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C
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id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
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O
N
L
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b
asic
s
k
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in
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m
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er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
in
ev
er
y
d
ay
life
)
[
1
]
-
[
3
]
.
T
h
ese
s
k
ills
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
b
y
elem
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tar
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tu
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ir
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f
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r
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k
n
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I
n
ac
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ality
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ar
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m
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y
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n
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esian
E
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en
tar
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s
ch
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lo
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C
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C
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Po
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in
2
0
1
9
[
4
]
.
T
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es [
5
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[
8
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.
T
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d
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teg
r
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lo
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o
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[
9
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,
[
1
0
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Ug
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et
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l.
[
1
1
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s
tates
th
at
teac
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ater
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in
t
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ak
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it
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d
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d
er
s
tan
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T
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r
o
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lo
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,
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ca
n
r
elate
teac
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in
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m
ater
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to
r
ea
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life
co
n
te
x
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.
W
ijay
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ti
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Su
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ajat
[
1
2
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h
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f
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m
s
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to
g
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.
Sev
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ies
[
9
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,
[
1
3
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r
ev
ea
led
th
at
lo
ca
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wis
d
o
m
is
a
p
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p
le'
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Ku
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[
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4
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[
1
5
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in
v
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lv
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lo
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d
o
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en
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o
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ality
[
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[
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at
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[
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9
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an
d
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[
8
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,
[
20
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-
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
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co
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s
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p
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o
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d
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ts
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1
3
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[
2
5
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.
T
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,
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e
n
t.
Var
io
u
s
liter
ar
y
b
o
o
k
s
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
as
m
ater
ial
co
n
ten
t.
I
n
p
r
eli
m
in
ar
y
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cte
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
in
ter
v
iews,
d
o
cu
m
en
t
a
n
aly
s
is
,
an
d
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iew
r
elat
ed
to
lea
r
n
in
g
in
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
Ked
ir
i
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at:
lo
w
q
u
ality
t
ea
ch
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
ex
ten
s
iv
e
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
t
m
ater
ial
co
n
ten
t,
u
n
in
teg
r
ated
with
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
,
in
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
with
s
tu
d
e
n
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
an
d
lo
w
b
asic
liter
ac
y
s
k
ill
s
(
wr
itin
g
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
)
.
Natio
n
ally
,
it
is
k
n
o
wn
th
at
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
liter
ac
y
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
is
class
if
ied
a
s
lo
w
.
T
h
is
h
a
s
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
a
s
tu
d
y
b
y
t
h
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
C
u
ltu
r
e
in
2
0
1
9
wh
ich
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
n
atio
n
al
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
i
n
d
ex
was
3
7
.
3
2
o
u
t
o
f
1
0
0
.
M
ea
n
wh
ile,
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
f
o
r
E
ast
J
av
a
was
also
lo
w
with
a
liter
ac
y
i
n
d
ex
o
f
3
3
.
1
9
o
u
t
o
f
1
0
0
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
as
m
o
tiv
atio
n
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
l
o
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
as
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ial.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ap
p
lies
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
b
ased
o
n
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
ea
d
in
g
a
n
d
wr
itin
g
s
k
il
ls
f
o
r
elem
en
ta
r
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
t
o
b
e
a
t
r
ig
g
er
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
to
d
ev
el
o
p
o
t
h
er
tex
t
b
o
o
k
s
th
at
in
v
o
lv
e
l
o
ca
l w
is
d
o
m
to
p
ics.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
des
ig
n
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
a
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
en
t
in
v
o
lv
in
g
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
class
es.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
class
was
d
esig
n
ed
as
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
n
o
t
g
iv
en
s
p
ec
ial
tr
ea
tm
en
t
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
r
m
in
im
ize
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
co
n
f
o
u
n
d
in
g
v
ar
iab
les
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
ta
l
class
was
tr
ea
ted
u
s
in
g
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
b
ased
o
n
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
.
T
h
e
te
x
tb
o
o
k
s
u
s
ed
ar
e
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
d
u
cts
o
f
r
esear
c
h
er
s
th
at
h
av
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
b
ee
n
r
e
v
iewe
d
b
y
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
e
x
p
er
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l d
esig
n
G
r
o
u
p
P
r
e
t
e
s
t
Tr
e
a
t
me
n
t
P
o
st
t
e
s
t
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
O
1
X
O
2
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
O
3
-
O
4
O
1
-
O
3
a
n
d
O
2
-
O
4
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
s
k
i
l
l
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
a
n
d
a
f
t
e
r
b
e
i
n
g
g
i
v
e
n
a
t
r
e
a
t
me
n
t
;
X
:
Tr
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
(
t
e
x
t
b
o
o
k
s
b
a
se
o
n
l
o
c
a
l
w
i
sd
o
m)
.
2
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
s
am
p
les
f
o
r
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
class
es
in
v
o
lv
ed
wer
e
3
2
g
r
ad
e
4
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
E
lem
en
tar
y
Sch
o
o
l
2
B
u
r
e
n
g
an
,
Ked
ir
i
,
E
ast
J
av
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
.
T
h
is
s
ch
o
o
l
was
ch
o
s
en
r
ef
er
to
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
s
tu
d
ies
in
clu
d
in
g
:
1
)
L
o
w
q
u
ality
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
to
o
g
e
n
er
al,
ab
s
tr
ac
t,
an
d
u
n
i
n
teg
r
ated
wit
h
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
;
2
)
T
ex
tb
o
o
k
m
ater
ial
p
r
esen
tati
o
n
ten
d
s
to
b
e
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
u
n
s
u
itab
le
b
y
th
e
elem
en
ta
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
t
’
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t;
3
)
T
e
x
tb
o
o
k
s
f
o
r
m
at
is
u
n
-
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
th
a
n
m
a
k
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
o
r
ed
to
lea
r
n
it;
4
)
T
h
e
m
ate
r
ial
is
ad
ju
s
ted
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
'
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal; a
n
d
5
)
L
o
w
b
a
s
ic
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
te
x
tb
o
o
k
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
b
ased
o
n
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
wr
itin
g
a
n
d
r
e
ad
in
g
s
k
ills
o
f
ele
m
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
wr
itin
g
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
as
s
es
s
m
en
t
r
ef
er
s
to
b
asic
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
4
th
g
r
ad
e
.
T
h
e
s
k
ill
in
d
icato
r
s
ar
e:
p
lan
n
in
g
th
e
v
alu
e
ac
tu
aliza
tio
n
b
ase
o
n
t
ex
t
in
ev
er
y
d
ay
life
,
ac
q
u
ir
e
n
ew
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
tex
t,
p
r
esen
t
wr
itten
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
co
n
t
ex
t
an
d
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
,
an
d
p
r
esen
tin
g
n
ew
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
n
o
n
-
f
ictio
n
te
x
ts
b
y
p
ar
ap
h
r
asin
g
,
an
d
u
s
in
g
liter
ar
y
elem
en
ts
in
wr
itin
g
.
T
h
e
in
d
icato
r
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
886
-
8
9
2
888
T
ab
le
2
.
W
r
itin
g
an
d
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
k
ills
in
d
ica
to
r
s
b
ase
o
n
b
asic c
o
m
p
eten
ce
No
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
s
k
i
l
l
s i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
I
P
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
a
c
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
b
a
se
o
n
t
e
x
t
i
n
e
v
e
r
y
d
a
y
l
i
f
e
II
A
c
q
u
i
r
e
n
e
w
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
t
e
x
t
III
P
r
e
sen
t
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
a
n
d
c
i
r
c
u
mst
a
n
c
e
s
IV
P
r
e
sen
t
i
n
g
n
e
w
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
n
o
n
-
f
i
c
t
i
o
n
t
e
x
t
s
b
y
p
a
r
a
p
h
r
a
s
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
u
s
i
n
g
l
i
t
e
r
a
r
y
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Data
wer
e
co
llected
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
wr
itin
g
an
d
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
k
ills
test
s
an
d
an
al
y
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
N
-
g
ain
s
co
r
e
cr
iter
ia
to
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
d
icato
r
s
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
3
[
26
]
.
T
a
b
le
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
a
n
N
-
g
ain
s
co
r
e
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
0
.
7
(
g
>
0
.
7
)
th
e
n
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
w
r
itin
g
s
k
ills
in
d
icato
r
s
is
in
th
e
h
ig
h
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
s
co
r
es
b
etwe
en
0
.
3
an
d
0
.
7
(
0
.
3
≤
g
≤
0
.
7
)
f
o
r
m
ed
iu
m
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
wh
ile
le
s
s
th
an
0
.
3
is
lo
w
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Sco
r
es a
n
d
N
-
g
ai
n
cr
i
ter
ia
N
-
g
a
i
n
S
c
o
r
e
s
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
g
>
0
.
7
H
i
g
h
0
.
3
≤
g
≤
0
.
7
M
e
d
i
u
m
g
<
0
.
3
Lo
w
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
er
e
was
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
ef
f
ec
t
u
s
in
g
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
b
as
ed
o
n
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
l
o
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
in
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
e
n
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
wr
itin
g
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
.
3
.
1
.
M
ini
m
um
co
m
plet
eness
cr
it
er
ia
T
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
c
o
m
p
leten
ess
cr
iter
ia
(
MCC
)
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
et
b
ef
o
r
e
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
an
an
aly
s
is
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
wr
itin
g
a
n
d
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
.
MCC
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
,
s
tu
d
e
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ts
,
an
d
p
ar
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n
ts
to
ev
alu
ate
th
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lear
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g
p
r
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ce
s
s
an
d
r
esu
lts
[
2
8
]
-
[
3
0
]
.
Ho
wev
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,
if
n
o
t
f
u
lf
illed
,
g
e
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er
ally
t
h
e
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p
r
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h
as
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t
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ec
id
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s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l.
T
h
e
m
i
n
im
u
m
MCC
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
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n
d
o
n
esian
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o
n
s
is
7
5
.
T
h
e
d
if
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e
r
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ce
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r
etest
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ttes
t
s
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r
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etwe
en
th
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d
co
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class
es
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ased
o
n
th
e
p
er
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en
tag
e
in
c
r
ea
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e
i
n
s
tu
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en
ts
'
M
C
C
i
s
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
4
.
T
ab
le
4
illu
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
class
wh
ich
u
s
es
t
ex
tb
o
o
k
s
b
ased
o
n
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
h
as
a
g
r
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ter
p
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ce
n
tag
e
o
f
th
e
M
C
C
av
er
ag
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s
co
r
e
th
a
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
class
.
T
h
e
MCC
av
er
ag
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s
co
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
ex
p
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im
en
tal
class
was
7
5
%,
wh
ile
1
8
.
7
5
%
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
n
tr
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l
class
.
T
h
is
d
if
f
er
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ce
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n
MCC
s
co
r
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p
r
o
v
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at
th
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u
s
e
o
f
tex
tb
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o
k
s
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ased
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n
lo
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l
wis
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o
m
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
th
an
o
r
d
i
n
ar
y
tex
t
b
o
o
k
s
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
co
u
ld
b
e
tr
ig
g
er
ed
b
y
i
n
v
o
l
v
in
g
l
o
ca
l
w
is
d
o
m
as
a
lear
n
in
g
th
em
e.
T
ab
le
4
.
MCC
in
cr
ea
s
em
en
t sco
r
es o
f
ex
p
er
im
en
t
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
class
Tr
e
a
t
me
n
t
M
C
C
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
me
n
t
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
(
%)
Ex
p
e
r
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m
e
n
t
c
l
a
ss
75
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
c
l
a
ss
1
8
.
7
5
3
.
2
.
Writ
ing
a
nd
re
a
din
g
s
k
ills
in
ea
ch
ind
ica
t
o
r
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
o
f
l
o
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
-
b
a
s
ed
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
e
lem
en
tar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
wr
itin
g
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
.
R
atan
a
-
Ub
o
l
an
d
Hen
s
ch
k
e
[
3
2
]
s
tated
th
at
l
o
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
as
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
th
e
life
lo
n
g
lear
n
in
g
co
n
ce
p
t.
As
we
k
n
o
w,
th
e
co
n
c
ep
t
o
f
life
lo
n
g
lear
n
i
n
g
in
cl
u
d
es
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
h
u
m
an
q
u
alities
s
u
ch
as
in
teg
r
ity
,
in
d
ep
en
d
en
c
e,
ad
ap
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ilit
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,
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esil
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ce
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an
d
s
p
ir
itu
ality
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
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o
f
t
ex
tb
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o
k
s
i
n
t
h
is
ca
s
e
r
ef
er
s
to
t
h
e
N
-
g
ain
s
co
r
e
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
wr
itin
g
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
wh
ile
t
h
e
c
r
iter
ia
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
wr
itin
g
s
k
ill
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
class
e
s
b
ased
o
n
f
o
u
r
in
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icato
r
s
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esian
less
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n
s
.
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h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
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ased
o
n
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
o
n
t
h
e
ex
p
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im
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tal
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co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
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o
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th
an
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
class
.
T
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
wr
it
in
g
s
k
ill
s
o
n
ea
ch
in
d
icato
r
I
-
I
V
is
1
9
.
1
1
%,
1
7
.
8
1
%,
1
7
.
8
1
%,
an
d
1
8
.
6
2
%.
T
h
is
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
s
co
r
e
was
o
b
tain
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in
th
e
ex
p
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im
en
tal
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an
wh
ile,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
class
o
n
ea
ch
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
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s
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ased
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ar
ap
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ase
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ig
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u
r
e
1
.
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h
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av
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a
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ag
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im
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in
g
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d
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r
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g
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k
ill
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d
icato
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T
h
e
s
am
e
co
n
d
itio
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o
cc
u
r
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r
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g
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k
ills
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at
th
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a
v
er
ag
e
p
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ce
n
ta
g
e
in
cr
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s
e
in
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
i
s
s
ev
er
al
p
o
in
ts
lo
wer
th
an
wr
itin
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in
th
e
s
am
e
clas
s
;
h
o
wev
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th
e
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f
ec
t
o
f
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
is
h
ig
h
er
.
R
ea
d
in
g
ab
ilit
y
in
cr
ea
s
es
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
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d
in
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em
es
th
at
ar
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co
n
s
id
er
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i
n
ter
esti
n
g
an
d
u
n
iq
u
e.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
'
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
in
ev
er
y
d
ay
cu
lt
u
r
al
en
v
ir
o
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m
en
ts
h
av
e
a
v
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im
p
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r
tan
t
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in
f
ac
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atin
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ts
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n
d
er
s
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d
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f
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ch
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icato
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r
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Fig
u
r
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2.
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u
r
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2
p
r
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e
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if
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ce
s
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n
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ills
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f
th
e
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p
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im
e
n
t
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d
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n
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o
l
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s
s
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
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d
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ills
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e
e
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o
r
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h
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icato
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y
1
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1
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ile
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it
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cr
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3
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n
d
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r
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d
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r
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ills
ar
e
b
etter
wh
en
u
s
in
g
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m
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s
e
s
.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
th
at,
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ee
l
m
o
r
e
f
u
n
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d
en
th
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s
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ic
ab
o
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t
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d
in
g
m
ater
ial
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at
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s
er
to
th
eir
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aily
en
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r
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n
a
d
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itio
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en
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ier
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er
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ater
ial.
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s
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r
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t
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ld
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f
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t
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o
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is
o
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r
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ills
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h
e
cr
iter
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o
r
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d
e
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ts
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r
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d
in
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a
n
d
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itin
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ills
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th
is
ca
s
e
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
.
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u
r
e
2
.
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h
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im
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d
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t r
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Ex
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
886
-
8
9
2
890
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
ea
ch
in
d
icato
r
in
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
class
es.
All
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
wr
itin
g
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
in
clas
s
es
u
s
in
g
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
b
ase
d
o
n
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
a
r
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
Me
d
iu
m
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
u
s
e
o
r
d
in
ar
y
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
ar
e
in
th
e
L
o
w
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
Stu
d
en
ts
'
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
w
r
itin
g
s
k
ills
o
n
in
d
icato
r
I
h
av
e
an
N
-
g
ain
s
co
r
e
o
f
0
.
5
3
(
Me
d
iu
m
ca
teg
o
r
y
)
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
k
ills
in
p
la
n
n
in
g
th
e
ac
tu
aliza
tio
n
o
f
v
alu
es
o
b
tain
ed
in
e
v
er
y
d
ay
life
.
C
r
o
o
k
an
d
E
v
a
n
s
[
3
3
]
s
tated
th
at
p
lan
n
in
g
s
k
ills
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
g
o
als
an
d
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
in
d
icato
r
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
g
ain
n
ew
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wh
o
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
h
av
e
a
g
o
o
d
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
Dew
i,
et
a
l
.
[
3
6
]
als
o
ad
d
ed
t
h
at
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
in
d
icato
r
ex
p
ec
ts
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
b
e
a
b
le
to
p
r
esen
t
wr
itten
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
r
ea
d
i
n
g
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
o
le
in
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
[
3
7
]
-
[
4
0
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
i
n
d
icato
r
e
x
p
ec
ts
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
as
elem
en
ts
in
p
r
esen
tin
g
n
o
n
-
f
ictio
n
p
a
r
ap
h
r
ases
.
Do
u
n
g
wilai
an
d
L
im
m
an
ee
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
s
aid
th
at
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
ca
n
m
o
tiv
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
d
o
f
r
ee
wr
itin
g
cr
ea
tio
n
s
,
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
,
an
d
th
er
e
b
y
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
co
n
te
x
t.
Stu
d
en
ts
'
s
k
ills
in
p
ar
ap
h
r
a
s
in
g
task
s
in
wr
itten
f
o
r
m
ca
n
b
e
in
ter
p
r
ete
d
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
co
n
tex
t;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
d
e
p
e
n
d
en
t
o
n
te
x
tb
o
o
k
m
ater
ial.
L
o
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
in
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esi
an
cu
ltu
r
al
s
y
s
tem
is
r
ef
lecte
d
in
r
elig
i
o
u
s
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
eth
n
ic
d
iv
er
s
ity
,
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
2
5
0
eth
n
ic
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
with
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
b
ein
g
J
av
an
ese
[
4
3
]
-
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
e
v
al
u
es
o
f
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
in
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
o
ciety
a
r
e
r
ef
lect
ed
in
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
ev
er
y
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ac
tiv
ity
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es it e
a
s
ie
r
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
r
e
-
d
escr
ib
e
r
e
lated
lo
ca
l w
is
d
o
m
in
wr
itten
f
o
r
m
.
An
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ea
n
s
th
at
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
is
h
ig
h
ly
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
i
al.
T
h
e
d
ata
tr
en
d
in
Me
d
iu
m
ca
teg
o
r
y
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
c
lass
wa
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
p
r
etest
-
p
o
s
ttes
t
s
co
r
es
th
at
wer
e
n
o
t
to
o
ad
v
er
s
ar
ial,
wh
ile
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
class
h
ad
a
s
lig
h
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
r
etest
-
p
o
s
ttes
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
h
as
s
u
cc
ee
d
ed
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
wr
itin
g
in
ter
est
in
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
th
at
is
in
teg
r
ated
with
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
,
it
c
an
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
th
e
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
ch
ar
ac
t
er
.
L
o
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
s
h
a
p
in
g
t
h
e
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
ch
ar
ac
ter
in
th
e
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
er
a.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
in
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
h
av
e
h
ad
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
ts
.
Glo
b
aliza
tio
n
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
ch
ar
ac
ter
q
u
ality
.
T
h
is
is
a
ch
allen
g
e
to
in
s
till
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
o
th
at
th
e
n
atio
n
'
s
v
alu
es d
o
n
o
t f
ad
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
b
ec
o
m
e
ev
i
d
en
ce
an
d
r
e
f
er
en
ce
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
to
in
teg
r
ate
lo
ca
l w
is
d
o
m
with
v
ar
io
u
s
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
L
o
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
h
as
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
elem
e
n
tar
y
s
t
u
d
en
ts
'
wr
itin
g
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
th
at
lear
n
i
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
esian
with
th
e
th
em
e
o
f
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
is
b
etter
th
an
o
r
d
i
n
ar
y
b
o
o
k
s
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
w
r
itin
g
an
d
r
e
ad
in
g
s
k
ills
.
Stu
d
en
ts
also
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
f
aster
,
ar
e
en
th
u
s
ia
s
tic,
an
d
h
a
v
e
f
u
n
r
ea
d
in
g
b
o
o
k
s
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
tl
y
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
er
v
e
as
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
s
to
in
v
o
lv
e
ca
s
es
o
f
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
in
lear
n
in
g
as a
n
ef
f
o
r
t to
m
ain
tain
n
atio
n
al
cu
ltu
r
e.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Fin
an
ce
a
n
d
R
esear
ch
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
ip
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
K.
M
a
h
m
o
o
d
,
“
Re
li
a
b
i
li
ty
a
n
d
v
a
li
d
it
y
o
f
se
lf
-
e
ffica
c
y
sc
a
les
a
ss
e
ss
in
g
st
u
d
e
n
ts’
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
li
ter
a
c
y
sk
il
ls,
”
T
h
e
El
e
c
tro
n
ic L
i
b
ra
ry
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
0
3
5
-
1
0
5
1
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/E
L
-
03
-
2
0
1
6
-
0
0
5
6
.
[2
]
M
.
C.
M
c
Ke
n
n
a
a
n
d
R.
D.
R
o
b
in
so
n
,
“
Co
n
ten
t
li
tera
c
y
:
A
d
e
fin
it
i
o
n
a
n
d
imp
l
ica
ti
o
n
s,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
R
e
a
d
in
g
,
v
o
l.
34
,
n
o
.
3,
p
p
.
1
8
4
-
1
8
6
,
1
9
9
0
.
[3
]
J.
P
.
Weis,
“
C
o
n
tem
p
o
ra
ry
li
tera
c
y
sk
il
ls
,
”
Kn
o
wled
g
e
Q
u
e
st
,
v
o
l.
32
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
2
,
2
0
0
4
.
[4
]
L
.
S
o
li
h
i
n
,
B
.
Uta
m
a
,
I
.
P
ra
ti
wi
,
a
n
d
No
v
iri
n
a
,
3
4
Pr
o
v
in
c
e
s
Rea
d
in
g
L
it
e
ra
c
y
Activity
In
d
e
x
,
(
i
n
B
a
h
a
sa
)
.
Ja
k
a
rta:
P
u
sa
t
Ke
b
ij
a
k
a
n
P
e
n
d
id
ik
a
n
&
K
e
b
u
d
a
y
a
a
n
,
2
0
1
9
.
[O
n
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:/
/re
p
o
sit
o
ri.
k
e
m
d
ik
b
u
d
.
g
o
.
i
d
/
1
3
0
3
3
.
[5
]
Ha
b
ib
i
a
n
d
L
.
He
ra
y
a
n
ti
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
Ba
sic
P
h
y
sic
s
I
Te
x
tb
o
o
k
Ba
se
d
o
n
S
e
lf
-
Re
g
u
late
d
Lea
rn
in
g
a
s
a
n
Eff
o
rt
to
M
o
ti
v
a
te
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
Le
a
rn
In
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
tl
y
,
”
(in
Ba
h
a
sa
),
J
u
rn
a
l
Pen
d
i
d
ika
n
F
isika
d
a
n
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
5
4
-
1
5
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[6
]
H.
Ha
b
ib
i,
J.
Ju
m
a
d
i,
a
n
d
M
.
M
u
n
d
il
a
rt
o
,
“
Th
e
Ra
sc
h
-
Ra
ti
n
g
S
c
a
le
M
o
d
e
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891
[7
]
R.
S
u
g
i
y
o
a
n
d
L
.
A.
P
u
rwa
stu
ti
,
“
Lo
c
a
l
wisd
o
m
-
b
a
se
d
c
h
a
ra
c
ter
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
in
e
lem
e
n
tary
sc
h
o
o
l
i
n
Ba
n
tu
l
Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
”
S
in
o
-
US
En
g
li
s
h
T
e
a
c
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g
,
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l.
14
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o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
9
9
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3
0
8
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[8
]
E.
An
d
rian
a
,
A.
S
y
a
c
h
r
u
ro
ji
,
T.
P
.
Ala
m
sy
a
h
,
a
n
d
F.
S
u
m
irat,
“
Na
t
u
ra
l
sc
ien
c
e
b
ig
b
o
o
k
with
B
a
d
u
y
lo
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a
l
wisd
o
m
b
a
se
m
e
d
ia d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
fo
r
e
lem
e
n
tary
sc
h
o
o
l,
”
J
u
r
n
a
l
Pen
d
id
ik
a
n
IPA
I
n
d
o
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si
a
,
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l.
6
,
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o
.
1,
p
p
.
7
6
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8
0
,
2
0
1
7
.
[9
]
C.
P
o
r
n
p
im
o
n
,
A.
Wallap
h
a
,
a
n
d
C.
P
ra
y
u
th
,
“
S
trate
g
y
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
th
e
l
o
c
a
l
wisd
o
m
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
s
u
sta
in
a
b
il
it
y
in
sc
h
o
o
ls,
”
Pr
o
c
e
d
ia
-
S
o
c
i
a
l
a
n
d
Be
h
a
v
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r
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l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
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o
l.
1
1
2
,
p
p
.
6
2
6
-
6
3
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
0
]
B.
S
u
b
a
li
,
A.
S
o
p
y
a
n
,
a
n
d
E.
E
l
li
a
n
a
wa
ti
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
i
n
g
l
o
c
a
l
wisd
o
m
b
a
se
d
sc
ien
c
e
lea
rn
in
g
d
e
si
g
n
t
o
e
sta
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li
sh
p
o
siti
v
e
c
h
a
ra
c
ter i
n
e
lem
e
n
tary
s
c
h
o
o
l
,
”
J
u
rn
a
l
Pen
d
i
d
ika
n
Fi
sik
a
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
v
o
l.
11
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
1
]
S.
Ug
e
,
A.
Ne
o
lak
a
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ya
sin
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
o
c
ial
stu
d
ies
lea
rn
in
g
m
o
d
e
l
b
a
se
d
o
n
l
o
c
a
l
wisd
o
m
in
imp
ro
v
i
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
ts'
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
a
n
d
so
c
ial
a
t
ti
tu
d
e
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
In
str
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o
n
,
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l.
12
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o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
7
5
-
3
8
8
,
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0
1
9
.
[1
2
]
A.
T.
Wi
jay
a
n
ti
a
n
d
S
.
S
u
d
ra
ja
t,
“
I
m
p
lem
e
n
tatio
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o
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lo
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l
wis
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o
m
v
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l
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e
s
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e
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e
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ts'
e
m
o
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n
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l
in
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e
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e
a
t
S
M
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N
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ri
3
Ba
n
g
u
n
ta
p
a
n
Ba
n
tu
l
Yo
g
y
a
k
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rta
,
”
(in
Ba
h
a
sa
),
J
IPS
INDO
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o
l.
5
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o
.
1
,
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o
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.
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[1
3
]
M
.
R.
M
u
n
g
m
a
c
h
o
n
,
“
Kn
o
wle
d
g
e
a
n
d
lo
c
a
l
wisd
o
m
:
Co
m
m
u
n
it
y
trea
su
re
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hu
m
a
n
it
ies
a
n
d
S
o
c
ia
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
1
3
,
p
p
.
1
7
4
-
1
8
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
4
]
U.
To
h
a
ru
d
in
a
n
d
I
.
S
.
Ku
r
n
ia
wa
n
,
“
Va
lu
e
s
o
f
L
o
c
a
l
Wi
s
d
o
m
:
A
P
o
te
n
ti
a
l
t
o
De
v
e
lo
p
a
n
As
se
ss
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Re
m
e
d
ial,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Res
e
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rc
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n
E
d
u
c
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t
io
n
(IJ
ER
E)
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o
l.
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,
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
1
-
7
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
5
]
U.
To
h
a
ru
d
in
a
n
d
I.
S
.
Ku
r
n
iaw
a
n
,
“
Lea
rn
in
g
m
o
d
e
ls
b
a
se
d
S
u
n
d
a
n
e
se
lo
c
a
l
wisd
o
m
:
Is
it
e
ffe
c
t
iv
e
to
imp
ro
v
e
stu
d
e
n
t’s
lea
rn
in
g
o
u
tco
m
e
s?
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ph
y
sic
s: Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
e
rie
s
,
v
o
l.
1
1
5
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
6
]
D.
K.
M
u
rti
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
m
ic
with
Lo
c
a
l
Wi
sd
o
m
to
F
o
ste
r
M
o
ra
li
t
y
o
f
El
e
m
e
n
tary
S
c
h
o
o
l
S
tu
d
e
n
ts:
A Ne
e
d
An
a
l
y
sis,
”
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
l
M
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
3
7
-
3
4
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
7
]
A.
Wi
d
o
d
o
,
M
.
A.
M
a
u
l
y
d
a
,
A.
F
a
u
z
i,
D.
S
u
ti
sn
a
,
N.
N
u
rsa
p
ti
n
i,
a
n
d
U.
Um
a
r,
“
To
lera
n
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
Am
o
n
g
Re
li
g
io
u
s
Co
m
m
u
n
it
y
Ba
se
d
o
n
th
e
L
o
c
a
l
Wi
sd
o
m
Va
lu
e
s
i
n
P
rima
ry
S
c
h
o
o
ls
,
”
1
st
An
n
u
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
o
c
ia
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s (A
CCES
S
2
0
1
9
)
,
Atlan
t
is P
re
ss
,
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
3
2
7
-
3
3
0
.
[1
8
]
N.
N.
P
a
rwa
ti
,
I
.
S
u
d
iarta
,
I.
M
a
riaw
a
n
,
a
n
d
I
.
W.
Wi
d
ian
a
,
“
L
o
c
a
l
wisd
o
m
-
o
r
ien
ted
p
ro
b
lem
-
so
lv
i
n
g
lea
rn
in
g
m
o
d
e
l
to
imp
ro
v
e
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
p
ro
b
lem
-
so
lv
i
n
g
a
b
il
it
y
,
”
J
OTS
E
:
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
t
io
n
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
1
0
-
3
2
0
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
9
]
A.
Ab
id
i
n
sy
a
h
,
S.
Ra
m
d
iah
,
a
n
d
M.
R
o
y
a
n
i
,
“
Th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
l
o
c
a
l
wisd
o
m
-
b
a
se
d
lea
rn
i
n
g
a
n
d
HO
TS
-
b
a
se
d
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t:
Tea
c
h
e
r
su
rv
e
y
in
Ba
n
jarm
a
sin
,
”
J
PB
I
(J
u
rn
a
l
Pen
d
id
ika
n
B
io
l
o
g
i
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
)
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
0
7
-
414
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
0
]
F
.
N.
Ku
m
a
la
a
n
d
D.
A.
S
e
ti
a
wa
n
,
“
Lo
c
a
l
wisd
o
m
-
b
a
se
d
e
-
e
n
c
y
c
lo
p
e
d
ia
a
s
a
sc
ien
c
e
lea
rn
i
n
g
m
e
d
i
u
m
i
n
e
lem
e
n
tary
sc
h
o
o
l
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
sic
s: Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
e
rie
s
,
Vo
l.
1
4
0
2
,
No
.
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
1
]
A.
B.
S
a
n
to
sa
,
Y.
Ba
su
k
i
,
a
n
d
A
.
M
.
I
.
P
u
sp
it
a
,
“
Th
e
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
lo
c
a
l
wis
d
o
m
-
b
a
se
d
tea
c
h
in
g
m
a
teria
ls
in
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
c
re
a
ti
v
e
wri
ti
n
g
sk
il
l
s
o
f
e
lem
e
n
tary
sc
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
ts,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
li
sh
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
L
in
g
u
isti
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
4
9
-
3
5
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
2
]
I.
M
.
P
ra
ti
wi
a
n
d
V.
A.
N.
Aria
wa
n
,
“
In
tro
d
u
c
i
n
g
lo
c
a
l
wisd
o
m
b
y
n
u
m
b
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
re
a
d
in
g
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
sic
s:
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
e
rie
s
,
v
o
l.
1
5
2
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
3
]
N.
L.
M
a
sru
ro
h
,
H.
B.
M
a
rd
i
k
a
n
t
o
ro
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
u
g
ia
n
to
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
S
u
p
p
lem
e
n
tary
B
o
o
k
o
f
W
rit
in
g
S
k
il
ls
fo
r
Be
g
in
n
e
r
wit
h
Lo
c
a
l
Wi
sd
o
m
Co
n
ten
t
fo
r
El
e
m
e
n
tary
S
c
h
o
o
l
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Prima
ry
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
3
1
7
-
3
2
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
4
]
D.
Ly
e
sm
a
y
a
,
B.
M
u
st
h
a
fa
,
a
n
d
D.
S
u
n
e
n
d
a
r,
“
L
o
c
a
l
wisd
o
m
v
a
l
u
e
’s
-
b
a
se
d
li
tera
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y
e
d
u
c
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ti
o
n
lea
rn
in
g
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
e
lem
e
n
tary
sc
h
o
o
l
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
sic
s:
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
e
rie
s
,
v
o
l.
1
4
7
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
5
]
I.
R.
Ra
m
a
d
h
a
n
,
D.
Dj
o
n
o
,
a
n
d
N.
S
u
r
y
a
n
i
,
“
Lo
c
a
l
wis
d
o
m
o
f
K
a
se
p
u
h
a
n
C
ip
tag
e
lar:
Th
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
so
c
ial
so
li
d
a
rit
y
i
n
t
h
e
e
ra
o
f
g
l
o
b
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
,
“
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
u
lt
ic
u
lt
u
ra
l
a
n
d
M
u
l
ti
re
li
g
i
o
u
s
Un
d
e
rs
ta
n
d
i
n
g
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
5
-
4
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
6
]
H.
W
h
it
e
a
n
d
S
.
S
a
b
a
rwa
l,
“
Qu
a
si
-
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
m
e
th
o
d
s,
”
M
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
ica
l
Briefs:
Im
p
a
c
t
Eva
l
u
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
7
]
M
.
A.
Ha
n
d
ley
,
C.
R.
L
y
les
,
C.
M
c
Cu
ll
o
c
h
,
a
n
d
A.
Ca
tt
a
m
a
n
c
h
i,
“
S
e
lec
ti
n
g
a
n
d
imp
r
o
v
in
g
q
u
a
si
-
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
d
e
sig
n
s i
n
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
a
n
d
imp
l
e
m
e
n
tatio
n
re
se
a
rc
h
,
”
An
n
u
a
l
Rev
iew
o
f
P
u
b
li
c
He
a
lt
h
,
v
o
l.
3
9
,
p
p
.
5
-
2
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
8
]
M.
Ja
n
n
a
h
a
n
d
M
.
M
u
slim
a
h
,
“
M
in
imu
m
Co
m
p
lete
n
e
ss
Crit
e
ri
a
fo
r
Isla
m
ic
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
S
u
b
jec
t
s,
”
Bu
ll
e
ti
n
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
1,
pp.
22
-
2
9
,
2
0
2
1
.
[2
9
]
E.
S
u
b
e
k
ti
,
A.
Ru
sil
o
wa
ti
,
a
n
d
M
.
Kh
u
m
a
e
d
i,
“
Tea
c
h
e
r
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
in
De
term
in
in
g
Ab
il
i
ty
M
in
imu
m
Co
m
p
lete
n
e
ss
Crit
e
ria
S
u
b
jec
t
F
irst
Hig
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
R
e
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
Eva
lu
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
3
-
1
4
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
0
]
E.
S
u
b
e
k
t
i,
A.
Ru
sil
o
wa
ti
,
a
n
d
M
.
Kh
u
m
a
e
d
i,
“
Th
e
Ev
a
lu
a
t
io
n
o
f
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
Tea
c
h
e
r
Ab
il
it
y
in
De
fi
n
in
g
T
h
e
M
in
imu
m
C
o
m
p
lete
n
e
ss
Crit
e
ria
Us
in
g
Th
e
G
o
o
g
le
F
o
rm
,
“
IS
E
T
2
0
1
9
:
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
5
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h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
,
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
I
S
ET
2
0
1
9
,
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
Alli
a
n
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e
fo
r
I
n
n
o
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ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
1
]
D.
M
u
l
y
o
n
o
,
“
T
h
e
in
fl
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
l
e
a
rn
in
g
m
o
d
e
l
a
n
d
lea
rn
i
n
g
in
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
o
n
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
lea
rn
in
g
o
u
tco
m
e
s
b
y
c
o
n
tro
ll
in
g
stu
d
e
n
ts'
e
a
rly
a
b
il
it
y
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
a
th
e
ma
t
ics
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
12
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
8
9
-
7
0
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
2
]
V.
P
.
Co
letta
a
n
d
J.
A.
P
h
il
li
p
s,
“
In
terp
re
ti
n
g
F
CI
sc
o
re
s:
No
rm
a
li
z
e
d
g
a
in
,
p
re
i
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
sc
o
re
s
,
a
n
d
sc
ien
ti
fic
re
a
so
n
in
g
a
b
il
it
y
,
”
Ame
ric
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
sic
s
,
v
o
l.
73
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
7
2
-
1
1
8
2
,
2
0
0
5
.
[3
3
]
S
.
R.
Cro
o
k
a
n
d
G
.
W.
Ev
a
n
s,
“
Th
e
ro
le
o
f
p
lan
n
i
n
g
sk
i
ll
s
i
n
t
h
e
in
c
o
m
e
–
a
c
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
g
a
p
,
”
Ch
il
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
85
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
0
5
-
4
1
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
2
5
2
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2
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I
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t
J
E
v
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&
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.
10
,
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.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
886
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2
892
[3
4
]
A.
S
.
Ard
a
n
,
“
Th
e
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
Bio
l
o
g
y
Tea
c
h
i
n
g
M
a
teria
l
Ba
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
Lo
c
a
l
W
isd
o
m
o
f
Ti
m
o
re
se
to
Im
p
ro
v
e
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
Kn
o
wle
d
g
e
a
n
d
Att
it
u
d
e
o
f
E
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
in
Ca
rin
g
t
h
e
P
re
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
o
f
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hig
h
e
r E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
9
0
-
2
0
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
5
]
I.
M
e
li
o
n
o
,
“
Un
d
e
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
th
e
Nu
sa
n
tara
th
o
u
g
h
t
a
n
d
lo
c
a
l
wis
d
o
m
a
s
a
n
a
sp
e
c
t
o
f
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ian
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
T
a
wa
rik
h
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
2
1
-
2
3
4
,
2
0
1
1
.
[3
6
]
I.
N.
De
wi,
S.
P
o
e
d
ji
a
sto
e
ti
,
a
n
d
B.
K.
P
ra
h
a
n
i,
“
EL
S
II
lea
rn
in
g
m
o
d
e
l
b
a
se
d
l
o
c
a
l
wisd
o
m
t
o
im
p
ro
v
e
stu
d
e
n
ts’
p
ro
b
lem
so
lv
i
n
g
sk
il
ls
a
n
d
sc
ien
ti
fic
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
-
1
1
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
7
]
S.
Ac
h
m
a
d
,
“
De
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
Wr
it
i
n
g
S
k
il
l
o
f
Lan
g
u
a
g
e
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts
b
y
Ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
I
n
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
Tea
c
h
in
g
S
trate
g
y
M
o
d
e
l
Ba
se
d
o
n
S
o
c
ial
a
n
d
L
o
c
a
l
Wi
sd
o
m
Co
n
tex
ts,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Arts
a
n
d
Hu
ma
n
it
ies
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
0
1
-
0
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
8
]
H.
P
u
s
p
a
ra
n
i,
S.
S
a
m
su
d
i,
a
n
d
H.
Ha
ry
a
d
i,
“
Th
e
A
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
R
e
q
u
irem
e
n
ts
De
v
e
lo
p
in
g
Tea
c
h
in
g
M
a
teria
ls
i
n
Wr
it
in
g
F
o
lk
lo
re
wit
h
Ja
v
a
n
e
ss
e
Lan
g
u
a
g
e
Ba
se
d
o
n
L
o
c
a
l
Wi
sd
o
m
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Prima
ry
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
vol
.
6
,
n
o
.
2,
pp.
94
-
1
0
2
,
2
0
1
7
[3
9
]
M.
Ism
a
il
a
n
d
R.
Wi
n
a
rn
i,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
T
h
e
a
ter
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
Tex
t
b
o
o
k
wi
th
Ch
a
ra
c
ter
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Lo
c
a
l
Wi
sd
o
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
Ac
ti
v
e
Lea
rn
in
g
t
o
Im
p
ro
v
e
t
h
e
S
tu
d
e
n
ts’
S
c
ri
p
t
Wr
it
i
n
g
Ab
il
it
y
,
”
VNU
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
:
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
35
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
0
8
-
5
2
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[4
0
]
M.
Laili
,
“
In
teg
ra
ti
n
g
c
h
a
ra
c
ter
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
lo
c
a
l
wisd
o
m
in
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
En
g
li
sh
tea
c
h
in
g
m
a
teri
a
l,
”
Ed
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
Hu
ma
n
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
2,
p
p
.
7
7
-
86,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
1
]
D.
Do
u
n
g
wilai
,
a
n
d
P.
Li
m
m
a
n
e
e
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
i
n
g
a
lea
rn
in
g
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
with
l
o
c
a
l
wisd
o
m
in
teg
ra
t
io
n
,
to
imp
r
o
v
e
re
a
d
in
g
a
n
d
writi
n
g
sk
i
ll
s,
”
Ne
w
T
re
n
d
s
a
n
d
Iss
u
e
s
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
on
Hu
m
a
n
i
ti
e
s
a
n
d
S
o
c
ia
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
4
,
no
.
1,
p
p
.
3
1
7
-
3
2
2
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
2
]
S.
Ri
d
h
o
,
S.
War
d
a
n
i,
a
n
d
S
.
S
a
p
t
o
n
o
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
L
o
c
a
l
Wi
s
d
o
m
Di
g
it
a
l
B
o
o
k
s
to
Im
p
ro
v
e
Cr
it
ica
l
Th
i
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