Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
E
v
al
ua
ti
o
n
and
Rese
arch in
Education (I
JE
RE)
Vol
.
4,
N
o
.
4
,
D
ecem
b
er 20
1
5
, pp
. 20
0~
20
6
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
8
2
2
2
00
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJERE
Model of Independency Mother
in Caring f
o
r Pret
erm Inf
a
nt
based on Experiential
Learning Care (ELC)
Noer
S
a
ud
ah
1
, N
u
rsal
am
2
, Meriana
3
,
Agus Sulistyon
o
4
1
Departement M
a
tern
ity
of
Nursing,
STIKES Bin
a
Sehat PPNI, In
donesia
2
Departement of
Manageme
nt N
u
rsing, Airlangg
a University
, Ind
onesia
3
Departement of
Nutrition Public Heal
th, Airlang
g
a University
, In
donesia
4
Departement of
Feto-Maternal
Medici
n
e
, Airlangga University
, Indonesia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Oct 13, 2015
Rev
i
sed
No
v
12
, 20
15
Accepted Nov 28, 2015
The ro
le o
f
par
e
nts has done les
s
during
th
e pr
eterm infant care in hospitals
caus
e
d depend
e
n
ce in car
ing for the bab
y
. The o
b
jec
tive of the r
e
s
earch was
to development
a model of
indep
e
ndence of th
e
mother in the
care of preterm
infants with exp
e
rien
tia
l le
arnin
g
approach base
d theor
y
of go
al
atta
inm
e
nt
.
Res
earch’s
des
i
gn us
ed anal
yti
c
correl
a
tion
a
l i
n
s
t
age 1 and stage 2 us
ed
quas
y
exp
e
rimental. The population used
all
mothers with preterm infan
t
s
treated in perin
a
tal dr. Wahidin Sudi
ro Hu
sod
o
Mojokerto and Prof. Dr
Soe
k
a
nda
r Mojoke
rto Hospita
l with sa
mple
siz
e
wa
s 28 sa
mple
s
re
spe
c
tively
in the tr
eatment group and
the cont
ro
l group.Variables used
knowledg
e,
decision
, ac
tio
n, inte
rac
tion
,
e
xperi
enti
al
learni
ng
, and mother
independ
ence.The instrumen used ques
tionn
air
e
and ch
eckl
i
s
t
.
The s
a
m
p
l
e
was selected b
y
consecutiv
e sampling
method. In the treatmen
t
group was
given ELC module and
the con
t
rol group
was given
tr
eatment b
y
leaf
lets.
Techn
i
ca
l data a
n
al
y
s
ts used Partial
Linear Square (PLS) and ind
e
penden
t
t-
test. New findin
g
of research is intera
c
tion with the approach
of
Experiential
Learn
i
ng Care (
ELC) through methods ro
le play
a stronger in
improving th
e
independ
ence th
an
interac
tion
direct to
indep
e
nd
ence.
Keyword:
Fi
rst
i
n
depe
n
d
e
nt
Fo
urt
h
goal
at
t
a
i
n
m
e
nt
Second preterm
infant
Thi
r
d e
xpe
ri
en
t
i
a
l
l
earni
ng
ca
re
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
N
o
er
Sa
ud
ah
,
Dep
a
rtem
en
t o
f
Pu
b
lic
Health,
Airlangga Uni
v
ersity.
Em
a
il: sau
d
a
h_
no
er@yahoo
.co
.
id
1.
INTRODUCTION
Pret
erm
bi
rt
h
was t
h
e
l
eadi
n
g ca
use
of
deat
h i
n
ne
w
b
o
r
n
s
.
B
a
bi
es wh
o di
ed
of
preterm
a
ccounted for
3
6
.5% o
f
infan
t
d
eath
s
in
20
05[1
]
. In
Indo
n
e
sia th
e In
fan
t
Mo
rtality
Rate (IMR) was still
h
i
g
h
.
Resu
lt o
f
In
d
onesi
a
De
m
ograp
hy
an
d
Heal
t
h
Su
r
v
e
y
(I
DH
S) i
n
2
0
1
2
,
IM
R
was
3
2
/
1
00
0 l
i
v
e
bi
rt
hs
.
In
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a
, t
h
e
causes of pe
rinatal
m
o
rtality was 0-7 days
due to
pret
erm
in the am
ount
of 32.3% was
ranked sec
o
nd after
respi
r
at
ory
di
s
o
r
d
er
, whi
l
e
t
h
e
pe
ri
nat
a
l 7-28
d
a
ys as m
u
ch as
1
2
.8
% [2
].
Preliminary studies c
o
nducted by researc
h
ers at
th
e Reg
i
on
al Gen
e
ral Ho
sp
ital (Ho
s
p
ital) Dr.
Wahi
di
n
Su
di
r
o
H
u
s
o
do M
o
j
oke
rt
o
sh
o
w
ed
t
h
e i
n
ci
de
nce
of
p
r
et
erm
bi
rt
h
was
hi
g
h
.
Dat
a
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
fr
om
med
i
cal reco
rd
s fro
m
2
0
0
9
to
20
13
sho
w
ed
th
e i
n
cid
e
nce o
f
p
r
eterm
b
i
rth
was still ab
ov
e
1
2
%.
During
h
o
s
p
italizatio
n
,
th
e p
a
rticip
ati
o
n
o
f
m
o
th
ers o
f
p
r
eter
m
in
fan
t
s in
t
h
e care of in
fan
t
s
was still li
mit
e
d
to
b
r
east
f
eed and ho
ld
s th
e
b
a
by. Th
e ro
le
o
f
p
oor
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
duri
ng preterm
infa
nt car
e in ho
sp
itals
wou
l
d cau
se
i
nde
pen
d
e
n
cy
i
n
ca
ri
n
g
f
o
r t
h
e
ba
by
aft
e
r
di
sc
har
g
e
fr
om
t
h
e hos
pi
t
a
l
[
3
]
.
Baby care i
n
t
h
e NICU
was a
source
of stres
s
for
pa
rent
s
.
S
t
ress i
n
cl
udes
conce
r
n f
o
r t
h
e
su
rvi
v
al
o
f
i
n
fa
nt
s an
d t
h
e p
o
t
e
nt
i
a
l
ef
f
ect
on
hi
s
de
vel
o
pm
ent
[4]
.
Pa
rent
s t
e
nd
t
o
see
t
h
em
sel
v
es as
seco
nda
ry
caregi
v
ers
for babies
, whe
r
ea
s
the nurs
e
in t
h
e
NIC
U
was
seen as
the
pr
imary caregi
v
ers [5]. E
x
perience the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ERE
I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
2
2
Mod
e
l o
f
I
n
d
e
pen
d
e
n
cy
Mo
t
h
er in
C
a
ring
f
o
r Preterm In
fant Ba
se
on
Exp
e
rien
tia
l .... (Noer Sau
dah
)
20
1
st
ress o
f
pa
ren
t
s of p
r
et
erm
infa
nt
s can
del
a
y
t
h
e achi
e
ve
m
e
nt
of t
h
e r
o
l
e
of p
a
re
nt
s [
6
]
and m
a
y hav
e
l
o
n
g
term
effects on p
a
ren
t
-i
n
f
an
t i
n
teraction
an
d
ch
ild
d
e
v
e
l
opmen
[7
].
Th
e im
p
o
r
tan
t
task
of
n
u
rses i
s
to
d
e
sign
and assess in
terv
en
tio
ns th
at fo
cu
s
o
n
t
h
e m
o
th
er and
b
a
b
y
,
i
n
cl
udi
ng
st
res
s
an
d
pare
nt
al
com
p
et
en
ce [6]. During
th
is i
n
terv
en
tion
h
a
s do
n
e
a nurse, is less su
ccessfu
l
in
increasing the
indepe
ndence
of m
o
th
ers in the care of preterm
infants.
Researc
h
e
r
s are interest
ed in
increasing
the inde
pende
n
ce of
m
o
thers
ca
ring for preter
m
in
fan
t
s with
o
p
ti
m
a
l en
g
a
gemen
t
in
ho
sp
ital care.
One c
o
rne
r
st
o
n
e
of t
h
i
n
ki
n
g
a
nd
hel
p
del
i
v
e
r
t
h
e ba
by
p
r
et
erm
m
o
t
h
ers pre
p
are t
o
be a
b
l
e
t
o
care f
o
r he
r
baby
with
o
p
tim
u
m
is to
u
s
e th
e Ki
n
g
'
s nursing
m
o
d
e
l.
Ki
n
g
'
s
t
h
eo
ry
i
s
base
d
on
t
h
e
achi
e
vem
e
nt
of
o
b
j
ecti
v
es a
n
d a
precise
when
app
lied
t
o
in
teractio
ns
bet
w
ee
n m
o
t
h
ers
of
p
r
et
erm
i
n
fa
nt
s
wi
t
h
a
n
u
rse
.
M
a
ny
researc
h
a
n
d s
t
udi
es t
h
at
su
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
t
h
e
o
ry
Ki
n
g
centere
d
on the technical as
pects
of client
care a
n
d nur
sin
g
care system
s. Th
is th
eory is q
u
ite ad
eq
u
a
te,
l
ogi
cal
a
n
d
se
que
nt
i
a
l
occ
u
rr
ence
of
a
n
u
rsi
n
g
.
T
h
e
co
nc
ep
t
p
u
t
fo
rward is qu
ite cl
ear
and sim
p
le (Fa
w
cett,
2006) [8].
Howeve
r, accordin
g to i
n
vestiga
t
ors
still was a
b
stract t
h
eo
ry
on tra
n
sactional stage
betwe
e
n the
nu
rse an
d t
h
e
cl
i
e
nt
so i
t
can n
o
t
im
m
e
di
at
el
y
be appl
i
e
d i
n
co
ncret
e
.
Ki
ng
doe
s n
o
t
expl
ai
n t
h
e
causal
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
be
t
w
een
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e,
deci
si
o
n
s,
act
i
ons a
nd
rea
c
t
i
ons t
h
at
see
m
t
o
st
and
on
i
t
s
ow
n f
o
u
r
t
h
at
are
n
o
t
i
n
ter
r
e
lated. Resear
ch
er
s fo
und
K
i
ng
's th
eo
r
y
w
o
u
l
d b
e
ap
pro
p
riate if it is in
teg
r
ated
with
th
e
Exp
e
rien
tial
Learni
ng
. E
x
p
e
ri
ent
i
a
l
Lear
n
i
ng m
e
t
hods
re
qui
red as
t
h
e
o
p
erat
i
o
nal
f
o
r
m
of t
r
a
n
sact
i
o
n bet
w
ee
n n
u
r
s
es an
d
pare
nt
s
of
p
r
et
erm
i
n
fant
s.
Do
ni
(2
0
0
9
)
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
e suc
cess of 7
8
%
o
f
st
ude
nt
s use
d
l
earni
ng e
x
p
e
ri
ent
i
a
l
[9]
.
Ex
peri
ent
i
a
l
learning m
e
th
ods t
o
accom
m
odate the social situation,
creativity and
intellectual
m
o
ther so as t
o
provide
in
sigh
t in
to the kn
owledg
e
of th
e n
e
ed
s and
care
o
f
pr
eterm
infants a
n
d provide
a real
experie
n
ce that will
b
u
ild
sk
ills o
r
p
r
eterm
in
fan
t
care p
r
actices. In
creasin
g
th
e in
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
nce o
f
m
o
th
ers in
tak
i
n
g
care
o
f
th
e
p
r
eterm
in
fan
t
wou
l
d
h
e
lp
lower th
e infan
t
m
o
rtali
t
y rate (
I
MR). Nu
rsing care th
roug
h
Exp
e
rien
tial learn
i
n
g
ap
pro
ach
with
Mo
d
e
l-b
a
sed
Th
eory
of Go
al Attain
m
e
n
t
use the expe
rienc
e
as a catalyst can
help m
o
thers i
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
th
e cap
acity and
ab
ility to
care
for
p
r
eterm
b
a
b
i
es th
rou
g
h
learnin
g
b
y
d
o
i
n
g
.
The
p
u
r
pos
e o
f
t
h
i
s
st
udy
i
s
t
o
c
onst
r
uct
a
m
odel
of i
n
d
e
pen
d
e
n
ce m
o
t
h
er i
n
cari
n
g
fo
r
pret
erm
i
n
fa
nt
s t
h
ro
u
g
h
ex
peri
e
n
t
i
a
l
app
r
oach
Lear
ni
ng
C
a
re
(ELC
)
base
d T
h
e
o
ry
of
G
o
al
At
t
a
i
n
m
e
nt
.
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
This re
searc
h
was a
n
analytical study c
o
nducted c
o
rrelational i
n
cludes
2 stages.
The
first stage us
ed
a desi
g
n
e
xpl
a
n
at
i
o
n
.
E
xpl
a
n
at
i
on de
si
g
n
w
i
t
h
t
h
e ai
m
t
o
devel
op a m
o
d
e
l
of i
n
de
pen
d
e
nce m
o
t
h
er i
n
cari
n
g
fo
r pret
e
r
m
i
n
f
a
nt
s wi
t
h
an a
p
p
r
oach
based
Expe
ri
ent
i
a
l
Learni
ng T
h
e
o
ry
of g
o
al
at
t
a
inm
e
nt
. The ap
pr
oac
h
u
s
ed
is cro
ss sectio
n
a
l. Th
is
stu
d
y
ex
am
in
e
d
th
e eff
ects
of m
a
tern
al in
teractio
n
b
e
tween
p
e
rcep
tio
ns
with
pret
erm
i
n
fa
nt
s;
m
o
t
h
ers i
n
f
l
uence
d
ecisions i
n
treating
preterm
infa
nts ag
ai
n
s
t in
teractio
n
,
th
e effect
of
actio
n
s
b
y
t
h
e in
teractio
n. Analysis
o
f
th
e relatio
n
s
h
i
p
was
al
so
co
n
duct
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
ef
fect
of i
n
teraction
with
t
h
e E
xpe
ri
ent
i
al
Learni
ng
an
d a
n
al
y
zes t
h
e
i
n
fl
ue
nce
of
E
xpe
ri
ent
i
a
l
Lea
r
ni
ng
wi
t
h
t
h
e
i
nde
pen
d
e
n
ce
of t
h
e
m
o
th
er in
th
e care
o
f
preterm
in
fan
t
s.
The
sec
o
nd stage used
quasi-expe
ri
m
e
ntal.
The researc
h
objective
in
t
h
e second stage was
to
stage
th
e si
m
u
latio
n
m
o
d
e
ls. Th
is stu
d
y
ai
m
e
d
to
test th
e effectiv
en
ess of th
e app
licatio
n o
f
th
e m
o
d
e
l-b
a
sed
app
r
oach
t
o
e
xpe
ri
ent
i
a
l
l
earni
ng t
h
e
o
ry
o
f
g
o
al
at
t
a
i
n
m
e
nt
i
n
or
de
r t
o
i
n
c
r
ease t
h
e
i
nde
pe
nde
nce
of
t
h
e
m
o
ther in the care of pret
e
r
m infants. Quasi-experim
e
ntal research
carried
ou
t with
p
r
etest and
post-test
bef
o
re
t
r
eat
m
e
nt
aft
e
r t
r
eat
m
e
nt
was
gi
ven
.
There
was
a q
u
asi
-
e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
al
researc
h
e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
al
grou
p a
n
d
th
e con
t
ro
l g
r
ou
p, bu
t th
e determ
in
atio
n
is n
o
t
p
e
rfor
m
e
d
rando
m
sa
m
p
l
e
. Th
e
p
opu
latio
n
s
in
t
h
is research
were
al
l
m
o
t
h
ers
wh
o
ha
ve
pret
erm
i
n
fa
nt
s t
r
eat
ed i
n
pe
ri
nat
a
l
d
r
.
W
a
hi
di
n
S
udi
ro
Hus
o
do
M
o
j
o
k
e
rt
o a
n
d
hos
pi
t
a
l
s
Pr
o
f
.
dr
. S
o
eka
n
dar
M
o
j
o
sa
ri
M
o
j
oke
rt
o
.
T
h
e sa
m
p
l
e
si
ze i
n
the t
r
eat
m
e
nt
gro
u
p
an
d t
h
e c
ont
rol
was 2
8
sam
p
l
e
s. Sam
p
l
i
ng t
echni
que
use
d
con
s
ecut
i
v
e s
a
m
p
l
i
ng. T
h
e i
n
st
r
u
m
e
nt
used i
n
t
h
i
s
st
udy
was
a
que
st
i
o
n
n
ai
re
, m
e
di
cal
recor
d
s and
o
b
ser
v
at
i
on s
h
eet
o
r
ch
eckl
i
s
t
.
Ex
oge
no
us
vari
a
b
l
e
s,
nam
e
ly
kno
wl
edg
e
,
decision, action was m
easured using a questionnaire.
Ot
h
e
r exog
enou
s v
a
riab
les m
e
a
s
u
r
ed
th
e in
teractio
n
with
th
e ch
ecklist. Mean
wh
il
e, to
m
easu
r
e
v
a
riab
les ex
per
i
ent
i
a
l
l
earni
ng
use
d
o
b
se
rvat
i
on s
h
eet
(c
hec
k
l
i
s
t
)
base
d S
O
P
p
r
et
erm
i
n
fant
c
a
re.
En
d
oge
n
o
u
s
vari
a
b
l
e
s
n
a
m
e
l
y
t
h
e i
n
d
e
pen
d
e
n
ce
of
m
o
t
h
ers i
n
ca
r
i
ng
f
o
r
pret
erm
i
n
fant
s was m
easured use
d
o
b
ser
v
a
t
i
on sheet
(c
he
ck l
i
s
t
)
. The v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
of t
h
e test
by
l
ooki
ng
at
t
h
e
v
a
lu
e of conv
erg
e
n
t
v
a
lid
ity v
a
lid
if it h
a
s a v
a
lu
e of>
0
.
5
.
If th
e co
m
p
o
s
ite reliab
ili
ty r
e
liab
ility
test
sh
owed
sat
i
s
fact
ory
v
a
l
u
e i
f
>
0.
6. R
e
search c
o
nd
uct
e
d at
r
oom
per
i
nat
a
l
dr.
Wa
hi
di
n S
u
di
r
o
H
u
s
o
d
o
M
o
j
o
kert
o
her
e
in
after referred
to
Ho
sp
ital
A and
Ho
sp
ital Pro
f
. dr.
S
o
e
k
an
da
r M
o
josa
ri M
o
joke
rto
h
e
reinafte
r refe
r
r
ed to
Hos
p
i
t
a
l
B
.
T
h
e resea
r
ch
was
di
vi
de
d ac
co
rd
i
ng t
h
e
researc
h
pha
se,
nam
e
ly
:
1.
Ph
ase 1 starts
o
n
Aug
u
s
t
2 until Octo
b
e
r
1
0
th
20
14
2.
Phase
2
be
gi
n
s
aft
e
r
t
h
e
rec
o
m
m
e
ndat
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
FG
D
w
a
s hel
d
on
Oc
t
obe
r
17
th
2014
. Ph
ase 2
w
a
s
conducted
from
Novem
b
er 2
th
to Dec
e
m
b
er 12
th
201
4.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
22
IJERE
Vol. 4, No. 4,
Decem
ber 2015 :
200 –
206
20
2
Descri
ptive a
n
alysis techni
que
s are t
o
obtain a
d
e
scrip
tion
of th
e ch
aracteristics o
f
surv
ey
resp
o
nde
nt
s
fr
om
several
as
pect
s, i
n
cl
u
d
i
n
g t
h
e
m
o
t
h
er'
s
age, education, m
a
rriage
age, m
a
rital status, age
,
pre
g
nancy
a
n
d
t
h
e
ba
by
'
s
wei
ght
.
De
scri
pt
i
v
e anal
y
s
i
s
was
al
so
per
f
o
r
m
e
d o
n
vari
a
b
l
e
s
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e,
d
eci
si
on
,
act
i
on a
n
d
rea
c
t
i
on, i
n
t
e
ract
i
o
n
an
d i
nde
pe
nde
nce
of
t
h
e
m
o
t
h
er i
n
t
h
e
care o
f
pret
e
r
m
i
n
fant
s.
Des
c
ri
pt
i
v
e
analysis was
conducted by
analysis of t
h
e freque
nc
y
d
i
st
ri
but
i
o
n
of
t
h
e m
easured
vari
a
b
l
e
.
Su
bs
eque
nt
an
alysis tech
n
i
q
u
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is stu
d
y
is th
e
Partial L
east Squa
re (PLS). PLS is an alternative approach tha
t
shi
f
t
s
f
r
om
t
h
e app
r
oa
ch
of S
t
ruct
u
r
al
Eq
uat
i
on M
o
del
i
n
g (
S
EM
) ba
sed c
ova
ri
ance
be
b
a
sed va
ri
ant
.
P
L
S are
m
o
r
e
p
r
ed
ictive
m
o
d
e
ls. In
mo
d
e
ling
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es, PLS
h
a
s con
s
eq
u
e
n
ces th
at testin
g
can
b
e
done
without a
strong the
o
retical
basis,
i
g
noring som
e
of t
h
e a
ssum
p
tions a
n
d param
e
ters
accuracy of pre
d
ictive
m
odels, seen from
the coeffi
cient of
d
e
termin
atio
n
.
An
al
ysis o
f
th
e d
a
t
a
in the second stage was a statistical
test o
f
i
n
d
e
p
e
nd
en
t t
-
test with a lev
e
l
o
f
confid
en
ce
(
α
) o
f
0.
05
.
3.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
A ge
neral
des
c
ri
pt
i
o
n sh
o
w
s
t
h
e charact
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s of res
p
on
dent
s as Ta
bl
e
1. Ta
bl
e 1 s
h
ows t
h
at
t
h
e
m
a
jori
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
y
ear m
o
st
respo
n
d
ent
s
a
g
e
d
bet
w
ee
n
20
-3
5 y
ears i
s
36
r
e
sp
on
de
nt
s an
d ed
ucat
e
d
pas
t
hi
g
h
sch
ool
as m
a
ny
as 49
res
p
o
n
d
ent
s
. Al
l
resp
on
de
nt
s had a m
a
ri
t
a
l st
at
us and l
o
n
g
m
a
rri
age
m
a
rri
ed
r
e
spon
d
e
n
t
s are
m
o
stly
2
-
5
year
s as
m
a
n
y
as 4
4
r
e
spond
en
ts.
W
h
ile th
e d
a
ta o
f
r
e
sp
ond
en
ts g
i
v
i
ng
b
i
r
t
h
preterm
infant
s with a gestat
ional age
of 34 wee
k
s m
o
st
of as m
a
ny
as 15
res
p
o
n
d
ent
s
and t
h
e m
a
jor
i
t
y
of
resp
o
nde
nt
s
ga
ve
bi
rt
h
wei
ght
p
r
et
erm
i
n
fant
s b
o
r
n
bet
w
ee
n
2
3
0
1
-
2
4
0
0
g
r
a
m
s as
m
a
ny
as 23
res
p
on
de
nt
s
.
Tab
l
e
1
.
C
h
aracteristics o
f
Resp
ond
en
ts
No Characteristics
Indicator
Fr
equency
∑
%
1
Age
< 20 y
e
ar
s
20-
35 y
ear
s
> 35 y
e
ar
s
15
36
5
27
64
9
2 E
ducation
E
l
em
entar
y
High School
Senior
high School
1
6
49
2
11
87
3 Status
M
a
rr
ied
M
a
rr
ied
56
100
4 L
ong
M
a
r
r
i
ed
≤
1 y
e
ar
1-
5 y
ear
> 5 ye
ar
1
44
11
2
78
20
5
Old Pr
egnancy
32 week
33 week
34 week
35 week
36 week
37 week
11
12
15
6
11
1
20
21
27
10
20
2
6 W
e
ight
2000-
2
100
gr
am
2101-
2
200 gr
am
2201-
2
300 gr
am
2301-
2
400 gr
am
2401-
2
499 gr
am
8
10
7
23
8
14
18
11
41
14
Resu
lts o
f
p
h
a
se 1
with
PLS
an
alysis is to
ev
alu
a
te th
e stru
ctural equ
a
tion
m
o
d
e
l. PLS
m
o
d
e
ls
m
o
re
fu
lly are as fo
ll
o
w
s:
Illu
strates th
e
v
a
lu
e is R-Squ
a
r
e
goo
dn
ess-
of
-f
it of
th
e
m
o
d
e
l. R-
Squar
e
v
a
lu
e
r
ecommen
d
e
d
is
great
er
t
h
a
n
ze
ro
. R
e
sul
t
s
of
t
h
i
s
st
udy
dat
a
pr
ocessi
ng
us
i
ng Sm
art
P
LS
gi
ve R
-
sq
uar
e
val
u
es as
sh
o
w
n i
n
Tab
l
e 2
.
Tab
l
e 2
sho
w
s th
e
mo
d
e
l of
in
ter
act
io
n
and
ind
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
ce thr
ough
Exp
e
r
i
en
tial
Lear
n
i
n
g
Car
e
(
ELC
)
is f
it (
R
-Squ
are = 0.544
) gr
eater
th
an
len
i
h
i
n
ter
action
an
d
in
d
e
p
e
nd
en
ce
(R-
S
qu
ar
e =
0
.
20
2)
.
Tabl
e 2.
Go
odn
ess o
f
Fit
from
R-Squ
are
Variable
R
-
Square
Knowledge,
Judge
m
e
nt,
Action
I
n
ter
action
0.
838
Interaction
E
xper
i
ential
L
ear
ning
0.
631
Interaction
I
ndependency
0.
202
Interaction
E
xper
i
ential Lear
ning
I
ndependency
0.
544
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ERE
I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
2
2
Mod
e
l o
f
I
n
d
e
pen
d
e
n
cy
Mo
t
h
er in
C
a
ring
f
o
r Preterm In
fant Ba
se
on
Exp
e
rien
tia
l .... (Noer Sau
dah
)
20
3
Tab
l
e 3
sho
w
s resu
lt of v
a
li
d
ity an
d
reliabilit
y test o
n
all laten
t
v
a
riab
l
e
s are v
a
lid
an
d
reliab
l
e
resul
t
s
,
an
d t
h
e
t
e
st
sam
p
l
e
B
= 1
0
0
0
b
oot
st
r
a
p y
i
el
d si
gni
fi
cant
res
u
l
t
s
.
Tabl
e 3. In
ne
r Test
W
e
i
g
ht
O
n
In
de
pen
d
e
n
c
y
Thr
o
ug
h I
n
t
e
ract
i
o
n
an
d Ex
peri
e
n
t
i
a
l
Lear
ni
n
g
W
i
t
h
B
o
o
t
st
rap
Variable
Coef
f
i
cient
Original
T Statistic
T tab
l
e
E
xplanation
Knowledge
I
n
ter
action
0.
161
2.
427
1.
96
Significant
Judgem
e
nt
I
n
ter
action
0.
684
10.
617
1,
96
Significant
Action
I
n
ter
action
0,
157
2.
110
1.
96
Significant
Interaction
exper
i
ential lear
ning
0.
794
14.
189
1.
96
Significant
Interaction
I
ndependent
0.
202
2.
713
1.
96
Significant
E
xper
i
ential lear
ning
I
ndependency
0.
567
6.
645
1.
96
Significant
Ph
ase 2
trials co
nd
u
c
ted
to assess th
e effectiv
en
es
s of
m
odel
s
. Phas
e 2 st
udy
res
u
l
t
s
wi
t
h
t
h
e
im
pl
em
ent
a
t
i
o
n o
f
n
u
r
s
i
n
g us
ed m
odul
es o
f
Ex
peri
ent
i
a
l
L
earni
ng C
a
r
e
(
ELC
) i
n
t
h
e t
r
e
a
tm
ent
gro
u
p
and t
h
e
cont
rol
gr
o
u
p
l
eafl
e
t
s
m
e
di
a. Im
pl
em
ent
a
ti
on i
n
o
r
de
r t
o
t
e
st
m
odel
s
of
N
u
rsi
n
g
i
n
m
o
t
h
ers
of
p
r
et
erm
i
n
fa
nt
s
with
th
e approach
of Exp
e
rien
tial L
earni
n
g
C
a
re (ELC
)
base
d The
o
ry
of
Goal
At
t
a
i
n
m
e
nt
i
n
or
der
t
o
be
ready to care
for the
baby'
s
own m
o
th
er aft
e
r di
sc
har
g
e fr
om
t
h
e hos
pi
t
a
l
.
Treat
m
e
nt
Expe
ri
ent
i
a
l
Learni
ng
Care (ELC) is g
i
v
e
n
to
th
e
m
o
th
er d
u
r
i
n
g
2
week
s is calcu
lated
fro
m
t
h
e first d
a
y of b
i
rth
un
til th
e ag
e o
f
neo
n
at
es (
28
day
s
).
Obse
r
v
at
i
ons i
n
depe
n
d
ence
was o
b
s
erve
d i
n
m
o
thers
of p
r
et
er
m
i
n
fant
s ho
m
e
aft
e
r
di
scha
rge
fr
o
m
t
h
e hos
pi
t
a
l
t
o
t
h
e t
i
m
e
of t
h
e vi
si
t
n
o
m
o
re t
h
an
28
day
s
co
u
n
t
e
d f
r
om
bi
rt
h.
M
ode
l
appl
i
cat
i
o
n i
n
d
e
pen
d
e
n
ce i
n
c
a
ri
n
g
m
o
t
h
ers
of
pret
e
r
m
i
n
fant
s t
h
r
o
ug
h e
x
peri
e
n
t
i
a
l
app
r
oach
base
d Le
arni
ng
The
o
ry
o
f
G
o
a
l
At
t
a
i
n
m
e
nt
done
wi
t
h
pat
h
anal
y
s
i
s
bet
w
e
e
n m
o
t
h
er k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e ab
o
u
t
p
r
et
erm
i
n
fant
s (X
1.
1
)
,
the decision
of the m
o
ther
in the care
of
pret
erm
infants (X1.2), acts
m
o
th
er (X1. 3), in
te
ract
i
on m
o
t
h
er
(X
2)
,
th
e i
m
p
l
e
m
en
t
a
tio
n
of exp
e
rien
tial Learn
i
ng
Care (Y1
)
an
d
t
h
e ab
ility t
o
self-relian
ce
in
caring
m
o
th
ers
of
pret
erm
i
n
fa
nt
s
(Y
2
)
.
The
n
o
b
t
ai
ned t
h
e f
o
l
l
o
wi
n
g
resul
t
s
as
sh
ow
n i
n
Ta
bl
e 4.
Tabl
e
4. T
e
st
R
e
sul
t
s
t
t
e
st
I
nde
pe
nde
nce C
a
ri
n
g
m
o
t
h
er i
n
P
r
et
erm
Infa
nt
s i
n
t
h
e t
r
eat
m
e
nt
gr
o
u
p
an
d c
ont
rol
g
r
ou
p
No Indicator
Mean±SD Treat
m
en
Mean ±SD Con
t
r
o
l
t
p
Explanat
ion
Befo
re
After
Befo
re
After
1
The ability to
know the signs
and sym
p
to
m
s
of
apnea,
hy
potherm
ia,
im
p
a
ir
ed nutr
ition
and pr
event
infection
77.
49
± 5.
62
86.
67
±7.03
72.
00
±10.
54
72.
50
±10.
43
3.
562
0.
003
Significant
2
Ability expected
pr
oblem
s
that
m
a
y
arise in pret
er
m
infants
78.
33
± 8.
04
86.
67
±10.
54
68.
33
± 13.
49
72.
50
±6.85
3.
562
0.
003
Significant
3
The ability to
dem
onstr
ate how
to handle a baby
73.
00
± 6.
56
78.
33
±5.49
65.
67
± 11.
00
69.
33
±8.86
2.
730
0.
015
Significant
4
The ability to take
decisions
involvem
e
nt of
health workers
73.
33
± 8.
60
85.
83
±9.66
66.
66
± 13.
61
72.
50
±6.85
2.
623
0.
017
Significant
Tabl
e
4
gi
ves
i
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on ba
sed
o
n
dat
a
o
n
t
h
e i
n
de
pen
d
e
n
ce
of
t
h
e m
o
t
h
er
i
n
t
h
e ca
re
o
f
pret
erm
babi
es i
n
t
h
e
m
o
t
h
er'
s
abi
l
i
t
y
t
o
kno
w t
h
e sym
p
t
o
m
s
and
si
gns o
f
ap
ne
a pro
b
l
e
m
s
, hy
pot
herm
i
a
, nut
ri
t
i
onal
needs and the
risk
of infection showed
a
n
increase i
n
self-sufficiency
be
fore and afte
r Experiential L
earni
ng
Care (ELC
). T
h
e a
b
ove
data
shows t
h
at the
avera
g
e i
n
cr
ease in
th
e i
n
d
e
p
e
nd
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e m
o
th
er p
r
i
o
r to
the
ELC com
p
ared to inde
pende
n
ce after t
h
e E
L
C. Increase
d
i
nde
pen
d
e
n
ce
occu
rre
d i
n
t
h
e t
r
eatm
e
nt
gr
ou
p.
In
t
h
e c
ont
r
o
l
gr
ou
p t
h
ere
w
a
s
an
i
n
c
r
ease,
but
t
h
e i
n
crea
se i
s
not
a
s
h
i
gh
as
had
ha
ppe
ne
d i
n
keo
m
pok
treatm
e
nt. In t
h
e treatm
e
nt group incr
ease
is v
e
ry sign
ifican
t. Th
is situatio
n
shows th
at th
e Exp
e
rien
tial
Learni
ng Care
(ELC)
can i
n
crease the i
n
depende
n
ce
of
the m
o
ther in
the care
of
preterm
infants.
T-test
resul
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
t
r
eatm
e
nt
gr
ou
p a
nd t
h
e c
o
n
t
rol
g
r
ou
p
s
howed that the
r
e were
si
gn
ifi
can
t d
i
fferen
ces in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
22
IJERE
Vol. 4, No. 4,
Decem
ber 2015 :
200 –
206
20
4
maternal autonom
y
in caring
for ba
bies in t
h
e treatm
e
nt
gro
u
p
be
fo
re a
n
d aft
e
r
t
r
eat
m
e
nt
. I
n
t
h
e a
b
ov
e t
a
bl
e
shows that on
every indicator
of indepe
ndence in the treatment group
th
ere are sign
ifican
t d
i
fferen
ces.
In
th
e
cont
rol
gr
ou
p,
t
h
e i
nde
pe
nd
e
n
ce o
f
eac
h i
n
di
cat
or t
h
ere i
s
no si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
di
ffe
re
nce exc
e
pt
t
h
e i
n
di
cat
ors
o
f
m
o
ther's abilit
y to dem
onstra
t
e how t
o
care
for
preterm
ba
bies. Resea
r
ch
hypothesis is a
ccepted t
h
at there is a
di
ffe
re
nce
bet
w
een
t
h
e i
nde
p
e
nde
nce
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
t
h
er i
n
ca
ri
ng
f
o
r
p
r
et
erm
i
n
fa
nt
s usi
n
g
E
xpe
ri
ent
i
a
l
Lea
r
ni
n
g
Care (ELC) with
co
nv
en
tional
m
e
th
o
d
s. Indepe
ndence
of the
m
o
ther in
the care of preterm
infants
using
Ex
peri
ent
i
a
l
L
earni
ng
C
a
re
(
ELC
) i
s
i
n
crea
sed c
o
m
p
ared
wi
t
h
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
nal
m
e
t
hods.
Discu
ssi
on
of
th
e resu
lts showed
t
h
at th
e
m
o
d
e
l o
f
ind
e
p
e
nd
en
ce is st
rong
ly in
flu
e
nced
b
y
t
h
e
in
teractio
n b
e
t
w
een th
e m
o
ther an
d
t
h
e
nu
rs
e fu
rthe
r
fr
om
the interactio
n
o
f
nu
rsi
n
g in
terv
en
tion
in th
e form
o
f
Ex
p
e
r
i
en
tial Lear
n
i
ng
Care (
ELC)
.
ELC
is g
r
eater
in
dep
e
nd
en
ce th
ro
ugh
th
e r
e
su
lts r
a
th
er
th
an
through
direct interacti
o
n to inde
pe
ndence
. In
cr
eased
invo
lv
em
e
n
t of
th
e m
o
t
h
er
du
r
i
n
g
nur
sing
p
r
o
cess
in
th
e
hos
pi
t
a
l
beca
m
e
t
h
e pri
n
ci
pal
co
ncer
n i
n
usi
ng t
h
e
a
p
proach E
x
periential Learning Care (ELC). ELC
approach
ve
ry effectively use
d
to i
n
creas
e the inde
pe
nde
nc
e of the m
o
ther in the ca
re
of pret
erm
i
n
fa
nt
s
aft
e
r
di
scha
rge
f
r
om
t
h
e
ho
spi
t
a
l
.
Th
e in
itial step
ach
iev
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
ro
les as mo
th
ers (m
aternal ro
le attain
men
t
) can
b
e
don
e fro
m
th
e
begi
nni
ng t
h
r
o
ug
h t
h
e i
n
t
e
r
a
ct
i
on o
f
t
h
e m
o
t
h
e
r
an
d ba
b
y
im
m
e
di
at
ely aft
e
r bi
rt
h
.
T
h
e n
u
rse i
s
as
soo
n
as
pos
sible after
30 to 60 m
i
nutes after bi
rt
h, invol
ving the m
o
ther in cari
n
g fo
r
her
baby. T
h
is is because tim
e
is
a critical and
sen
s
itiv
e
p
e
ri
od
for t
h
e m
o
th
er and
b
a
b
y
to
kno
w each o
t
h
e
r and
is
b
oun
d tog
e
th
er in a
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
of
pare
nt
i
n
g [
1
0
]
. Furt
herm
ore
,
t
h
e m
o
t
h
er i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
pr
o
v
i
s
i
o
n o
f
m
easures t
o
p
r
eve
n
t
apnea
,
hy
p
o
t
h
e
r
m
i
a, im
pai
r
ed nut
ri
t
i
on a
n
d
p
r
eve
n
t
s
i
n
fect
i
o
n
.
Exp
e
rien
tial Learn
i
n
g
Care (ELC) is
d
one to
em
phasize that expe
rie
n
ce (e
xperienc
e) plays an
im
port
a
nt
r
o
l
e
i
n
t
h
e
l
ear
ni
n
g
p
r
oces
s a
n
d
d
i
st
i
ngui
s
h
i
t
fr
om
ot
her l
e
a
r
n
i
ng t
h
e
o
ri
es s
u
ch as
be
ha
vi
o
r
i
s
m
or
co
gn
itiv
e learn
i
ng
th
eory [11
]
. Stag
es of
ex
p
e
rien
tia
l learn
i
n
g
:
1) Ph
ase p
r
actice o
f
co
n
c
rete (Con
crete
Ex
peri
enc
e
)
2)
Phase
Act
i
ve
and
R
e
fl
ective Experienc
e
(R
eflection Obse
rv
ation).
3) Concept
u
alization Phas
e
(A
bst
r
act
C
onc
ept
u
al
i
zat
i
o
n
)
.
4)
Ph
ase E
x
per
i
m
e
nt
at
i
on Act
i
ve (
A
ct
i
v
e
Ex
peri
m
e
nt
at
i
on).
Preterm
in
fan
t
care b
y
inv
o
l
v
i
n
g
m
o
th
ers i
n
ev
ery st
ep
o
f
t
h
e pro
c
ess nursin
g
m
o
th
ers
will b
e
ab
le to
realize th
e im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
ro
le
of m
o
th
ers as
p
r
im
ar
y careg
i
v
ers who
will con
tin
u
e
after t
h
e
retu
rn
o
f
th
e
baby
f
r
om
t
h
e hos
pi
t
a
l
.
The l
earni
ng
pr
oces
s i
n
t
h
e h
o
spi
t
a
l is to raise awarenes
s of
t
h
e im
p
o
r
tan
ce of th
e ro
le
of a m
o
ther a
n
d e
n
ough stoc
k for t
h
e m
o
ther to
be
a
b
le to provide
the
best
care for
preterm
babies.
Exp
e
r
i
en
ce is
ev
er
yth
i
n
g
th
at h
a
pp
en
s t
o
u
s
t
h
ro
ugh
ou
t
ou
r liv
es
[
12]. Jam
e
s N
e
il f
oun
d
e
d
t
h
e
expe
rience
refers to all the e
v
ents t
h
at ha
ve
been e
x
peri
e
n
ced by
s
o
m
e
on
e [1
3]
.
Th
e op
i
n
ion
su
ppo
r
t
s
co
nv
ey
what John De
wey who stated that the expe
rience is always
an im
pact
on t
h
e fut
u
re of
m
a
n, be g
o
o
d
or ba
d
.
ELC
l
earni
ng
pr
ocess
gi
v
e
s t
h
e m
o
t
h
er a
n
expe
ri
ence
t
h
a
t
i
s
st
ruct
u
r
e
d
by
usi
n
g
m
odul
es i
n
de
pen
d
e
n
ce
of
m
o
th
ers in
carin
g
fo
r preterm in
fan
t
s.
Learnin
g
activ
itie
s
beg
i
n
s
with th
e
in
trodu
ctio
n of m
a
tern
al ex
ist
e
n
c
e
of a problem
f
aced by preterm infants
so that
m
o
thers can be aware
of th
e existence of
a baby. Furt
he
rm
ore,
th
e
m
o
th
er is g
i
v
e
n
th
e opp
ortu
n
ity to
learn
th
e sk
ills th
at
n
u
rses do
. Th
e
m
o
th
er is g
i
v
e
n
th
e o
ppo
rt
u
n
ity
to
t
h
i
n
k
an
d s
o
l
v
e pr
o
b
l
e
m
s
at
any
t
i
m
e
i
f
t
h
e
ba
by
i
s
ha
vi
n
g
pr
obl
em
s. A
n
d
at
t
h
e
fi
nal
st
age m
o
t
h
er a
s
ke
d t
o
dem
onstrate the skills that have been m
a
ster
ed. Th
is process accomm
odat
e
s the
transformation of knowledge
of
nurses to the
m
o
ther d a proses i
n
ternalization cause
h
i
gh
awaren
ess in th
e
m
o
th
er. Th
is is d
i
fferen
t
fro
m
t
h
e l
earni
ng
p
r
ocess l
ear
ni
n
g
by
D
o
i
n
g t
h
at
onl
y
em
pha
sizes the expe
rience of t
r
ial and
error. ELC lea
r
ni
ng
expe
rience
provides m
eaning for som
e
one t
o
be a
b
le to
ta
ke the esse
nce
of the experie
n
ce itself for t
h
e best
resu
lts i
n
th
e bab
y
th
at is t
o
red
u
c
e th
e i
n
ciden
ce
o
f
m
o
rb
idity an
d
m
o
rtality.
As a fo
rm
o
f
co
m
p
ariso
n
, treat
m
en
t with
con
v
e
n
tion
a
l learn
i
ng
m
o
d
e
l is
d
o
m
in
ated
b
y
th
e activ
ities
o
f
nu
r
s
es to pro
v
i
d
e
instr
u
cti
o
n. Th
is clear
l
y
w
o
u
l
d pu
t
the m
o
ther only
as a pa
ssive
re
cipient of i
n
formation.
Co
nv
en
tio
n
a
l
m
o
d
e
ls d
o
n
o
t p
r
ov
id
e oppo
rt
u
n
ities for w
o
m
e
n
to
u
n
d
e
rstan
d
further th
e i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce of
inde
pende
n
ce t
o
care
for thei
r ba
bies after
discha
rge
fr
o
m
th
e ho
sp
ital. In
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
ce
of th
e m
o
th
er in
the
care of prete
r
m infants at hom
e, indicat
ed by
t
h
e ret
u
r
n
of t
h
e
baby
'
s
wei
g
ht at birth as after a few days the
weigh
t
lo
ss due to
ev
apo
r
ati
o
n
o
r
lo
ss
o
f
water th
ro
u
gh th
e p
r
o
c
ess of in
sen
s
i
b
le water lo
ss (IWL). Th
e
success of the inde
pe
nde
nce of the
m
o
ther
is shown also by the abse
nce of
e
ith
er in
fection in
th
e eye o
r
i
n
the
u
m
b
ilicu
s
[14
]
.
Th
e
n
e
w
find
in
g in th
is
research is th
e Ex
perien
tial Learning Approach
Care (ELC) more
powerful
i
n
i
n
creasi
n
g t
h
e i
nde
pe
nde
n
ce of m
o
t
h
ers f
r
om
t
h
e di
rect
i
n
t
e
ract
i
on t
o
i
nde
pe
nde
nce.
Ex
peri
ent
i
a
l
Learni
n
g
C
a
re (ELC
) i
s
an
ope
rat
i
o
nal
fo
rm
of t
r
an
sa
ct
i
ons
bet
w
ee
n
a m
o
t
h
er an
d
a n
u
rse
.
Tra
n
s
act
i
ons
bet
w
ee
n t
h
e
m
o
ther and the
nurse
were
done s
o
th
at the
capital gain
re
al expe
rience i
n
th
e car
e
o
f
her
b
a
b
y
dur
ing ELC
process
takes
place. ELC acc
omm
odate the
excha
n
ge
of
inform
ation t
h
rough lea
r
ni
ng
by doi
ng s
o
i
n
side t
h
e
m
o
th
er o
ccurs
in
tern
alizatio
n
o
f
i
n
fo
rm
atio
n
ab
ou
t sk
ills in
caring
fo
r t
h
e
b
a
b
y
.
Th
e cen
t
ral ro
le
o
f
t
h
e
ELC is
a learn
i
ng
p
r
ocess b
y
using ex
p
e
rien
ce
[1
1
]
Mo
t
h
er's ex
p
e
rien
ce
will stren
g
t
h
e
n
t
h
e tran
sfo
r
m
a
tio
n
o
f
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e t
h
a
t
has bee
n
acqui
red a
nd a
d
equat
e
l
y
ap
pl
i
e
d i
n
t
h
e t
r
eat
m
e
nt
of p
r
et
er
m
i
n
fant
s at
h
o
m
e
.
Transfo
r
m
a
tio
n
and
in
tern
al
izatio
n
ob
tain
ed
th
rou
g
h
Experien
tial Learnin
g
Care
(ELC) will in
crease th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ERE
I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
8
2
2
Mod
e
l o
f
I
n
d
e
pen
d
e
n
cy
Mo
t
h
er in
C
a
ring
f
o
r Preterm In
fant Ba
se
on
Exp
e
rien
tia
l .... (Noer Sau
dah
)
20
5
i
nde
pen
d
e
n
ce of t
h
e m
o
t
h
er
. In
dep
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
of t
h
e m
o
ther i
n
cari
n
g
for
pret
erm
i
n
fa
nt
s usi
n
g nu
rsi
n
g
in
terv
en
tion
s
i
n
th
e
fo
rm
o
f
Ex
p
e
rien
tial Learn
i
ng
Ca
re (E
LC) m
o
re m
eaningful im
provem
ent when
co
m
p
ared
to
t
h
e co
nv
en
tion
a
l
m
o
d
e
ls of in
terv
en
tion
.
ELC
is a form
o
f
d
i
rect in
vo
lv
em
e
n
t of m
o
th
ers
du
ri
ng
h
o
s
p
italizatio
n
.
Invo
lv
em
en
t in
clud
es m
o
th
er m
o
th
er's p
r
es
ence
directly whe
n
nurses
provi
de ca
re to i
n
fa
nts,
m
o
th
ers o
b
serv
e and
exp
l
ain th
e actio
n
h
e
h
a
d
do
n
e
th
e
nu
rse, th
e m
o
ther d
e
m
o
n
s
trated
th
e sk
ills acq
u
i
red
an
d can u
s
e these sk
ills to
m
a
k
e
d
ecision
s
an
d so
l
v
e
p
r
oble
m
s. Th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
m
o
th
ers in th
e i
n
terven
tio
n
p
r
o
cess will trig
g
e
r a th
o
ugh
t p
r
o
cess and raises awar
eness. Awaren
e
ss will b
e
reflected
in
th
e th
o
ugh
t
p
r
o
cess an
d
used
as a foo
t
ho
ld
in
th
e act
an
d
acq
u
i
re
n
e
w sk
ills to
b
e
ab
le to
so
l
v
e th
e prob
lem
.
Th
e
in
vo
lv
em
en
t of th
e m
o
th
er can
b
e
g
i
n
immed
i
ately after
t
h
e m
o
th
er reco
v
e
rs
fro
m
th
e ti
m
e
o
f
d
e
liv
ery th
at
can
b
e
started
after
2
4
hou
rs
p
o
s
t
p
a
rtu
m
u
n
til th
e return of preterm
in
fan
t
s fro
m
th
e ho
sp
ital.
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
B
a
sed o
n
t
h
e r
e
sul
t
s
of
resear
ch an
d di
sc
ussi
on
, i
t
can be d
e
scri
be
d co
ncl
u
si
o
n
t
h
at
1
)
I
nde
pe
nde
nc
e
of t
h
e m
o
t
h
er i
n
cari
n
g f
o
r
pr
et
erm
i
n
fant
s u
s
i
ng
nu
rs
ing
interv
en
tio
n
s
i
n
th
e fo
rm
o
f
Exp
e
rien
tial Learn
i
ng
Car
e
(ELC)
m
o
r
e
m
ean
in
g
f
ul i
m
p
r
ov
em
en
t
wh
en co
m
p
ar
ed
to th
e conven
tio
n
a
l
m
o
d
e
ls of
i
n
ter
v
en
ti
o
n
.
2
)
M
odel
E
L
C
f
u
rt
her
st
re
ng
t
h
en
t
h
e
i
n
dep
e
nde
nce
o
f
t
h
e nu
rse in
teractio
n
with
t
h
e m
o
th
er in caring
for
preterm
infa
nts
.
The ap
pl
i
cat
i
on of t
h
e m
odel
Inde
pe
nde
nce
m
o
t
h
er i
n
cari
ng f
o
r pret
erm
i
n
fant
s usi
ng
an ap
pr
oac
h
Ex
peri
ent
i
a
l
L
earni
ng C
a
re (
ELC
) ba
sed t
h
eory
of
goal
at
t
a
i
n
m
e
nt
can b
e
im
pl
em
ent
e
d
m
o
re o
p
t
i
m
al wi
t
h
resp
ect to
: 1) Facto
r
s
o
f
n
u
rses an
d
m
i
d
w
ives as g
o
o
d
facilitato
rs in
a
mo
th
er's activ
e i
n
vo
lv
em
en
t in
ev
ery
el
em
ent
of Ex
peri
e
n
t
i
a
l
Learni
n
g
C
a
re (EL
C
) so t
h
at
m
o
thers
of
pret
er
m
i
n
fant
s can i
nde
pe
nde
nt
l
y
t
a
ke car
e
o
f
h
e
r
b
a
b
y
after d
i
sch
a
rg
e
fro
m
th
e h
o
s
p
ital. Ex
p
e
rien
tial Learn
i
ng
Care (ELC
) will raise awaren
ess o
f
matern
al an
d
co
nfid
en
ce to
p
a
rticip
ate and b
e
in
vo
lv
ed
in the care of preterm
in
f
a
n
t
s so
th
at k
now
ledg
e,
actio
n
and
in
teractio
n of t
h
e
p
r
eterm
in
fan
t
's m
o
th
er will
b
e
ab
le to rise.
2) Fact
o
r
s awaren
ess
o
f
m
o
th
ers as
th
e m
a
in
acto
r
s in
th
e preterm
in
fan
t
ca
re
hom
e needs
t
o
be
fu
rt
he
r i
m
pr
ove
d
by as
sistance in caring
for the
baby
, t
h
e m
o
t
h
er i
s
m
o
t
i
v
at
ed t
o
i
nvol
ve t
h
e
m
sel
v
es act
i
v
el
y
i
n
any
act
i
o
n t
r
eat
m
e
nt
i
n
hos
pi
t
a
l
so t
h
a
t
t
h
e
m
o
th
er can
i
m
p
l
em
en
t h
o
m
e
care sk
ills. 3
)
Facto
r
s f
acilities an
d
ho
sp
ital p
o
licy b
y
creatin
g
th
e cond
itio
n
s
n
u
rseries are acco
mm
o
d
a
ted
th
ro
ugh
Clin
ical Practice Gu
id
elin
es
(CPG) and
the co
m
f
o
r
t
o
f
th
e m
o
t
h
er so
Ex
peri
ent
i
a
l
L
earni
ng
C
a
re c
a
n
be
do
ne
w
e
l
l
.
4)
Fact
o
r
s
ot
he
r m
eans t
o
opt
i
m
i
ze t
h
e de
vel
o
pm
ent
of
t
h
e
m
eans of l
ear
ni
n
g
by
desi
g
n
i
n
g t
h
e ro
om
l
i
k
e at
ho
m
e
so that the m
o
ther does
not expe
rience stress and
im
prove thei
r c
o
m
p
etence to s
e
rve
as ca
re
provi
ders
on t
h
e
baby.
Su
ggest
i
ons ca
n be s
u
bm
it
t
e
d researc
h
ers a
r
e 1) T
h
e p
r
oc
e
ss of
nu
rsi
n
g e
ducat
i
o
n s
h
o
u
l
d
n
o
t
be
onl
y
in
th
e form
o
f
activ
ities to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
ality o
f
scien
ce, b
u
t
m
u
st b
e
fo
llowed
b
y
an
in
crease in
men
t
al
q
u
a
lity o
f
cari
n
g. Thu
s
th
e pro
f
essi
on
al n
u
rse will b
e
g
e
n
e
rated
an
d
read
y
to
m
eet
th
e n
eed
s of th
e p
a
tien
t
. 2
)
The ne
xt
resea
r
che
r
can a
ppl
y
t
h
i
s
m
odel
of sel
f
-
r
el
i
a
nce
in othe
r cases
that require e
m
ergency treat
ment in
ad
d
ition
to th
e
p
r
eterm
in
fan
t
an
d m
o
th
er emp
o
werm
en
t.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
The a
u
t
h
or
w
o
ul
d l
i
k
e
t
o
t
h
a
n
k
t
h
e C
h
ai
rm
an
of B
i
na Se
hat
St
i
k
es
PP
NI M
o
jo
ke
rt
o
wh
o
pr
o
v
i
d
e
d
th
e opp
ortun
ity to
co
m
p
lete Do
ct
o
r
al
Pro
g
ra
m
e
in
Un
iv
ersity o
f
Airlangg
a as well as to
th
e Di
rector
Ho
sp
ital
dr
.
W
a
hi
di
n S
udi
ro
H
u
so
d
o
M
o
j
o
kert
o a
n
d
Di
rect
o
r
H
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
Prof.
D
r
. S
o
eka
n
dar M
o
j
o
kert
o w
h
o ha
v
e
gave
p
e
rm
issio
n
to th
is research
.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
March of
Dimes Foundation,
“Pregnancy
,
B
a
bies
, Prematurity
”
, 2
008.
Retrieved
fr
om www.
marchofdimes.com.
[2]
Riskesdas, “Riset Kesehatan
Dasar”, Kementrian
Kesehatan
,
Jak
a
r
t
a, Kemenkes RI
, 2007
.
[3]
RSUD,
“Profil RSUD Kota Moj
okerto: Lapor
an r
e
kam medik
preterm,”
Mojokerto, 2014
.
[4]
H
ack, M
.
,
T
a
y
lor
,
H
G
., K
l
ein, N
.
, M
e
rcuri-M
i
ni
c
h
, N
., “
F
unctional lim
ita
tions an
d special
health
care needs of 10-
14-
y
e
ar-old
ch
ildren weigh
i
ng
less than 750
grams at b
i
rth
”
,
P
e
di
at
ri
c
s
, vo
l. 106, p
p
. 554-560
, 200
4.
[5]
Miles, MS., Fun
k
, SG, Kasper,
MA., “The stres
s
res
ponse of mothers and fathers of preterm inf
a
nts”,
Research in
Nursing and Health
, vol. 15
, pp
. 261-269, 2012.
[6]
Easterbrooks, MA., “Effects of
infant r
i
sk status
on the
tr
ansition
to parenthood
”,
In GY. Michaels
, WA. Goldberg
(Eds.), “The tr
ansition to par
e
nthood: Current theor
y
a
nd research”, C
a
mbridge, Engl
and
:
Cambridge University
Press, pp. 176-2
08, 2008
.
[7]
N
a
deau, L
., Boi
v
in, M
., Tes
s
i
er
, R., Le
febvre
,
F
,
Robae
y
P., “Mediators of behavioral problems in 7-y
ear
-old
childr
e
n born after 24 to 28
week
s of gestation”,
Journal of Develo
pmental and
Beh
a
vioral Pediatrics
, vol. 22, pp.
1-10, 2004
.
[8]
F
a
wcett,
J.,
“
B
ut is
it nur
sing
re
search
?
”
,
W
e
stern J
ournal of
Nur
s
ing
Resear
c
h
, v
o
l. 22
, pp
. 524-5
25, 2006
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-88
22
IJERE
Vol. 4, No. 4,
Decem
ber 2015 :
200 –
206
20
6
[9]
Doni Muly
o H
a
di, “Pengembangan
Perangkat
Pembelajar
an menggunakan M
odel Exper
i
en
tial
Learning p
a
da
s
t
andar Kom
p
et
e
n
s
i
m
e
m
buat CD P
l
a
y
er
”,
Thesis not
Pub
lish,
S
u
r
a
b
a
y
a
, Un
i
v
ers
i
t
a
s
Neg
e
ri
Su
r
a
b
a
y
a
,
2010.
[10]
Danerek E., D
ykes Ml., “Nutrition. Manua
l of n
e
onat
a
l c
a
re Ed-
7
”, Philad
e
lphi
a:
Lippinco
tt W
ill
iam
W
ilkins, pp.
230-62, 2006
.
[11]
K
o
l
b
, A
Y
.
,
K
o
l
b
, DA
.,
“
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
S
t
y
l
e
s
a
n
d
L
ear
ni
ng
Space
s
:
E
n
h
a
n
c
i
ng
E
x
per
i
e
n
t
i
a
l
L
e
ar
ni
ng
i
n
H
i
g
h
er
E
ducat
i
o
n
”
,
A
c
a
d
emy
of M
anag
ement Lear
ning
&
E
ducation
,
v
o
l
.
4, p
p
.
193-
21
2
,
2005
.
[12]
Facione, P., Facione, N., “Think
ing a
nd Reasoning in Hu
man Decision Making”
, The Califo
r
nia
Academ
ic P
r
es
s
/
Insight Assessment, 2007.
[13]
Jam
e
s Neill, J.
, “
F
rom
alienat
i
on
to fam
ili
arit
y:
E
xpe
rien
ces of m
o
thers and f
a
ther
s of preterm
infa
nts”,
Journal o
f
Advanced Nursing
, vol. 43
, pp
. 1
20-129, 2004
.
[14]
Deirdre E
., Di
an
e Ml., “
N
utri
tion
.
Manual of
neo
n
ata
l
car
e Ed
isi
ke-7”, Phi
l
ad
elp
h
ia:
Lippin
c
ott
W
illiam
W
ilkins
,
pp. 230-62
, 201
2.
BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUT
HORS
Noer Saudah w
a
s born on 15
September 1971
in
Mojokerto
.
She studied in
Bachelor of
Nursing, Faculty
of Medicin
e
Airlangga Univ
ersity
on 2002
. She completed my
master in
medicine faculty Airlangga Univ
ersity
on 2008.
This
y
e
ar, she finished doctoral
postgraduate
program
m
e
pulict he
alth Air
l
an
gga Universit
y
.
Seh has m
a
n
y
inter
e
sts in m
a
tern
it
y of
nursing and repr
oduction of h
e
alth. She is
a
lectur on STIKes Bina Sehat PPNI Kabupaten
Mojokerto
P
r
of. Dr. Nurs
alam
, M
.
Nurs
(Hons
)
is
a P
r
ofes
sor in Nursing, Airlangg
a Univers
i
ty
and he
is a my
promoto
r
in doctoral pro
g
ramme. He
was born on 25
Desember 1966 in
Kediri. He
was studied in
Med. Surgical
N
u
rsing, Lambton
Colleg
e
, Sarn
ia Ontario C
a
nad
a
, on 1991
.
He completed
Master of Nursing (Coursewo
rk), Univ. Wollon
gong, NSW, Australia on
1996. He con
tin
ued Honours Master of Nursin
g
,, Univ
ersity
of
Wollongong,
New South
Wales, Australia, on 1997
and h
e
complete Doctor, Model of Nu
rsing Care
for
HIV-AIDS,
Postgraduate Programme Airlang
g
a University
on
2005.
This
y
e
ar
, He is
a d
ean
on
faculty
of
nursing Airlang
g
a University
. And He
is
a h
ead
PPNI east Java 2
015-2020.
Dr. Merr
y
a
na A
d
riani, S.KM.,
M.Kes. is a Lect
urer in Public H
ealth, Airlangga University
.
She was studied
Doctor Postgraduate Programme
Airlangga University
on
2009. Before sh
e
studied Master
of Nutrition
a
l P
ublic Heal
th Air
l
angga Univ
ersit
y
on
2000. She
is Head of
Division Acad
emic,
Faculty
of
P
ublic Health A
i
rlangg
a Univ
ersity
(2011–
now)
Dr. dr. Agus Sulisty
ono, SpOG (K)
studied
Doctor Postgraduate
Programme Airlangga
University
on 2
011. Before h
e
studied Specia
list of Obstetri and G
y
necologic, medicine
faculty
Air
l
angg
a University
on
1998. He finish
ed Medical of faculty
Air
l
angg
a University
on 1987. Now, he is Lectu
r
er in
Faculty
of
Medical Airlangga U
n
iversity
(since
1999-now),
Consultan of Feto-Maternal, C
o
llegium Ob
stetric and Gineko
log
y
Indonesia (
2003-now)
and Medicine on
RSUD Dr. Soetomo
Sura
bay
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.