In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f E
v
al
u
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
R
e
se
arc
h
in
Ed
u
c
ation
(
IJERE
)
V
o
l.6,
N
o.3,
S
eptem
b
er
2
01
7
,
pp. 252~
2
5
6
IS
S
N
: 2252-
88
22
252
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
sj
ourn
a
l.
com
/
on
line
/
in
dex.
p
h
p
/
I
J
ERE
Pocket Bo
o
k to En
h
ance Knowle
dge and Attitude Regarding
Prevention of Soil-t
ransmitted Helminth
Liena
So
f
i
a
n
a, S
uci M
u
sv
i
t
a Ay
u
F
acul
t
y
o
f
P
u
blic
H
ealth, U
n
i
v
ersi
tas Ahm
a
d D
a
hlan, In
d
o
n
esi
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Dec
2
6
,
2
016
Re
vise
d Ju
l 1
2
,
201
7
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
Au
g
1
2
,
2
017
I
ndo
n
e
s
i
a,
b
eing
a
t
r
op
ic
a
l
a
rea
wit
h
h
ig
h
h
u
m
i
dit
y
,
is
a
s
ou
rc
e
o
f
p
r
oli
f
erati
o
n
of
w
orm
s
.
S
o
il-
T
ra
n
s
mit
t
e
d
H
elminth
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
io
n
i
s
w
i
d
e
s
p
r
e
a
d
in
a
ll
rur
a
l
a
n
d
ur
b
a
n
a
r
e
a
s
.
C
hi
ld
re
n
who
are
in
f
e
ct
ed
u
s
u
a
l
l
y
e
x
p
erien
c
e
let
h
ar
g
y
,
pallor
o
r
a
n
e
m
i
a,
w
ei
g
h
t
los
s
a
nd
l
is
tle
ssness
,
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
decr
eas
ing
their
learni
n
g
c
oncentrat
ion
and
p
r
oduc
ti
vity
.
P
r
e
vent
i
o
n
eff
o
rt
t
o
re
d
u
ce
th
e
i
n
c
i
d
e
n
c
e
o
f
S
oi
l
-
T
r
a
n
sm
i
tte
d
H
e
l
m
i
n
t
h
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
is
c
ondu
c
te
d
by
providing
t
h
e
in
fo
r
m
a
t
i
on
o
n
S
o
i
l
-
Tra
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
d
H
e
l
m
i
n
t
h
s
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
on.
H
e
a
lth
pr
o
m
otion
c
a
nnot
b
e
s
e
pa
ra
ted
fr
om
m
edia
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
m
essa
g
e
s
deliv
ered
thro
ug
h
me
dia
can
b
e
mo
re
i
nt
ere
s
ti
ng
a
nd
e
asie
r
to
u
nd
erstan
d.
T
h
e
p
u
rp
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
stud
y
is
t
o
de
te
rmi
n
e
th
e
ef
fe
ct
i
v
en
ess
of
a
p
o
c
k
et
b
ook
t
o
in
cr
e
a
se
p
re
ve
ntive
b
e
h
a
vi
or
f
o
r
S
oil-
Tr
an
smit
t
e
d
Helmi
n
t
h
es
I
n
fecti
o
n
s
.
Th
is
t
y
p
e
of
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
wa
s
a
qu
a
s
i-e
x
pe
ri
m
e
n
t
al
s
tud
y
.
T
h
e
sa
mpl
es
o
f
th
is
st
ud
y
w
e
re
a
l
l
e
lem
e
n
t
ary
sch
o
o
l
i
n
f
e
c
t
e
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
in
g
r
a
de
s
3,
4
,
an
d
5
with
a
pa
c
k
a
g
e
of
i
n
t
e
r
ve
n
tions
f
or
t
he
p
r
o
visio
n
o
f
a
p
o
cket
b
o
ok.
Th
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
iv
e
n
e
s
s
of
t
he
p
ocke
t
b
o
o
k
i
s
d
e
t
e
rm
i
n
e
d
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
t
es
t
.
T
here
a
r
e
d
i
ff
eren
ces
b
e
t
w
e
en
t
h
e
m
ean
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
an
d
att
i
t
u
d
e
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
m
e
a
n
o
f
be
h
a
vi
or o
f
Soil
-T
r
a
ns
m
i
tte
d
H
e
l
mi
n
t
hs
I
n
f
e
c
tio
n
bef
o
re
a
n
d
a
f
te
r th
e p
o
cket
bo
ok
i
s
sim
i
l
a
r.
K
eyw
ord
:
A
t
ti
tu
d
e
Be
ha
v
i
or
In
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
K
now
le
d
g
e
Po
ck
e
t
boo
k
S
o
il-
t
ra
ns
mitt
e
d
h
elminths
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
017 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
Scien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Lie
n
a
Sofia
n
a,
Facu
lty
of
P
ubli
c
Heal
th
,
A
h
m
a
d D
a
hlan
U
niver
s
it
y,
P
r
of. D
r. S
o
e
pomo
st
r
eet,
Jan
t
ura
n
U
m
bul
H
ar
j
o
Y
og
ya
kar
t
a
, Indo
nes
i
a.
Em
ail:
l
i
e
n
a
.
so
fia
n
a
@
i
k
m.
uad.a
c
.id
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
I
n
t
e
s
t
i
n
a
l
w
or
m
disea
s
e
is
a
no
t
h
er
e
xam
p
l
e
o
f
a
par
a
si
ti
c
d
i
sea
se
t
ra
nsm
itt
e
d
t
hr
o
u
g
h
fo
od.
T
h
e
di
se
ase
w
h
ic
h
is
m
ain
l
y
ca
us
ed
b
y
ne
ma
tod
e
s
is
a
l
s
o
o
n
e
of
t
he
g
r
oup
s
of
n
e
g
l
e
c
t
e
d
t
rop
i
c
a
l
di
se
as
e
s
(
N
T
D)
.
It is pr
e
v
ale
n
t thr
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
he
w
orld. It is es
t
i
m
ated t
h
a
t m
o
re
tha
n o
n
e
bi
ll
i
on pe
o
p
le
in th
e w
o
rld a
r
e inf
ecte
d
by
A
s
caris lumbricoides
a
n
d
a
p
p
ro
xi
m
a
te
ly
5
0
0
m
ill
io
n
a
r
e
in
fec
t
e
d
b
y
Trich
u
r
i
s tri
c
hi
ur
a
.
To
get
h
er
w
ith
other
worm
s
(hookworm
s),
the
w
o
rm
s
w
e
re
c
l
a
ssif
i
e
d
i
n
the
gr
ou
p
o
f
s
o
il-transm
i
tted
H
el
m
i
nt
hs
/STH
(w
orm
s
tha
t
are
tra
n
sm
it
t
e
d t
h
ro
ug
h t
h
e
soi
l
)
[1].
Pre
v
al
e
n
c
e
o
f
So
i
l
-
Tra
n
smitte
d
He
l
m
i
n
th
i
nf
ec
tio
n
in
I
n
don
e
s
i
a
is
s
til
l
q
u
ite
h
i
g
h.
W
or
my
d
i
s
e
a
se
i
s
w
i
des
p
rea
d
i
n
rura
l
a
nd
urba
n
are
a
s.
B
ase
d
on
a
surve
y
o
f
S
o
i
l
-
Tra
n
smi
tte
d
H
e
lm
i
n
t
h
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
ons
i
n
p
r
im
ary
sch
o
o
l
s
in
s
e
v
e
r
al
p
r
o
vinc
es
i
n
198
6-
1
9
9
1
s
how
e
d
a
p
r
e
v
a
lenc
e
o
f
a
p
prox
i
m
ate
l
y
6
0
-80
%
,
w
h
er
eas
f
or
a
l
l
age
s
r
a
nge
d
from
40
to
6
0%
.
D
i
a
rrhea
S
ud
it
s
urve
y
resu
l
t
s
i
n
2
0
0
2
a
nd
2
0
0
3
i
n
4
0
p
r
i
ma
ry
s
c
hoo
ls
i
n
1
0
pro
v
i
n
ces
s
ho
we
d the
preva
l
e
n
ce
ra
ng
e
d
from
2.2
t
o
96.3
%
[
2].
Worm
y
d
i
seas
e
spre
ads
in
a
ll
r
ura
l
a
n
d
u
r
b
an
a
r
eas
w
i
t
h
tro
p
i
c
a
l
and
su
bt
ropi
c
a
l
c
li
mat
e
s.
A
s
t
r
op
i
c
al
c
ou
nt
ry
w
hi
ch
i
s
a
go
od
e
nv
i
r
on
me
n
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
ev
e
l
op
me
n
t
of
w
orm
a
s
w
ell
a
s
p
oor
h
y
g
i
e
n
e
a
n
d
san
ita
t
i
o
n
,
I
ndone
si
a
ha
s
h
i
g
h
hum
id
it
y,
l
e
a
di
n
g
t
o
h
i
gh
p
reva
l
en
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
se
ase
[2
].
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
s
h
o
w
e
d
tha
t
t
he
p
re
va
l
e
nc
e
o
f
w
orm
in
fe
c
tio
n
is
a
s
m
u
ch
a
s
1
4
.8
1%
i
n
u
r
b
a
n
a
re
as
a
nd
65.4
%
i
n
r
u
ra
l
are
a
s
[3].
A
d
d
iti
ona
l
l
y
,
sc
h
o
o
l
-a
ge
c
h
i
l
d
re
n
bec
o
m
e
t
he
c
o
n
t
rib
u
tor
s
o
f
th
e
w
o
rm
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
on.
R
e
s
ear
ch
c
ond
uc
te
d
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJERE
I
S
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
Poc
k
e
t
Bo
ok to
E
n
h
anc
e
Kn
o
w
le
d
g
e a
nd
A
t
t
i
t
ude
Re
g
a
rd
i
n
g Pre
ven
ti
o
n
o
f
.
.
..
(
L
iena
So
fia
n
a
)
25
3
elem
en
tar
y
s
c
h
ool
c
h
i
ldren
gr
a
d
e
1
i
n
P
us
ke
sm
as
K
oka
p
1
show
s
a
p
re
va
l
e
nce
of
24.
6%
o
f
ch
i
l
dr
e
n
a
ff
ecte
d
by
w
o
rm
i
n
f
e
c
tio
n
[
4
].
S
oil-
Transm
it
t
e
d
he
lmin
t
h
i
nfec
ti
ons
t
ha
t
u
s
ua
l
l
y
at
t
a
c
k
c
hil
d
re
n
are
rou
n
d
w
o
rm
,
w
h
i
p
w
o
rm
a
nd
h
o
o
k
w
o
rm
.
Par
a
sitic
w
orm
s
d
o
not
o
n
l
y
ta
ke
n
utrie
n
t
s
i
n
the
in
tes
t
i
n
e
s
o
f
c
h
i
l
dren,
bu
t
als
o
dam
a
ge
t
he
i
nt
est
i
na
l
w
a
l
l
,
pre
v
en
t
i
ng
t
h
e
a
b
sor
p
ti
on
of
t
h
e
se
nu
trie
nts.
C
hi
l
d
ren
w
ho
a
r
e
i
n
fec
t
e
d
u
s
u
al
l
y
expe
r
i
ence
l
e
t
h
a
rgy,
p
a
l
lor
or
a
nem
i
a
,
w
e
i
gh
t
l
o
ss
a
nd
l
i
stle
ss
ne
ss,
decr
eas
e
t
h
e
i
r
le
arn
i
n
g
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
pro
duc
t
i
v
ity
a
s
the
fu
t
u
re
g
en
er
ation.
The
gr
eat
n
um
be
r
of
c
h
i
l
d
ren
affec
t
e
d
b
y
w
o
rm
i
nfec
ti
on
is
c
a
u
s
e
d
b
y
th
eir
i
n
te
nse
c
o
n
t
ac
t
w
i
t
h
t
he
so
i
l
.
Worm
y
is
one
d
isea
se
t
ha
t
i
s
t
r
a
nsmi
tte
d
t
h
ro
u
gh
t
h
e
so
i
l
(
Soil-T
r
a
n
sm
it
t
e
d
he
l
m
int
h
s).
The
w
o
rm
,
w
h
ic
h ha
b
ita
t
i
s
i
n
t
h
e inte
st
i
n
al
a
nd ne
e
d
s
s
o
il t
o
ha
t
c
h
t
hei
r
eg
gs, bec
o
m
e
s infec
t
i
v
e t
o
hu
m
a
n
s. S
om
e of
t
he
risk
f
actors
t
hat
c
o
uld
affect
t
he
o
cc
urrenc
e
of
w
orm
in
fe
cti
o
n
i
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
r
e
t
h
e
h
a
b
i
t
o
f
b
i
t
i
n
g
n
a
i
l
s
,
w
a
shi
n
g
ha
n
d
s
u
s
i
n
g
s
oa
p
be
fore
e
at
i
ng
and
afte
r
de
fe
ca
t
i
o
n
[
4]
.
Th
e
pr
eve
n
t
i
o
n
e
f
for
t
t
o
re
du
ce
t
h
e
inc
i
denc
e
o
f
w
orm
infec
tio
n
is
t
o
fos
t
e
r
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
ge
a
b
o
u
t
ear
ly
w
o
r
m
i
nfe
c
t
io
n.
K
now
led
g
e
i
s
d
om
ina
n
t
fa
ct
or
e
sse
n
t
i
a
l
i
n
a
per
s
on’
s
ac
t
i
o
n
s.
K
n
o
w
l
ed
ge,
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e,
a
n
d
prac
tic
e
of
t
he
p
rima
ry
s
c
h
ool
c
h
i
ld
r
e
n
are
corr
elate
d
w
it
h
he
lmin
t
h
i
n
f
ecti
o
ns
[
5].
K
n
ow
le
d
g
e
is
g
a
i
ne
d
th
ro
ug
h
a
va
rie
t
y
of
w
ays,
one
o
f
w
h
ic
h
is
t
h
ro
ugh
t
h
e
p
ro
mo
ti
on
o
f
h
e
a
lth
.
Hea
l
t
h
p
ro
mo
ti
o
n
pl
a
y
s
i
m
po
rt
a
nt
r
ol
e
s
i
n
the
proc
ess
of
s
oc
ie
t
y
em
pow
er
i
n
g,
w
hic
h
i
s
le
ar
ni
n
g
f
r
o
m,
b
y
,
a
nd
to
ge
the
r
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
e
o
ple
i
n
a
ccor
d
ance
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
loca
l
so
ci
o
-
c
u
lt
u
r
al
e
n
v
i
r
on
ment
.
Thi
s
way
, t
h
ey ca
n
h
el
p
th
emsel
v
es
in the
f
ield of
hea
l
th [
6].
P
r
om
ot
i
o
n
o
f
h
ea
l
t
h
c
a
n
n
o
t
b
e
se
para
te
d
from
t
he
m
ed
ia,
be
cau
se
t
h
r
o
ugh
m
e
d
i
a
,
t
h
e
mess
ag
e
s
can
be
m
ore
in
tere
stin
g
an
d
u
n
d
ersta
nda
b
l
e
so
t
hat
the
targe
t
c
a
n
l
ea
rn
t
he
m
e
s
sa
ge
a
nd
a
dop
t
a
p
o
s
i
t
i
ve
att
itu
de
[
7]
.
Pocke
t
b
o
o
k
w
i
ll
pro
v
i
d
e
in
form
ati
o
n
a
b
ou
t
S
T
H
i
n
fect
i
ons.
It
i
s
e
x
pe
cted
t
o
im
p
r
ove
t
he
beha
v
i
or
i
n
pre
v
en
t
i
n
g
S
TH
i
n
f
ec
t
i
o
n
,
inc
l
ud
i
ng
k
now
l
e
d
g
e,
a
tti
t
udes
a
nd
a
c
t
ions.
Ba
se
d
on
the
rese
arc
h
resul
t
s,
p
o
c
ke
t
b
o
o
k
s
c
a
n
i
n
c
r
ease
the
sc
ore
of
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
ge
a
b
out
sexua
l
l
y
t
r
an
s
m
itt
e
d
di
se
as
es
i
n
t
h
e
Ba
ny
uma
s
S
ta
t
e
hig
h sch
o
o
l s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
due
t
o an
i
ncre
ase
in
p
re
a
nd p
o
st-
t
e
s
t sc
ores [8].
Base
d
on
t
h
e
pr
el
iminar
y
st
ud
y,
1
5
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
o
f
grade
4
,
5
,
and
6
i
n
S
D
Neg
e
ri
M
o
yud
an
,
were
pos
it
ive
l
y
i
n
fe
cted by
S
T
H
.
B
es
ide
s
,
from
t
he
i
nter
view
r
e
s
ults
,
mo
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
stud
e
n
t
s
d
o
n
o
t
kno
w
ab
out
S
TH
in
fec
t
i
o
ns
a
n
d
how
t
o
preve
n
t
i
t
.
There
f
or
e
,
t
he
r
ese
a
rc
her
c
o
n
du
ct
e
d
a
r
es
ea
rch
o
n
t
h
e
ef
fe
cti
v
en
ess
o
f
poc
ke
tb
o
ok in i
nc
rea
s
i
n
g th
e
kn
ow
le
d
g
e
o
f
ele
me
nta
r
y
sc
hoo
l stu
de
nts a
b
ou
t
w
o
rm
i
nfe
c
t
i
o
n. The resea
rch is
expe
c
t
e
d
t
o
g
i
ve
m
ore
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
t
o
t
h
e
soc
i
e
t
y
,
e
spe
c
ia
ll
y
c
h
i
l
dr
e
n
t
ha
t
defe
cati
o
n
in
i
nap
p
r
opria
te
p
lace
s
ca
n
lead
t
o
sever
a
l di
sea
s
e
s
, one
o
f
w
h
ic
h is w
orm
infesta
t
i
on.
To
over
c
ome
t
h
e
prob
lem
,
i
t
is
n
e
c
e
s
sa
ry
t
o
impro
v
e
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
ge
t
hro
u
g
h
t
h
e
use
of
p
o
c
ke
t
b
o
o
k
s
as
t
he
m
ed
ia
t
o
pr
omo
t
e
he
al
th
i
n
r
e
lat
i
on
to
S
TH
i
nfe
c
t
io
n.
T
h
i
s
w
a
y
,
i
t
i
s
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
m
o
r
e
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
r
e
pro
t
ec
t
e
d fr
om t
he
i
nfe
c
t
i
o
n.
If i
t
is no
t c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
e
arl
y
,
t
h
e
re
w
ill be mor
e
chi
l
dr
en in
f
e
c
t
ed,
w
h
ic
h ma
y lea
d
t
o
d
ec
rea
s
e
th
ei
r
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng
c
onc
en
t
r
at
io
n
.
A
c
c
o
rdi
n
g
to
t
h
e
f
ac
t
s,
t
he
p
rob
l
e
m
o
f
th
is
r
esea
rch
is
h
ow
e
ffe
c
tive
t
h
e
Po
ck
etb
ook
i
s
t
o
t
h
e
B
eh
a
v
io
r
to
wa
rd
s
Soi
l
-Tra
n
s
mi
t
t
e
d
He
l
m
in
t
h
I
nfec
tio
n
i
n
E
l
e
m
e
n
t
ary
S
c
hoo
l
Children
in SD
Negeri Mo
yudan
Slem
an
Y
ogyakar
t
a.
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
Th
is
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
bel
o
ng
s
to
qua
si-e
xpe
rime
n
t
a
l
r
ese
a
rc
h
w
ith
t
he
i
nt
e
r
ven
t
i
o
n
gr
ou
p.
T
o
d
e
ter
m
ine
t
h
e
i
n
c
r
ea
se
o
f
kn
o
w
l
e
dg
e,
a
tt
it
ud
e
s
a
nd
b
eh
av
io
r
of
c
hi
ldre
n
of
S
o
i
l
-
T
ransm
itte
d
H
e
l
m
i
n
t
h
s
i
n
fe
c
t
ion
i
n
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
p
r
e
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
t
e
s
t
s
w
e
r
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
.
Th
e
sa
mp
l
e
s
we
r
e
t
ak
e
n
u
sin
g
t
o
t
ality
sa
mp
l
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
qu
e,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
57
r
e
s
p
onde
n
t
s
f
r
o
m
g
rad
e
4
,
5
,
a
n
d
6.
T
he
d
a
t
a
w
e
r
e
c
ol
le
c
t
ed
u
si
n
g
que
st
ion
n
a
i
r
e
g
i
v
e
n
t
o
the
re
sp
onde
nts.
I
t
cons
i
s
ts
o
f
t
h
e
va
ri
a
b
l
e
s
o
f
k
no
wl
ed
ge
,
a
t
tit
ud
e,
a
nd
b
eh
avi
o
r
befor
e
a
n
d
a
fte
r
t
he
i
nt
e
r
ven
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
he
poc
k
e
tb
o
ok.
T
he
c
o
n
f
o
u
ndi
ng
v
a
r
ia
b
l
e
i
s
c
ont
rol
l
e
d
u
si
ng
r
est
r
i
c
t
i
on
.
The
da
ta
w
ere
a
n
a
l
yze
d
u
sin
g
non-
para
me
t
r
i
c
Wilc
o
x
o
n
s
ta
t
i
st
i
c
s
bec
a
u
se
t
he
y w
e
re
not
norm
a
l
l
y
d
i
stri
bu
te
d.
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
ANALY
S
IS
Th
is
r
esea
rch
w
a
s
co
nd
uc
te
d
i
n
S
D
N
e
ge
r
i
M
oy
u
d
an
S
l
e
m
a
n
Y
o
gya
k
a
rt
a
Sp
e
c
i
a
l
Re
g
i
on
.
Th
e
sa
mp
l
e
s
we
re
e
l
e
me
nt
a
r
y
scho
ol
c
hil
d
re
n
o
f
g
rad
e
4
,5
,
and
6
wit
h
t
h
e
n
u
m
be
r
of
5
7
r
e
s
p
o
nde
n
t
s.
R
e
s
ults
o
f
un
iva
r
ia
te
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
a
r
e
base
d
on
t
h
e
k
now
l
e
dge,
at
tit
u
d
es
a
nd
b
eh
a
v
io
r
of
e
l
e
me
nt
a
r
y
sc
h
ool
c
hil
d
ren
i
n
t
he
preve
n
ti
on
of S
oi
l-Tr
ansm
it
t
e
d H
e
lmin
t
h
s i
n
fec
tio
n.
Resu
lts a
re
p
re
se
nt
e
d
in Ta
bl
e
1.
Ta
b
l
e
1.
K
now
led
g
e
,
a
tti
tu
des
a
nd beha
v
i
or
s in t
he
p
reve
nti
on o
f Soil-Transmitt
e
d
helm
i
nth
infections
Va
r
i
a
b
l
e
B
e
f
or
e
giving
the
po
c
k
e
t
b
ook
A
f
t
e
r
g
iving
the
poc
k
e
t
book
K
nowl
e
dg
e
1
5
.
4
6
17.
32
Attitude
1
4.91
16.56
Be
h
a
vior
9
.
6
7
9.
93
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2252-
8822
IJERE
V
ol
.
6,
N
o.
3,
S
eptem
b
er
20
17 :
2
5
2
– 256
25
4
Ta
b
l
e
1
il
lus
t
ra
t
e
s
t
h
at
i
n
t
h
e
varia
b
le
o
f
k
now
led
g
e
,
t
he
r
e
i
s
a
n
i
n
cr
eas
e
o
f
1
.
8
6
a
n
d
1.
65
o
f
t
he
att
itu
de.
Ch
i
l
dr
en’s
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
i
n
p
re
ven
t
i
n
g t
h
e
S
o
i
l
-
T
ransm
itte
d
H
e
lm
int
h
i
nfec
t
i
o
n
a
lso
i
n
cre
a
ses
as
m
u
c
h
as
0.26.
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
norma
lit
y
tes
t
d
o
n
e
be
fore
t
he
p
a
i
r
e
d
t-
tes
t
,
th
e
da
t
a
w
ere
no
t
n
o
r
m
a
l
l
y
d
i
s
t
r
ib
ute
d
.
Th
e
nex
t
s
t
e
p
i
s
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
a
t
a
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
n
o
r
m
a
l
i
t
y
t
e
s
t
i
s
repeated.
The
f
i
nal
r
e
sult
s
w
e
re
s
t
a
bl
e
,
show
i
n
g
tha
t
t
he
d
a
t
a
w
e
re
n
o
t
n
orma
lly
d
i
s
tri
b
ut
e
d
t
ha
t
t
o
s
o
l
ve
i
t
the
rese
arc
h
ers
c
hose
t
o
a
p
p
l
y
n
on-
para
me
tric Wi
l
c
o
x
on
tes
t
. Wilc
ox
on
tes
t
re
s
ult
s
a
re
p
resente
d
i
n Ta
ble
2
:
Tab
l
e
2.
R
e
s
ult
s
of Wi
lc
ox
o
n
tes
t on
t
h
e va
ri
able
s of k
now
l
e
dge
,
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
and
be
ha
vi
or
o
f c
h
il
dre
n
to
pr
even
t
So
i
l
Trn
a
smitte
d
Hel
m
i
n
th
i
nf
e
c
ti
o
n
s
V
a
ribl
e
Me
di
a
n
(
M
i
nim
u
m
-
M
a
xi
m
u
m
)
P
v
a
l
u
e
Know
le
dg
e
b
e
fore
using
the
poc
k
e
t
b
ook
knowle
dge
a
f
t
e
r
u
sing
the
poc
k
e
t
book
16
(10-
20)
18
(11-
20)
0.
000
At
titude
b
e
f
or
e
usi
ng
poc
ke
t
book
At
titude
a
ft
e
r
u
sing
the
po
c
k
e
t
boo
k
15
(
8
-2
0)
17
(10-
20)
0.
000
be
h
a
vior
b
e
f
ore
usi
ng t
h
e
poc
k
e
t
book
be
h
a
vior
a
f
t
e
r
u
sing
the
po
c
k
e
t
book
10
(
5
-1
2)
10
(
5
-1
6)
0.
441
Wi
l
c
o
xon'
s t
e
st
:
4
su
bj
e
c
t
s
k
no
wl
ed
g
e
d
e
c
r
ea
sed
, 6
f
i
x
ed
a
n
d
47
i
n
c
r
e
as
e
s
8
subje
c
t
s at
t
itude
s
dec
r
ea
se
d
,
9
fixed
a
n
d
4
0
incre
a
ses
16
ub
jec
t
s
w
i
t
h
b
e
h
av
i
o
ral
dec
l
i
n
e,
24 fi
xe
d an
d
17 incre
a
ses
Ta
b
l
e
2
il
lus
t
r
a
tes
t
h
e
resu
lts
o
f
the
Wi
l
c
o
x
on
te
st
t
hat
usi
n
g
t
he
poc
ke
t
b
oo
k
has
pro
v
e
n
t
o
i
n
cre
a
se
t
h
e
kno
wl
edg
e
o
f
t
h
e
res
pon
d
e
nt
.
It
c
a
n
b
e
se
e
n
f
ro
m
th
e
bi
olo
g
ic
a
l
s
ign
i
fica
nce
tha
t
t
he
n
umbe
r
o
f
respo
nde
n
t
s
w
hos
e
sc
ore
of
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
ge
o
f
S
o
i
l
-Tr
a
nsm
i
t
t
e
d
he
l
m
i
n
t
h
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
ons
i
nc
rea
s
ed
by
4
7
p
e
o
pl
e
an
d
respo
nde
n
t
s
w
hose
sc
ore
rem
a
i
n
s
t
h
e
sa
m
e
i
s
a
s
m
uc
h
a
s
6
p
e
o
ple
.
S
t
ati
s
t
i
ca
l
l
y,
i
nd
ic
ated
b
y
t
h
e
v
a
lue
o
f
p
=
0.
0
0
0
bot
h
on
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
v
a
r
ia
b
l
e,
i
t
m
eans
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
re
a
re
d
if
fer
e
nce
s
b
e
t
w
een
t
he
m
ea
n
va
lu
es
o
f
kn
ow
le
d
g
e
and
goo
d
at
t
i
t
u
de
v
a
l
ue be
f
ore
and
afte
r usi
n
g t
h
e
po
c
k
et
b
ook.
G
i
v
i
n
g
poc
ke
t
bo
o
k
a
l
s
o
in
cre
a
ses
t
h
e
va
r
i
a
b
le
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
o
f
t
he
re
s
p
o
nde
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
pr
ev
en
t
i
o
n
o
f
S
o
il-
Tra
n
sm
itte
d
he
lmin
t
h
i
n
f
ec
ti
o
n
s,
p
r
ove
n
b
y
40
pe
op
le
w
h
o
s
e
dem
e
an
or
i
nc
rea
s
es,
whi
l
e
t
he
r
em
ai
ns
w
er
e
9
peo
p
l
e.
T
he
s
t
a
ti
stics
a
l
so
s
h
o
w
the
va
lue
o
f
p
=
0
.
0
0
0
,
w
h
ic
h
me
an
s
t
h
at
t
here
a
r
e
d
i
f
fe
renc
es
b
e
t
we
en
t
h
e
me
an
v
alu
e
s a
tti
t
ude
s be
fore
a
nd
after
the
p
o
c
k
e
t
b
oo
k.
Ba
se
d
on
t
h
e
b
iol
ogi
c
a
l
signi
fi
c
a
n
c
e
,
t
h
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
r
esp
ond
en
ts
i
n
preven
t
i
n
g
S
o
il
Tr
ansm
i
t
te
d
helm
in
th
i
nfec
ti
o
n
s
a
l
so
i
nc
rea
s
ed
a
fter
u
s
i
ng
p
o
c
k
e
t
bo
ok
.
I
t
c
a
n
b
e
s
een
f
ro
m
t
h
e
numb
e
r
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
nt
s
w
ho s
how
e
d
an i
n
c
r
e
a
se,
as muc
h a
s
1
7 pe
o
p
le
. T
h
e
num
ber is l
ow
er th
a
n t
h
a
t
w
hose sc
ore do
es n
ot inc
rea
s
e
,
w
h
ic
h
is
24
re
spo
nde
nts.
T
h
i
s
is
i
n
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
w
ith
t
he
s
t
a
t
i
s
tic
al
r
es
ult
s
,
sho
w
in
g
t
h
at
p
=
0
.4
41
,
wh
i
c
h
me
a
n
s
there
ar
e no
di
ffer
ence
s be
twe
e
n
t
h
e me
a
n
v
al
u
e
s o
f
b
eh
avi
o
r b
e
fore
a
nd a
f
t
e
r
the poc
ket b
o
o
k
.
Th
e
st
a
t
i
s
ti
c
t
e
st
s
ho
we
d
a
dif
f
e
r
en
c
e
in
t
h
e
m
ea
n
sc
o
r
e
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
ed
ge
o
f
the
re
spon
de
nt
a
b
o
u
t
S
oil-
Tra
n
sm
itte
d
H
e
lm
int
h
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
on
bef
o
re
a
n
d
a
fter
u
si
ng
t
h
e
bo
ok,
w
it
h
t
h
e
val
u
e
of
p
=
0
.
000.
T
h
e
d
iffe
renc
e
arises
s
i
n
c
e
t
he
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
h
ave
re
ad
t
he
p
oc
ket
b
oo
ks,
pr
ovi
d
i
n
g
t
hem
new
i
n
form
ati
o
n
a
b
ou
t
S
o
i
l
-
Tra
n
sm
itte
d
H
e
lm
in
th
i
nfec
t
i
on.
T
he
k
n
o
w
l
ed
ge
t
he
y
ga
ine
d
f
r
o
m
the
re
adi
n
g
la
sts
l
o
n
g
er
b
eca
u
s
e
t
h
e
y
direc
t
l
y
s
e
n
se
t
he
k
now
led
g
e
.
H
uma
n
’s
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
is
g
a
i
ne
d
m
o
st
l
y
t
h
ro
ug
h
si
g
h
t
a
n
d
h
ea
ring.
K
no
w
l
e
d
ge
i
s
one
k
e
y
fac
tor
in
s
hap
i
ng t
h
e
b
e
ha
v
i
o
u
r [9].
The
inc
r
ea
se
i
n
kn
ow
led
g
e
s
c
or
es
f
r
o
m
pre
-
te
st
t
o
p
o
s
t
-te
s
t
i
s
a
c
hi
e
v
e
d
a
ft
er
u
si
ng
th
e
p
o
c
k
e
t
boo
ks,
si
n
c
e
i
t
co
nt
ai
ns
si
m
pl
e
a
n
d
p
r
actic
a
l
i
nform
a
ti
on an
d
t
h
e
y
c
a
n
r
e
a
d
i
t
at
a
ny
t
i
m
e
.
Th
e
kno
wl
ed
g
e
a
bo
ut
P
M
S
incre
a
ses
as
m
uch
a
s
3
1.2%.
P
r
ac
t
i
c
a
l
a
nd
h
a
nd
y
c
h
a
r
ac
t
e
r
i
s
t
ics
o
f
the
po
c
k
et
b
ooks
e
nc
our
a
g
e
t
h
e
st
ud
ent
s
t
o
rea
d
.
Indee
d
,
the
b
o
o
k
i
s
fo
c
u
se
d
an
d
me
ets
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
s
of
t
he
s
t
ud
en
ts
[
10
].
T
h
e
u
se
o
f
bo
okl
et
i
s
al
so
e
f
f
e
c
t
iv
e
t
o
i
mp
ro
v
e
t
h
e
s
t
uden
t
s’
k
no
wl
edg
e
a
bou
t
s
a
mpl
e
nut
ri
tio
n
f
o
r
anem
ia.
It
i
s
e
v
ide
n
t
i
n
t
he
i
ncre
ase
of
t
he
s
c
o
re
b
e
f
ore
a
nd
a
f
ter
us
i
n
g
the
p
o
c
k
etb
o
o
k
[11]
.
T
h
i
s
b
o
o
k
l
e
t
i
s
inte
n
d
e
d
f
or
u
se
d
by
m
e
n
t
a
l
h
ea
lt
h
ca
re
p
rofess
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
o
ass
i
s
t
t
h
e
m
de
vel
o
p
a
bet
t
e
r
u
nders
ta
nd
i
n
g
of
n
eo-
t
yp
ica
l
i
n
fam
i
l
i
es
w
i
t
h
c
h
i
l
dre
n
w
ith
hi
gh
or low
a
ut
ism
[12].
I
m
provi
ng
t
h
e
stude
n
t
s’
k
n
o
w
l
ed
ge
u
si
n
g
m
e
d
ia,
w
h
ich
is
t
he
p
oc
ke
t
b
o
o
k
,
is
e
ffect
i
v
e
t
o
h
e
l
p
t
h
em
in
a
b
s
orb
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
f
orm
a
tio
n
t
h
e
y
r
e
a
d
.
The com
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
gr
ou
p,
com
p
ris
i
n
g
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
nd pare
nts,
a
c
h
ieve
d
sign
ifica
n
t
sc
ore
(p=
0
.00
0
).
S
ign
i
fica
nt
i
mpr
ovem
e
n
t
i
s
ac
hie
v
e
d
b
y
t
he
s
tude
n
t
s
after
th
ey
u
se
t
he
me
dia
[13].
In
a
n
o
t
her
ca
s
e
,
patie
n
t
s
i
n
t
he
p
i
l
ot
s
tu
dy
w
e
re
s
a
tis
fie
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
r
e
-de
s
ig
ne
d
bo
o
k
le
t.
P
r
actit
i
o
ne
rs
r
epor
ted
tha
t
i
t
s
u
se
i
n
c
onsu
lta
t
i
o
n
s
e
n
a
b
le
d
ch
a
n
ge
i
m
p
le
me
nt
a
tio
n
an
d
fa
c
i
l
ita
te
d
p
a
t
i
e
n
ts’
un
dersta
n
d
i
n
g
of
c
o
n
n
ec
t
i
on
s
be
tw
ee
n
life
s
tyle
a
n
d
hea
l
th
o
u
t
c
o
me
s
[1
4
]
.
St
af
f
i
d
ent
i
f
i
ed
u
se
ful
el
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
the
b
ook
le
t
a
n
d
m
a
de
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
i
o
ns
f
or
d
i
s
se
minat
i
o
n
i
n
l
i
n
e
w
i
t
h
p
r
i
or
r
esea
rch.
A
b
et
ter
u
n
d
er
st
a
n
d
i
ng
o
f
how
p
ri
n
t
m
at
eria
l
s
a
re
u
til
iz
ed
t
o
sup
p
l
em
ent
m
e
d
i
a
ca
mpa
i
g
n
s
c
a
n
i
m
p
ro
ve
t
he
ir
u
se
fu
l
n
ess
a
n
d
po
t
e
n
tia
l
i
n
fl
u
e
n
c
e on
hea
l
t
h
b
eh
av
io
rs [
1
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJERE
I
S
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
Poc
k
e
t
Bo
ok to
E
n
h
anc
e
Kn
o
w
le
d
g
e a
nd
A
t
t
i
t
ude
Re
g
a
rd
i
n
g Pre
ven
ti
o
n
o
f
.
.
..
(
L
iena
So
fia
n
a
)
25
5
The
sta
tis
t
i
c
te
st
s
how
e
d
a
d
i
f
fe
renc
e
in
t
he
m
ea
n
o
f
r
es
po
nde
n
ts’
at
t
i
t
u
d
e
t
ow
ar
ds
S
o
il-T
r
ansm
i
t
te
d
H
e
lm
inth
i
n
f
ec
tio
n
bef
o
re
a
nd
a
f
ter
us
in
g
the
poc
ke
tb
o
o
k
,
w
ith
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
of
p
=
0
.000
.
Th
e
re
sp
ond
e
n
t
s
s
how
pos
it
ive
a
t
t
i
t
ud
e
in
p
reve
nt
in
g
Soil-Tra
n
smi
t
t
e
d
H
e
lm
in
th
i
nfe
c
ti
on
,
wh
i
c
h
i
s
e
vid
e
nt
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
cre
a
si
ng
sc
o
r
e
befor
e
a
n
d
a
ft
e
r
u
si
n
g
t
he
b
oo
k.
R
ea
d
i
ng
and
re
-re
adin
g
t
h
e
poc
k
e
t
book
i
mp
ro
ve
t
h
e
ir
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
se
lf
-
aw
a
r
ene
s
s
to
p
r
e
ve
nt
t
he
i
nf
ecti
o
n.
T
he
u
s
e
o
f
go
u
t
y
ar
thr
itis
p
o
c
k
e
t
bo
ok
i
n
cr
ease
s
t
he
m
ean,
a
s
m
uch
a
s
0.55.
I
t
m
e
a
n
s
t
h
at
t
he
i
nter
v
e
nti
o
n
gr
oup
r
e
a
c
hes
h
i
g
h
e
r
o
u
t
pu
t
co
mp
a
r
ed
t
o
th
at
i
n
the
c
o
n
t
ro
l
.
T
h
i
s
way
,
poc
ke
tb
o
ok ha
s
prove
n
to be
one g
o
od
sol
u
t
i
on
t
o
hel
p pa
ti
e
n
t
s
i
n
h
e
a
li
ng
t
h
e
msel
v
e
s [16].
The
re
spo
n
d
e
n
ts’
i
m
pr
ovem
e
nt
i
n
t
h
e
i
r
at
ti
tu
de
t
ow
a
r
ds
t
he
i
n
f
e
c
tio
n
is
a
l
s
o
t
h
e
resu
l
t
s
of
t
he
ir
respo
n
se
t
o
th
e
poc
ket
b
oo
k.
A
ttit
u
d
e
is
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
a
n
a
ct
io
n
i
n
c
er
t
a
in
a
c
tiv
it
y,
b
u
t
a
l
s
o
a
pre
d
ispo
si
t
i
on
of
a
c
t
i
on
s
in
a
b
eh
avi
o
r.
A
t
t
i
t
ude
i
s
al
so
t
h
e
r
ead
i
n
es
s
to
r
ea
c
t
to
p
a
r
ti
c
u
l
a
r
ob
jec
t
i
n
par
t
ic
ula
r
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
nt
a
s
the
i
r
ap
pre
c
ia
ti
on
of
t
he
o
b
j
ec
t
[1
7].
The
r
o
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
dia
i
s
q
u
ite
e
ffec
tiv
e.
M
e
d
ia
g
e
n
er
a
t
es
t
he
i
n
t
ere
s
t
s
o
f
the
targe
t
,
stim
ul
a
t
i
n
g
them
t
o
spr
e
a
d
t
he
m
essage
s
to
o
the
r
p
e
ople
a
nd
fa
c
ili
ta
te
t
he
d
e
l
i
v
er
y
o
f
i
n
f
orma
tio
n
[1
8].
M
e
dia
s
h
a
p
es
p
art
i
c
u
lar
kn
ow
le
d
g
e
,
o
pi
n
i
o
n
,
atti
tu
de
,
be
h
av
ior
am
ong
i
n
d
i
v
i
du
a
l
s,
g
rou
p
s,
i
nst
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s,
or soc
i
e
ty. I
n turn,
it
a
ls
o in
fl
uenc
e
s
the
a
u
d
i
ence
s [1
9].
Base
d
on
the
varia
b
le
o
f
be
ha
v
i
or
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
eve
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
S
oi
l-Tr
a
nsm
i
t
t
e
d
H
e
l
m
i
n
th
i
nfe
c
t
io
n,
t
he
si
m
i
lar
m
e
a
n
r
eac
hed
bef
o
re
a
nd
a
f
ter
u
s
i
n
g
the
poc
ke
tb
o
ok
is
p
ro
bab
l
y
c
a
u
se
d
by
sh
ort
m
easure
m
e
n
t
sta
g
e
,
wh
i
c
h
wa
s
on
ly
5
d
ays
a
f
t
e
r
u
s
in
g
th
e
bo
ok
.
It
i
s
p
o
ssibl
e
th
at
t
he
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
h
a
v
e
no
t
inter
n
al
ize
d
t
he
kn
ow
le
d
g
e
the
y
g
ai
ne
d
fr
om
t
he
p
oc
ke
t
b
o
ok.
T
he
s
im
i
l
a
r
m
ean
s
co
r
e
s
are
fo
un
d
bot
h
in
t
he
i
n
t
er
v
e
nt
io
n
g
r
ou
p
s
a
n
d
th
e
c
o
nt
rol
g
r
oups.
Be
h
a
vio
r
t
a
k
e
s
t
i
m
e
t
o
c
han
g
e.
D
iffe
ren
t
f
rom
lea
r
n
i
n
g
p
ri
nc
ip
les
a
p
pl
yin
g
evo
l
ut
ion
proc
ess,
it re
q
u
i
r
es spe
c
i
fic co
ns
id
e
r
ati
ons o
f o
t
h
e
r
s. Cha
ng
in
g be
ha
v
i
or de
p
e
n
ds o
n
t
h
e
st
imu
l
u
s
. I
f
it
i
s
st
r
o
ng, it i
m
proves
at
t
e
ntio
n,
un
d
ersta
n
di
n
g
,
acc
epta
n
c
e,
a
nd
rea
c
tion,
w
hic
h
l
ea
ds
t
o
ac
ti
on [
2
0
]
.
I
n
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
,
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
i
n
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
o
f
P
H
B
S
(
beha
v
i
or
o
f
c
l
ea
n
a
nd
h
ealt
h
y)
b
e
f
ore
and a
f
ter
he
a
lth pr
o
m
o
ti
on to
exper
i
m
e
nta
l
and c
o
n
t
rol gro
ups
i
s
p
r
o
b
a
b
l
y
c
a
u
se
d
b
y
t
he a
vai
l
a
b
ili
ty o
f hea
l
t
h
fa
ci
lit
ies a
t
s
ch
oo
l.
F
ac
il
i
t
i
es a
nd
i
n
f
rastruc
t
u
r
es a
re
t
h
e
e
n
a
b
li
n
g
f
a
c
t
o
r
s i
n
i
mp
ro
vi
ng
h
e
a
l
t
hy
b
eh
avio
u
r
[
17
].
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
The
r
e
are
d
i
f
f
e
r
ence
s
in
t
he
m
e
a
n
sc
ores
o
f
kn
ow
le
dg
e
o
n
S
oil-T
r
a
nsmi
tte
d
H
e
l
m
in
th
i
n
f
ec
ti
o
n
o
f
the
e
l
em
ent
a
r
y
s
c
hoo
l
s
t
u
d
e
nts
bef
o
re
a
n
d
a
fte
r
u
sing
the
P
o
c
k
e
t
b
oo
k
i
n
S
D
N
e
geri
M
o
y
uda
n
S
l
em
an
Y
o
g
y
aka
r
t
a
.
A
s
t
he
m
ed
ia
o
f
hea
l
t
h
p
r
o
m
o
t
i
on,
t
he
poc
ke
t
b
o
o
k
i
s
p
r
o
v
e
n
t
o
b
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
kn
ow
le
d
g
e
on
and
at
t
itu
de
t
o
w
a
r
ds
S
oi
l
-
Transm
i
t
te
d
i
n
fe
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
i
t
i
s
n
o
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
impro
v
i
n
g the
beha
vior
o
f
pre
v
en
t
i
n
g
S
oil-Tr
ansm
itte
d
H
e
l
m
int
h
.
P
r
imary
H
e
alth
C
ar
e
(P
H
C
)
ca
n
me
n
t
or
in
g
sc
ho
o
l
c
hi
l
d
ren
t
h
ro
ug
h
U
K
S
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
i
n
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
b
y
pro
v
i
d
i
n
g
c
o
u
n
se
l
i
n
g
o
n
an
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
bas
i
s,
e
spe
c
ia
l
l
y
on
S
o
il
Tr
an
sm
itt
ed
h
e
l
m
i
n
t
h
in
fect
i
ons
a
nd
s
k
rin
n
in
g
the
Prim
ar
y
He
alt
h
C
ar
e
(P
HC
)
can
c
on
d
u
c
t
a
m
ent
o
ri
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
ity
t
o
s
tu
d
e
nt
s
t
h
ro
ugh
S
c
h
o
o
l
He
al
th
U
ni
t
pro
g
ra
m
at schoo
l
by
pro
v
i
d
ing
co
n
tin
uo
us
c
ou
nse
lin
g
in
r
elat
i
o
n
to S
oi
l
-
Transm
i
t
te
d
H
e
lm
i
n
t
h
i
nfe
c
t
i
on.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
S
a
rdj
ono
,
“S
tra
t
egy
Con
t
ro
l
and
P
r
ev
ent
i
on
P
aras
it
ic
D
i
s
eas
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
Com
m
unit
y
,
”
In
do
ne
sia
n
Me
d
i
c
a
l Mag
a
z
ine
,
vo
l/issue:
5
9(7),
p
p
.
2
9
7
-3
01
,
2009
.
[2]
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt of
H
ealt
h
, “The
Decree of
the
M
i
n
i
s
t
e
r of H
ealt
h
Reg
ardin
g
C
aci
ng
an,”
2
00
6.
[3]
Sayono,
“
Intest
inal
W
orms
T
ransmitted
I
n
f
ecti
o
ns
t
hrough
t
h
e
L
a
nd
o
f
the
Pr
ima
r
y
Sc
hool
C
hildr
e
n
in
U
rban
a
nd
Rural
Areas in
Pus
k
esm
a
s
I U
n
g
a
ran
,
”
In
don
esi
a
Jo
ur
nal o
f
P
ublic
Heal
th
, vo
l/iss
u
e: 1(1), pp.
8-14,
20
03.
[4]
L.
S
o
f
i
a
na,
et
a
l
.
,
“
F
i
ngernail
b
iting
Increase
t
he
R
isk
o
f
S
oil
Transmitted
hel
mint
hs
(
S
T
H)
I
nf
ect
ion
in
Element
ar
y
S
c
ho
ol
C
h
ildren
,
”
In
don
esi
a
n
He
a
l
t
h
S
c
ience
Jour
na
l
,
v
o
l
/
i
s
su
e: 2
(2), p
p.
81
-
86
,
2
01
1
.
[5]
R.
A
.
D
achi,
“
The
elem
en
tary
s
cho
o
l
ch
ild
'
s
b
eh
avio
r
Relati
on
s
Hat
o
g
u
an
a
g
a
in
st
s
to
mach
w
orm
i
n
f
ecti
o
n
in
S
u
b
Palapi
S
amosir
,
”
Jou
r
na
l of Health
M
u
ti
a
r
a
In
donesi
a
,
v
o
l
/iss
u
e
:
1(2
),
p
p.
3
5-4
1
,
20
05.
[6]
S
.
Fi
t
rian
i,
“
Healt
h
P
rom
o
t
i
o
n
,
f
irst
e
d
i
ti
on,
” f
i
rs
t
printi
ng,
P
ublish
e
r
Grah
a
S
c
ience,
Y
o
gyak
a
rta,
2
0
05.
[7]
S.
N
o
t
oatmodj
o
,
“Heal
th
P
romotio
n
Th
eory
a
nd
A
pplicat
io
ns,
”
r
ev
i
s
ed
e
di
ti
on
,
P
u
blis
her
Ri
neka
C
ip
ta,
Jak
a
rt
a,
20
10
.
[8]
N
.
L
.
V
.
S
a
r
i
,
et
a
l
.,
“
E
fficacy
S
tu
d
i
es
H
an
db
o
o
k
Kno
w
l
e
dg
e
S
c
o
r
e
ag
ains
t
Sexu
all
y
Tran
sm
it
ted
Dis
eases
on
F
o
rei
gn
S
t
ud
ents
B
an
yu
mas
,
”
Mi
dwiv
e
s
P
r
ad
a: J
o
urna
l o
f
Obs
t
e
t
ric
s
, vol/is
sue:
1
(1), pp.
28-36,
2
0
10.
[9]
L.
W
.
Green
a
nd
M.
W
.
Kreute
r,
“
Health
P
ro
moti
on
P
l
a
nn
i
n
g:
A
n
E
ducat
io
na
l
an
d
En
viro
nm
ental
Ap
pro
ach,
”
S
econ
d
E
ditio
n.
US
A
: M
a
yfi
e
ld P
ub
li
shing
Com
p
any
,
2
000
.
[10]
D.
A
.
S
a
ri,
“
I
nflu
ence
On
H
ealth
P
rom
o
ti
on
B
e
h
avi
o
r
Clean
a
nd
H
ealt
h
y
Li
f
e
st
yl
e
(PHB
s)
A
ga
i
n
st
A
ttitudes
and
Behavior
C
l
ean
a
nd
H
ealt
h
y
G
r
ade
III
Prim
ary
Schools
I
W
i
r
o
braj
an
T
am
ansari
Y
o
g
y
a
karta,
”
Thes
is
N
urs
i
ng
S
c
ien
c
e
P
r
ogram
A
is
y
i
yah
Coll
eg
e
of Heal
th S
cie
n
ces, Y
og
yak
a
rta
,
2
01
0.
[11]
S.
A
rl
i
,
“
The
E
f
f
ect
s
of
H
igh
and
Low
Fu
nction
i
ng
A
u
tis
m
on
S
i
b
lings
:
A
Booklet
f
o
r
M
ental
Health
Prof
essiona
l
s,”
Uma é
t
ic
a
pa
ra
qu
an
to
s?
,
v
o
l
/i
ssue:
33
(2
),
p
p.
81–87
,
2
01
2.
[12]
S
.
Z
ul
aekah
,
“
N
ut
rition
E
d
u
cati
o
n
M
e
di
a
P
o
cket
b
ook
A
gai
n
st
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
ge
o
f
Nu
t
r
it
io
n,
”
Jo
ur
nal of
P
ublic
Hea
l
t
h
(
b
o
xed)
,
”
v
ol/i
ssu
e
:
7(2),
p
p
.
1
27
-1
33
,
2
012
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2252-
8822
IJERE
V
ol
.
6,
N
o.
3,
S
eptem
b
er
20
17 :
2
5
2
– 256
25
6
[13]
C.
S
.
Leat
hem
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
U
si
ng
t
he
o
pi
nio
n
s
o
f
coronary hea
rt di
s
ease pati
ent
s
i
n de
sign
in
g a
heal
th edu
catio
n boo
kl
et
f
o
r
u
s
e
i
n
g
eneral
p
ract
ice
con
s
u
l
t
a
tio
n
s
,”
Prim
ar
y Hea
l
t
h
Ca
re
R
e
sear
ch
&
Develo
p
m
e
n
t
,
vo
l/is
sue:
1
0
(
03
),
pp.
18
9,
200
9.
[14]
J.
C
.
G
a
rd,
et
al
.
,
“
Org
a
niz
a
tio
n
a
l
Use
o
f
a
M
e
d
ia
C
a
m
pa
ig
n
Bo
ok
le
t
to
E
n
c
ou
ra
ge
P
arent–Chil
d
Communication
abo
u
t
W
a
i
t
in
g to Hav
e
S
e
x,”
So
c
i
a
l
Ma
rk
e
t
in
g
Qu
a
r
te
rly
,
v
o
l/issu
e
:
17(1
)
,
p
p
.
91–
1
0
7,
201
1.
[15]
Herm
ina,
et a
l
.
,
“
S
ec
u
r
it
ies
Based
Edu
cati
o
n
-
Sc
h
o
o
l
I
n
t
ervent
ion
agai
ns
t
Obes
i
ty
P
revention
A
w
areness
Level
s
am
on
g
Ch
ild
r
en A
ges
9-1
0
Y
ears
i
n
B
an
du
ng
,
”
PG
M
, vo
l/issue: 3
1(2), pp. 67- 74,
2
008.
[16]
I
.
N
.
R
a
n
t
i
,
“
E
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
G
o
u
t
y
A
r
t
h
r
i
t
h
i
s
P
o
c
k
e
t
B
o
o
k
o
f
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
ge,
Atti
tude
a
nd
B
ehavi
o
r
Outpat
i
e
nt
A
r
t
hri
t
h
i
s
Gou
t
y
Patien
t
s
a
t
Dr
Pro
f
. Dr.
R.
D
.
Kan
d
au
Man
ado
,
”
GIZIDO
, v
o
l/issue:
4(1
), pp
.
3
05
-3
12
, 2
00
8.
[17]
S
.
N
oto
a
tm
o
d
j
o
, “
H
ealt
h
P
ro
moti
on
and
Behav
iora
l
S
c
ien
ces,”
J
a
k
art
a
:
Ri
nek
a
C
op
yrig
ht,
p
p
.
4
5-65,
200
7.
[18]
M
a
ul
ana and
H
e
ri
D. J., “
H
ealth
P
romotion
,
” Jakarta Book
P
ub
lis
hers
M
edical
EGC,
2
009.
[19]
K.
G
l
a
nz,
et al.
,
“
H
ealth
B
eh
a
v
i
o
r
an
d
Healt
h
E
d
u
cati
on:
T
h
e
o
r
y,
R
esearch
a
nd
P
racti
ce,”
4
t
h
Edit
io
n
.
S
a
n
F
r
anci
sco,
Jo
s
s
e
y-Bass
,
2
008.
[20]
S
.
F
atimah
,
“
E
ffect
o
f
Heal
th
P
ro
mo
ti
on
I
n
t
erven
t
i
o
n
ag
ainst
Kn
ow
led
g
e,
A
tti
t
u
d
e
and
P
r
acti
ce
o
f
B
eh
avio
r
Cl
ean
a
n
d
He
a
l
th
y
S
t
ud
e
n
ts
i
n
Gra
d
e
s
4
a
nd
5
t
he
D
is
tric
t
Tw
in
ni
ng
L
o
ano
S
D
N
P
u
rwo
r
ejo
regency
,
C
ent
r
al
J
a
v
a
P
r
ov
ince
Year
2012
,
”
T
hesi
s
F
a
cu
lt
y
of
P
ub
li
c
Heal
th
,
Un
iv
ersit
y
of
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a
,
J
a
k
arta,
20
12
.
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