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dani
)
47
f
o
r
m
u
l
at
e
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
ar
e
r
eq
u
i
r
e
d
s
i
n
ce
t
h
ey
g
e
t
m
o
r
e an
d
m
o
r
e e
x
t
e
n
d
ed
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
ar
ea
s
a
n
d
d
u
t
y
sc
o
p
e
s.
A l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
ss
th
a
t e
n
ab
le
s
f
ie
ld
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
to
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
imp
r
o
v
e
th
e
ir
ab
ili
ty
to
d
e
al w
ith
is
s
u
e
s
r
el
a
t
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce o
f
t
h
e
i
r
d
u
t
i
es
ar
e n
eed
e
d
b
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e i
n
c
r
ea
s
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e w
o
r
k
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
f
a
c
e
d by
f
i
e
l
d w
o
r
ke
r
s
.
S
e
nge
,
19
90,
pr
o
po
s
ed
a
co
n
c
ep
t
ca
l
l
ed
l
ear
n
i
n
g
o
r
g
an
i
za
t
i
o
n
,
w
h
ic
h
c
o
n
t
ai
n
s
f
iv
e
d
is
c
ip
li
n
e
s
,
i.
e
.
,
s
h
a
r
e
d
v
is
io
n
,
p
e
r
s
o
n
al m
as
te
r
y
,
te
am le
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
me
n
ta
l mo
d
e
ls
a
n
d
s
y
s
te
ms
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
.
I
t is
s
aid
t
h
a
t t
h
e
f
i
f
th
d
is
c
ip
l
i
n
e
,
s
y
s
tems
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
,
is
a d
is
c
ip
li
n
e
t
h
a
t
h
o
ld
s
th
e
mo
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
r
o
l
e f
o
r
t
h
e o
c
cu
r
r
e
n
c
e o
f
a
g
o
o
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
co
n
t
ex
t
o
f
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
an
d
co
n
s
t
a
n
t
l
y
ch
an
g
i
n
g
e
nv
i
ro
nm
e
nt
.
I
n o
t
he
r
w
o
rd
s
,
a
p
e
rs
o
n'
s
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
n s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
can
d
et
er
m
i
n
e
t
h
ei
r
s
u
c
ces
s
i
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
l
ear
n
i
n
g
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
a
d
d
r
es
s
t
h
e p
r
o
b
l
em
s
f
a
ced
.
A
s
w
e
ll as
o
t
h
e
r
ab
ilit
ie
s
w
ith
i
n
e
ac
h
p
e
r
s
o
n
,
t
h
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
'
s
ab
ili
ty
o
n
s
y
s
te
m th
i
n
k
i
n
g
c
a
n
b
e
af
f
ec
te
d
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
,
b
o
th
f
r
o
m w
ith
i
n
a
n
d
f
r
o
m t
h
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t i
n
f
lu
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
a
l c
o
n
c
e
r
n
e
d
w
h
er
ea
s
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
l
ear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ces
s
ca
n
t
a
k
e
p
lac
e
at
t
h
e
le
v
el o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
a
ls
,
g
r
o
u
p
s
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
za
tio
n
s
[2
].
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
imp
r
o
v
e
its
ab
ili
ty
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
t
h
i
nk
i
ng
,
t
he
p
e
rs
o
n
c
o
nd
u
c
t
s
t
he
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng
,
no
t
o
nl
y
a
t
t
he
i
nd
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
l
e
ve
l
,
bu
t
a
l
s
o
a
t
gr
ou
p
s
a
n
d
or
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
on
s
l
e
ve
l
.
B
KK
B
N a
s t
h
e
a
g
e
n
c
y
r
e
sp
o
n
s
i
bl
e
f
or
t
h
e
d
e
ve
l
op
m
e
n
t
of
f
a
m
i
l
y
pl
a
nn
i
ng f
i
e
l
d w
o
r
ke
r
s
i
n
In
do
n
e
s
i
a
[
3]
n
ee
d
s
t
o
f
i
nd
a
b
re
a
k
t
h
ro
u
g
h s
o
t
ha
t
t
he
i
r s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
hi
n
ki
ng s
ki
l
l
s
c
a
n
b
e
de
v
e
l
o
pe
d.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
ac
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
th
e
o
f
f
ice
r
s
le
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t t
h
at
is
as
s
o
c
iate
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
sy
st
e
m
s
t
h
in
k
in
g
s
k
i
ll
s
,
a
s
t
u
d
y
n
ee
d
s
t
o
b
e d
o
n
e t
o
g
e
t
a
n
o
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
,
w
h
i
c
h
ca
n
t
h
e
n
b
e u
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
i
n
d
et
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e l
ear
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
el
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
a
d
v
an
ce
t
h
e
i
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
hi
n
ki
ng s
ki
l
l
s
.
2.
RE
SE
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
t
udy
w
a
s
c
o
n
duc
t
e
d
i
n
E
a
s
t
J
a
v
a
p
r
o
v
i
n
ce.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
w
a
s
F
P
f
i
el
d
w
o
r
k
er
s
i
n
E
a
s
t
J
a
v
a
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
a
r
e p
u
r
p
o
s
i
v
el
y
ch
o
s
en
o
f
t
h
o
s
e
w
h
o
f
o
l
l
o
we
d
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
i
n
E
a
st
Ja
v
a
Pr
o
v
i
n
c
i
a
l
B
KKB
N’
s
T
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
an
d
D
ev
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
d
ep
a
r
t
m
en
t
.
Th
e
s
a
m
pl
e
s
i
z
e
i
s
30 pe
o
pl
e
w
i
t
h
c
e
n
te
r
l
i
m
i
te
d
te
rm
ca
l
c
u
l
a
tin
g
s
y
s
te
m.
R
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
w
e
r
e
r
a
n
d
o
mly
s
e
lec
te
d
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
e
r
ia
l
n
u
mb
e
r
o
f
ar
r
iv
als
o
n
t
h
e
t
r
ai
n
i
n
g
p
a
r
tic
ip
a
n
ts
’
a
t
t
e
n
d
a
n
c
e
l
i
s
t
.
I
n
s
t
rum
e
n
t
us
e
d
t
o
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
da
t
a
w
a
s
que
s
t
i
o
nna
i
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
l
e
a
rni
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
nm
e
nt
de
v
e
l
o
pe
d
b
y
W
a
t
s
o
n
s
a
n
d M
a
r
s
i
c
k (1999) a
nd
M
oor
e
,
e
t
a
l
(2010) f
o
r
t
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
o
f s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
hi
nk
i
ng
,
w
h
i
c
h
ha
v
e
b
e
e
n b
o
t
h
v
alid
i
ty
an
d
r
e
li
ab
ility
te
s
te
d
[4],
[5]
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g s
c
a
l
e
i
s
c
a
t
e
go
ri
z
e
d
i
nt
o
goo
d,
s
uff
i
c
i
e
n
t
a
nd
l
e
s
s
.
T
h
e
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
ar
i
a
b
l
e u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
c
l
u
d
es
t
h
e ch
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
t
he
re
s
p
o
nd
e
nt
s
,
t
he
re
s
p
o
nd
e
n
t
s
’
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
e
nv
i
ro
nm
e
nt
i
n
t
he
f
o
rm
o
f
i
nd
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
,
g
ro
u
p
,
a
nd
o
r
g
a
ni
z
a
t
i
o
n
e
nv
i
ro
nm
e
nt
.
T
he
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
ri
a
b
l
e
is
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
y
s
te
ms
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
c
ale
.
D
at
a
a
n
aly
s
is
w
as
p
e
r
f
o
r
me
d
d
e
s
c
r
ip
tiv
e
l
y
an
d
a
n
a
ly
tic
ally
.
R
atio
s
ca
l
e
d
a
t
a
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
P
e
ar
s
o
n
c
o
r
r
el
at
i
o
n
t
es
t
w
h
i
l
e
o
r
d
i
n
a
l
s
ca
l
e d
a
t
a
w
i
l
l
b
e an
al
y
z
e
d
us
i
n
g
C
h
i
s
qua
r
e
t
e
s
t
.
3.
RE
SUL
T
S
A
ND ANAL
Y
SIS
3
.
1.
Cha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
st
i
c
s o
f
Re
spo
nde
nt
s
Cha
ra
c
t
e
ri
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
s
h
o
w
n
at
Tab
le
1
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
,
a
g
e
w
h
i
ch
w
er
e c
a
t
eg
o
r
i
z
ed
i
n
t
o
t
h
r
ee
gr
o
ups
:
l
es
s
t
h
an
35
y
e
a
r
s
,
35
-
45 y
e
a
r
s
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
45
y
e
a
r
s
,
r
e
s
po
n
de
nt
s
’
ge
nde
r
w
a
s
di
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
e
d i
nt
o
me
n
a
n
d
w
o
me
n
,
e
d
u
c
atio
n
w
as
d
iv
id
e
d
i
n
to
d
ip
lo
m
a a
n
d
b
ac
h
e
lo
r
,
w
h
ile
le
n
g
t
h
o
f
s
e
r
v
ic
e
as
f
i
el
d
w
o
r
k
e
r
w
a
s
gr
o
upe
d i
nt
o
l
e
ss
th
a
n
10
y
e
a
r
s
a
n
d
m
o
r
e t
h
an
1
0
y
ea
r
s
,
w
h
er
ea
s
l
e
ar
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
w
a
s
c
a
t
eg
o
r
i
z
ed
a
s
go
o
d,
s
uff
i
c
i
e
n
t
a
n
d
l
e
s
s
,
w
h
e
t
h
e
r a
t
t
h
e
i
ndi
v
i
dua
l
,
g
r
o
up,
o
r o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
.
A
g
e
is
n
o
t a maj
o
r
f
ac
to
r
th
at d
e
te
r
mi
n
e
s
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
s
y
s
te
m
s
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
ca
l
e b
ec
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
m
a
j
o
r
i
t
y
of
r
e
s
po
n
de
n
t
s
(60
%)
a
ge
d o
v
e
r
45
y
e
a
r
s
ha
v
e
s
uffi
c
i
e
n
t
c
a
t
e
go
r
y
o
n
s
c
a
l
e
.
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
s
e
x i
t
c
a
n
b
e
s
e
en
t
h
a
t
t
h
e m
a
l
e r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
ar
e 3
3
%
i
n
s
u
f
f
i
ci
e
n
t
a
n
d
3
0
%
i
n
g
o
o
d
ca
t
eg
o
r
y
.
F
o
r
f
em
a
l
e
r
es
p
o
n
d
en
t
s
3
7
%
ar
e i
n
t
h
e
s
u
f
f
i
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1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
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2252
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882
2
I
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1.
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
JE
R
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I
SSN:
2252
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8822
Sy
s
t
e
m
T
hi
n
k
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ng
Sc
a
l
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s
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L
e
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n
v
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F
am
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.
.
.
(
D
w
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t
y
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dani
)
49
F
i
g
ur
e
2
.
C
r
o
s
s
t
a
b
u
l
a
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w
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T
h
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ca
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F
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3.
Cr
os
s
T
a
bu
l
a
t
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on
b
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w
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ca
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Sy
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2)
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Tab
le
2
.
S
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3.
Co
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Tab
le
3
.
R
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s
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s
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nv
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m
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hi
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Sc
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l
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F
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t
w
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s
gr
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upe
d
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hr
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t
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g
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:
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n
d
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r
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up
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a
m
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a
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a
t
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n.
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a
t
a
w
a
s
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
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d us
i
n
g que
s
t
i
o
nna
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r
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c
ont
a
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n
i
n
g s
o
m
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t
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s
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a
rn
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ngs
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v
ir
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me
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h
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a
r
ly
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me
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me
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s
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a
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pe
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t
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p
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4
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T
a
b
l
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4
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t
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f
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rr
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l
a
t
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n L
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n
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n
v
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r
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a
ri
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d
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t
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s
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n
ki
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c
a
l
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a
r
ia
b
le
P
e
a
rs
o
n
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o
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re
l
a
t
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o
n
Si
g
ni
f
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c
a
nc
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r
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al
u
e
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nd
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v
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du
a
l
L
e
a
r
ni
n
g’
s
E
n
vi
r
on
m
e
nt
0.
471
0.
137
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r
ou
p L
e
a
r
ni
n
g’
s
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n
vi
r
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nm
e
nt
0.
160
0.
398
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r
ga
n
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z
a
t
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n L
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a
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ni
n
g’
s
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n
vi
r
on
m
e
nt
0.
017
0.
4333
Tab
le
4
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
c
o
r
r
e
la
tio
n
b
e
tw
e
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r
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me
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t c
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is
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,
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6
.
I
n
d
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id
u
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is
p
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t o
f
a te
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m,
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6
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C
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Di
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1.
Cha
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Re
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3
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Ag
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Th
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3
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G
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b
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th
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A
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.
3
.5
.1
.3
.
Le
n
gth
o
f s
e
r
v
i
c
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T
h
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d
i
f
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e t
es
t
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s
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l
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h
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w
ed
t
h
at
t
h
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e w
er
e n
o
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
ces
i
n
t
h
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r
e
s
p
o
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d
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t
s
s
y
s
t
em
s
t
h
in
k
in
g
s
c
a
l
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m
on
g
t
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os
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w
h
o w
or
k
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d
l
es
s
t
h
an
10 y
e
a
r
s
a
n
d
m
o
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e t
h
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1
0
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ea
r
s
.
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ea
n
w
h
i
l
e,
t
h
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co
r
r
el
at
i
o
n
t
e
s
t
r
es
u
l
t
s
e
x
h
ib
ite
d
t
h
at
y
ea
r
o
f
s
er
v
i
ce i
s
n
ot
c
o
r
r
e
la
tiv
e
w
ith
s
y
s
te
m
s
t
h
i
nki
n
g s
ki
l
l
s
.
E
ve
n
t
h
ou
gh
t
ho
s
e
w
ho
w
o
r
ke
d l
o
n
ge
r
mig
h
t
kn
ow
t
h
e
vi
s
i
on
,
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
g
oa
l
s
of
t
h
e
or
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
on
b
e
tte
r
,
a
nd
t
h
a
t
t
he
o
rg
a
ni
z
a
t
i
o
n
w
h
er
e
t
h
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y
wo
r
k
h
a
s b
e
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a
p
p
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n
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sy
st
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s t
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k
i
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nv
i
ro
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e
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t
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t
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x
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c
u
t
i
o
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f
t
he
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d
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t
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s
,
bot
h
g
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a
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ex
p
o
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ed
t
o
t
h
e s
a
m
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t
r
ai
n
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n
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a
n
d
l
ear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
f
o
r
t
h
e p
a
s
t
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
y
ea
r
s
t
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at
m
a
y
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g
n
o
r
e
d
t
h
e ef
f
ect
o
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n
g
t
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o
f
s
er
v
i
ce a
s
f
i
e
l
d
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
.
3
.5
.1
.4
.
L
e
a
r
n
i
ng
E
nv
i
r
o
nm
e
nt
A
l
e
a
rni
n
g o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
ha
s
c
h
a
ra
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
a
s
pr
o
po
s
e
d
by Cul
v
e
r
t
,
e
t
a
l
(1
994) a
nd W
a
t
s
o
n
a
n
d
M
a
r
s
i
c
k (1993)
,
na
m
e
l
y
:
c
o
n
t
i
nuo
us
l
y
pr
o
v
i
di
n
g l
e
a
rni
ng o
pp
o
r
t
u
ni
t
i
e
s
,
us
i
n
g l
e
a
rni
n
g t
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
i
t
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
2252
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882
2
I
JE
R
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V
ol
.
5
,
N
o.
1
,
M
a
r
ch
20
1
6
:
46
–
54
52
o
b
j
ect
i
v
e
s
,
l
i
n
k
i
n
g
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s
p
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r
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w
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t
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o
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a
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t
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r
f
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m
a
n
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h
el
p
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b
r
i
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i
n
g
an
d
d
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al
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e,
c
a
u
s
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g
a
s
en
s
e o
f
s
ecu
r
i
t
y
t
o
s
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a
r
e
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
s
o
p
en
l
y
a
n
d
t
a
k
e
r
i
s
k
s
,
a
p
p
r
eci
a
t
e t
h
e c
r
ea
t
i
v
e
s
p
i
r
i
t
a
s
a
s
o
u
rc
e
o
f
e
ne
rg
y
a
nd
i
n
no
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
nd
c
o
ns
t
a
n
t
l
y
a
w
a
re
o
f
a
nd
i
nt
e
ra
c
t
w
i
t
h t
he
i
r e
nv
i
ro
n
m
e
nt
[7],
[8]
.
S
en
g
e’
s
f
i
v
e
di
s
c
i
pl
i
n
e
s
(1990
) a
r
e
t
h
e
ke
y
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
i
ng
t
h
i
s
ki
n
d
o
f
o
r
ga
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n:
pe
r
s
o
na
l
m
a
s
t
e
r
y
,
m
e
n
t
a
l
mo
d
e
ls
,
s
h
a
r
e
d
v
is
io
n
,
te
am le
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
y
s
te
ms
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
.
A
c
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
S
e
n
g
e
,
t
h
e
f
if
th
d
is
c
ip
l
i
n
e
,
s
y
s
te
ms
th
in
k
in
g
,
i
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
mp
o
r
ta
n
t
a
n
d
d
e
t
e
r
m
in
an
t
o
f
t
he
o
t
he
rs
[9]
.
A
n
o
b
s
t
a
c
l
e t
o
t
h
e r
eal
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
l
ear
n
i
n
g
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
at
i
o
n
i
s
t
h
e a
b
s
e
n
ce
o
f
a
n
e
f
f
ec
t
i
v
e
l
ea
d
er
[10]
.
L
e
a
rn
i
ng
o
rga
ni
z
a
t
i
o
n
n
e
e
ds
l
e
a
d
e
rs
w
ho
c
o
ns
t
a
nt
l
y
re
t
h
i
nk
f
u
n
d
am
en
t
al
l
y
.
L
ea
d
e
r
s
b
ec
o
m
e
a
d
es
i
g
n
e
r
,
t
ea
c
h
e
r
an
d
g
u
i
d
e
o
f
a
s
h
ar
ed
v
i
s
i
o
n
[9]
.
A
n
o
t
h
er
o
b
s
t
a
cl
e i
s
t
h
at
d
eb
r
i
e
f
i
n
g
an
d
d
i
a
l
o
g
u
e
ar
eco
n
s
i
d
er
ed
di
s
t
u
r
b
i
n
g
,
a
nd
t
h
e
r
e
’s
n
o
pl
a
c
e
fo
r
t
h
o
s
e
w
h
o
a
s
k o
r
i
de
nt
i
fy
pr
o
b
l
e
m
s
[11]
.
T
h
e o
t
h
e
r
o
n
e
a
s
s
t
a
t
e
d
b
y
W
a
t
ki
n
s
a
n
d M
a
r
s
i
c
k (1993) i
s
t
h
e
i
na
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o r
e
c
o
gn
i
z
e
a
n
d c
h
a
nge
t
h
e
e
xi
s
t
i
n
g
m
e
nt
a
l
m
o
de
l
s
,
u
n
gu
i
de
d
l
e
a
rn
i
ng,
i
m
po
s
e
d v
i
s
i
o
n
,
di
s
j
o
i
nt
e
d l
e
a
rni
n
g
,
i
n
d
i
v
i
dua
l
i
s
m
,
d
i
s
r
e
s
pe
c
t
c
ul
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
f
e
a
r
[8]
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e t
w
o
a
pp
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
t
o
L
O
un
de
r
s
t
a
ndi
n
g
.
F
i
r
s
t
l
y
,
L
O
i
s
a
c
kn
ow
l
e
d
ge
d a
s
a
m
a
n
a
ge
m
e
nt
t
o
o
l
t
o de
v
e
l
o
p
c
o
gn
i
t
i
v
e
ab
ilit
ie
s
th
at is
t
h
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o t
h
i
nk o
f t
h
e
i
n
di
v
i
du
a
l
s
i
n
t
h
e
o
rga
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n.
T
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d a
pp
r
o
a
c
h,
w
h
i
c
h
do
e
s
n
’
t
u
s
e
t
h
e
t
e
r
m
L
O
m
u
ch
,
i
s
h
o
w
l
e
ar
n
i
n
g
t
a
k
e
s
p
l
a
c
e i
n
t
h
e
s
o
c
i
a
l
o
r
d
e
r
an
d
c
a
l
l
e
d
"
co
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
es
o
f
p
r
a
ct
i
c
e"
o
r
p
r
a
ct
i
ces
i
n
s
o
ci
et
y
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
c
a
s
e
,
l
e
ar
n
i
n
g
i
s
s
een
a
s
p
ar
t
o
f
p
ar
t
i
ci
p
at
i
o
n
i
n
s
o
c
i
a
l
l
i
f
e a
n
d
p
r
a
ct
i
ce w
h
e
r
ea
s
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al le
a
r
n
i
n
g
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
w
ith
me
mb
e
r
s
h
ip
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
mmu
n
ity
to
in
c
r
e
as
e
th
e
s
k
ills
o
f
co
mmu
n
i
t
y
me
mb
e
r
s
.
O
L
/
L
O
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
as
a
m
a
n
ag
e
me
n
t
to
o
l
h
as
s
o
me
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t is
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
th
e
me
mb
e
r
s
’
ab
ility
in
s
y
s
te
m
s
t
hi
n
ki
ng,
na
m
e
l
y
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g o
f
t
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
s
a
w
h
o
l
e
,
n
o
t
pa
rt
by
pa
rt
[9]
.
A
no
t
he
r
v
er
s
i
o
n
i
s
t
o
d
ev
el
o
p
a
s
y
s
t
em
f
o
r
s
t
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
es
u
l
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
ev
e
l
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e o
r
g
an
i
z
at
i
o
n
,
r
ef
er
r
ed
a
s
o
r
g
a
n
iz
atio
n
’
s
me
mo
r
y
,
f
o
r
e
x
amp
le
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
te
ms
,
a
n
d
/ o
r
o
r
g
a
n
iz
at
io
n
al p
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
an
d
r
o
u
ti
n
e
s
.
I
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
m
em
b
er
s
ca
n
u
s
e
t
h
es
e s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
o
s
o
l
v
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
a
n
d
m
ak
e d
eci
s
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e p
o
i
n
t
i
s
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
o
n
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al ab
il
ity
o
n
tas
k
s
i
n
t
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
i
zat
io
n
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
i
mp
lie
s
o
n
o
r
g
a
n
iz
atio
n
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
’ r
u
l
e
s
fo
r
L
O
.
T
h
e
i
r
t
hi
n
ki
ng pa
ra
di
g
m
s
a
re
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
t
o
a
d
j
u
s
t
a
nd
a
l
i
g
n t
he
i
r b
e
ha
v
i
o
r i
n t
he
o
r
g
a
n
iz
atio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
is
t
h
e
v
is
io
n
o
f
ma
n
ag
e
me
n
t
.
T
h
u
s
t
h
e
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
w
ith
i
n
t
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
iz
atio
n
ar
e u
s
e
d
t
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
es
s
o
f
t
he
o
rg
a
ni
z
a
t
i
o
n
.
L
O
c
a
n b
e
s
e
e
n a
s
a
t
o
o
l
f
o
r a
l
i
g
n
i
ng
t
he
b
e
ha
v
i
o
r o
f
t
he
o
r
g
a
n
iz
atio
n
me
mb
e
r
s
as
a
w
h
o
le
.
In
t
e
rm
s
of
o
r
ga
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
s
a
h
o
l
i
s
t
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
a
s
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
t
o
S
e
n
ge
(1990),
i
t
i
s
t
h
e
n
e
e
d t
o
de
ve
l
o
p
s
ys
t
e
m
s
t
h
i
n
ki
ng f
o
r
t
h
e
o
r
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
o
n
’s
m
e
m
be
r
s
[9]
.
M
a
n
ag
e
me
n
t le
ad
e
r
s
h
i
p
r
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le
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it
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tio
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a
li
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[2]
.
M
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an
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O
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Q
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-
DL
OQ
wa
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n d
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D
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O
Q
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T
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s
ev
en
d
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m
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n
s
i
o
n
a
r
e:
1
)
c
r
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at
i
n
g
a
c
o
n
t
i
n
uo
us
l
e
a
rn
i
ng o
ppo
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
;
2) s
uppo
r
t
i
n
g de
b
r
i
e
f
i
ng
a
n
d di
a
l
o
gue
;
3) e
n
c
o
ur
a
gi
n
g c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n a
n
d
t
e
a
m
l
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a
rni
n
g
;
4) c
r
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a
t
i
ng a
v
a
r
i
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t
y
of
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
o
a
cc
o
m
m
o
d
a
t
e a
n
d
s
h
a
r
e
l
ear
n
i
n
g
;
5
)
em
p
o
w
er
i
n
g
m
em
b
er
s
t
o
w
a
r
d
a
co
l
l
ect
i
v
e
v
i
s
i
o
n
;
6
)
co
n
n
e
ct
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
iz
atio
n
to
t
h
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
me
n
t
; 7
)
p
r
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v
id
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n
g
s
t
r
a
te
g
ic
le
a
d
e
r
s
h
ip
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
le
a
r
n
i
n
g
.
D
L
O
Q
als
o
as
s
o
c
iate
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
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u
l
t
s
i
n
t
h
e f
o
r
m
o
f
f
i
n
an
ci
a
l
an
d
k
n
o
w
l
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d
g
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f
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m
an
c
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S
o
m
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s
t
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w
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k
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di
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s
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o
t
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pe
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S
tr
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c
tu
r
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d
t
r
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s
til
l v
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imp
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co
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H
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a
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n
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
r
y
pr
o
pos
e
d
by
C
r
o
s
s
an
e
t al
.
(
1
9
9
9
)
it
is
a
r
g
u
e
d
t
h
a
t
o
r
g
a
n
iz
atio
n
a
l le
a
r
n
i
n
g
is
t
h
e
i
n
te
g
r
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e
t
hr
e
e
l
e
ve
l
s
of
l
e
a
rn
i
ng i
nt
o
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
m
o
de
l
,
t
ha
t
i
s
t
h
e
l
e
a
rni
n
g o
f
i
ndi
v
i
dua
l
,
g
r
o
up a
n
d o
r
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
o
n,
a
l
s
o
i
n
t
w
o r
ou
t
e
s
of l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g fr
om
i
n
d
i
vi
d
ua
l
s
t
o or
ga
n
i
z
atio
n
s
a
n
d
f
r
o
m o
r
g
a
n
i
z
atio
n
to
i
n
d
iv
id
u
a
l (
d
o
u
b
le
lo
o
p
l
e
a
rn
i
ng)
[2]
.
It
i
s
f
ur
t
h
e
r
m
e
nt
i
o
n
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
i
ndi
v
i
du
a
l
l
e
a
rni
n
g
i
t
s
e
l
f
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
g
u
a
r
a
n
t
e
e
an
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
al
l
ear
n
i
n
g
.
W
h
i
l
e t
h
e p
r
o
ces
s
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e t
r
an
s
f
e
r
b
e
t
w
een
m
em
b
er
/
p
e
r
s
o
n
/
p
eo
p
l
e
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
t
h
e
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
c
e
o
f
in
s
tit
u
tio
n
a
li
za
tio
n
.
3
.5
.1
.5
.
Indi
v
i
d
u
a
l
L
e
a
r
ni
ng
E
nv
i
r
o
nm
e
nt
T
he
re
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
t
he
s
t
u
dy
s
ho
w
t
ha
t
t
he
re
w
a
s
no
c
o
rre
l
a
t
i
o
n
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
on
of
in
d
iv
id
u
a
l le
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
nv
i
ro
nm
e
nt
w
it
h
s
y
s
te
ms
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
ca
l
e
.
B
u
t it
h
as
r
e
la
tio
n
s
h
i
p
w
ith
o
th
e
r
ty
pe
s
of
l
e
a
rn
i
ng
e
nv
i
ro
ne
m
e
nt
,
i
n
c
l
udi
ng g
r
o
up
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
on
e
s
.
I
t m
e
an
s
th
a
t in
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
p
er
cep
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
n
di
v
i
du
a
l
l
e
a
rni
n
g
e
nv
i
ro
nm
e
nt
h
as
n
o
t b
ee
n
ab
le
to
p
r
o
d
u
c
e a r
e
al
r
e
l
at
io
n
s
h
i
p
w
ith
t
h
e
c
ap
ab
ilit
ie
s
o
f
s
y
s
te
ms
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
.
C
a
s
t
e
n
a
da
a
n
d
Ri
os
(2007) s
t
a
t
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
pa
rt
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
d
i
v
i
dua
l
l
e
a
rni
n
g o
c
c
ur
s
a
s
a
r
e
s
ul
t
o
f
i
n
t
u
i
t
i
o
n,
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
th
e
atte
n
tio
n
a
n
d
als
o
ad
d
i
tio
n
al p
r
o
c
e
s
s
es
,
s
u
c
h
as
r
e
te
n
tio
n
,
p
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n
a
n
d
mo
tiv
atio
n
to
gua
r
a
nt
e
e
a
l
e
a
rni
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
nd i
n
f
l
ue
n
c
e
[12]
.
I
n
ca
s
es
w
h
e
r
e t
h
e
pe
r
c
e
pt
i
o
n o
f
i
n
d
i
v
i
dua
l
l
e
a
rni
ng
e
nv
i
ro
nm
e
nt
h
as
n
o
r
e
lat
io
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
ab
ili
ty
o
f
s
y
s
te
ms
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
,
t
h
is
is
p
r
o
b
ab
l
y
r
e
late
d
to
t
h
e
e
x
is
te
n
c
e
o
f
b
a
r
ri
e
rs
i
n t
he
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
p
ro
c
e
s
s
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
e
nv
i
ro
nm
e
nt
a
l
s
t
i
m
u
l
i
t
ha
t
re
q
u
i
re
s
a
p
e
rs
o
n t
o
b
e
a
b
l
e
o
r n
ot
t
o
t
hi
nk
ho
l
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
.
I
n t
he
c
a
s
e
w
he
re
t
he
s
e
ttle
me
n
t o
f
p
r
o
b
lems
te
n
d
s
t
o
b
e f
r
a
g
m
e
n
t
ed
,
t
h
e
n
t
h
e s
y
s
t
em
s
w
ill
d
et
e
r
m
i
n
e
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
'
s
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
hi
n
ki
ng s
k
i
l
l
.
In
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
i
ndi
v
i
dua
l
l
e
a
rni
n
g
a
s
pa
rt
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
t
ui
t
i
o
n,
Cr
o
s
s
a
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
(199
9) de
s
c
r
i
b
es
i
t
a
s
"
a
n
i
n
t
r
o
duc
t
i
o
n i
n t
h
e
u
n
c
o
n
s
c
i
o
us
o
n
a
pa
t
t
e
rn
o
r po
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
of
o
n
e
'
s
e
xi
s
t
i
n
g
(i
nh
e
r
i
t
e
d) e
xpe
r
i
e
n
c
e
"
[2]
.
I
t
is
po
s
s
i
b
l
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
do
m
i
n
a
nt
i
n
d
i
v
i
dua
l
l
e
a
rni
n
g i
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
of
pa
t
t
e
rn
e
d e
xpe
ri
e
n
c
e
s
t
ha
t
w
e
a
ke
n
s
a
pe
r
s
o
n
'
s
s
ys
t
e
m
s
t
hi
n
ki
ng s
k
il
l.
3
.5
.1
.6
.
G
r
o
u
p L
e
a
r
ni
ng
E
nv
i
r
o
nm
e
nt
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
d
ic
ate
d
t
h
at t
h
e
r
e
w
as
n
o
c
o
r
r
e
la
tio
n
b
e
tw
ee
n
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
l
e
a
rni
n
g
e
n
vi
r
on
m
e
n
t
w
ith
t
h
e
ab
ility
o
f
s
y
s
te
ms
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
.
N
e
v
e
r
t
h
e
le
s
s
th
e
r
e
is
a r
e
l
at
io
n
s
h
ip
b
e
t
w
ee
n
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
le
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
nv
i
ro
n
m
e
nt
wi
t
h
o
t
h
er
t
y
p
es
of
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
e
nv
i
ro
nm
e
nt
t
ha
t
i
s
i
n
di
v
i
du
a
l
a
nd gr
o
up l
e
v
e
l
.
It
i
s
di
f
fe
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
t
udy
of
J
oe
P
o
w
e
r (
2
0
0
4
)
w
ho
f
i
nd
s
t
ha
t
i
nd
e
p
e
nd
e
nt
w
o
rk
g
ro
u
p
s
ho
w
s
no
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
a
nt
re
l
a
t
i
o
ns
hi
p
t
o
t
he
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
nc
e
(b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
of kn
o
w
l
e
dge
t
hr
o
ug
h
l
e
a
rn
i
ng
)
b
u
t it als
o
me
n
tio
n
e
d
th
at t
h
e
r
e
is
a q
u
al
it
ativ
e
b
el
i
e
f
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
i
n
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
w
o
r
k
can
i
m
p
r
o
v
e p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e r
el
a
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
ec
t
o
r
d
e
r
[
13]
.
A
c
c
or
d
i
n
g
t
o
Cr
o
s
s
a
n
,
e
t
a
l
(19
99)
,
g
r
o
up l
e
a
rni
n
g
c
a
n
b
e
e
xpl
a
i
n
e
d t
hr
o
ugh a
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
c
a
l
l
e
d i
nt
e
rp
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
b
y
id
e
n
tif
y
in
g
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
i
n
tu
i
tio
n
.
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
a
tio
n
p
lay
s
an
i
mp
o
r
t
a
n
t
r
o
le
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
te
r
p
r
e
ta
tio
n
[2]
.
3
.5
.1
.7
.
O
r
gan
i
z
a
ti
o
n
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
E
nv
i
r
o
nm
e
nt
C
o
r
r
e
la
tio
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
s
y
s
te
ms
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
il
l
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
i
za
tio
n
al
le
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
me
n
t s
h
o
w
s
th
at
t
h
e o
r
g
an
i
za
t
i
o
n
'
s
r
o
l
e
i
s
v
e
r
y
i
m
po
r
t
a
n
t
i
n s
uppo
rt
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
c
c
urr
e
n
ce
o
f
le
ar
n
i
n
g
w
h
ic
h
u
lt
im
ate
ly
p
u
t imp
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
me
mb
e
r
s
’
s
y
s
te
ms
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
ca
l
e
.
T
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
iz
atio
n
is
i
n
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
man
ag
e
me
n
t
,
i
n
c
lu
d
i
n
g
i
n
f
o
r
ma
tio
n
a
n
d
c
o
mmu
n
ic
a
tio
n
te
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
as
w
e
ll as
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
c
ial a
n
d
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
al
me
c
h
a
n
is
ms
.
A
l
l o
f
w
h
i
c
h
c
on
t
r
i
bu
t
e
t
o t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
pr
oc
e
s
s
,
bot
h
a
t
t
h
e
i
n
di
vi
du
a
l
,
gr
ou
p
or
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
on
l
e
ve
l
[14]
.
Kn
o
wl
e
d
g
e
m
a
na
ge
m
e
n
t
a
l
s
o
s
uppo
r
t
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
of
m
a
ki
n
g
a
n
d
t
a
k
i
ng t
h
e
v
i
e
w
po
i
n
t
a
t
t
h
e
o
f
i
n
di
v
i
du
a
l
,
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
iz
atio
n
le
v
e
l.
I
n
t
h
e
c
as
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
in
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
a
l’
s
s
y
s
te
ms
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
r
e
l
ate
d
to
o
r
g
a
n
iz
atio
n
a
l le
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t,
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ility
o
f
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
i
zat
io
n
to
b
e
ab
le
t
o
f
ac
ilitate
le
a
r
n
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a v
ar
i
e
t
y
o
f
a
ct
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
t
h
e co
n
t
e
xt
o
f
kn
o
w
l
e
dge
m
a
n
a
ge
m
e
nt
.
4.
CO
NCL
USIO
N
T
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
r
e
l
at
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e s
ca
l
e
o
f
F
P
f
i
e
l
d
w
or
ke
r
’
s s
y
st
e
m
s
t
hi
nk
i
ng
w
i
t
h t
he
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
t
o
r
ga
ni
z
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
(p
0.
017
<
α).
T
h
e ch
ar
ac
t
e
r
i
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.