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f
a
s
s
es
s
i
n
g
th
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
o
f
a
n
y
in
s
tr
u
men
t
”
[
5
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
6
]
,
th
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
c
h
o
ices,
t
h
e
u
tili
tar
ia
n
(
n
ee
d
)
an
d
h
ed
o
n
ic
(
w
a
n
t)
ch
o
ices.
W
h
e
n
p
eo
p
le
ar
e
ch
o
o
s
in
g
a
n
o
p
tio
n
,
th
e
y
co
m
p
a
r
e
it
to
o
th
er
o
p
tio
n
s
w
it
h
i
n
a
ch
o
ice
s
et.
I
f
t
h
e
y
co
m
p
ar
e
a
h
ed
o
n
ic
o
p
tio
n
to
a
u
tili
tar
ia
n
o
p
tio
n
,
th
e
y
w
il
l
f
e
el
g
u
ilt
y
c
h
o
o
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
h
ed
o
n
ic
o
p
tio
n
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
a
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
tes
t,
th
e
c
o
r
r
ec
t a
n
s
w
er
co
u
ld
b
e
v
ie
w
ed
as th
e
u
tili
tar
ia
n
o
p
tio
n
o
r
th
e
n
ee
d
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
s
eq
u
en
t
ial
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
c
h
o
ices
h
as
a
n
im
p
ac
t
o
n
m
e
m
o
r
y
.
I
f
th
e
ch
o
ices
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
s
eq
u
e
n
tia
ll
y
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
[
7
]
,
“
w
e
d
ev
elo
p
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
m
e
m
o
r
y
an
d
t
h
u
s
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
a
n
d
last
p
o
s
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ite
m
w
il
l
h
a
v
e
a
g
r
ea
ter
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
m
e
m
o
r
y
a
n
d
th
e
l
ast
ite
m
w
ill
h
av
e
a
g
r
ea
ter
i
m
p
ac
t o
n
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
m
e
m
o
r
y
.
T
h
is
h
a
s
s
o
m
e
i
m
p
licat
i
o
n
s
o
n
ch
o
ice
d
is
ta
n
ce
[
7
]
-
[
9
]
:
a.
C
h
o
o
s
e
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t p
o
s
itio
n
w
h
e
n
th
e
ch
o
ice
is
i
n
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
b.
C
h
o
o
s
e
t
h
e
last
p
o
s
itio
n
w
h
e
n
th
e
ch
o
ice
i
s
i
m
m
ed
iate
Seq
u
en
t
ial
p
r
esen
ta
tio
n
s
r
ed
u
c
e
ch
o
ice
s
ati
s
f
ac
t
io
n
b
ec
au
s
e
p
eo
p
le
“
h
o
p
e”
f
o
r
a
b
etter
o
p
tio
n
[
9
]
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
i
n
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
tan
eo
u
s
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
c
h
o
i
ce
s
,
“
w
h
en
mu
ltip
le
a
lte
r
n
a
tives
a
r
e
p
r
e
s
en
ted
to
g
eth
er,
ea
ch
o
n
e
is
ev
a
lu
a
te
d
in
co
mp
a
r
is
o
n
w
ith
th
e
o
th
ers
”.
I
n
a
s
t
u
d
y
b
y
[
1
0
]
,
th
e
y
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
t
h
at
“…
ch
o
o
s
er
s
p
r
e
s
en
ted
w
ith
th
eir o
p
tio
n
s
s
i
mu
lta
n
eo
u
s
ly
ten
d
to
r
ema
in
fo
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t set
o
f o
p
tio
n
s
,
co
mp
a
r
in
g
th
em
a
mo
n
g
ea
ch
o
th
er;
w
h
erea
s
ch
o
o
s
ers
p
r
esen
ted
w
ith
th
eir
o
p
tio
n
s
s
e
q
u
en
tia
lly
ten
d
to
ima
g
in
e
a
b
etter
o
p
tio
n
,
h
o
p
i
n
g
it
w
ill
b
ec
o
me
a
va
ila
b
le
.
”
L
i
k
e
i
n
t
h
e
m
u
ltip
le
-
c
h
o
ice
te
s
t
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
o
p
tio
n
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
,
test
tak
er
s
ar
e
p
r
ev
en
ted
f
r
o
m
“
h
o
p
in
g
”
o
r
l
o
o
k
in
g
f
o
r
b
etter
o
p
tio
n
s
/an
s
w
er
s
.
I
n
1
9
9
5
,
[
1
1
]
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
t
h
at
“
W
h
eth
er
p
eo
p
le
w
ere
ch
o
o
s
in
g
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
fr
o
m
a
g
r
o
ce
r
y
s
h
elf,
d
ec
id
in
g
w
h
ich
b
a
t
h
r
o
o
m
s
ta
ll
to
u
s
e,
o
r
ma
r
kin
g
a
b
o
x
o
n
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e,
th
ey
a
vo
id
ed
t
h
e
en
d
s
a
n
d
ten
d
e
d
to
ma
ke
th
eir
s
elec
tio
n
fr
o
m
th
e
mid
d
le.
”
W
ith
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
th
e
e
y
e
s
ar
e
n
atu
r
all
y
d
r
a
w
n
to
w
ar
d
th
e
ce
n
ter
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
f
i
x
atio
n
b
ias [
1
2
]
w
h
i
ch
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
ey
e
p
atter
n
i
n
C
en
tr
al
f
i
x
atio
n
b
ias (
T
atler
,
2
0
0
7
)
&
C
en
tr
al
g
az
e
ca
s
ca
d
e
ef
f
ec
t
(
A
tala
y
,
B
o
d
u
r
,
&
R
aso
lo
f
o
ar
is
o
n
,
2
0
1
2
)
(
w
it
h
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
Ko
le
n
d
a,
2
0
1
6
)
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
9
]
,
“
T
h
e
m
o
r
e
y
o
u
lo
o
k
at
an
o
p
tio
n
,
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
y
o
u
li
k
e
it.
T
h
e
m
o
r
e
y
o
u
li
k
e
an
o
p
tio
n
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
y
o
u
lo
o
k
at
it.
B
ec
au
s
e
w
e
d
ev
o
te
m
o
r
e
a
tten
tio
n
to
t
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
o
p
tio
n
s
,
w
e
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
lik
el
y
to
c
h
o
o
s
e
t
h
e
m
.
”
P
eo
p
le
w
a
n
t
t
h
eir
c
h
o
ice
to
b
e
ea
s
y
[
9
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
te
s
t
t
ak
in
g
,
ea
s
y
c
h
o
ice
co
u
ld
m
ea
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t o
f
ch
o
ices
an
d
te
x
ts
d
o
n
o
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
a
n
d
m
u
ch
e
f
f
o
r
t f
r
o
m
t
h
e
test
tak
er
s
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
n
t
h
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
o
p
tio
n
s
i
n
a
m
u
lt
i
p
le
-
ch
o
ice
test
.
B
y
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t,
w
e
r
e
f
e
r
to
th
e
f
o
r
m
at
o
r
la
y
-
o
u
t
o
f
o
p
tio
n
s
i
n
a
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
te
s
t.
Sp
ec
i
f
icall
y
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
s
o
u
g
h
t
an
s
w
er
s
to
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
(
1
)
W
h
at
is
th
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
o
n
t
h
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
s
o
f
o
p
tio
n
s
a
n
d
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
o
n
let
ter
ca
s
e
s
o
f
o
p
tio
n
s
in
a
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
test
?
(
2
)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
b
eh
i
n
d
th
e
ir
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
?
(
3
)
I
s
th
er
e
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
’
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
o
f
th
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t o
f
o
p
tio
n
s
in
a
m
u
l
tip
le
-
c
h
o
ice
test
a
n
d
th
e
letter
ca
s
e
?
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
w
as
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
a
n
c
h
o
r
ed
o
n
t
w
o
th
eo
r
ies
:
th
e
C
en
tr
al
Fix
at
io
n
B
ias
b
y
[
1
2
]
an
d
th
e
C
e
n
tr
a
l
Gaz
e
C
a
s
ca
d
e
E
f
f
ec
t
b
y
[
1
3
]
.
R
ef
er
e
n
ce
[
1
0
]
b
eliev
ed
t
h
at
a
p
er
s
o
n
i
s
m
o
r
e
li
k
el
y
to
c
h
o
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
ce
n
ter
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8822
I
J
E
R
E
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
1
6
:
292
–
2
9
9
294
R
ef
er
e
n
ce
[
1
2
]
esp
o
u
s
ed
th
a
t
w
i
th
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
p
r
ese
n
tati
o
n
s
,
h
is
/
h
er
e
y
e
s
ar
e
n
atu
r
all
y
d
r
a
w
n
to
w
ar
d
t
h
e
ce
n
ter
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
f
i
x
atio
n
b
ias.
An
d
t
h
i
s
tr
i
g
g
er
s
a
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
lo
o
p
w
h
ic
h
i
s
k
n
o
w
n
as
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
g
az
e
ca
s
ca
d
e
ef
f
ec
t.
R
ef
er
e
n
ce
[
9
]
,
m
o
r
eo
v
er
,
s
aid
th
at
a
f
ter
v
ie
w
i
n
g
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
o
p
tio
n
s
,
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
s
t
ill
n
ee
d
s
to
v
ie
w
th
e
p
er
ip
h
er
al
o
p
tio
n
s
.
So
,
h
e/sh
e
m
o
v
es
h
is
/h
er
e
y
e
s
to
w
ar
d
th
e
le
f
t.
T
h
en
,
h
e
/s
h
e
m
o
v
e
s
h
is
/
h
er
e
y
e
s
to
w
ar
d
th
e
r
ig
h
t
-
w
h
ile
cr
o
s
s
i
n
g
o
v
er
th
e
ce
n
tr
a
l
o
p
tio
n
s
ag
ai
n
.
A
f
ter
w
ar
d
,
h
e
/s
h
e
m
o
v
e
s
h
i
s
/
h
er
e
y
es b
ac
k
to
t
h
e
ce
n
ter
f
o
r
b
alan
ce
.
W
ith
th
e
a
f
o
r
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
th
e
o
r
ies,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
d
el
v
ed
in
to
in
v
est
ig
at
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
n
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
ar
r
a
n
g
e
m
en
ts
o
f
o
p
tio
n
s
in
a
m
u
l
tip
l
e
-
ch
o
ice
test
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
p
r
e
f
er
r
ed
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
o
p
tio
n
w
as
co
r
r
elate
d
to
th
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
o
n
letter
ca
s
es
o
f
o
p
tio
n
s
in
a
m
u
lt
ip
le
-
c
h
o
ice
test
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
b
eh
in
d
t
h
eir
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
o
n
b
o
th
th
e
ar
r
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RE
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p
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T
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w
R
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m
a
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s
,
1
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t)
.
Her
e
ar
e
th
e
o
p
tio
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s
o
f
ar
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g
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m
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t o
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ch
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ice
s
:
A
r
r
an
g
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m
en
t 1
: Cas
ca
d
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M
o
v
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t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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R
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
P
r
eferen
ce
o
f S
tu
d
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-
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t (
V
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lta
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Q.
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yzo
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)
295
A
r
r
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g
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m
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t 2
: Z
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y
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Mo
v
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m
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t
A
r
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t 3
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r
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li
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Ho
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tal
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t
T
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as
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k
f
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g
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4
b
ei
n
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t
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h
i
g
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t
p
r
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ce
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d
1
b
ein
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e
lo
w
est
p
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th
e
ir
p
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[
5
]
.
Data
co
llected
w
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tab
u
la
ted
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d
an
al
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s
ed
u
s
i
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g
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s
,
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s
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s
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Stata
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s
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ata
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m
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ea
s
w
er
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g
r
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u
p
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o
g
eth
er
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2
.
1
.
L
i
m
it
a
t
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T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
e
B
E
E
D
s
t
u
d
en
t
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o
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l
y
;
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u
s
,
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
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f
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k
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n
d
m
a
y
n
o
t b
e
ap
p
licab
le
to
all
test
tak
er
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
ab
le
1
b
elo
w
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
th
e
r
esp
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n
d
e
n
ts
p
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r
ed
ar
r
an
g
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m
e
n
t
1
,
w
it
h
a
m
ea
n
o
f
3
.
5
0
;
ar
r
an
g
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m
en
t
3
w
as
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
r
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er
r
ed
a
r
r
an
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m
e
n
t
w
it
h
a
m
ea
n
o
f
2
.
7
4
.
A
r
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g
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m
e
n
t
2
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s
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e
t
h
ir
d
m
o
s
t
p
r
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r
ed
w
i
th
a
m
ea
n
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f
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.
0
7
,
w
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ile
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r
an
g
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m
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n
t 4
w
as (
is
)
th
e
least p
r
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r
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it
h
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m
ea
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f
1
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9
1
.
T
ab
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1
.
Me
an
o
f
A
r
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t o
f
Op
tio
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me
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s
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r
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me
n
t
1
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r
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n
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e
me
n
t
2
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g
e
me
n
t
3
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4
M
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a
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3
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5
0
2
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0
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2
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7
4
1
.
9
1
3
.
1
.
P
re
f
er
ence
o
n Ar
ra
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m
ent
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f
O
ptio
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C
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s
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t
w
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cip
le
s
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f
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tr
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i
x
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n
b
ias
o
f
[
1
3
]
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d
C
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tr
al
g
az
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ca
s
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ad
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f
ec
t
of
[
1
4
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,
A
r
r
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g
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m
en
t 1
,
(
m
ea
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=
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5
0
)
d
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le
s
s
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ai
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ical
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u
s
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m
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s
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itie
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l
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etail,
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u
c
h
as
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in
g
,
is
o
f
p
r
i
m
ar
y
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
[
1
4
]
.
So
,
th
e
test
tak
er
ca
n
f
o
c
u
s
m
o
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
w
h
ich
i
s
a
r
eq
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ir
e
m
en
t
in
a
co
g
n
iti
v
el
y
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e
m
a
n
d
in
g
ta
s
k
s
u
c
h
a
s
tak
in
g
a
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
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ice
te
s
t
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
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e
y
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s
m
o
v
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n
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u
p
a
n
d
d
o
w
n
is
le
s
s
d
i
s
tr
ac
ti
n
g
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
letter
Z
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
e
y
es.
As
w
h
at
[
9
]
ar
g
u
ed
,
“
P
eo
p
le
w
an
t
th
ei
r
ch
o
ice
to
b
e
ea
s
y.
”
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
test
ta
k
i
n
g
,
ea
s
y
ch
o
ice
co
u
ld
m
ea
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
o
f
o
p
tio
n
s
a
n
d
te
x
ts
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
a
n
d
m
u
c
h
e
f
f
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
test
tak
er
s
.
E
y
e
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t in
A
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t 1
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8822
I
J
E
R
E
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
1
6
:
292
–
2
9
9
296
A
r
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en
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2
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m
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,
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e,
is
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class
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m
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o
f
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ias
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2
i
s
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k
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ts
.
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m
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v
e
m
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n
t in
A
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r
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m
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n
t 2
:
Fo
r
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m
e
n
t
3
(
m
ea
n
=2
.
7
4
)
,
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g
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it
i
n
v
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l
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o
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th
e
in
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ted
N
e
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m
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v
e
m
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t.
E
y
e
m
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v
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m
e
n
t
i
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A
r
r
an
g
e
m
en
t 3
:
L
ast
l
y
,
A
r
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
4
in
v
o
l
v
es
m
a
n
y
e
y
e
m
o
v
e
m
en
ts
,
th
u
s
co
n
tr
ad
ictin
g
t
h
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
ce
n
tr
al
f
i
x
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n
b
ias a
n
d
ce
n
tr
al
g
az
e
ca
s
ca
d
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
r
th
e
o
n
e
-
li
n
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
e
y
e
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
ca
u
s
es d
if
f
ic
u
lt
y
o
n
test
tak
er
s
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p
ar
t,
b
ec
au
s
e
a
s
ass
er
t
ed
b
y
Star
r
an
d
R
a
y
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er
(
2
0
0
1
)
th
at
i
f
p
ar
af
o
v
ea
l
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
is
d
e
n
ied
,
r
ea
d
in
g
r
ates
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
r
ap
id
ly
an
d
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n
f
o
r
m
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p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
r
ate
in
r
ea
d
in
g
li
k
e
w
i
s
e
i
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
.
T
h
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
b
v
io
u
s
l
y
co
n
tr
ad
icts
t
h
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
ce
n
tr
al
f
i
x
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n
b
ias
a
n
d
ce
n
tr
al
g
az
e
ca
s
ca
d
e
e
f
f
ec
t
.
E
y
e
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
A
r
r
an
g
e
m
en
t 4
:
3
.
2
.
Rea
s
o
ns
f
o
r
t
he
pref
er
ence
o
n t
he
a
rr
a
ng
e
m
ent
o
f
o
ptio
ns
T
h
e
q
u
alitativ
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
’
r
ea
s
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
eir
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
o
p
tio
n
s
in
cl
u
d
e
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
o
f
th
ese
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
clas
s
i
f
y
i
n
g
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
s
im
ilar
it
y
o
f
th
o
u
g
h
t
an
d
id
ea
,
a
n
d
u
s
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
to
r
a
n
k
t
h
ese
f
r
o
m
m
o
s
t
to
least
m
e
n
tio
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ed
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
Gen
er
all
y
,
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
ch
o
o
s
in
g
A
r
r
an
g
e
m
en
t 1
ar
e
as f
o
ll
o
w
s
:
1.
I
t is o
r
g
an
ized
an
d
ea
s
y
to
r
ea
d
.
2.
I
t is less
co
n
f
u
s
i
n
g
an
d
ea
s
ier
t
o
d
is
tin
g
u
i
s
h
; a
n
d
3.
T
h
e
ch
o
ices a
r
e
v
er
ticall
y
ar
r
a
n
g
ed
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
les
s
e
y
e
m
o
v
e
m
en
t.
3
.
3
.
P
re
f
er
ence
a
nd
Rea
s
o
ns
o
n t
he
L
et
t
er
Ca
s
e
O
ptio
n
T
h
e
lo
w
er
ca
s
e
i
s
th
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
letter
ca
s
e
o
p
tio
n
th
a
n
t
h
e
u
p
p
er
ca
s
e.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
i
s
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
ar
e:
(
1
)
I
t
is
u
s
u
al
an
d
i
s
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
i
n
a
m
u
ltip
le
-
c
h
o
ice
test
;
(
2
)
I
t
is
clea
r
an
d
g
i
v
es les
s
e
y
e
a
n
d
m
e
n
tal
p
r
ess
u
r
e;
an
d
(
3
)
I
t is ea
s
ier
to
r
ea
d
an
d
w
r
ite.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
R
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
P
r
eferen
ce
o
f S
tu
d
en
ts
o
n
th
e
F
o
r
ma
t o
f O
p
tio
n
s
in
a
Mu
ltip
le
-
C
h
o
ice
Tes
t (
V
o
lta
ir
e
Q.
O
yzo
n
)
297
3
.
4
.
Rela
t
io
ns
hip
bet
w
ee
n P
re
f
er
ence
in t
he
Arr
a
ng
e
m
ent
o
f
Cho
ices a
nd
L
et
t
er
Ca
s
e
T
ab
le
2
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
cr
o
s
s
tab
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
ch
o
ices
a
n
d
t
h
e
letter
ca
s
e
o
p
tio
n
s
.
I
t
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
t
h
e
tab
le
t
h
at
s
i
n
ce
th
e
c
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
te
s
t
(
p
=0
.
4
8
2
)
is
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
0
.
0
5
lev
el
o
f
s
i
g
n
if
ican
ce
,
t
h
e
n
u
l
l
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
(
Ho
)
is
ac
ce
p
t
ed
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
er
e
i
s
n
o
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
o
f
o
p
tio
n
s
in
a
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
test
an
d
th
e
le
tter
ca
s
e
s
o
f
o
p
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
t
io
n
is
s
h
o
w
n
th
e
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
r
o
s
s
-
tab
u
latio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t o
f
ch
o
ices a
n
d
letter
ca
s
e
So
lu
tio
n
:
H
y
p
o
th
es
is
:
Ho
:
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
’
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
o
f
o
p
tio
n
s
i
n
a
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
tes
t a
n
d
th
e
le
tter
ca
s
es o
f
o
p
tio
n
.
Ha:
T
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
o
f
o
p
tio
n
s
in
a
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
tes
t a
n
d
th
e
le
tter
ca
s
es o
f
o
p
tio
n
.
T
est s
tat
v
alu
e
:
2
.
4
6
2
1
;
p
-
v
al
u
e:
0
.
4
8
2
Dec
is
io
n
o
n
Ho
: D
o
n
o
t r
ej
ec
t H
o
.
C
o
n
cl
u
s
io
n
:
Si
n
ce
t
h
e
c
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
test
(
p
=0
.
4
8
2
)
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
0
.
0
5
lev
el
o
f
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
ce
,
th
e
n
u
l
l
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
(
Ho
)
i
s
ac
ce
p
te
d
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
er
e
i
s
n
o
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
’
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t o
f
o
p
tio
n
s
in
a
m
u
l
tip
le
-
c
h
o
ice
test
a
n
d
th
e
letter
ca
s
es o
f
o
p
tio
n
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
W
ith
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
ab
o
v
e
m
en
ti
o
n
ed
,
it
i
s
co
n
c
lu
d
ed
t
h
at
w
h
e
n
o
n
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
a
m
u
l
tip
le
-
c
h
o
ice
te
s
t,
o
n
e
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
er
u
s
in
g
th
e
ca
s
ca
d
in
g
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t.
T
h
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
f
u
r
th
er
in
v
est
ig
at
e
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
o
f
o
p
tio
n
s
i
n
a
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
test
an
d
t
h
e
letter
ca
s
e
s
o
f
o
p
tio
n
w
ith
t
h
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
test
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
i
n
a
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
W
e
w
o
u
ld
li
k
e
to
t
h
a
n
k
Dr
.
No
r
b
er
to
E
.
Milla,
P
r
o
f
.
L
o
r
en
a
R
ip
ald
a,
P
r
o
f
.
J
o
ce
ly
n
B
a
y
r
an
te,
P
r
o
f
.
L
y
ziel
B
o
n
g
ca
r
as,
a
n
d
all
th
e
B
E
E
D
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
.
Hu
g
h
e
s,
“
Tes
ti
n
g
f
o
r
lan
g
u
a
g
e
tea
c
h
e
rs
,”
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
P
re
ss
,
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
1
9
9
2
.
[2
]
H.
L
.
Ro
e
d
ig
e
r
a
n
d
E
.
J.
M
a
rsh
,
“
T
h
e
p
o
siti
v
e
a
n
d
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
c
o
n
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
m
u
lt
ip
le
-
c
h
o
ice
tes
ti
n
g
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Exp
e
rime
n
ta
l
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
:
Ame
ric
a
n
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
ic
a
l
Asso
c
ia
t
io
n
L
e
a
rn
in
g
,
M
e
mo
ry
,
a
n
d
C
o
g
n
i
ti
o
n
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
31
(
5
)
,
p
p
.
1
1
5
5
–
1
1
5
9
,
2
0
0
5
.
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
3
7
/
0
2
7
8
-
7
3
9
3
.
3
1
.
5
.
1
1
5
5
.
2
0
0
5
.
[3
]
A
s
se
ss
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Re
p
o
rti
n
g
Un
it
,“
L
e
a
rn
in
g
P
o
li
c
ies
Bra
n
c
h
.
Of
f
ice
o
f
Lea
rn
in
g
a
n
d
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
,”
Cu
rre
n
t
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
s
o
n
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le f
ro
m
h
tt
p
s
:/
/www
.
e
d
u
w
e
b
.
v
ic.g
o
v
.
a
u
/ed
u
li
b
ra
ry
/p
u
b
li
c
/.
.
.
/
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
_
c
u
rre
n
t
_
p
e
r.
p
d
f
[4
]
G
.
I.
N.
On
u
n
k
w
o
,
“
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tals o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
m
e
a
su
re
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Vo
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5
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4
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Dec
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er
20
1
6
:
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–
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9
298
[5
]
G
ro
b
e
ln
y
J.
a
n
d
M
ich
a
lsk
i
R.
,“
V
a
rio
u
s
a
p
p
r
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a
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to
a
h
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m
a
n
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y
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in
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it
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l
sig
n
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g
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isp
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e
sig
n
,”
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m.
Fa
c
t
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rs
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a
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fm
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.
[6
]
E.
M
.
Oc
a
d
a
,
“
Ju
sti
f
ica
ti
o
n
e
ffe
c
ts
o
n
c
o
n
su
m
e
r
c
h
o
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f
h
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d
o
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ic
a
n
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u
ti
li
taria
n
g
o
o
d
s
,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
a
rk
e
ti
n
g
Res
e
a
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h
4
3
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o
l.
X
L
II,
p
p
.
43
–
53
,
2
0
0
5
.
Re
tri
e
v
e
d
f
ro
m
h
tt
p
:
//
s1
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o
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4
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4
7
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3
8
9
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1
9
.
p
d
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.
[7
]
J.
B.
B.
M
u
r
d
o
c
k
,
“
T
h
e
S
e
rial
P
o
siti
o
n
Ef
fe
c
t
o
f
F
re
e
Re
c
a
ll
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Exp
e
rime
n
t
a
l
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
,v
ol
/i
ss
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e
:
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(
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p
.
4
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6
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tri
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o
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e
p
tem
b
e
r
3
,
2
0
1
6
.
h
tt
p
:
//
o
p
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n
c
o
u
rse
s.em
u
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d
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.
[8
]
N.
M
il
ler
a
n
d
D.
T
.
Ca
m
p
b
e
ll
,
“
Re
c
e
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y
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n
d
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rim
a
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ts
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r
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te
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h
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,
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rth
w
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ste
rn
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,
1
9
5
7
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1
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tt
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[9
]
Ko
len
d
a
N.
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C
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P
sy
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y
:
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h
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.
[1
0
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M
o
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r
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.
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l
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1
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N.
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risten
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ld
,
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o
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ro
m
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d
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ti
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l
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s
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c
h
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S
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ien
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e
s:
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:
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9
5
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e
rica
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p
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0
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h
tt
p
:
//
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2
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T
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o
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o
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3
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A
tala
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.
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h
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o
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r
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In
c
.,
v
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0
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1
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8
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5
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.
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4
]
Iw
a
sa
k
i
M
.
a
n
d
H.
In
o
m
a
ra
,
“
R
e
latio
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e
tw
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p
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icia
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p
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larie
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l
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c
tu
re
s
in
th
e
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u
m
a
n
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ti
n
a
,”
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v
e
stig
a
t
ive
Op
h
t
h
a
lm
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&
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su
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2
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1
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