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p
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t
p
o
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d
b
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ts,
b
u
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y
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th
e
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a
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m
a
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n
tran
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b
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e
n
re
p
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n
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n
s.
T
h
e
p
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o
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f
th
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y
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t
o
a
n
a
ly
z
e
stu
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n
ts'
e
rro
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in
tran
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g
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o
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sy
m
b
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p
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tatio
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s
to
v
e
rb
a
l
a
n
d
g
ra
p
h
ic
re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
s.
Th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
wa
s
d
e
sc
rip
ti
v
e
st
u
d
y
wit
h
q
u
a
li
tativ
e
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
.
Tes
ts
a
re
g
iv
e
n
t
o
ju
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
stu
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n
ts.
F
r
o
m
th
e
re
su
lt
s
o
f
d
a
ta
a
n
a
ly
sis,
it
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o
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tain
e
d
t
h
a
t
i
n
tra
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ti
n
g
fr
o
m
sy
m
b
o
li
c
t
o
v
e
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l
f
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rm
s
(p
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b
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s
in
d
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il
y
li
fe
)
th
a
t
a
re
fo
ll
o
wi
n
g
t
h
e
g
i
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e
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sy
ste
m
o
f
e
q
u
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ti
o
n
s,
stu
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n
ts
a
re
stil
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le
t
o
m
a
k
e
r
e
p
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tatio
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s
c
o
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tl
y
.
Wh
e
n
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ts
a
re
a
sk
e
d
to
tran
sla
te
in
t
o
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b
y
st
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ts
a
re
m
isin
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t
a
ti
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n
a
n
d
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
e
rro
rs,
s
o
th
e
y
c
a
n
n
o
t
m
a
in
tain
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se
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re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
a
n
d
targ
e
t
re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
.
Ba
se
d
o
n
th
is,
it
is
n
e
c
e
ss
a
ry
to
m
a
k
e
a
lea
rn
i
n
g
p
lan
th
a
t
c
a
n
imp
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stu
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ts
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a
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il
it
y
to
tran
sla
te b
e
twe
e
n
re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
s
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Gr
ap
h
ical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
Mu
ltip
le
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
Sy
m
b
o
lic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
T
r
an
s
latio
n
b
etwe
en
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
Ver
b
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Su
d
ir
m
an
Ma
th
em
atics E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Stu
d
y
Pro
g
r
am
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Neg
er
i M
alan
g
J
l.
Sem
ar
an
g
No
5
,
Ma
lan
g
,
6
5
1
4
5
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
s
u
d
ir
m
an
.
f
m
i
p
a@
u
m
.
a
c.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
p
lay
s
a
p
iv
o
ta
l
r
o
le
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
an
d
r
ese
ar
ch
ac
tiv
ities
o
f
m
ath
em
atics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[1
-
8]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Natio
n
al
C
o
u
n
cil
o
f
T
ea
ch
er
o
f
Ma
th
em
atics
(
NC
T
M
)
[
2
]
,
th
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
al
g
o
als
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
m
ath
e
m
atics,
n
am
ely
:
1
)
cr
ea
tin
g
an
d
u
s
in
g
r
e
p
r
esen
t
atio
n
s
to
o
r
g
a
n
ize,
r
ec
o
r
d
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icate
m
at
h
em
atica
l
id
ea
s
;
2
)
ch
o
o
s
in
g
,
ap
p
ly
in
g
,
an
d
tr
a
n
s
lat
in
g
b
et
wee
n
m
ath
em
atica
l
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
;
an
d
3
)
u
s
in
g
r
ep
r
esen
tat
io
n
s
to
m
o
d
el
an
d
in
ter
p
r
et
p
h
y
s
ical,
s
o
cial,
an
d
m
ath
em
atica
l
p
h
en
o
m
en
a.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
th
ese
th
r
ee
o
b
jectiv
es,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
No
t
o
n
ly
h
a
v
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
b
u
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
also
ex
p
ec
ted
to
h
av
e
m
u
ltip
le
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
[
2
,
4
,
7
,
9
-
1
9
]
.
Ain
s
wo
r
th
[
2
0
]
s
tates
th
at
in
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
m
u
ltip
le
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
k
ills
to
ar
ticu
la
te
th
e
s
am
e
p
r
o
b
lem
in
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
o
r
v
iews.
B
lak
e
an
d
Scan
lo
n
[
1
0
]
an
d
H
wan
g
,
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
s
tate
d
th
at
s
t
u
d
en
ts
’
m
u
ltip
le
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
k
ills
ar
e
th
e
k
e
y
to
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
m
ath
em
atica
l p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
r
e
p
r
e
s
en
tatio
n
s
is
also
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
t
o
h
a
v
e,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
s
o
lv
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
s
o
lv
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
s
o
m
etim
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
to
tr
an
s
late
o
th
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
So
,
tr
an
s
latin
g
b
etwe
e
n
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t in
m
at
h
em
atics lea
r
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
202
1
:
1
1
5
-
1
2
5
116
So
m
e
ex
p
er
ts
ag
r
ee
th
at
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
tr
an
s
late
b
etwe
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r
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r
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tatio
n
s
is
v
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p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
2
,
6
,
1
5
,
1
7
,
1
8
,
2
0
-
3
3]
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
is
ab
ilit
y
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
l
u
en
ce
m
ath
e
m
atics
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
s
u
cc
ess
in
s
o
lv
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
1
7
,
2
7
,
3
3
,
3
4
]
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
th
e
ter
m
tr
an
s
latio
n
al
an
d
tr
an
s
latio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
r
ef
er
t
o
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical,
in
tellectu
al,
o
r
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
at
ar
e
class
if
ied
in
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
en
co
d
ed
in
o
n
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
(
s
o
u
r
ce
)
to
an
o
th
er
(
ta
r
g
et)
[
3
4
]
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
ag
r
ee
th
at
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
tr
an
s
latio
n
is
to
m
ain
tain
s
em
an
tic
co
n
g
r
u
en
ce
,
n
a
m
ely
th
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
ea
n
in
g
b
etwe
en
s
o
u
r
ce
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
a
n
d
tar
g
et
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
[
3
5
]
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
n
ee
d
to
k
n
o
w
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ab
ilit
ies
tr
an
s
lat
e
b
etwe
en
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
o
m
etim
es
teac
h
er
s
d
o
n
o
t
r
ea
lize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
u
s
in
g
v
ar
i
o
u
s
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
in
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
[
4
,
3
6
]
,
an
d
d
o
n
o
t
p
ay
atten
tio
n
to
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
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d
ev
el
o
p
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
eth
er
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
ab
le
o
r
n
o
t
to
m
ak
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
o
th
e
r
th
a
n
th
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
lear
n
ed
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
s
h
o
u
ld
k
n
o
w
in
w
h
ich
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
in
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
wh
er
e
th
e
er
r
o
r
l
ies.
L
esh
,
et
a
l.
[1
3]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
tr
an
s
latio
n
d
is
ab
ilit
y
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
i
n
in
f
l
u
en
cin
g
m
ath
em
atics
lear
n
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
o
d
iag
n
o
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
d
if
f
icu
lties
o
r
to
id
en
tify
wh
at
will
b
e
d
o
n
e
f
o
r
th
e
n
e
x
t
lear
n
in
g
,
th
e
t
ea
ch
er
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
b
y
p
r
esen
tin
g
id
e
as
in
o
n
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
m
o
d
e
an
d
ask
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
m
ak
e
illu
s
tr
atio
n
s
,
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
,
o
r
p
r
esen
t th
e
s
a
m
e
id
ea
s
in
o
th
er
m
o
d
es.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies r
elatin
g
to
s
tu
d
en
t r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
an
d
ab
ilit
ies in
tr
an
s
latin
g
b
etwe
en
r
ep
r
esen
tat
io
n
s
[5
-
7
,
1
2
,
2
1
,
3
0
,
3
2
,
3
7
-
4
8
]
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
e
s
u
lts
o
f
Z
h
e
[
5
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
m
an
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
ad
o
b
s
tacle
s
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
tr
an
s
latin
g
m
ath
em
atica
l
la
n
g
u
ag
e.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
th
ey
ca
n
n
o
t
tr
u
l
y
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
m
ath
em
atica
l
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
ca
n
n
o
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
m
ath
em
atica
l
lan
g
u
ag
es,
a
n
d
ca
n
n
o
t
tr
an
s
late
g
r
ap
h
ic
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
t
o
v
e
r
b
al
la
n
g
u
a
g
e,
o
r
v
er
b
al
l
an
g
u
ag
e
in
to
s
y
m
b
o
lic
lan
g
u
a
g
e.
T
h
ese
o
b
s
tacle
s
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
t
th
e
m
ath
em
atic
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Ng
an
d
L
ee
[
4
5
]
s
tate
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ac
e
o
b
s
tacle
s
in
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
wo
r
d
p
r
o
b
lem
(
v
er
b
al
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
)
in
to
f
o
r
m
al
s
y
m
b
o
lic
alg
e
b
r
aic
f
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
Ser
t
[
4
9
]
a
n
aly
s
is
in
d
icate
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ee
l
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
v
e
r
b
al
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
r
esear
ch
b
y
B
o
s
s
é
,
et
a
l.
[
5
0
]
s
tate
d
t
h
at
g
en
er
ally
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
tr
an
s
late
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
b
o
lic
to
g
r
ap
h
ical
f
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
a
r
e
r
a
r
ely
ab
le
to
tr
an
s
late
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
b
o
lic
to
v
er
b
al
f
o
r
m
s
.
Ozy
ild
ir
im
,
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
r
esear
c
h
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
a
v
e
g
r
ea
t d
if
f
icu
lties
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
tr
an
s
latio
n
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
,
b
o
th
in
tr
a
n
s
latin
g
f
r
o
m
tab
u
lar
to
alg
eb
r
a
ic
f
o
r
m
s
,
v
er
b
al
al
g
eb
r
a
an
d
v
er
b
al
alg
e
b
r
a,
a
n
d
d
iag
r
am
s
to
a
lg
eb
r
a
.
Gü
r
b
ü
z
an
d
Şah
in
[
4
6
]
s
tate
d
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
if
f
icu
lt
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
is
t
o
tr
an
s
late
v
er
b
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
tab
les,
eq
u
atio
n
s
in
to
g
r
ap
h
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
r
es
ea
r
ch
b
y
Hattik
u
d
u
r
,
et
a
l
.
[
4
3
]
s
h
o
w
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
in
d
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
im
ag
es
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
h
a
v
e
m
is
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
g
r
ap
h
i
cs,
s
u
ch
as
h
eig
h
t
an
d
s
lo
p
e
,
r
ea
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
co
m
p
ilin
g
g
r
a
p
h
s
o
f
p
o
in
ts
(
ea
ch
s
ep
ar
ately
)
.
T
h
is
d
ef
icien
cy
m
ay
ar
is
e
with
a
l
ac
k
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
o
n
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
to
an
o
th
er
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
,
o
r
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
g
r
ap
h
ics
an
d
g
r
a
p
h
ics
as
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
J
o
h
ar
an
d
L
u
b
is
[
4
8
]
r
e
v
ea
led
t
h
at
th
e
e
r
r
o
r
in
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
g
en
er
all
y
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
a
r
e
n
o
t
f
am
iliar
wit
h
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
r
ep
r
ese
n
tatio
n
to
s
o
lv
e
it.
Ad
u
-
Gy
am
f
i
,
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
in
v
es
tig
ated
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
tr
an
s
latio
n
al
task
s
b
etwe
en
n
u
m
er
ical,
s
y
m
b
o
lic,
an
d
g
r
ap
h
ical
m
ath
em
atica
l
r
ep
r
es
en
tatio
n
s
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
th
r
ee
co
m
m
o
n
ty
p
es
o
f
er
r
o
r
s
th
at
em
er
g
ed
an
d
ca
lcu
lated
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
ea
ch
ty
p
e
o
f
er
r
o
r
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
er
r
o
r
s
th
at
ar
i
s
e
ar
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
er
r
o
r
,
i
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
er
r
o
r
,
an
d
p
r
eser
v
atio
n
er
r
o
r
.
A
n
o
th
er
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
b
y
B
o
s
s
é
,
et
a
l.
[
3
8
]
r
elate
d
to
a
n
a
ly
zin
g
th
e
ac
tiv
ities
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
tr
an
s
latin
g
alg
eb
r
aic
lin
g
u
is
tics
,
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
ty
p
es
o
f
m
is
tak
es
m
ad
e,
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
er
r
o
r
s
th
at
o
cc
u
r
.
B
o
s
s
é
,
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
co
n
d
u
cte
d
r
esear
c
h
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
tr
an
s
latin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
g
r
ap
h
s
to
s
y
m
b
o
ls
b
ased
o
n
s
t
u
d
en
ts
'
m
ath
em
atica
l
ab
ilit
y
l
ev
els.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
Du
r
u
an
d
Ko
k
l
u
[
4
1
]
also
r
es
ea
r
ch
ed
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
b
etwe
en
m
o
d
es
o
f
tex
t
r
ep
r
esen
tati
o
n
an
d
alg
eb
r
a.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
h
is
r
esear
ch
r
e
v
ea
l
ed
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
in
d
d
if
f
icu
l
ty
in
tr
an
s
latin
g
f
r
o
m
te
x
t
m
o
d
e
in
to
al
g
eb
r
a
ic
eq
u
atio
n
s
u
s
in
g
s
y
m
b
o
ls
,
b
es
id
es,
s
tu
d
en
ts
also
f
in
d
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
to
tr
an
s
late
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
b
o
lic
m
o
d
es
in
to
th
e
tex
t
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
wea
k
n
ess
es
i
n
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
.
C
lem
en
t
[
3
9
]
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
s
ta
te
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
ter
tiar
y
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
h
av
e
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lty
in
m
ak
i
n
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
g
i
v
en
wo
r
d
p
r
o
b
le
m
.
B
ak
er
,
et
a
l.
[
3
7
]
r
esear
ch
r
es
u
lts
f
o
cu
s
o
n
te
s
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
n
"in
ter
p
r
etin
g
,
g
en
er
atin
g
,
an
d
s
elec
tin
g
"
ex
ter
n
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
g
r
ap
h
ics
is
m
o
d
er
ate,
b
u
t
in
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
o
f
g
r
ap
h
ics,
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
is
n
o
t
g
o
o
d
.
Gag
atsi
s
an
d
S
h
iak
alli
[
2
4
]
,
in
t
h
eir
r
esear
ch
,
ask
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
m
ak
e
g
r
ap
h
ical
s
k
etch
es
an
d
wr
ite
alg
eb
r
aic
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
th
at
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
v
er
b
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
p
r
esen
ted
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
ask
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
wr
ite
v
e
r
b
al
a
n
d
alg
eb
r
aic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
th
at
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
g
iv
en
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
h
is
r
esear
ch
,
it
is
ev
i
d
en
t
th
at
e
v
er
y
tim
e
a
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
is
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
a
tr
an
s
latio
n
task
,
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
is
lo
w
er
.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
r
esu
lts
,
it
ap
p
ea
r
s
th
at
m
an
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
h
av
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
tr
an
s
latin
g
b
etwe
en
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
an
d
th
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
wh
ich
tr
an
s
latio
n
s
ar
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
r
esear
ch
r
elatin
g
to
wh
at
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
er
r
o
r
s
m
ad
e
b
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
m
u
ch
s
tu
d
ied
in
-
d
ep
th
,
esp
ec
ially
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
s
s
es
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
err
o
r
s
in
ma
th
ema
tica
l tra
n
s
la
tio
n
:
F
r
o
m
s
ymb
o
lic
to
ve
r
b
a
l
and
…
(
N
u
r
r
a
h
ma
w
a
ti
)
117
tr
an
s
latin
g
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
b
o
lic
f
o
r
m
s
to
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
v
er
b
al
an
d
g
r
ap
h
ic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
tr
an
s
l
atio
n
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
is
ass
e
s
s
ed
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies,
it
was
also
s
ee
n
th
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
ex
am
in
ed
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
tr
an
s
late
f
r
o
m
v
e
r
b
al
to
s
y
m
b
o
lic
f
o
r
m
s
,
wh
er
ea
s
r
esear
ch
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
er
r
o
r
s
in
tr
an
s
latin
g
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
b
o
lic
to
v
er
b
al
an
d
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
o
r
m
s
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
.
E
v
e
n
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
m
ak
e
g
r
a
p
h
ical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
is
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
i
n
lear
n
i
n
g
m
ath
em
atics
an
d
s
o
lv
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
4
3
,
51
,
5
2
]
as
well
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
m
ak
e
v
er
b
al
s
itu
atio
n
s
i
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
ev
e
r
y
d
a
y
life
is
also
im
p
o
r
tan
t
[
5
0
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
th
er
e
ar
e
u
n
a
n
s
wer
ed
q
u
est
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
m
ak
in
g
an
d
tr
an
s
latin
g
b
etwe
en
r
ep
r
esen
t
atio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
wo
r
t
h
an
s
wer
in
g
.
No
t
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
th
at
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
esp
ec
ially
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
an
d
an
aly
ze
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
er
r
o
r
s
in
tr
an
s
latin
g
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
b
o
lic
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
to
v
er
b
al
a
n
d
g
r
ap
h
ic
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
as
well
as
wh
at
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ab
ilit
y
to
tr
an
s
late
b
etwe
en
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
th
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
le
ar
n
in
g
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
th
at
i
s
wh
at
th
e
teac
h
er
m
u
s
t
d
o
s
o
t
h
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ca
n
tr
an
s
late
b
etwe
en
r
ep
r
e
s
en
tatio
n
s
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
to
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ab
ilit
ies
in
tr
an
s
latin
g
b
etwe
en
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tu
d
y
with
a
q
u
alitativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
test
was
g
iv
en
to
7
3
g
r
ad
e
8
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
two
ju
n
io
r
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
R
o
k
an
Hu
lu
R
eg
e
n
cy
,
R
iau
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
tr
an
s
late
b
etwe
en
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
is
a
m
atter
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
y
m
b
o
lic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
an
d
th
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ask
ed
to
tr
an
s
la
te
th
em
in
to
o
th
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
,
n
am
ely
th
e
g
r
ap
h
ics
an
d
v
e
r
b
al.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
p
r
esen
ted
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
o
f
th
e
two
-
v
ar
iab
le
lin
e
ar
eq
u
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
(
T
VL
E
S),
wh
er
e
th
is
m
ater
ial
is
m
ater
ial
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
l
ea
r
n
ed
b
e
f
o
r
e.
T
h
e
q
u
est
io
n
s
g
iv
en
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
in
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
s
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
r
o
b
lem
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
ask
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
th
e
g
iv
e
n
eq
u
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
Nex
t,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ask
ed
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
r
o
b
lem
,
wh
ich
is
m
ak
in
g
a
v
er
b
al
r
ep
r
esen
t
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
eq
u
atio
n
s
g
iv
en
to
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
v
er
b
al
r
ep
r
es
en
tatio
n
r
ef
er
r
e
d
to
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
is
to
m
ak
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
itu
atio
n
r
elate
d
to
d
aily
life
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
p
r
esen
ted
.
I
n
th
e
th
ir
d
p
r
o
b
lem
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
ask
ed
to
p
r
esen
t
th
e
g
iv
en
eq
u
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
o
n
q
u
esti
o
n
s
(
b
)
an
d
(
c
)
,
n
am
el
y
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
tr
an
s
late
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
b
o
lic
to
v
e
r
b
al
r
ep
r
esen
t
atio
n
an
d
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
tr
an
s
late
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
b
o
lic
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
test
is
g
iv
en
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
m
ath
em
atica
l
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
s
k
ills
an
d
wh
at
ar
e
th
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
er
r
o
r
i
n
d
o
in
g
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
.
I
n
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
a
l
q
u
esti
o
n
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
ar
e
s
y
m
b
o
lic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
wh
ile
th
e
tar
g
et
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
ar
e
v
er
b
al
an
d
g
r
ap
h
ical.
Af
ter
th
e
test
,
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
in
ter
v
iewe
d
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
m
o
r
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
an
s
wer
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
wr
itten
a
n
d
wh
eth
er
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
ev
er
s
o
l
v
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
lik
e
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
Data
an
aly
s
is
in
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
an
d
co
n
ten
t
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
s
tep
s
in
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
d
at
a
ar
e:
1
)
All
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
an
s
w
er
s
ar
e
id
en
tifie
d
an
d
class
if
ied
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
an
s
wer
s
;
2
)
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
cla
s
s
if
icatio
n
s
,
th
e
n
ex
t
is
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
an
s
wer
er
r
o
r
s
in
tr
an
s
latin
g
b
etwe
en
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
in
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
,
3
)
Se
v
er
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
ter
v
iewe
d
r
el
ated
to
th
e
an
s
wer
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
wr
itten
;
4
)
M
ak
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
er
r
o
r
s
in
tr
an
s
latin
g
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
b
o
lic
to
v
er
b
al
an
d
g
r
a
p
h
ic
f
o
r
m
s
.
G
iv
e
n
th
e
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
a
s fo
ll
o
ws
:
{
2
+
3
=
18
+
=
8
.
b.
Lo
o
k
fo
r
th
e
s
o
lu
t
io
n
o
f
th
e
e
q
u
a
t
io
n
s
y
ste
m
a
b
o
v
e
!
c.
M
a
k
e
a
wo
rd
p
r
o
b
lem
in
e
v
e
ry
d
a
y
li
fe
t
h
a
t
fit
s t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
t
h
e
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
a
b
o
v
e
!
d.
Dra
w a g
ra
p
h
fr
o
m
th
e
sy
ste
m
o
f
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
s a
b
o
v
e
,
if
,
is a rea
l
n
u
m
b
e
r!
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
202
1
:
1
1
5
-
1
2
5
118
I
n
an
aly
zi
n
g
th
e
s
y
m
b
o
lic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
to
v
e
r
b
al
r
e
p
r
esen
t
atio
n
,
th
e
a
n
s
wer
s
g
en
er
ated
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
s
ee
n
wh
eth
er
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ca
n
m
ak
e
a
p
r
o
b
lem
s
itu
atio
n
th
a
t
is
b
y
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
e
q
u
atio
n
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
,
wh
eth
er
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
m
ain
tain
s
em
an
tic
co
n
g
r
u
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
ta
r
g
e
t
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
o
r
n
o
t.
I
f
n
o
t,
th
e
n
wh
at
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
er
r
o
r
will
b
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
h
er
e
.
W
h
ile
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
er
r
o
r
s
in
tr
an
s
latin
g
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
b
o
lic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
to
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
er
r
o
r
u
s
ed
is
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
Ad
u
-
G
y
am
f
i
,
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
er
r
o
r
is
an
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
er
r
o
r
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
er
r
o
r
th
at
u
s
u
ally
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
a
s
tep
in
an
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
r
u
n
in
co
r
r
ec
tly
.
T
h
e
g
e
n
er
a
l
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
is
b
eh
av
io
r
is
th
at
"stu
d
en
ts
m
ak
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
er
r
o
r
s
.
"
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
er
r
o
r
is
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
er
r
o
r
,
ie
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
is
ju
d
g
e,
ch
ar
ac
te
r
ize,
o
r
r
u
l
e
o
u
t
th
e
attr
ib
u
tes
o
r
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
r
tar
g
et
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
al
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
m
is
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
is
"stu
d
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
o
r
in
t
er
p
r
etin
g
th
e
t
r
aits
"
th
at
d
ef
in
e
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
/o
r
t
ar
g
et
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
.
T
h
is
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
at
an
y
tim
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
s
o
m
etim
es
in
v
o
lv
es
"t
r
an
s
itio
n
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
.
"
T
r
an
s
itio
n
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
ar
e
in
ter
m
e
d
iar
y
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
th
at
a
r
e
cr
ea
te
d
wh
en
a
s
tu
d
e
n
t
is
m
o
r
e
co
m
f
o
r
tab
le
m
o
v
in
g
to
tar
g
et
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ev
er
al
o
th
er
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
t
h
at
ar
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
ty
p
e
o
f
er
r
o
r
is
p
r
eser
v
atio
n
e
r
r
o
r
.
Her
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
r
r
ec
tly
m
ai
n
tain
th
e
s
em
an
tic
c
o
n
g
r
u
en
ce
b
etwe
en
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
ta
r
g
et
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
attr
ib
u
tes
o
r
attr
ib
u
tes
th
at
ar
e
s
elf
-
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
,
b
u
t
f
ail
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
attr
ib
u
te
o
r
o
th
er
r
elev
an
t
tr
aits
ar
e
also
tr
an
s
lated
co
r
r
ec
tly
.
T
h
is
u
s
u
ally
h
ap
p
en
s
wh
en
th
e
k
ey
attr
ib
u
te
o
f
th
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
is
u
n
k
n
o
wn
,
b
u
t
th
e
k
ey
is
n
o
t
p
r
o
p
er
l
y
en
co
d
ed
in
th
e
tar
g
e
t
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
al
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
is
s
itu
atio
n
is
th
at
"th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
d
i
d
n
o
t
v
er
if
y
th
at
all
k
ey
attr
ib
u
te
s
o
f
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
tar
g
et
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
wer
e
co
r
r
ec
tly
co
d
ed
.
"
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
a
n
s
wer
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
r
o
b
lem
,
n
am
ely
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ask
e
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
th
e
T
VL
E
S
g
iv
en
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t
an
s
wer
s
in
d
icate
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
th
e
T
VL
E
S
g
iv
en
,
ie
th
e
co
m
p
letio
n
o
b
tain
ed
is
(
6
,
2
)
.
3
.
1
.
S
t
ud
ent
s
’
er
ro
rs
in t
ra
ns
la
t
i
ng
f
ro
m
s
y
m
bo
lic
t
o
v
er
ba
l r
epre
s
ent
a
t
io
n
s
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
r
o
b
lem
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ask
ed
to
tr
an
s
late
th
e
g
iv
en
e
q
u
a
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
t
o
a
v
er
b
a
l
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
.
Stu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ask
ed
to
cr
ea
te
p
r
o
b
lem
-
r
elate
d
s
itu
atio
n
s
in
ev
er
y
d
ay
life
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
an
s
wer
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
wr
itten
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
er
r
o
r
s
m
ad
e
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
er
r
o
r
is
a
p
r
o
b
lem
s
itu
atio
n
o
r
a
wo
r
d
p
r
o
b
lem
w
r
itten
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
is
n
o
t
lo
g
ica
l.
E
x
am
p
les
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
er
r
o
r
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
x
am
p
les o
f
illo
g
ica
l a
n
s
wer
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
th
e
w
o
r
d
p
r
o
b
lem
(
S3
2
)
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
in
m
ak
in
g
a
p
r
o
b
lem
s
itu
atio
n
o
r
a
wo
r
d
p
r
o
b
lem
in
d
aily
life
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
elate
it
to
th
e
p
r
ice
o
f
an
item
,
n
am
ely
t
h
e
p
u
r
ch
as
e
o
f
b
o
o
k
s
a
n
d
p
en
s
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
p
u
r
ch
ase
o
f
2
b
o
o
k
s
an
d
3
p
e
n
s
p
u
r
c
h
ased
f
o
r
1
8
an
d
th
e
p
u
r
ch
ase
o
f
1
b
o
o
k
a
n
d
1
p
e
n
p
u
r
ch
ased
f
o
r
8
.
Stu
d
en
ts
ca
n
in
d
ee
d
d
o
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
b
y
th
e
g
iv
e
n
eq
u
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
b
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
itu
atio
n
p
r
esen
te
d
b
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
is
n
o
t
lo
g
ical.
I
f
it
is
r
elate
d
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
d
aily
liv
es,
n
a
m
ely
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
p
r
ice
o
f
b
o
o
k
s
a
n
d
p
e
n
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
p
u
r
ch
ased
at
p
r
ices
as
wr
itte
n
,
s
o
th
e
an
s
wer
s
wr
itten
b
y
th
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
lo
g
ic
al.
So
in
m
ak
in
g
a
p
r
o
b
lem
s
itu
atio
n
in
d
aily
life
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
u
s
t
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
ay
atten
tio
n
to
th
e
g
iv
en
eq
u
atio
n
,
b
u
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
u
s
t
also
p
ay
atten
tio
n
to
th
e
co
n
te
x
t o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
cr
ea
ted
,
wh
e
th
er
lo
g
ical
o
r
n
o
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
s
s
es
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
err
o
r
s
in
ma
th
ema
tica
l tra
n
s
la
tio
n
:
F
r
o
m
s
ymb
o
lic
to
ve
r
b
a
l
and
…
(
N
u
r
r
a
h
ma
w
a
ti
)
119
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
v
iew
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at
wh
e
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
we
r
e
ask
ed
to
r
ea
d
an
d
r
e
-
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
t
h
ey
h
ad
wr
itten
,
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
r
ea
liz
ed
th
at
wh
at
h
e
h
a
d
wr
itten
w
as
n
o
t
lo
g
ical.
W
h
en
ask
ed
to
c
r
ea
te
a
s
itu
atio
n
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
th
er
t
h
a
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
r
elate
d
to
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
ice
o
f
g
o
o
d
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
y
et
h
av
e
a
n
id
ea
to
cr
ea
te
an
o
t
h
er
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
itu
atio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
it
is
s
ee
n
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ee
l
it
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
t
o
m
ak
e
a
p
r
o
b
lem
s
itu
atio
n
o
th
er
th
an
p
r
o
b
lem
s
r
elate
d
to
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
ice
o
f
g
o
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
er
r
o
r
in
m
ak
in
g
r
ea
l
wo
r
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
r
elate
d
t
o
d
aily
life
is
th
e
m
is
m
atch
b
etwe
en
th
e
wr
itten
p
r
o
b
lem
a
n
d
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
g
iv
e
n
.
T
h
e
e
r
r
o
r
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
x
am
p
les o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es in
cr
ea
tin
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
itu
atio
n
s
in
d
aily
life
(
S4
6
)
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
in
m
ak
in
g
wo
r
d
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
also
m
ak
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
ice
o
f
an
item
.
T
h
e
an
s
wer
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
wr
itten
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
to
b
e
l
o
g
ical
an
d
co
m
p
lete,
b
u
t
n
o
t
f
o
llo
win
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
th
e
g
iv
en
e
q
u
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
W
h
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ask
ed
to
cr
ea
te
a
p
r
o
b
lem
s
itu
atio
n
o
th
er
th
a
n
th
e
p
r
ic
e
o
f
an
item
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
also
d
o
n
o
t
y
et
h
a
v
e
an
i
d
ea
to
c
r
ea
te
a
p
r
o
b
lem
s
itu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
e
r
r
o
r
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ak
e
in
cr
ea
tin
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
itu
atio
n
s
is
th
at
th
e
wo
r
d
p
r
o
b
le
m
wr
itten
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
ha
s
n
o
th
in
g
to
d
o
with
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
g
iv
en
.
E
x
a
m
p
les
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
e
r
r
o
r
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Oth
er
ex
am
p
les o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
an
s
wer
s
in
cr
ea
tin
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
itu
atio
n
s
in
d
aily
life
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
itu
atio
n
g
e
n
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to
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r
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iately
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d
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o
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t
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h
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o
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o
t
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An
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lem
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S
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I
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e
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ee
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itten
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t r
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t
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t
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r
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ies
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ter
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s
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er
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r
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e
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ea
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th
e
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e
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lts
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en
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wer
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s
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VL
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v
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icu
lty
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n
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itin
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s
in
e
v
er
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e
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iews
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ased
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5
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ak
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r
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in
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er
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ay
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ically
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o
m
e
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n
ts
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ak
e
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p
r
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l
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ev
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ay
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ically
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u
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y
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iv
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tu
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ak
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eth
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o
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r
is
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p
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itten
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ts
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t
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escr
ib
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elate
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No
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o
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lem
th
at
is
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o
llo
win
g
th
e
p
r
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b
lem
s
y
s
tem
o
f
eq
u
atio
n
s
g
i
v
en
.
I
t
is
s
ee
n
th
at
in
m
a
k
in
g
a
p
r
o
b
lem
s
itu
atio
n
in
d
aily
life
th
at
is
b
y
t
h
e
g
iv
e
n
eq
u
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
less
ab
le
o
r
h
av
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
to
m
ak
e
a
wo
r
d
p
r
o
b
lem
r
elate
d
to
th
e
g
iv
en
eq
u
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
f
o
llo
win
g
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
r
esear
ch
b
y
Ozy
ild
ir
im
,
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
,
t
h
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
s
till
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
tr
an
s
latio
n
,
o
n
e
o
f
wh
ich
is
f
r
o
m
v
e
r
b
al
t
o
alg
e
b
r
a
an
d
alg
eb
r
a
to
v
er
b
al.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Stacey
an
d
Ma
cGr
eg
o
r
[
5
3
]
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
i
n
e
x
p
lain
in
g
r
e
p
r
e
s
en
tatio
n
s
in
wo
r
d
s
.
Ser
t
[
4
9
]
s
tated
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
ee
l d
if
f
icu
lties
in
v
er
b
al
r
ep
r
es
en
tatio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
an
s
wer
s
i
t
ap
p
ea
r
s
th
at
i
n
m
ak
in
g
a
wo
r
d
p
r
o
b
lem
in
d
aily
life
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ai
l
in
m
ak
in
g
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
.
All
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
s
y
s
tem
o
f
eq
u
atio
n
s
g
iv
en
i
n
v
er
b
al
f
o
r
m
b
y
m
a
k
i
n
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
r
elate
d
to
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
p
r
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o
f
a
n
item
.
So
in
s
tu
d
en
t
th
in
k
in
g
,
wh
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ask
ed
to
m
ak
e
a
wo
r
d
p
r
o
b
lem
r
elat
ed
to
T
VL
E
S,
th
en
th
e
th
in
g
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
em
em
b
er
is
h
o
w
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
p
r
ice
o
f
a
n
item
.
Yet
in
cr
ea
tin
g
a
p
r
o
b
lem
s
itu
atio
n
in
d
aily
life
,
it
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
p
r
ice
o
f
an
item
.
Stu
d
en
ts
also
d
o
n
o
t
s
ee
m
t
o
b
e
ab
le
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
r
ela
t
io
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
e
q
u
atio
n
s
o
b
tain
e
d
an
d
r
elate
it
to
cr
ea
te
p
r
o
b
lem
s
itu
atio
n
s
i
n
d
aily
life
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
o
p
in
io
n
o
f
Ain
s
wo
r
th
[
9
]
wh
ich
s
tates
th
at
s
o
m
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ail
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
a
n
d
also
in
lin
e
with
th
e
o
p
in
io
n
o
f
B
o
s
s
é
,
et
a
l.
[
5
0
]
s
tatin
g
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ar
el
y
ca
n
tr
an
s
late
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
b
o
lic
to
v
er
b
al
f
o
r
m
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
in
ter
v
iews
co
n
d
u
cted
with
s
ev
er
a
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
it
ap
p
ea
r
s
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
in
d
ee
d
n
o
t
ac
cu
s
to
m
ed
to
b
ei
n
g
g
iv
e
n
s
u
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
Usu
ally
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
p
r
esen
te
d
w
ith
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
wo
r
d
p
r
o
b
lem
,
th
e
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ask
ed
to
s
o
lv
e
th
ese
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
i
n
t
r
an
s
latin
g
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
b
o
lic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
to
v
er
b
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
s
till
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
if
f
icu
lties
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wer
e
n
o
t
ab
le
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
e
s
s
o
f
m
ea
n
in
g
b
etwe
en
s
y
m
b
o
lic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
an
d
v
er
b
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
.
T
h
is
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
ec
au
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
a
r
e
n
o
t
ac
cu
s
to
m
ed
to
u
s
in
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
r
ep
r
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tatio
n
s
in
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
s
o
f
ar
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
o
p
in
io
n
o
f
B
o
s
s
é
,
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
th
at
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
t
h
at
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
tr
a
n
s
latin
g
is
teac
h
er
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
an
d
lear
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g
ex
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er
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ce
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
Gag
atsi
s
an
d
Sh
iak
alli
[
2
4
]
s
tate
th
at
m
id
d
le
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
r
ar
el
y
ask
ed
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p
r
o
d
u
ce
alg
eb
r
aic
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
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ased
o
n
g
r
a
p
h
s
o
r
to
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ite
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
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er
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al
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e
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ai
c
ex
p
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d
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er
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a.
3
.
2
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Su
dents’
er
ro
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ra
ns
la
t
ing
f
ro
m
s
y
m
bo
lic
t
o
g
ra
p
hica
l r
epre
s
ent
a
t
io
ns
I
n
th
e
th
ir
d
p
r
o
b
lem
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ask
ed
to
tr
an
s
late
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
b
o
lic
f
o
r
m
to
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
.
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h
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
p
r
esen
ted
is
th
e
s
am
e
as
th
e
f
ir
s
t
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
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u
esti
o
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.
Sev
er
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ty
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e
s
o
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er
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r
s
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ad
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b
y
s
tu
d
en
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an
s
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r
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s
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lic
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ep
r
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n
s
to
g
r
a
p
h
ical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
M
r.
Um
a
r
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o
u
g
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t
2
a
p
p
les
+
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r
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s fo
r
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0
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m
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ra
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r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
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v
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&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
s
s
es
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
err
o
r
s
in
ma
th
ema
tica
l tra
n
s
la
tio
n
:
F
r
o
m
s
ymb
o
lic
to
ve
r
b
a
l
and
…
(
N
u
r
r
a
h
ma
w
a
ti
)
121
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
E
x
am
p
les o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
an
s
wer
er
r
o
r
s
in
m
a
k
in
g
g
r
ap
h
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
(
S6
8
)
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
in
m
ak
in
g
a
g
r
ap
h
o
f
th
e
g
iv
e
n
eq
u
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ak
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
n
u
m
er
ical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
.
W
h
en
v
iewe
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
tr
an
s
itio
n
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
it
ap
p
ea
r
s
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
wr
o
n
g
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
,
wh
en
=
0
,
s
o
th
e
er
r
o
r
is
ca
lled
an
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
er
r
o
r
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
Ad
u
-
Gy
am
f
i
,
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
,
it is
s
tated
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
ad
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
e
r
r
o
r
s
wh
en
th
ey
m
ak
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
e
r
r
o
r
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
i
f
f
u
r
th
e
r
att
en
tio
n
is
p
aid
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
also
m
ak
e
in
ter
p
r
etati
o
n
er
r
o
r
s
,
n
am
ely
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
wr
o
n
g
in
wr
itin
g
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
p
air
s
wh
ich
ar
e
th
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
p
o
in
ts
o
f
th
e
a
x
i
s
a
an
d
b
,
s
o
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
also
ex
p
er
ien
ce
e
r
r
o
r
s
in
d
r
awin
g
g
r
ap
h
s
,
th
is
er
r
o
r
is
ca
lled
m
is
in
ter
p
r
eta
tio
n
.
So
,
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
er
r
o
r
s
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ak
e
ar
e
er
r
o
r
s
o
f
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
m
is
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
A
n
o
th
e
r
ex
a
m
p
le
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t e
r
r
o
r
in
tr
a
n
s
latin
g
a
s
y
s
tem
o
f
two
-
v
ar
iab
le
lin
ea
r
eq
u
atio
n
s
to
a
g
r
ap
h
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
(
a)
An
s
wer
S3
2
(
b
)
An
s
wer
S2
4
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Misin
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
d
r
awin
g
g
r
ap
h
s
T
VL
E
S
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
a
t
in
d
r
awin
g
a
g
r
ap
h
o
f
a
s
y
s
t
em
o
f
lin
ea
r
eq
u
atio
n
s
th
e
tw
o
v
ar
ia
b
les
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
n
ly
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
g
r
ap
h
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
o
n
e
eq
u
atio
n
.
Stu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
ab
le
to
co
m
p
letely
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
o
f
th
e
g
iv
en
e
q
u
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
s
o
th
e
er
r
o
r
m
a
d
e
b
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
is
a
m
is
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
T
h
er
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
two
eq
u
atio
n
s
illu
s
tr
ated
,
b
u
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
n
ly
d
r
aw
a
g
r
ap
h
f
o
r
o
n
e
eq
u
atio
n
,
n
am
ely
+
=
8
.
So
,
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
s
em
an
tically
co
n
g
r
u
en
t.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
it
Mi
si
n
t
e
r
p
re
t
a
t
i
o
n
I
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
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o
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e
rro
r
Tr
a
n
s
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t
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o
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a
l
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p
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e
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e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
G
r
a
p
h
r
e
p
r
e
se
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
b
y
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
202
1
:
1
1
5
-
1
2
5
122
ap
p
ea
r
s
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ak
e
m
is
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t
r
ea
lly
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
to
d
r
aw
a
g
r
ap
h
o
f
a
two
-
v
ar
iab
le
lin
ea
r
eq
u
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
th
e
f
ig
u
r
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t
n
ee
d
tr
an
s
itio
n
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
in
d
r
awin
g
g
r
ap
h
s
.
An
o
th
er
e
x
am
p
le
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t e
r
r
o
r
in
d
r
awin
g
g
r
a
p
h
s
is
as f
o
llo
ws
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
th
at,
wh
en
d
r
awin
g
a
g
r
ap
h
o
f
a
two
-
v
ar
ia
b
le
lin
ea
r
eq
u
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
s
t
u
d
en
ts
o
n
ly
d
r
aw
p
o
in
ts
wh
ich
ar
e
th
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
p
o
in
ts
o
f
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
d
o
n
o
t
r
ea
lly
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
to
d
r
aw
g
r
a
p
h
ics,
s
o
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
n
ly
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
th
e
e
q
u
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
er
r
o
r
is
ca
lled
m
is
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
,
s
o
th
e
an
s
wer
s
wr
itten
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
co
n
g
r
u
e
n
t
s
em
an
tically
.
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
m
is
tak
es m
ad
e
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
An
o
th
er
e
x
am
p
le
o
f
m
is
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
d
r
awin
g
g
r
ap
h
s
(
S1
2
)
(
a)
An
s
wer
S4
5
(
b
)
An
s
wer
S1
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
E
x
am
p
le
s
o
f
m
is
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
d
r
awin
g
g
r
ap
h
B
ased
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
an
s
we
r
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
a,
it
ap
p
ea
r
s
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
is
r
ev
er
s
ed
in
m
ak
in
g
th
e
n
am
e
o
f
th
e
ax
is
,
s
o
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
m
ak
es
an
in
ter
p
r
etat
io
n
er
r
o
r
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
9
b
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
also
m
ak
e
an
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
er
r
o
r
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
th
e
co
o
r
d
in
ate
p
o
i
n
t
wr
itten
(
7
,
1
)
n
o
t
(
1
,
7
)
,
as
well
as
f
o
r
o
t
h
e
r
co
o
r
d
in
ate
p
o
in
ts
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
an
s
we
r
s
in
tr
an
s
latin
g
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
b
o
li
c
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
to
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
it
ap
p
ea
r
s
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
s
till
ex
p
er
ien
cin
g
o
b
s
tacle
s
to
tr
an
s
late
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
to
g
r
ap
h
ical
f
o
r
m
.
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
d
r
aw
th
e
g
r
ap
h
ar
e
n
o
t
co
m
p
lete
an
d
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
d
o
n
o
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
well
ab
o
u
t
h
o
w
to
m
ak
e
a
g
r
ap
h
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
s
o
m
e
g
r
ap
h
s
ar
e
in
co
m
p
lete
o
r
th
e
n
am
in
g
o
f
th
e
ax
is
is
s
o
m
etim
e
s
r
ev
er
s
ed
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
o
p
in
io
n
o
f
Hattik
u
d
u
r
,
et
a
l.
[
4
3
]
wh
ich
s
tate
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
in
d
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
im
ag
es
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
y
h
av
e
a
m
is
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
a
b
o
u
t
g
r
ap
h
ics,
th
is
d
ef
icien
cy
m
a
y
ar
is
e
with
a
l
ac
k
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
c
o
n
ce
p
t
s
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
to
an
o
th
er
.
L
ik
ewise,
Mc
C
o
y
[
5
4
]
n
o
tes th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ail
to
m
ak
e
s
y
m
b
o
lically
eq
u
iv
alen
t r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
co
r
r
ec
tly
in
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
tab
u
lar
o
r
g
r
a
p
h
ic
al
f
o
r
m
ats.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
Du
n
h
a
m
,
et
a
l.
[
5
5
]
a
n
d
Kier
an
[
5
6
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
in
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
m
ai
n
tain
s
em
an
tic
co
n
g
r
u
en
ce
b
etwe
en
s
o
u
r
c
e
an
d
tar
g
et
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
tr
an
s
latio
n
s
f
r
o
m
an
d
to
tab
les,
v
e
r
b
al
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
,
an
d
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
th
is
b
ei
n
g
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
R
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
Gü
r
b
ü
z
an
d
Şah
in
[
4
6
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
if
f
icu
lt
tr
an
s
latio
n
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
s
s
es
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
err
o
r
s
in
ma
th
ema
tica
l tra
n
s
la
tio
n
:
F
r
o
m
s
ymb
o
lic
to
ve
r
b
a
l
and
…
(
N
u
r
r
a
h
ma
w
a
ti
)
123
was
to
tr
an
s
late
v
e
r
b
al
r
ep
r
es
en
tatio
n
s
,
tab
les,
a
n
d
eq
u
atio
n
s
in
to
g
r
ap
h
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
a
b
it
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
b
y
B
o
s
s
é
,
et
a
l.
[
5
0
]
s
tated
th
at
g
en
er
ally
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
tr
an
s
late
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
b
o
lic
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
o
r
m
s
.
I
n
tr
an
s
latin
g
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
b
o
lic
f
o
r
m
to
v
er
b
al
f
o
r
m
an
d
g
r
ap
h
i
c
f
o
r
m
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
til
l
h
av
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
in
tr
a
n
s
latin
g
a
ce
r
tain
r
ep
r
esen
t
atio
n
,
s
o
th
at
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
tr
an
s
latin
g
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
to
v
ar
io
u
s
o
th
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
is
n
o
t
s
o
g
o
o
d
.
As
r
ev
ea
led
b
y
Min
ar
n
i
,
et
a
l.
[5
7]
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
ab
ilit
y
is
s
till
l
o
w.
Ain
s
wo
r
th
[
9
]
s
tated
th
at
th
er
e
is
s
u
f
f
icien
t
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
in
d
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
tr
a
n
s
late
b
etwe
en
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
.
So
th
at
th
is
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
o
f
co
n
ce
r
n
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
s
to
p
ay
a
tten
tio
n
to
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
al
a
b
ilit
ies
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
esp
ec
ially
in
tr
an
s
latin
g
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
b
o
lic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
to
v
er
b
al
an
d
g
r
a
p
h
ic
r
ep
r
esen
tat
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
ce
p
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
teac
h
er
s
n
ee
d
to
p
ay
atten
tio
n
an
d
m
ak
e
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
s
o
t
h
a
t
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
tr
an
s
late
o
n
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
t
o
o
th
er
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
wh
en
t
h
ey
ar
e
ask
ed
to
d
o
.
I
n
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s
,
wh
en
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
is
p
er
f
ec
tly
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
ab
le,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
will
b
e
ea
s
y
to
tr
an
s
late
it
to
v
ar
io
u
s
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t d
o
es n
o
t sto
p
h
er
e
,
th
is
s
k
ills
also
h
elp
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
s
o
lv
e
r
elate
d
p
r
o
b
lem
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
,
th
e
teac
h
er
m
u
s
t r
ea
lize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
s
k
ills
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
m
ath
em
atics
lear
n
in
g
,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
tr
an
s
late
b
etwe
en
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
h
as
to
d
o
with
h
o
w
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
t
h
e
teac
h
er
.
T
o
d
ev
elo
p
t
h
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
th
e
teac
h
er
m
u
s
t
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
in
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
.
W
h
en
th
e
teac
h
er
teac
h
es
in
m
an
y
way
s
o
r
m
a
n
y
r
ep
r
esen
t
atio
n
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
will
g
et
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
in
t
h
eir
t
h
in
k
in
g
[
5
8
]
,
s
o
t
h
at
it
will
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
tr
an
s
late
b
etwe
en
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
.
Ketter
lin
-
Gell
er
,
et
a
l.
[
5
9
]
s
tated
in
th
eir
r
esear
ch
th
at
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
h
elp
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
tr
an
s
latio
n
al
s
k
ills
in
alg
eb
r
a.
Ain
s
wo
r
th
,
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
s
tated
th
at
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
task
s
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
with
m
u
ltip
le
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
is
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
u
cc
ee
d
in
tr
an
s
latin
g
b
etwe
en
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
lear
n
in
g
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
g
iv
en
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
.
NC
T
M
[
2
]
ar
g
u
es
th
at
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
t
h
in
g
s
i
n
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
m
ath
em
atics
teac
h
in
g
is
to
u
s
e
m
u
ltip
le
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
an
d
to
g
u
i
d
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
tr
an
s
latin
g
b
etwe
e
n
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
a
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
lea
r
n
in
g
t
h
at
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
ab
ilit
y
to
tr
an
s
late
b
etwe
en
r
ep
r
esen
ta
tio
n
s
,
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wh
ich
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
tr
an
s
latin
g
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
b
o
lic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
o
f
v
er
b
al
an
d
g
r
ap
h
i
c
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
o
p
e
th
at
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
ca
n
d
e
v
elo
p
an
d
ass
is
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
g
ain
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
r
ep
r
esen
ta
tio
n
tr
an
s
latio
n
in
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
well
-
estab
lis
h
ed
p
lan
n
i
n
g
an
d
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
o
f
teac
h
e
r
ed
u
c
atio
n
an
d
m
ath
em
atics
co
u
r
s
es
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
s
at
th
e
ter
tiar
y
lev
el
ar
e
th
e
n
ex
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
tep
s
th
at
n
ee
d
t
o
b
e
tak
en
to
d
is
cu
s
s
r
ep
r
esen
tati
o
n
tr
an
s
latio
n
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
el
y
.
As
r
ev
ea
led
b
y
Mo
r
r
is
[
6
0
]
th
at
th
e
s
k
ills
to
an
aly
ze
s
tu
d
en
t le
ar
n
in
g
,
in
clu
d
in
g
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
m
u
s
t b
e
tau
g
h
t e
x
p
licitly
to
th
e
teac
h
er
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
tr
an
s
latin
g
f
r
o
m
s
y
m
b
o
lic
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
to
v
er
b
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
er
r
o
r
s
m
ad
e
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
n
am
ely
p
r
o
b
lem
s
itu
atio
n
s
m
ad
e
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
illo
g
ically
,
p
r
o
b
lem
s
itu
atio
n
s
m
ad
e
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
lo
g
ical
b
u
t
n
o
t
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
eq
u
atio
n
s
p
r
esen
ted
,
p
r
o
b
lem
s
itu
atio
n
s
m
ad
e
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
th
er
e
is
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
e
q
u
ati
o
n
s
y
s
tem
p
r
esen
ted
,
an
d
th
e
last
is
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
itu
atio
n
p
r
esen
ted
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
th
e
g
iv
en
eq
u
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
e
en
ab
le
to
m
ain
tain
s
em
an
tic
co
n
g
r
u
e
n
ce
b
etwe
e
n
s
y
m
b
o
lic
an
d
v
er
b
al
r
ep
r
es
en
tatio
n
s
.
L
ik
ewise,
in
tr
an
s
latin
g
in
to
g
r
a
p
h
ical
f
o
r
m
,
er
r
o
r
s
ar
e
m
a
d
e
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
e
r
r
o
r
s
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
er
r
o
r
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
also
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
ab
le
t
o
co
m
p
letely
m
ain
tain
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
m
ea
n
in
g
in
d
escr
ib
in
g
th
e
g
r
ap
h
s
o
f
t
h
e
g
iv
en
s
y
s
tem
o
f
eq
u
atio
n
s
.
B
esid
es,
s
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T
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t
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ed
,
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o
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s
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tr
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e
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s
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ts
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d
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o
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s
.
ACK
NO
WL
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DG
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M
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S
T
h
is
wo
r
k
was su
p
p
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ted
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y
th
e
B
ea
s
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w
a
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g
g
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la
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Do
s
en
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n
d
o
n
esia
-
Da
l
a
m
N
eg
eri
(
B
U
DI
-
DN)
in
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
Lemb
a
g
a
P
en
g
elo
la
Da
n
a
P
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n
d
id
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(
L
PDP).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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8
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I
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J
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v
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&
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es E
d
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,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
202
1
:
1
1
5
-
1
2
5
124
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
B.
L.
Ch
a
n
g
,
J.
G
.
Cro
m
ley
,
a
n
d
N.
Tran
,
“
Co
o
r
d
i
n
a
ti
n
g
M
u
lt
ip
le Rep
re
se
n
tatio
n
s i
n
a
Re
fo
rm
Ca
lcu
lu
s T
e
x
tb
o
o
k
,
”
In
t.
J
.
S
c
i.
M
a
t
h
.
Ed
u
c
.
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
4
7
5
-
1
4
9
7
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
]
NCTM
,
Prin
c
i
p
le a
n
d
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
fo
r S
c
h
o
o
l
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
.
Re
sto
n
,
Va
,
2
0
0
0
.
[3
]
J.
Oliv
e
a
n
d
G
.
Ca
g
lay
a
n
,
“
Lea
r
n
e
rs’
Difficu
lt
ies
with
Qu
a
n
ti
tati
v
e
Un
it
s
In
Al
g
e
b
ra
ic
Wo
r
d
P
r
o
b
lem
a
n
d
Th
e
Tea
c
h
e
r’s In
terp
re
tatio
n
o
f
Th
o
se
Difficu
lt
ies
,
”
In
t.
J
.
S
c
i.
M
a
t
h
.
E
d
u
c
.
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
6
9
-
2
9
2
,
2
0
0
8
.
[4
]
D.
A.
S
ty
l
ian
o
u
,
“
Tea
c
h
e
rs’
c
o
n
c
e
p
ti
o
n
s
o
f
re
p
re
se
n
tati
o
n
i
n
m
id
d
le
sc
h
o
o
l
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
a
th
e
ma
ti
c
s
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
2
5
-
3
4
3
,
2
0
1
0
.
[5
]
L.
Zh
e
,
“
S
u
r
v
e
y
o
f
P
rima
ry
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
Re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
S
tat
u
s
a
n
d
S
t
u
d
y
o
n
th
e
Tea
c
h
in
g
M
o
d
e
l
o
f
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
Re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
a
th
e
ma
t
ics
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
3
-
7
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
[6
]
M
.
Br
o
wn
,
M
.
J.
B
o
ss
é
,
a
n
d
K.
Ch
a
n
d
ler,
“
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
e
rr
o
rs
i
n
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts,”
In
t
.
J
.
M
a
t
h
.
T
e
a
c
h
.
L
e
a
rn
.
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
7
,
2
0
1
6
.
[7
]
I.
S
.
P
u
tra,
M
.
M
a
sriy
a
h
,
a
n
d
R.
S
u
laim
a
n
,
“
S
tu
d
e
n
ts’
Tran
sl
a
ti
o
n
Ab
il
i
ty
o
f
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
Re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
s
(S
y
m
b
o
li
c
a
n
d
Visu
a
l)
Ba
se
d
o
n
Th
e
ir
Lea
rn
i
n
g
S
ty
les
,
”
J
.
Ph
y
s.
Co
n
f.
S
e
r.,
v
o
l.
1
1
0
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[8
]
F
.
Ul
u
so
y
a
n
d
Z.
Ar
g
u
n
,
“
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
stu
d
e
n
ts’
re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
so
l
v
in
g
g
e
o
m
e
tri
c
wo
rd
p
ro
b
lem
s
i
n
d
iffere
n
t
c
li
n
ica
l
i
n
terv
iew
s,”
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
in
M
a
th
e
ma
t
ics
,
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
3
-
9
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[9
]
S
.
E.
Ain
s
wro
t
h
,
“
De
sig
n
in
g
Eff
e
c
ti
v
e
m
u
lt
i
-
re
p
re
se
n
tati
o
n
a
l
Lea
rn
in
g
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts,”
P
h
D
T
h
e
si
s
a
n
d
tec
h
n
ica
l
re
p
o
rt
n
u
m
b
e
r
4
7
,
ES
RC Ce
n
t.
R
e
s.
De
v
.
In
str.
Train
.
Un
i
v
.
No
tt
in
g
h
a
m
,
1
9
9
9
.
[1
0
]
C.
Blak
e
a
n
d
E.
S
c
a
n
lo
n
,
“
Re
c
o
n
sid
e
rin
g
sim
u
lati
o
n
s
i
n
sc
ien
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
t
a
d
istan
c
e
:
F
e
a
tu
re
s
o
f
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
u
se
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
Assiste
d
L
e
a
rn
in
g
.
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
9
1
-
5
0
2
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
1
]
W.
Y.
Hw
a
n
g
,
N.
S
.
Ch
e
n
,
J.
J.
Du
n
g
,
a
n
d
Y.
L.
Ya
n
g
,
“
M
u
lt
ip
l
e
Re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
S
k
i
ll
s
a
n
d
Cre
a
ti
v
it
y
Ef
fe
c
ts
o
n
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
P
ro
b
lem
S
o
lv
in
g
u
sin
g
a
M
u
lt
ime
d
ia
W
h
it
e
b
o
a
rd
S
y
ste
m
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
&
S
o
c
iety
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
9
1
-
2
1
2
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
2
]
S
.
In
a
y
a
h
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
e
d
p
ro
b
lem
so
lv
i
n
g
sk
il
ls
a
n
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
m
u
lt
ip
le
re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
s
u
sin
g
a
q
u
a
n
tu
m
lea
rn
in
g
m
o
d
e
l
(in
Ba
h
a
sa
)
,
”
KAL
AM
AT
I
KA
J
.
Pen
d
id
ik.
M
a
t.
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
3
]
R.
Les
h
,
T.
P
o
st,
a
n
d
M
.
Be
h
r,
“
Re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
s
a
n
d
Tran
sla
ti
o
n
s
a
m
o
n
g
Re
p
re
se
n
tati
o
n
s
in
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
Lea
rn
in
g
a
n
d
P
r
o
b
lem
S
o
lv
in
g
,
”
1
9
8
7
.
[O
n
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:
//
ww
w.ce
h
d
.
u
m
n
.
e
d
u
/ci/rati
o
n
a
l
n
u
m
b
e
rp
r
o
jec
t/
8
7
_
5
.
h
tml.
[1
4
]
Y.
H.
Li
n
,
M
.
Wi
lso
n
,
a
n
d
C.
L.
Ch
e
n
g
,
“
An
i
n
v
e
sti
g
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
a
tu
re
o
f
t
h
e
in
fl
u
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
it
e
m
ste
m
a
n
d
o
p
ti
o
n
re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
o
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
re
sp
o
n
s
e
s
to
a
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
tes
t,
”
E
u
ro
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
1
4
1
-
1
1
6
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
5
]
D.
A.
S
t
y
li
a
n
o
u
,
“
An
e
x
a
m
in
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
id
d
le
sc
h
o
o
l
stu
d
e
n
t’
re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
in
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
p
ro
b
lem
so
lv
i
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
len
s
o
f
e
x
p
e
rt
wo
rk
:
T
o
wa
rd
s
a
n
o
r
g
a
n
izin
g
sc
h
e
m
e
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
tu
d
ies
i
n
M
a
th
e
ma
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l.
7
6
,
p
p
.
2
6
5
-
2
8
0
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
6
]
D.
J.
Wi
t
h
in
a
n
d
P
.
Wh
it
in
,
“
M
a
k
in
g
S
e
n
se
o
f
F
ra
c
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
P
e
rc
e
n
tag
e
s,”
T
e
a
c
h
.
C
h
il
d
.
M
a
t
h
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
4
9
0
-
4
9
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
7
]
Niz
a
ru
d
d
i
n
,
M
u
h
taro
m
,
a
n
d
Y.
H.
M
u
rti
a
n
t
o
,
“
Ex
p
lo
ri
n
g
o
f
M
u
lt
i
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
Re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
Ca
p
a
b
il
it
y
i
n
P
ro
b
lem
S
o
l
v
in
g
o
n
S
e
n
io
r
Hig
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts,”
Pro
b
l.
Ed
u
c
.
2
1
Ce
n
t
u
ry
,
v
o
l.
7
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
9
1
–
5
9
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
8
]
R.
Ka
n
g
a
n
d
D.
Li
u
,
“
Th
e
Im
p
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
M
u
lt
i
p
le
Re
p
re
se
n
tati
o
n
s
o
f
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
P
r
o
b
lem
s:
Ev
id
e
n
c
e
fro
m
Ch
in
e
se
P
re
se
rv
ice
El
e
m
e
n
tary
Tea
c
h
e
rs’
An
a
ly
sis
o
f
a
Lea
rn
in
g
G
o
a
l,
”
In
t.
J
.
S
c
i.
M
a
th
.
E
d
u
c
.
,
v
o
l.
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
5
-
1
4
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
9
]
Z.
P
e
h
li
v
a
n
a
n
d
F
.
As
lan
-
t
u
tak
,
“
A
Lo
o
k
in
to
Tu
r
k
ish
P
re
se
rv
ice
Tea
c
h
e
rs’
Tran
sla
ti
o
n
S
k
il
ls :
Ca
se
fo
r
M
o
d
e
l
Re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
s,”
El
e
v
e
n
t
h
Co
n
g
re
ss
o
f
th
e
E
u
ro
p
e
a
n
S
o
c
iety
f
o
r
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
M
a
t
h
e
ma
ti
c
s
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
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c
h
t
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
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c
h
t
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
9
.
[2
0
]
S
.
Ain
sw
o
r
th
,
“
Th
e
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
s
o
f
m
u
lt
ip
le rep
re
se
n
tatio
n
s,”
C
o
mp
u
t.
Ed
u
c
.
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
,
n
o
.
2
-
3
,
p
p
.
1
3
1
-
1
5
2
,
1
9
9
9
.
[2
1
]
K.
Ad
u
-
G
y
a
m
fi,
L.
V.
S
ti
ff,
a
n
d
M
.
J.
B
o
ss
é
,
“
Lo
st
i
n
Tran
sla
ti
o
n
:
E
x
a
m
in
in
g
Tran
sla
ti
o
n
Err
o
rs
As
so
c
iate
d
w
it
h
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
Re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
s,”
S
c
h
.
S
c
i.
M
a
th
.
,
v
o
l.
1
1
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
9
-
1
7
0
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
2
]
M
.
J.
Bo
ss
é
,
K.
Ad
u
-
G
y
a
m
fi,
a
n
d
M
.
Ch
e
e
th
a
m
,
“
Tran
sla
ti
o
n
s
Am
o
n
g
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
Re
p
re
s
e
n
tatio
n
s:
Tea
c
h
e
rs
Be
li
e
fs an
d
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
s,”
In
t.
J
.
M
a
t
h
.
T
e
a
c
h
.
L
e
a
rn
.
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
3
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
3
]
M
.
Bo
ss
é
,
K.
Ad
u
-
G
y
a
m
fi,
a
n
d
K.
Ch
a
n
d
ler,
“
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts’
Diffe
re
n
t
iate
d
Tran
sla
ti
o
n
P
ro
c
e
ss
e
s,”
In
t.
J
.
M
a
t
h
.
T
e
a
c
h
.
L
e
a
rn
.
,
n
o
.
8
2
8
,
M
a
r.
2
0
1
4
.
[2
4
]
A.
Ga
g
a
tsi
s a
n
d
M
.
S
h
iak
a
ll
i,
“
Ab
il
it
y
to
tran
sla
te fro
m
o
n
e
re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
o
f
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
to
a
n
o
th
e
r
a
n
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
p
ro
b
lem
so
l
v
in
g
,
”
Ed
u
c
.
Psy
c
h
o
l.
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
4
5
-
6
5
7
,
2
0
0
4
.
[2
5
]
F
.
Oz
y
il
d
iri
m
,
S
.
Ip
e
k
,
a
n
d
O.
Ak
k
u
s,
“
S
e
v
e
n
t
h
G
ra
d
e
S
tu
d
e
n
t’s
Tra
n
sla
ti
o
n
a
l
S
k
il
ls
a
m
o
n
g
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
Re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
s,”
I
n
t.
J
.
L
e
a
rn
.
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
9
7
-
2
0
6
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
6
]
S
.
Ain
sw
o
rt
h
,
P
.
Bib
b
y
,
a
n
d
D.
Wo
o
d
,
“
Wh
a
t
We L
e
a
rn
W
h
e
n
W
e
En
g
a
g
e
in
De
sig
n
,
”
J
.
L
e
a
r
n
.
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
5
-
6
1
,
2
0
0
2
.
[2
7
]
F
.
Ka
ra
a
n
d
L.
I
n
c
ik
a
b
i,
“
S
i
x
th
g
ra
d
e
stu
d
e
n
ts’
sk
il
ls
o
f
u
si
n
g
m
u
l
ti
p
le
re
p
re
se
n
tati
o
n
s
i
n
a
d
d
it
io
n
a
n
d
s
u
b
trac
ti
o
n
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
in
fra
c
ti
o
n
s
,
”
In
t.
El
e
c
t
ro
n
.
J
.
El
e
m.
E
d
u
c
.
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
6
3
-
4
7
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
8
]
R.
M
.
P
a
n
a
su
k
,
“
Tax
o
n
o
m
y
f
o
r
a
ss
e
ss
in
g
c
o
n
c
e
p
tu
a
l
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
i
n
Al
g
e
b
ra
u
sin
g
m
u
lt
i
p
le
re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
s,”
Co
ll
e
g
e
S
tu
d
e
n
t
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
4
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
1
9
-
2
3
2
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
9
]
R.
M
.
P
a
n
a
su
k
a
n
d
M
.
L.
Be
y
ra
n
e
v
a
n
d
,
“
Alg
e
b
ra
S
tu
d
e
n
ts’
A
b
il
it
y
t
o
Re
c
o
g
n
ize
M
u
lt
i
p
le
Re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
s
a
n
d
Ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t,
”
In
t.
J
.
M
a
th
.
T
e
a
c
h
.
L
e
a
r
n
.
,
2
0
1
0
.
[3
0
]
D.
Ra
h
m
a
wa
ti
,
P
.
P
u
rwa
n
to
,
S
.
S
u
b
a
n
j
i,
E.
Hi
d
a
y
a
n
to
,
a
n
d
R
.
B.
An
wa
r,
“
P
ro
c
e
ss
o
f
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
tran
sla
ti
o
n
fro
m
v
e
rb
a
l
i
n
to
g
ra
p
h
ic,”
In
t.
E
lec
tro
n
.
J
.
M
a
th
.
E
d
u
c
.
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
6
7
-
3
8
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
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