Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of E
valua
tio
n
an
d
Rese
arch
in
Educati
on (I
JE
RE)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
3
,
Septem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
4
95
~
5
09
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8822
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ije
re
.
v8
i
3
.
20254
495
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJE
R
E
What is
cr
iti
cal t
hin
kin
g?
A longit
ud
inal stud
y w
ith
teach
er
candi
dat
es
Serap Yıl
m
az
Öz
el
çi
,
Gürbü
z
Ç
alışka
n
Ere
gl
i
Facu
lty
of
Educat
ion
,
N
ecm
et
ti
n
Erba
k
an University
,
Turk
e
y
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
ul
18
, 2
01
9
Re
vised
A
ug
19
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Aug 30
, 201
9
Crit
ical
thi
nking
skill
s
th
at
enhance
th
e
abi
l
ity
o
f
indi
vidu
al
s
to
under
stand
and
m
ake
s
ense
of
the
world
and
eve
n
ts
and
situ
at
ions
aro
und
th
em
are
one
of
the
fore
m
ost
rese
arc
h
areas
in
the
educat
iona
l
s
y
stem
of
var
ious
count
rie
s
.
As
a
cri
ti
c
al
thinking
indi
vidu
al,
decisions
m
ade
b
y
the
t
eache
r
in
his
/he
r
cl
ass,
th
e
a
ct
iv
i
ti
es
he
/
she
has
per
form
ed
and
the
exp
licit
a
nd
implic
i
t
m
essage
s
give
n
b
y
h
im/h
er
to
th
e
class
are
clea
r
l
y
observ
ed
b
y
th
e
student
s
.
It
is
believ
ed
that
the
si
tua
t
ion
of
te
a
che
rs’
hav
in
g
cri
t
ic
a
l
th
inki
n
g
skill
s
and
cri
tica
l
th
inki
n
g
per
sonalit
y
eff
e
ct
s
on
student
s'
per
ceptions
and
ac
hi
eve
m
ent
s
ab
out
cr
it
i
ca
l
thi
nk
ing.
In
thi
s
contex
t,
the
a
im
of
t
he
rese
arch
is
to
determ
ine
the
p
erc
ep
ti
on
s
of
the
t
eacher
ca
ndid
ates
ab
out
critical
thi
nking
and
t
o
observe
the
cha
nges
in
th
ese
per
c
ept
ions
over
ti
m
e
.
Inte
rvi
ews
were
hel
d
with
11
pro
spec
ti
v
e
teac
her
s
for
two
ti
m
es
for
4
y
e
ars
and
the
ir
th
oug
hts
on
cri
ti
c
al
t
hinki
ng
were
e
xamined.
Acc
or
ding
to
the
findi
ngs
obta
in
e
d,
the
thought
s
of
the
te
a
che
r
ca
ndidates
reg
ard
ing
the
cri
tica
l
thi
nk
ing
do
not
cha
nge
over
ti
m
e
but
they
ar
e
not
se
en
enough.
Te
a
che
r
c
andi
d
a
te
s
m
ake
dec
isi
ons
with
emotiona
l
ref
ere
nc
es
a
nd
they
are
rel
uc
ta
nt
to
inqu
ire
and
r
ese
ar
ch.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Crit
ic
al
think
in
g
Lo
ng
it
udinal
stud
y
Teacher
ca
nd
i
da
te
s
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Sera
p Yılm
az Özelçi
,
Curri
culum
and
In
tr
uctio
n De
par
tm
ent, Er
e
gl
i Facult
y of E
du
cat
io
n
,
Necm
ettin Erb
akan U
niv
e
rsity
,
Nişantaşı
Ma
h.,
D
r.
Me
hm
et
Hu
l
us
i B
ay
bal
Cd. No.
12, 4
2060
Selç
uklu/
Konya,
Tu
rk
ey
.
Em
a
il
: sy
ozelc
i@ee
rb
a
ka
n.
e
du.tr
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
m
os
t
i
m
po
rta
nt
way
t
o
gain
dem
ocr
at
ic
cultu
re
a
nd
thin
king
act
io
n
for
i
nd
i
viduals
is
m
od
er
n
edu
cat
io
n.
M
oder
n
ed
ucati
on
aim
s
to
raise
ind
ivi
du
al
s
who
can
thi
nk,
cr
it
ic
ise
,
interpr
e
t,
te
st,
and
que
sti
on
[1
-
3].
I
n
t
his
con
te
xt,
t
hinking
a
nd
bei
ng
able
t
o
t
hink
ha
ve
a
n
im
p
or
ta
nt
place
in
m
od
er
n
ed
uc
at
ion.
Kno
wing
in
sti
nct
an
d
cu
rio
us
im
pu
lse
w
hich
a
re
at
t
he
cor
e
of
t
hinking
ha
ve
the
powe
r
of
c
hang
e
an
d
dev
el
op
m
ent
a
s
the
i
nd
i
vidua
l’s
ev
olu
ti
ona
r
y,
he
red
it
ary
de
velo
pm
ent
an
d
c
hange
[
4].
Thinkin
g
is
de
fine
d
as
the
abili
ty
to
m
ake
com
par
is
on
s
,
a
naly
ze,
s
ynthesiz
e,
unde
rstan
d
c
onnec
ti
on
s
a
nd
f
orm
s
[
5].
I
n
oth
e
r
words,
think
i
ng
is
the
regulat
ion
an
d
eval
uatio
n
of
the
c
on
ce
pt
ua
li
zi
ng
,
pr
act
ic
ing
,
a
naly
zi
ng
and
eval
uatin
g
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
ob
ta
ined
by
thin
king,
obs
er
vation,
ex
pe
rience
,
intuit
io
n,
rea
so
ni
ng
an
d
the
oth
e
r
ways
[6]
.
It
is
the
jo
b
of
li
nkin
g
in
form
at
i
on
[
7]
;
is
the
way
of
unders
ta
nd
in
g/
inter
pr
et
ing
the
w
or
l
d
[
1].
Accor
din
g
to
Cücel
oğlu
[
8]
think
i
ng
is
a
n
eff
ect
ive
an
d
goal
-
or
ie
nted
c
ogniti
ve
proce
ss
th
at
in
volve
s
m
any
pr
oc
es
ses
in
order
t
o
unde
r
sta
nd
the
pr
e
s
ent
sit
uation.
On
e
of
th
e
m
os
t
i
m
po
rta
nt
functi
ons
of
la
ngua
ge
is
to
pro
vid
e
think
i
ng,
esp
e
ci
al
ly
think
in
g
crit
ic
al
ly
[9
,
10
]
an
d
becom
ing
com
petent
in
crit
ic
al
t
hinkin
g
sk
il
ls
thr
ough
la
nguag
e
,
in
d
i
vudials
ha
ve
the
a
bili
ty
t
o
rea
d,
un
derst
and
a
nd
e
xpress
their
th
oughts
cl
early
an
d
appre
hen
si
bly
[11].
Crit
ic
al
t
hinkin
g,
based
on
ce
rtai
n
cri
te
ria
and
m
et
ho
ds
s
uc
h
as
cl
arit
y,
con
sist
e
ncy,
reasonin
g,
s
ke
ptici
s
m
an
d
co
rr
ect
r
eas
onin
g on
a
ny sub
j
ect
, case
an
d
idea;
thanks to
bo
t
h t
he
pro
blem
-
so
lvin
g
and
t
he
pro
ble
m
-
seei
ng
capa
ci
ty
,
wh
ic
h
rec
ognizes
ina
de
quat
e
ways
of
thin
king,
e
xh
i
bits
a
deep
e
r
te
ndency
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
3
,
Sept
e
m
ber
2019
:
4
9
5
-
5
0
9
496
of
thin
king,
at
ti
tud
e
and
s
kill
based
on
res
earch
at
ta
chin
g
i
m
po
rtan
ce
to
evide
nce
and
c
on
cl
us
io
ns,
thu
s
aim
ing
at
achi
evin
g
c
onsist
ent,
reasona
ble
con
cl
us
io
ns
a
nd
j
ud
gem
ents,
no
t
m
erely
an
y
of
co
nclusi
ons,
is
a
think
i
ng
proc
e
ss
w
hich
is
open
to
c
ha
ng
e
an
d
sel
f
-
co
rr
e
ct
ing
by
co
ns
t
antly
con
t
ro
ll
ing
his
own
.
C
riti
cal
think
i
ng
is
colle
ct
ing
evide
nc
e
and
sup
port
ing
them
with
e
vid
e
nce
be
fore
acce
pting
anyt
hing
[12].
Ster
nb
e
r
g
[13]
ar
gues
tha
t
crit
ic
al
think
i
ng
is
the
m
ent
al
processes
,
st
rategies
a
nd
pr
esentat
ion
s
tha
t
people
us
e
t
o
so
l
ve
pro
blem
s.
Acco
r
ding
to
Kaz
ancı
[
14
]
,
crit
i
cal
think
in
g
is
the
at
ti
tud
e
and
s
k
il
ls
us
e
d
in
the
proce
s
ses
of
j
ud
ging
an
d
e
va
luati
ng
t
he
co
ns
ist
ency
an
d
validit
y
of
the
pro
blem
with
diff
e
re
nt
crit
er
ia
.
Faci
one
[
15]
has
div
ide
d
c
riti
cal
think
in
g
s
ki
ll
s
into
sub
-
dim
ension
s
of
interp
retat
ion,
infer
e
nce,
ex
planati
on,
a
na
ly
sis,
evaluati
on
an
d
sel
f
-
re
gula
ti
on
.
Cücel
oğ
l
u
[
8]
def
i
nes
crit
ic
al
think
in
g
a
s
an
act
ive
an
d
orga
nized
m
ental
process
ai
m
ed
at
underst
an
di
ng
oursel
ves
and
t
he
e
ven
ts
in
our
ci
rcle
by
ap
plyi
ng
w
hat
we
le
a
rn,
in
the
consci
ousn
e
ss
of
our
ow
n
th
ought
process
es,
ta
king
into
c
on
si
der
at
io
n
the
thou
gh
t
processes
of
ot
her
s
.
Accor
ding
to
Üstünda
ğ
[16]
,
it
is
a
pr
oc
ess
involvi
ng
intel
le
ct
ual
sk
eptic
is
m
and
bein
g
s
kep
ti
ca
l
and
inf
or
m
at
ion
gather
in
g
in
thi
s
directi
on.
In
add
it
ion,
crit
ic
al
think
in
g
is
a
m
ental
and
e
m
otion
al
process
in
volvin
g
sci
e
ntific
thin
king,
evaluati
on
a
nd
im
pr
ov
em
ent
base
d
on
new
sit
uations
a
nd
crit
eria,
the
e
f
fecti
ve
and
im
par
ti
al
discipli
nar
y
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
of
t
hinkin
g
proc
esses
that
require
e
xam
ine
and
qu
e
sti
on
s
ophisti
cat
edly
in
the
pr
ocess
of
knowle
dge
acqu
isi
ti
on
[
17,
18]
.
Acc
ordi
ng
t
o
Mu
nz
ur
[19]
;
crit
ic
al
t
hinkin
g
is
seri
ou
sly
askin
g
f
or
m
e
anin
g,
ev
al
uating
knowle
dge
and
m
aking
analy
sis.
Crit
ic
al
think
in
g
s
kill
that
enh
an
ce
the
abili
ty
of
in
di
vi
du
al
s
t
o
inte
rpret
an
d
unde
rst
and
the
eve
nts
an
d
ci
rc
um
stan
ces
of
the
w
orl
d
a
nd
thei
r
ci
rcles
are
on
e
of
t
he
areas
of
rese
arch
hi
gh
li
ght
ed
in
the
ed
uc
at
ion
syst
em
of
var
io
us
co
un
trie
s
[
20,
21
]
.
So
m
e
edu
cat
io
nal
psy
cho
lo
gists
[22,
23]
sta
te
tha
t
the
co
nce
pt
of
crit
ic
al
thin
kin
g
is
an
im
po
r
ta
nt
el
e
m
ent
in
21st
centu
ry
ed
uc
at
ion
.
H
uitt
[23
]
,
in
the
in
for
m
at
ion
age,
t
hi
nk
s
t
hat
thin
king
play
s
a
n
i
m
po
rtant
ro
l
e
in
a
per
s
on'
s
su
cce
ss.
F
or
t
his
re
aso
n,
al
l
so
ci
e
ti
es
,
especial
ly
throu
gh
e
du
cat
ion
al
syst
em
s,
are
try
ing
to
raise
ind
ivi
du
al
s
who
are
inquisi
tor
,
qu
e
sti
on
e
r,
crit
ic
al
thinker,
sensiti
ve
,
par
ti
ci
patin
g,
hav
e
pro
blem
-
so
lvi
ng
sk
il
ls
an
d
knowle
dge
a
nd
a
ble
to
com
m
un
ic
at
e
ef
fecti
ve
ly
[24
-
27]
.
I
n
our
e
ve
ryda
y
li
fe,
the
co
nc
ept
of
"crit
ic
is
m
"
is
fr
eq
ue
ntly
us
e
d,
a
nd
it
is
discuss
e
d
how
cr
it
ic
al
think
in
g,
w
hich
is
on
e
of
t
he
h
ig
her
-
ord
e
r
think
i
ng
sk
il
ls,
can
be
tra
nsfe
rr
e
d
to
this
li
fe
.
The
re
are
al
s
o
de
bates
ab
ou
t
how
this
is
ta
king
place
th
r
ough
edu
cat
io
nal
e
f
forts
[
28]
.
Cr
it
ic
al
think
in
g
is
oft
en
unde
rstood
as
a
set
of
co
nc
rete,
tra
ns
fe
rab
le
an
d
m
easur
able
s
ki
ll
s
and
c
om
pete
nces
[29]
.
Te
achin
g
crit
ic
al
think
i
ng
f
or
m
al
ly
,
this
is
regarde
d
as
a
sk
il
l
that
can
be
ta
ught
and
de
velo
ped
;
act
ualiz
e
through
the
le
a
rn
i
ng
outc
om
es
in
the
cu
rr
ic
ul
um.
In
t
his
pro
ces
s,
the
per
ce
ptio
n
an
d
com
petences
of
t
he
te
ache
rs
about
the
sub
j
ect
are
a
s
im
portant
as
t
he
curriculum
ap
plied.
Be
cause,
c
riti
cal
think
in
g
s
kill
is
a
sk
il
l
that
can
be
ta
ught
to
in
div
id
uals
of
al
l
ages,
an
d
t
eachers
a
re
the
m
os
t
i
m
po
rtant
factor
s
i
n
te
achi
ng
this
sk
il
l
[
25
]
.
In
orde
r
to
be
able
to
raise
in
div
id
uals
who
can
thi
n
k
c
riti
cal
ly
,
it
is
firstly
necessary
for
te
ache
rs
to
acq
uire
cr
it
ic
al
think
in
g,
to
acqu
i
re
the
abili
ty
to
us
e
it
throu
ghout
li
fe,
and
to
be
trai
ne
d
in
this
way.
Be
cause
a
qual
ifie
d
te
acher,
b
esi
de
s
hav
i
ng
the k
nowle
dg
e
a
nd
s
kill
s
req
ui
red
i
n
the
su
bject
a
rea
an
d
the
pe
dago
gical
co
m
petencies
of
the
pro
fe
ssion,
shou
l
d
ha
ve
the
sk
il
ls
thin
king,
quest
i
on
i
ng
and
c
riti
ci
zi
ng
,
dev
el
op
i
ng
an
d
bei
ng
open
to
ne
w
idea
s
[
30]
.
From
this
po
i
nt
of
vie
w,
the
de
velo
pm
e
nt
of
crit
ic
al
think
in
g
sk
il
ls
of
pros
pecti
ve
te
ache
r
s
will
pr
ovide
them
with
the
opport
un
it
y
to
exp
l
or
e
a
nd
de
velo
p
their
ow
n
pote
ntial
by
influ
e
ncin
g
their
i
ntell
ect
ual
dev
el
op
m
ent
in
a
posit
ive
way
[
31]
.
As
t
he
te
achers
a
re
the
people
dire
ct
ly
respon
si
ble
f
or
this
proce
ss,
the
m
os
t
i
m
portant
ta
s
k
fal
ls
to
t
he
te
ach
e
rs.
Decisi
ons
m
ade
by
the
te
ac
her
,
as
a
crit
ic
al
th
ink
in
g
i
nd
i
vidual,
in
his
/
her
cl
ass
an
d
the
a
ct
ivit
ie
s
he
/
she
has
perf
or
m
e
d,
t
he
exp
li
ci
t an
d
im
plici
t
m
essages g
ive
n by
him
/
h
er
are
care
fu
l
ly
o
bs
e
rv
e
d by
the stu
de
nts.
It
is beli
eve
d
that
t
he
te
achers
’
-
a
s
a ro
le
m
od
el
in
t
he
cl
assr
oom
s
-
crit
ic
al
think
i
ng
s
kill
s
and
sta
te
of
h
a
ving
th
e
char
a
ct
erist
ic
s
of
a
crit
ic
al
think
in
g
in
div
id
ual
ha
ve
infl
ue
nce
on
the
stu
de
nts’
per
ce
ptio
n
of
c
riti
cal
think
in
g
and
c
riti
cal
think
i
ng
achievem
ents.
In
this
reg
a
r
d,
opini
on
s
of
t
eacher
trai
ni
ng
insti
tuti
ons
a
nd
the
stu
den
t
s
ther
e
a
bout
crit
ic
al
think
i
ng
a
nd teac
hing cr
it
ic
al
think
i
ng
gain
i
m
po
rtance.
H
ow the pr
os
pecti
ve
te
ache
rs
de
f
ine criti
cal
think
in
g,
the ex
am
ples of b
e
ha
vior that
te
acher
ca
ndid
at
es r
ega
r
d
as a
sign of c
riti
cal
thin
king in
t
he
ir ev
e
ryday li
fe
and
academ
ic
l
ife,
how
they
per
c
ei
ve
them
sel
ves
in
this
co
ntex
t,
their
th
oughts
about
ta
ki
ng
adv
a
ntage
of
c
riti
cal
think
i
ng
s
kill
s
in
thei
r
prof
e
ssion
al
a
nd
pe
rsonal
li
ves
ar
e
al
l
i
m
po
rtan
t
issues.
O
n
t
he
oth
e
r
hand,
it
is
i
m
po
rtant
to
e
m
ph
asi
ze
wh
et
her
t
he
pre
-
se
r
vice
trai
ning
proces
s
has
a
ny
eff
ect
on
the
s
e
con
si
der
at
io
ns
.
T
he
pro
bab
le
/
expect
ed
con
t
rib
ution
of
ed
ucati
on
al
ex
pe
rienc
es
fr
om
the
first
gr
ade
to
the
fo
urt
h
gra
de
to
the
te
acher
ca
ndid
at
es’
w
or
l
d
of
thou
gh
t
s
houl
d
be
quest
io
ne
d.
C
om
petence
in
the
c
riti
cal
think
i
ng
sk
i
ll
s
of
Turkis
h
an
d
P
rim
ary
Mathem
at
ic
s
te
acher
cand
i
dates
s
houl
d
be
pri
ori
ti
zed
in
ac
hievi
ng
t
hese
s
kill
s
in
the
stud
e
nts
an
d
especial
ly
in
reaching
the
m
od
ern
e
ducat
ion
al
go
al
s
.
Be
cause
le
arn
i
ng
an
d
te
achin
g
env
i
ronm
ents
i
n
Tu
rk
is
h
an
d
m
at
he
m
at
ic
s
teach
in
g
sho
uld
be
orga
nized
i
n
su
c
h
a
way
as
to
encour
a
ge
the
stud
e
nts to deve
lop
thei
r
crit
ic
al
an
d
cr
eat
ive
think
i
ng
sk
il
ls,
to
enc
ourage t
heir
ori
gi
nalit
y, enc
oura
ge
the
m
to
le
arn
a
nd
to
e
xpress
their
th
oughts
[24]
.
For
these
reas
ons
the
m
ai
n
aim
of
the
resea
rc
h
was
t
o
determ
i
ne
th
e
Turkis
h
an
d
Prim
ary
Mathe
m
at
ic
s
te
acher
cand
i
dates’
crit
ic
al
think
in
g
ski
ll
s
and
their
tho
ug
hts
ab
ou
t
how
t
o
gain
t
his s
kill
to
the
stu
de
nts in
thei
r profes
sion
al
li
ve
s
by r
e
ferrin
g
to
th
ei
r
own o
pin
io
ns.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Wh
at is crit
ic
al
thinkin
g? A l
ongitu
dinal stu
dy
wi
th
te
ach
e
r can
didates
(
Se
rap Yılm
az
Ö
zel
çi
)
497
The
m
ai
n
aim
of
this
resear
ch
is
to
deter
m
ine
the
tho
ughts
of
the
pr
os
pe
ct
ive
te
acher
ca
nd
i
dates
about
t
heir
c
r
it
ic
al
think
in
g
sk
il
ls
by
re
f
err
in
g
to
their
ow
n
op
i
nion
s
and
to
exa
m
ine
wh
et
her
these
consi
der
at
io
ns
are in
flue
nce
d by the
pe
r
io
d o
f under
grad
uat
e ed
ucati
on.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
As
the
te
ache
r
cand
i
dates'
op
i
nions
wer
e
ha
ndle
d
i
n
acc
ord
ance
with
their
declarat
io
ns
,
the
re
searc
h
desig
ne
d
in
qu
al
it
at
ive r
esear
ch desig
n
.
I
nterv
ie
w
te
ch
niqu
e w
as
u
se
d
t
o g
at
her
data.
Stud
e
nts
who
are
stu
dyin
g
in
the
unde
r
gr
a
duat
e
pro
gram
s
of
Tu
r
kish
Teac
hing
and
Pr
im
ary
Ma
them
a
ti
cs
Teachin
g
at
N
ec
m
et
ti
n
Erb
a
kan
U
niv
e
rsity
Ere
ğli
Ed
ucati
on
F
acult
y
co
ns
ti
tute
the
re
searc
h
popula
ti
on
.
Th
e
sam
ple
is
bas
ed
on
c
onve
nience
sam
pling
a
nd
volu
nteeris
m
.
The
resea
rc
h
ai
m
s
and
dur
at
ion
wer
e
e
xpla
ined
and
inter
view
s
wer
e
hel
d
wi
th
the
stu
de
nts
who
wan
te
d
t
o
pa
rtic
ipate
in
the
stu
dy.
Si
nc
e
the
stud
y
was desi
gn
e
d
as
a lo
ngit
ud
inal
stu
dy, t
he
sam
ple w
as
sel
ect
ed
once i
n
the
sprin
g
se
m
est
er o
f
20
13
-
2014
academ
ic
ye
ar
on
the
basis
of
volu
nteeri
sm
a
m
on
g
the
first
ye
ar
st
ud
e
nts.
The
first
inter
views
were
cond
ucted
by
the
seco
nd
re
se
arch
e
r
with
13
te
acher
cand
i
dates.
The
sec
ond
inter
views
wer
e
rep
e
at
ed
by
the
first
researc
he
r
in
the
fall
se
m
est
er
of
2016
-
2017
acade
m
ic
ye
ar.
D
ue
to
the
data
los
ses
exp
e
rience
d
durin
g
the
fall
sem
ester
of
the 2016
-
2017
aca
dem
ic
ye
ar,
the
i
niti
al
interview
dat
a
of
t
hese p
arti
ci
pan
ts wer
e
al
so
n
ot
include
d
i
n
t
he
analy
sis.
In
th
e
en
d,
11
te
ac
her
can
did
at
es
(Tur
kish
Teac
hing
3F
,
3M;
Pr
im
ary
Ma
them
at
ics
Teachin
g
2F
,
4M)
f
orm
ed
t
he
stu
dy
gro
up
of
the
resea
rch.
The
a
ve
ra
ge
age
of
pa
rtic
ipants
is
22.
3.
All
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
m
ai
ntained
the
va
st
m
ajo
rity
of
their
li
ves
in
the
ci
ty
center.
I
nfor
m
at
ion
relat
ed
to
st
ud
y
gro
up
is
giv
e
n
in
the
Ta
ble 1.
Table
1.
St
udy
gr
oup
Participan
t
Dep
art
m
an
t
G
Ag
e
2013
-
2
0
1
4
I.
Intervi
e
w
2016
-
2
0
1
7
II
.
Intervi
ew
TC
1
Turk
ish
T
eachin
g
F
24
+
+
TC
2
Turk
ish
T
eachin
g
F
20
+
+
TC
3
Turk
ish
T
eachin
g
M
23
+
+
TC
4
Turk
ish
T
eachin
g
M
23
+
+
TC
5
Turk
ish
T
eachin
g
F
23
+
+
TC
12
Turk
ish
T
eachin
g
M
23
(do
no
t want to
par
ticip
ate)
TC
6
Pri
m
a
r
y
M
at.
Teac
h
in
g
F
22
(go
n
e with u
n
d
ergradu
ate tr
an
sf
er,
rea
ch
ed
via e
m
ail
)
TC
7
Pri
m
a
r
y
M
at.
Teac
h
in
g
M
22
+
+
TC
8
Pri
m
a
r
y
M
at.
Teac
h
in
g
F
21
+
+
TC
9
Pri
m
a
r
y
M
at.
Teac
h
in
g
M
23
+
+
TC
10
Pri
m
a
r
y
M
at.
Teac
h
in
g
M
2
+
+
TC
11
Pri
m
a
r
y
M
at.
Teac
h
in
g
M
2
+
+
TC
13
Pri
m
a
r
y
M
at.
Teac
h
in
g
F
2
(go
n
e with u
n
d
ergradu
ate tr
an
sf
er,
co
u
ld
no
t be rea
ch
ed
)
As
a
data
coll
ect
ion
t
oo
l
i
n
the
s
urvey,
"i
nt
erv
ie
w
f
or
m
f
or
crit
ic
al
thin
king"
pr
e
pared
by
Yılm
a
z
Özelçi
[32]
w
as
us
e
d.
T
he
s
e
m
i
-
structured
form
con
sist
i
ng
of
9
quest
i
on
s
a
nd
desc
ri
ptive
quest
io
ns
was
te
ste
d
with
int
erv
ie
ws
with
2
te
ache
r
can
di
dates
outsi
de
the
sam
ple.
A
ta
pe
rec
order
was
use
d
dur
ing
th
e
intervie
ws
in
accor
da
nce
with
the
pe
rm
iss
ion
receive
d
from
the
par
ti
ci
pan
ts
.
Eac
h
in
te
rv
ie
w
la
ste
d
20
-
25
m
inu
te
s
on
av
erag
e
.
The
obta
ined
data
were
so
lve
d
with
i
nductive
a
nd
de
du
ct
ive
unde
r
sta
nd
i
ng
i
n
te
r
m
s
of
them
es
(self
-
r
ecognit
ion,
de
ci
sion
-
m
akin
g,
ge
ner
at
in
g
al
t
ern
at
ives
,
obj
e
ct
ivit
y
and
e
vi
den
ce
see
king
)
that
form
ed
the
intervie
w
quest
io
ns
an
d
sta
te
d
i
n
the
ai
m
s
of
t
he
resea
rch.
T
he
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
of
a
gr
eem
ent
between
the
co
der
s
wa
s
cal
culat
ed
and
fou
nd
to
be
acce
ptable.
Find
i
ngs,
acco
m
pan
ie
d
by
ind
ivid
ual
qu
otes
were
pr
ese
nted
acco
rd
i
ng
t
o
t
he
or
der
of
the
ques
ti
on
s
i
n
the
i
nt
erv
ie
w
f
orm
.
In
the
qu
otati
ons,
te
ache
r
ca
ndidate
s
are m
entioned
accor
ding t
o
th
e num
ber
s in
t
he raw
d
at
a i
n t
he
f
or
m
o
f
TC
x.
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
3.1.
Te
acher c
andi
da
t
es'
v
ie
w
s
on sel
f
-
reco
gn
it
ion st
atus
in f
i
rst and
f
ou
r
th gr
ad
es
First
of
al
l,
Turkish
te
ache
r
cand
idate
s
w
ere
aske
d
to
"i
ntrod
uce
the
m
se
lves
in
three
wo
r
ds
a
nd
exp
la
in
wh
y
t
he
y
ch
os
e
t
hese
words."
All
of
the
te
ache
r
ca
ndidate
s
a
nswer
ed
t
he
qu
e
sti
on
with
ou
t
hesita
ti
on.
They
ha
ve
i
nclud
e
d
i
n
their
de
scripti
ons
personal
thou
gh
ts
or
featu
res
t
hat
their
fr
ie
nds
/
ci
rcles
ascribe
them
.
Wh
il
e
a
te
ac
he
r
can
did
at
e
c
hoos
es
t
o
ide
nt
ify
hi
m
/
her
sel
f
in
te
rm
s
of
li
vin
g
c
onditi
ons
a
nd
surr
ou
nd
i
ng
con
te
xts,
al
l
oth
er
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
are
su
ccess
ful
and
co
nf
i
dent
in
reco
gniz
in
g
them
sel
ves.
In
2017,
the
f
ourth
-
ye
ar
te
acher
c
and
i
dates
w
ere
aske
d
to
ide
nt
ify
them
se
lves
again
.
Teac
he
r
can
di
dates
f
reque
ntly
m
entione
d
the
exam
ples
and
t
he
e
xp
e
rim
entat
ion
s
t
hey
hav
e
gai
ned
from
past
exp
e
riences
wh
e
n
de
scribin
g
t
hem
s
el
ves.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
3
,
Sept
e
m
ber
2019
:
4
9
5
-
5
0
9
498
In
par
al
le
l
wi
th
their
sta
te
m
ents
in
the
first
grade
,
th
ey
trie
d
to
de
fine
them
sel
ves
thr
ough
their
past
exp
e
riences
,
pe
rsonal
opinio
ns
,
or
featu
res
that
thei
r
ci
rc
le
ascribes
the
m
.
A
m
on
g
the
ex
pr
es
sio
ns
of
th
e
te
acher
ca
ndidate
s,
the
m
os
t
rem
ark
abl
e
is
that
the
three
te
ac
he
r
can
did
at
es
(2
F,
1
M)
expres
s
them
sel
ves
us
ing
the
sam
e
expressi
on
s
us
e
d
in
the
first
grade
.
I
n
par
ti
c
ular,
TC1
dire
ct
ly
identifie
s
her
se
l
f
thr
ough
the
sa
m
e
exa
m
ple.
Exam
ples
of
t
he
sta
te
m
ents
in
the
first
a
nd
f
ourth
gr
a
de
of
TC
1
(
F)
a
r
e
giv
e
n
be
lo
w,
res
pecti
vely
.
TC1
(F
):
Em
otion
al
,
overem
otion
al
,
fi
dg
et
y,
an
d
l
ov
i
ng
to
la
ug
h.
My
e
m
otion
al
bein
g
is
m
ay
be
because
of
the
ho
r
os
c
ope.
I'
m
a
Pisce
s.
E
ver
y
on
e
say
s
I
'm
e
m
ot
ion
al
.
Ma
ybe
that'
s
wh
y
I
am
.
But
I
hav
e
sens
ualit
y.
Even
in
the
sli
gh
te
st
case
m
y
e
ye
s
br
im
with
te
ars.
I
am
a
per
son
w
ho
lo
ve
s
la
ughing.
I
sm
il
e
i
m
m
ediat
el
y
i
n
the
sli
gh
te
st
thin
g.
E
ve
n
if
no
body
la
ug
hs
,
I
sti
ll
la
ug
h
at
t
he
m
os
t
disgusti
ng
hum
or
.
So
m
et
i
m
es
peo
ple
fi
nd
m
e
od
d.
I
li
ke
to
be
act
ive
wh
e
n
it
com
es
to
bein
g
fid
gety
(20
14)
TC
1
(F):
ch
eerf
ul,
e
m
otion
al
,
a
nd
chatt
y
.
My
ci
r
cl
e
say
s
I'm
li
ke
that. I
t
hink
I'
m
li
ke
that,
to
o.
E
ven
the
sim
plest
jo
kes
I
la
ugh.
I
even
sm
il
e
at
p
eop
le
I
do
not
know.
I
li
ke
t
o
s
m
il
e.
I
'm
a
Pi
sces.
Se
ns
ualit
y
is
al
so
fr
om
char
act
e
risti
cs
of
m
y
hor
os
co
p
e.
I
a
gr
ee
with
that.
If
a
m
ov
ie
or
an
ad
ver
ti
sem
ent
has
a
ny
sensual
it
y,
m
y
e
ye
s
br
im
with
te
ars
i
m
m
ediat
el
y
(2
017)
.
Seco
nd
ly
,
pr
i
m
ary
school
m
at
he
m
at
ic
s
t
eacher
ca
ndid
at
es
wer
e
as
ke
d
to
"i
de
ntify
them
sel
ves
in
three
wor
ds
a
nd
e
xp
la
in
w
hy
they
ch
os
e
the
se
w
ords"
duri
ng
the
s
pri
ng
s
e
m
est
er
of
t
he
2013
-
2014
aca
dem
ic
ye
ar.
I
n
t
he
de
finiti
on
s
of
t
he
five
te
ac
her
c
and
i
dates,
t
hey
ex
pr
esse
d
opinio
ns
a
bout
th
e
m
sel
ves
with
their
per
s
onal
thou
ghts
as
well
as
the
w
ords
th
at
they
tho
ug
ht
their
f
rien
ds
/
ci
r
cl
es
associat
ed
them
.
Fo
ur
te
acher
cand
i
dates
ga
ve
exam
ples
from
their
li
ves
wh
il
e
desc
ribing
them
selv
es.
F
ourth
grade
pr
im
ary
sch
oo
l
m
at
he
m
at
ic
s
teach
er
ca
nd
i
dates
wer
e
as
ked
again
the
w
ord
s
they
wo
ul
d
c
hoos
e
a
nd
the
reasons
of
ch
oosin
g
that
wo
r
ds
w
hen
they
wa
nt
ed
to
introd
uc
e
the
m
sel
ves
to
so
m
eon
e
he
m
et
fo
r
the
first
tim
e.
Teacher
cand
i
dates
m
e
ntion
e
d
the
e
xam
ples
and
th
e
exp
e
rim
entation
s
they
ha
ve
gained
from
past
exp
erie
nce
s
wh
e
n
descr
i
bing
the
m
se
lves.
W
hil
e
te
acher
can
did
at
es
in
the
fir
st
gr
ade
wer
e
pr
e
dom
inantly
def
i
ned
bo
t
h
in
te
rm
s
of
their p
er
son
al
tho
ug
hts
and
tho
se
of
the
pe
op
le
ar
ound
them
,
in
the
fo
urt
h
grad
e
this
sit
uation
has
c
ha
nge
d.
They
have
identifie
d
them
se
lves
in
the
four
t
h
gr
a
de,
on
the
basis
of
their
own
vie
wpoints
.
Am
on
g
t
he
expressi
on
s
of
the
te
ache
r
ca
ndidate
s,
the
m
os
t
rem
ark
a
ble
is
that
the
thre
e
te
acher
can
di
dates
(
TC6,
F;
TC8,
F;
TC10
,
M)
e
xpress
them
selv
es
us
i
ng
the
s
a
m
e
exp
ressi
ons
us
e
d
in
the
f
irst
gr
ad
e.
Part
ic
ularly
,
TC8
(
F)
an
d
TC
10
(M)
defi
ne
them
sel
ves
directl
y
on
t
he
sam
e
sa
m
ple
.
E
xam
ples
fro
m
the
sta
tem
e
nts
f
ro
m
the
first
an
d
four
t
h gr
a
des o
f
TC
8
(
F) an
d TC
10 (M
)
a
re
giv
e
n belo
w re
sp
ect
ively
:
TC8
(F):
I
am
a
per
s
on
w
ho
i
s
determ
ined,
who
lo
ves
to
li
ve
li
fe
to
the
f
ullest
,
lov
es
t
o
li
ve
li
fe
to
the
f
ullest
dee
ply
both
w
hen
I
am
sad
an
d
ha
pp
y.
Thi
rd
is
the
stu
bborn
,
we
ca
n
say
.
T
hi
s
is
bo
t
h
m
y
t
houghts
and
t
he
ones
t
ha
t
ascribe
m
e.
Fo
r
exam
ple,
if
I
feel
sorry
f
or
a
n
e
ven
t,
I
c
an
wea
r
to
o
m
uch
m
yse
lf
ou
t
.
I
feel
ver
y
s
orry.
Thi
s
does
not
m
ake
m
uch
dif
fere
nce;
it
co
uld
be
a
ver
y
tri
vi
al
even
t
or
a
n
im
portant
e
ve
nt.
This
is
sam
e
wh
en
I
fe
el
happy. I
can
be
happy
f
or
s
om
et
hin
g
ti
ny
in
the sam
e
way
as
a
big
thin
g.
Determ
inati
on
;
f
or
exam
ple,
I
li
ke
to
go
ov
e
r
s
om
et
hin
g
I
do
not
li
ke
or
ca
nnot
do.
I
sai
d
I
was
stu
bbor
n,
but
this
m
eans
if
I
wan
te
d
s
om
eth
in
g,
I
w
ould
insist
on
doin
g
it
.
(
2014)
T
C8
(F):
Deter
m
ined,
am
bitio
us
an
d
stres
s
ed.
I
am
determ
ined
be
cause
I
am
ver
y
per
sist
ent
i
n
m
y
decisi
ons
and
I
do
not
giv
e
up
m
y
decisi
ons
easi
ly
.
Fo
r
exam
ple,
I
dec
ided
t
o
be
com
e
a
te
acher
in
prim
ary
school
5t
h
grade
,
a
nd
this
decisi
on
co
ntinu
e
d
unti
l
the
la
st
gr
a
de
of
high
sch
oo
l,
an
d
no
w
I
am
a
te
acher
cand
i
date.
I
a
m
a
m
biti
ou
s,
becau
se
I
do
no
t
gi
ve
up
w
orkin
g
and
try
in
g
t
o
do
it
for
t
he
sec
ond
ti
m
e
wh
e
n
I
fail
.
I
recove
r
m
y
fr
us
t
rati
ons,
but
I
kee
p
work
i
ng
a
gain.
I
am
stressed
a
nd I
re
flect
this o
n
e
ver
y w
ork I do
in
ever
y area
of
m
y life.
Fo
r e
xam
ple, ev
en wh
e
n do
i
ng
a s
i
m
ple
ho
m
ework I fe
el
too
m
uch str
ess and
I
ca
nnot
r
el
ax wit
hout
com
pleti
ng
ho
m
ewo
r
k (20
17)
.
TC10
(
F)
:
Pess
i
m
ist
,
idle
and
la
zy
.
I
do
n’t
w
ant
to
do
a
nyth
ing
.
Es
pecial
ly
at
scho
ol.
I
ca
nnot
ta
ke
a
po
sit
ive
l
ook
a
t
an
inci
den
t.
I
t
do
es
not
happen
will
ing
ly
;
it
happen
s
aut
om
at
ic
ally.
My
ci
rcle
say
s
the
sam
e.
(20
14)
TC
10
(F
):
Pessim
ist
,
idle
a
nd
la
zy
.
I
thin
k
ne
ga
ti
vely
against
any
ki
nd
of
thin
g,
I
c
an
not
thi
nk
po
sit
ively
.
I'm
not
determ
ined
to
do
a
ta
s
k;
I
do
not
wan
t
to
do
it
.
I
do
not
li
ke
to
w
ork
a
ny
m
at
te
r
.
I
’m
reluctant
(
2017
)
.
Wh
e
n
e
xam
ini
ng
t
he
ex
pr
es
s
ion
s
of
pr
im
ary
m
at
he
m
a
ti
cs
te
acher
can
di
dates
at
first
grade
,
it
was
determ
ined
tha
t
especial
ly
the
m
al
e
te
acher
cand
i
dates
(T
C7,
TC
9,
TC
10,
TC
11)
had
a
neg
at
ive
eva
luati
on
su
c
h
as
"pessi
m
ist
ic
",
"
la
zy
"
,
"i
dle",
"obse
ssed"
an
d
"t
ho
ughtf
ul".
It
wa
s
ob
se
r
ved
tha
t
the
fe
m
al
e
teach
er
cand
i
dates
(T
C6,
TC8
)
did
no
t
incl
ud
e
ne
gative
de
scrip
t
ion
s
for
them
sel
ves
m
uch
in
the
first
gra
de.
W
he
n
exam
ining
the
expressi
on
s
in
the
f
ourth
gr
a
de
of
the
te
ache
r
ca
nd
i
dates,
it
is
not
see
n
t
ha
t
the
m
ajo
rity
of
the
te
acher
ca
ndid
at
es,
exce
pt
one
te
ache
r
ca
nd
i
date
(TC
10
,
M)
hav
e
a
neg
at
ive
eval
ua
ti
on
of
t
he
ir
own
char
act
e
risti
cs.
The
sit
uation
is
si
m
il
ar
fo
r
Turkis
h
te
ache
r
cand
i
dates.
Wh
e
n
te
ache
r
cand
i
dates’
sta
tem
ents
ei
ther
in
the
first
gr
a
de
or
in
the
fo
urt
h
gr
a
de
are
exam
ined,
it
is
un
li
kely
that
no
ne
of
the
m
m
ake
neg
at
iv
e
evaluati
ons a
bout t
heir q
uali
f
ic
at
ion
s
or
diss
at
isfie
d
wit
h
a
ny sit
uatio
n.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Wh
at is crit
ic
al
thinkin
g? A l
ongitu
dinal stu
dy
wi
th
te
ach
e
r can
didates
(
Se
rap Yılm
az
Ö
zel
çi
)
499
3.2.
Te
acher c
andi
da
t
es'
v
ie
w
s
on deci
sio
n m
aki
ng
in
t
h
e fir
st and
four
th
grades
Qu
est
i
on
s
were
asked
t
o
te
acher
ca
nd
i
date
s
to
unde
rstan
d
their
decisi
on
-
m
aking
proc
esses.
Th
ey
wer
e
as
ke
d
to
exp
la
in
by
exa
m
ples
fr
o
m
ever
yday
li
fe
dec
isi
on
s
to
c
riti
cal
decisi
on
s
ho
w
they
f
ollow
m
aking
decisi
ons
proc
esses.
Teac
he
r
can
did
at
es'
answ
e
rs
a
re
s
um
m
arized
unde
r
the
hea
dings
of
inf
orm
a
ti
on
gathe
rin
g
proc
ess,
decisi
on
m
aking
c
rite
ria
an
d
sit
uatio
n
of
m
aking
wrong
decisi
on.
All
of
the
Turkis
h
te
acher
can
dida
te
s
sta
te
d
that
they
had
li
ved
with
ou
t
pla
nnin
g
an
d
that
they
decide
d
in
sta
ntly
accord
i
ng
to
wh
at
happe
ne
d
du
rin
g
the
da
y.
On
ly
one
te
acher
ca
nd
i
da
te
sai
d
that
s
he
usual
ly
pos
tponed
t
he
de
ci
sion
m
aking
by
say
ing
,
TC
2
(F),
“
no
t
la
st
m
uch
longe
r,
but
I
sti
ll
think
an
d
wa
it
t
il
l
the
la
st
day.
I
cannot
de
ci
de
i
m
m
ediat
el
y,
I
hav
e
t
o
thin
k
in
ever
y
as
pect
and
generall
y
it
re
m
ai
ns
to
la
st”
.
Tw
o
te
ach
er
can
did
at
es
(
TC4)
identify
th
em
s
el
ves
as
"i
nde
ci
sive".
Teac
he
r
ca
nd
i
dates'
thoughts
on
t
he
inf
orm
ation
gathe
rin
g
proc
ess
are
si
m
il
ar.
TC1
al
so
sta
te
d
that
he
is
in
cha
r
ge
of
his
decisi
on
-
m
aking
pro
cess
in
ad
diti
on
to
his
uncert
ai
nty,
say
ing
that
“I
decide
diff
ic
ultl
y.
But
I
decide
abs
olu
te
ly
;
I
do
not
go
ou
t
without
a
decisi
on
.
In
the
f
i
nal
I
decide
by
m
ys
el
f.
Nam
el
y
I
decide
m
yse
lf.
So
m
eti
m
es
it
happe
ns
w
hen
I
regret,
but
ev
en
then
I
do
not
ask
on
e
.
I
decide m
y
decisi
on
".
Turkis
h
te
ache
r
cand
i
dates
fi
nd
it
necessary
to
gather
in
for
m
at
ion
wh
e
n
de
ci
din
g.
The
pr
im
ary
so
urce
of
in
for
m
at
ion
f
or
al
l
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
is
fam
i
ly
.
Other
s
ources
f
or
pa
rtic
ipants
who
i
nd
ic
at
ed
that
they
get
i
niti
al
ly
their
pa
ren
ts
’
opinio
n
on
the
to
pic
are
exp
e
rienc
ed
pe
op
le
,
tru
ste
d
/
lov
ed
fri
ends
.
Teacher
ca
nd
i
dates,
on
the
ot
her
ha
nd,
m
entione
d
m
any
dif
fer
e
nt
crit
eri
a
wh
e
n
t
hey
ga
ve
their
decisi
on
s.
T
he
crit
erion
su
c
h
as
li
kin
g,
su
it
a
bili
ty
to
fa
m
ily
structu
re,
be
ne
fit
/
dam
age
pro
vid
e
d
by
th
e
resu
lt
,
pr
ic
es
aff
ect
the d
eci
si
on
s
of the
teac
he
r
ca
nd
i
dates.
TC2
(
F)
:
gen
e
r
al
ly
in
the
dire
ct
ion
of
m
y
father
;
I
thin
k
it
is
good
for
m
e
too
if
so
m
et
hin
g
is
good
for
him
.
I
us
ua
ll
y
con
su
lt
m
y
father.
T
he
gen
e
ral
sta
nce
of
m
y
father
;
he
al
lo
ws
m
e
for
lots
of
t
hing,
so
m
et
i
m
es
he
say
s
no
wh
e
n
I
ne
ver
ex
pect.
If
I
ha
ve
fr
ie
nds
w
ho
ca
n
thi
nk
well
,
I
c
on
s
ul
t
them
.
Then
I
ha
ve
a
guidi
ng
instr
ucto
r,
I
as
k
hi
m
.
TC4
(M):
F
irst,
I
co
ns
i
der
the
e
xtent
to
w
hich
the
e
ve
nt
will
aff
ect
m
y
fam
i
ly,
I
thin
k
of
m
y
fam
i
ly
.
I
loo
k
at
the
influ
en
c
e
on
the
peopl
e
around
m
e;
m
ay
be
the
so
ci
et
y
I
l
ive
in
req
ui
res
this.
Wh
e
n
I
do
s
om
et
hin
g
im
po
rtant,
I
t
hi
nk
fam
ily
or
ie
nted
as
it
is
not
j
us
t
for
m
e
bu
t
f
or
m
y
fa
m
i
ly
too
.
I
m
ean,
it
can
be
diff
ic
ult.
It
is
ver
y
dif
ficult
if
the
thing
is
co
ntrar
y
to
m
y
c
har
act
er
a
nd
m
y
fa
m
ily.
I
have
a
lot
of co
ntra
dicti
ons i
n
m
e, an
d I
m
ake th
e d
eci
sion t
hat in
flue
nces m
y fa
m
ily at
least
.
In
ge
ne
ral,
it
has
be
en
se
en
t
hat
the
T
urkish
te
ache
r
can
did
at
es
c
are
the
thi
nk
i
ng
of
ot
her
s
(f
am
ily/
fr
ie
nd
s
)
an
d
a
bid
e
by
this
crit
erio
n
duri
ng
t
he
de
ci
sion
-
m
aking
pr
ocess.
A
no
t
her
qu
e
sti
on
direc
te
d
at
the
pa
rtic
ipant
s
is
wh
at
they
exp
e
rien
ce
a
nd
w
hat
they
fe
el
wh
e
n
their
decisi
on
is
w
r
ong.
Wh
il
e
al
l
of
t
he
Turkis
h
te
ach
er
can
did
at
es
sta
te
d
that
they
would
be
so
r
ry
in
su
c
h
a
sit
uation,
no
te
ac
her
ca
nd
i
date
m
entioned
"
re
m
or
se". Th
e two
teac
her
ca
ndidate
s (
TC
2,
TC5)
sta
te
d
th
at
b
esi
des
their
s
adn
es
s they would
try
to
correct
the
sit
uation
they
are
in
even
if
they
wer
e
no
t
to
r
et
urn
from
their
decisi
ons;
the
oth
er
thr
ee
te
ache
r
cand
i
dates
sai
d
that
eve
n
if
t
he
y
feel
sorry,
t
his
sa
dn
es
s
w
ould
not
m
ake
change
t
heir
de
ci
sion
.
This
sit
uation
is
exp
l
ai
ne
d
by
the
te
acher
cand
i
dates
TC3
(
M)
“I
do
no
t
re
gr
et
it
becau
se
I
decide
,
I
m
ad
e
it
m
yse
lf
wit
h
m
y
own
t
houghts.
The
outc
om
e
m
a
y
be
ba
d;
this
decisi
on
c
a
m
e
ou
t
of
m
e.
I
go
on
eve
n
if
t
her
e
is
a
n
er
r
or,
because
I
m
ade
it
.
I
do
not
re
tur
n
beca
us
e
of
loss
.
”
by
TC5
(M)
“I
feel
sa
d
act
ually
.
I
did
no
t
wa
nt
to
ta
ke
the
incident
a
gain.
Even
if
it
is
wr
on
g,
I
bear
it
.
I
ha
ve
to
bea
r
it
,
do
not
retu
r
n
to
be
ginnin
g.”
In
the
e
xpres
sions
of
the
T
urkish
te
acher
can
did
at
es,
one
of
the
quest
io
ns
that
m
os
t
diff
er
ences
are
obse
rv
e
d
over
the
ye
ars
is
the
qu
e
sti
on
s
a
bout
"decisi
on
m
aking
".
In
2014
al
l
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
ex
pr
esse
d
t
hat
they
li
ve
witho
ut
pla
nnin
g,
bu
t
in
2017
they
separ
at
e
d
their
expressio
ns
i
nto
"si
m
ple
decisi
on
s"
a
nd
"im
po
rtant
de
ci
sion
s";
they
hav
e
e
m
ph
asi
zed
t
ha
t
in
i
m
po
rtant
decisi
ons,
the
decisi
on
-
m
aking
per
i
ods
are
"l
ong"
an
d
th
e
think
i
ng
pro
cesses
are
"detai
le
d"
.
The
tw
o
te
ac
he
r
can
did
at
es
(
TC2,
TC
5)
ex
plain
the
decisi
on
-
m
aking
pro
cess
in
the
sam
e
way
that t
hey use
at
the
first
gr
a
de. The
expre
ssio
ns
of TC2
are
:
… I try t
o decide w
ha
t i
s
best
… 201
4
…t
he
result
is
mo
re
i
mport
ant
to
me.
I
try
to
ma
ke
a
de
ci
sion
acc
or
di
ng
to
the
res
ult
wh
et
her
it
wi
l
l
ha
r
m
or
make
me
ha
pp
y
i
n
the
e
nd
.
Rat
her
th
an
the
diff
ic
ulti
es
in
the
pr
oce
s
s,
the
results
affec
t m
e much
m
or
e…
2017
In
20
17,
s
uitabil
it
y
fo
r
pe
rs
onal
it
y,
ad
van
ta
ges
/
pe
rsonal
ben
e
fit,
le
vel
of
ex
pectat
ion
sat
isfact
ion
,
risk
of
decisi
on,
an
d
e
nv
ir
on
m
ental
factor
s
are
ad
ded
to
t
he
crit
eria
that
par
ti
ci
pan
ts
us
e
d
in
decisi
on
m
aking
in
2014.
Wh
e
n
aske
d
ab
out
thei
r
feeli
ngs
and
act
io
ns
wh
e
n
they
are
wrong,
thei
r
answers
wer
e
par
tl
y
diff
e
re
nt
from
the
ans
wer
s
th
ey
gav
e
in
20
14.
Wh
il
e
none
of
the
pa
rtic
ipants
who
pre
viously
sta
te
d
that
a
wrong
decisi
on
w
ou
l
d
upset
the
m
,
bu
t
did
no
t
sp
ea
k
of
regret;
wh
e
n
they
ca
m
e
to
t
he
f
ourth
gra
de
,
three
te
acher
c
an
dida
te
s
ex
pr
es
sed
their
rem
or
se.
TC1
(F
)
sta
te
d
that
he
is
post
poning
f
ur
t
her
to
c
om
pen
sat
e
for
a
n
existi
ng
re
gret
,
and
TC5
(F
)
has
ex
pr
e
ssed
his
regret
as
an
ex
per
ie
nce.
TC3
(M)
sta
te
d
that
he
w
ould
not
change
his
de
c
isi
on
e
ven
i
f
he
regrets
say
in
g
"I
feel
re
gr
e
t.
I
m
ai
ntain
m
y
decisi
on
e
ve
if
it
is
w
rong.
I
f
I
sta
rted
s
om
et
hi
ng, I
go on e
ve
n
if
it
is wro
ng
".
Af
te
r
the
T
urkish
te
ache
r
cand
i
dates,
the
qu
est
io
ns
un
der
the
head
i
ng
"decisi
on
m
akin
g"
we
re
directed
to
t
he
pri
m
a
ry
school
m
at
he
m
atic
s
te
acher
ca
ndidate
s
res
pecti
vely
.
F
our
of
the
te
ac
her
ca
ndidate
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
3
,
Sept
e
m
ber
2019
:
4
9
5
-
5
0
9
500
sta
te
d
that
they
had
li
ved
without
pla
nn
i
ng
and
m
ade
an
instant
decisi
on
accor
ding
to
wh
at
ha
ppe
ned
durin
g
the
day.
T
he
te
acher
can
di
dates
m
entioned
that
they
deci
de
d
i
ns
ta
ntly
by
say
ing
“I
do
not
thi
nk
to
o
m
uch.
I
le
t
it
go
.
I
do
no
t
sta
y
in
qu
a
nd
a
ry.
Wh
at
e
ve
r
I
feel
in
m
y
hear
t
a
nd
I
re
li
eved
wit
h,
I
i
m
m
ediat
ely
decide.
So
m
eon
e
cal
le
d
m
e,
I
acce
pt
it
i
m
m
ediat
ely.
If
th
ere
a
re
two
al
te
r
native
s,
I
do
m
y
best
and
I
bri
ng
t
h
e
tw
o
tog
et
he
r,
but
I
will
no
t
giv
e
up
a
ny
of
th
e
m
."
(TC6
(F
))
an
d
“
I
m
ake
an
insta
nt
de
ci
sion
.
I
act
w
it
ho
ut
think
i
ng.
Whe
n
decidi
ng
to
wh
at
I
wear,
I
wear
w
hat
I
fi
nd
in
t
he
ward
robe.
It'
s
not
a
bout
bef
it
well
to
m
e
or
no
t,
t
hey
are
not
al
l
good
any
way.
I
ha
ve
no
t
hav
e
br
a
nd
obsessio
n
unti
l
t
od
ay
.
I
bu
y
aft
er
I
decide
it
.”
(TC7
,
M).
TC1
1
(M
)
has
al
s
o
ex
pl
ai
ned
the
dec
isi
on
-
m
aking
process
by
say
ing
“I
ca
nnot
say
that
I
m
a
de
m
y
un
i
ver
sit
y
ch
oi
ce
m
yse
lf
anyway.
We
w
ent
to
a
pr
i
vate
te
achin
g
c
ourse
an
d
I
told
the
m
wh
at
I
ha
d
in
m
y
m
ind
.
A
te
ach
er
f
ro
m
pr
i
vate
te
achin
g
c
ours
e
told
m
e
to
th
ink
a
bout
bein
g
Ma
them
at
ic
s
te
acher
.
Af
te
r
ward
s
,
I
fin
d
it
log
ic
al
so
m
eho
w
a
nd
I
ch
os
e
Ma
the
m
at
ic
s
te
aching
.
It'
s
hard
f
or
m
e
to
m
ake
decisi
on
s.
I
can
not
be
qu
it
e
s
ure.
I
do
no
t
know
a
ny
m
or
e,
m
yst
ery.
I
can
not
be
s
ure”.
TC8
(F)
e
xem
plifie
d
that
sh
e
do
es
no
t
m
ake
a
su
dde
n
de
ci
sio
n
by
say
in
g
“I
hav
e
resea
rch
hab
it
.
It
ha
pp
e
ned
rece
ntly
too
.
S
om
eon
e
s
ha
red
one
say
in
g
on
a
so
ci
al
netw
ork
sit
e
on
the
internet.
A
say
in
g
I'
ve
heard
be
f
ore.
But
I
ha
d
heard
that
it
belongs
to
som
eon
e
el
se.
I
searc
he
d
on
the
inter
ne
t.
I
saw
that
the
w
riti
ng
on
the
sit
e
was
co
rr
ect
,
an
d
w
hat
I
kn
e
w
was
w
ron
g.
The
n
I
di
d
not get
co
nvince
d
and
I
s
ent
a
m
essage
t
o
on
e of
the
inst
ru
ct
or
s
.
The
n
we
l
ooke
d
at
the
bo
ok
s
with
him
-
so
and
s
o.
I
f
I
am
ob
sessed
with
s
om
et
hin
g,
I
do
researc
h.
”
All
pr
im
ary
scho
ol
m
a
them
a
ti
cs
te
acher
cand
i
dates
fi
nd
it
necessary
t
o
gathe
r
in
f
or
m
at
ion
in
the
de
ci
sion
-
m
akin
g
process
a
nd
th
ei
r
pri
m
ary
so
ur
ce
of
inf
or
m
at
ion
is
fam
i
ly
.
Other
so
urces
f
or
pa
rtic
ipants
w
ho
ind
ic
at
ed
that
they
init
ia
l
ly
get
the
opinio
n
from
their
pa
ren
ts
on
the
to
pic
ar
e
exp
e
rience
d
people,
tr
us
te
d/
lov
ed
fr
ie
nd
s
.
Teacher
ca
ndidate
s,
on
the
oth
e
r
hand,
m
entioned
a
bout
m
any
diff
e
ren
t
c
ri
te
ria
when
t
he
y
m
ake
their
deci
sio
ns
.
Th
e
crit
erio
ns
s
uc
h
as
li
kin
g,
s
uitabil
it
y
to
fa
m
i
ly
structu
re,
be
nef
it
/
dam
age
pr
ovid
ed
by
the
res
ult,
pr
ic
e
aff
ect
the
decisi
ons
of
the
te
acher
ca
ndid
at
es.
TC8
(F
):
first
of
al
l
I
t
hink
ve
ry
m
uch
.
If
a
lim
it
ed
tim
e
is
giv
e
n
to
m
e,
I
do
not
e
ver
le
a
ve
to
decide
for
the
la
st
m
i
nu
te
.
I
def
init
e
ly
m
ake
tim
e
fo
r
m
yse
lf
fo
r
t
he
possi
bili
ty
of
c
ha
ng
i
ng
m
y
decisi
on.
I
do
not
le
ave
f
or
the
la
st
m
inu
te
.
F
or exam
ple,
if
I
ha
ve
18 d
ay
s,
I
will
thin
k
un
ti
l
the 15th d
ay
. S
erio
us
ly
.
My
crite
ri
a
are
as
fo
ll
ows;
ho
w
can
this
decisi
on
aff
ect
m
e,
ho
w
ca
n
it
aff
ect
m
y
fa
m
ily
can
I
be
ha
pp
y
with
t
he
decisi
on
I
m
ade,
or
not,
then;
I
c
on
si
de
r
m
os
t
wh
et
he
r
I
wa
nt
or
not.
O
f
co
urse
m
y
m
oth
er'
s
a
nd
m
y
father
'
s
wish
es
and
desire
s
are
al
so
im
po
rtan
t.
I
get
thei
r
opinio
ns.
A
gai
n,
I
get
the
opin
ion
s
of
m
y
fr
ie
nd
s
w
hom
I
trust
i
n
sincerit
y an
d I
decide a
cco
rd
i
ng
ly
.
Anothe
r
quest
i
on
directe
d
at
the
par
ti
ci
pa
nt
s
is
wh
at
they
exp
e
rience
a
nd
ho
w
they
fe
el
wh
e
n
the
decisi
on
is
w
r
ong.
All
te
ach
er
can
did
at
es
hav
e
sta
te
d
th
at
they
will
be
so
r
ry
f
or
s
uc
h
a
sit
uatio
n,
bu
t
no
te
acher
ca
ndid
at
es
outsi
de
of
the
tw
o
te
ac
he
r
ca
nd
i
dates
(
T
C8
F
,
TC
11
M
)
hav
e
m
entione
d
"
rem
or
se".
TC11
(M): I re
gr
et
,
in
the
sim
plest ter
m
. I
try to
fix
it
. A
fa
ult co
nfessed is
h
al
f
r
e
dr
ess
ed
.
In
2017,
the
decisi
on
-
“m
a
kin
g”
ti
tl
ed
que
sti
on
s
we
re
re
directed
to
pr
i
m
ary
scho
ol
m
at
he
m
at
ics
te
acher
ca
ndid
at
es
again
.
In
2014,
f
our
part
ic
ipants
sai
d
that
they
ha
d
li
ved
wit
hout
plann
i
ng
a
nd
m
a
de
a
n
instant
decisi
on,
but
in
2017
the
nu
m
ber
of
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
has
fall
en
to
three
.
In
ge
ne
r
al
,
the
crit
eria
that
the
te
acher
ca
nd
i
da
te
s
sta
te
d
to
use
to
decid
e
ha
ve
not
cha
nged
ov
e
r
tim
e.
Th
e
fo
ll
owin
g
are
the
thou
gh
ts
of
TC9
(M) rel
at
ing
t
o t
he
m
at
te
r:
TC9 (
M
): My
d
eci
sio
ns
. In
f
a
ct
, m
os
t of
the
tim
e, I
av
oi
d
f
r
om
m
aking
sudd
e
n decisi
ons
. Bu
t
wh
e
n
I
was
a
ngry
I
de
ci
ded
a
l
ot
a
nd
so
m
et
i
m
es
I
can
not
get
a
head
of
it
.
Be
cause
wh
e
n
I'
m
ang
ry
I
am
blind
t
o
ever
yt
hi
ng.
O
f
course
it
is
not
abo
ut
vio
le
nc
e
or
anyt
hi
ng
l
ike
that.
(
2014
)
TC9
(M
):
I
usual
ly
m
ake
a
qu
ic
k
decisi
on,
I
get
a
qu
ic
k
proce
ed.
My
fam
i
ly
us
ually
suppo
rts
m
y
ideas.
Especial
ly
m
y
brothers
te
ll
m
e
that
they
are
be
hind m
e w
hateve
r I
decide
(20
17)
.
Wh
e
n
as
ke
d
about
the
feel
ing
s
a
nd
act
io
ns
of
pa
rti
ci
pan
ts
in
t
he
si
tuait
on
of
m
a
king
wrong
decisi
ons,
t
heir
res
pons
es
we
r
e
pa
rtly
differe
nt
f
ro
m
the
a
nswers
they
ga
ve
in
2014.
Tw
o
of
the
pa
rtic
ipants
who
sta
te
d
that
a
wr
on
g
decis
ion
w
ould
up
s
et
the
m
m
entioned
a
bout
rem
or
se
befor
e
,
bu
t
wh
en
t
hey
cam
e
to
th
e
four
t
h
grad
e,
on
ly
one
te
acher
ca
nd
i
date
(TC10
M)
e
xpress
ed
that
he
feels
reg
ret
fu
l
.
TC8
(F)
an
d
TC1
1
(M)
who
sai
d
t
hat
they
w
ould
re
gr
et
th
ei
r
m
i
sta
kes
in
the f
i
rst
gra
de
sai
d
that
they
w
ould
no
lo
nger
feel regre
t
in s
uch a sit
uat
ion
i
n
the
fo
ur
t
h gr
a
de
.
3.3.
Te
acher c
andi
da
t
es'
v
ie
w
s
on ge
nera
tin
g a
lterna
tives
in
th
e
first
and
f
ou
r
th
gr
ad
es
The
views
of
t
he
te
ache
r
can
did
at
es
a
bout
bein
g
ope
n
to
al
te
rn
at
ives
a
nd
the
incli
natio
n
to
gen
e
rate
al
te
rn
at
ives
w
hen
necessary
are
al
so
covere
d
within
the
sc
op
e
of
the
rese
arch.
Find
i
ngs
relat
ed
to
the
views
of
T
urkish
te
acher
an
d
pri
m
ary
sc
hool
m
ath
em
atics
te
ach
er
ca
nd
i
dates
wer
e
gi
ven
re
s
pecti
vely
.
A
te
acher
cand
i
date
(TC
1)
from
the
Turkish
te
ac
her
can
did
at
es
sta
te
d
that
if
the
data
in
her
ha
nd
did
not
pr
ovide
a
so
lut
io
n,
sh
e
would
see
k
a
n
al
te
rn
at
ive
an
d
a
te
acher
ca
nd
i
date
(
TC4
)
would
deci
de
t
o
see
k
a
n
al
te
r
native
accor
ding
t
o
t
he
im
po
rtan
ce
of
t
he
pro
blem
;
wh
il
e
the
oth
e
r
th
ree
te
a
cher
can
dida
te
s
in
dicat
ed
t
ha
t
they
consi
der
e
d
the alt
ern
at
ive
i
m
po
rta
nt
wh
e
n
de
ci
din
g
.
Exam
ple
of
te
acher
ca
nd
i
dates'
views:
TC3
(M):
I
do
not
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Wh
at is crit
ic
al
thinkin
g? A l
ongitu
dinal stu
dy
wi
th
te
ach
e
r can
didates
(
Se
rap Yılm
az
Ö
zel
çi
)
501
think
of
one
s
ol
ution
, I
f
in
d
s
olu
ti
ons.
I
s
pec
ify
the
sta
ges
of
these;
p
la
n
A,
plan
B
in ord
e
r.
I
t
urn
the so
l
ution
in m
y
m
ind
a
nd
I use a
n
al
te
r
native.
Wh
e
n
they
are
in
fo
urt
h
gra
de
,
the
op
i
nions
of
the
Tu
rk
is
h
te
acher
cand
i
dates
diff
e
re
d.
It
has
bee
n
ob
s
er
ved
t
hat
pr
e
viously
,
tw
o
te
ache
r
can
did
at
es
who
wer
e
"
open"
t
o
ge
ne
rate
al
te
rn
at
ives
saw
this
as
"unnecessa
ry
/
conf
us
in
g"
in
the
la
st
gr
ade;
a
nd
a
te
acher
ca
nd
i
date
who
ha
s
pr
e
viously
been
"cl
os
ed"
to seek
an
al
te
r
native
sees
this
as
"
ne
cessary"
in
t
he
la
st
gr
a
de.
T
C1
(
F)
:
T
her
e
m
ay
be
m
or
e
than
one
s
olu
ti
on
to
a
pro
blem
.
I
will
app
ly
the
one
wh
ic
h
is
the
m
os
t
reaso
na
ble
and
the
m
os
t
econom
ic
a
l.
If
there
is
only
on
e
so
luti
on,
I
will
us
e
it
as
wel
l.
If
a
s
olu
ti
on
i
s
give
n
to
m
e
and
if
it
m
akes
sense
I
will
enfor
ce
it
,
but
if
it
is
unreas
on
a
ble, o
f
c
ourse
I
thin
k,
a
nd
seek
ne
w
al
te
rn
at
ive
s.
Wh
e
n
the opin
ion
s o
f
pri
m
ar
y
school
m
at
he
m
at
ic
s
te
acher
ca
ndid
at
es
reg
a
rd
i
ng
the
sub
j
ect
in
t
he
fi
rst
cl
ass
ar
e
exam
ined;
tw
o
of
t
he
pr
os
pe
ct
ive
te
achers
(
TC6,
F;
TC7,
M
)
sta
te
d
that
they
w
ou
l
d
no
t
see
k
a
no
t
her
so
l
ution
if
there
was
a
sing
le
s
olu
ti
on.
Four
ot
her
te
a
cher
cand
i
dates
ex
presse
d
that
they
are
op
en
to
ge
ner
at
e
al
te
rn
a
ti
ves.
A
te
ache
r
cand
i
date
(T
C11,
M)
stress
ed
that
tim
e
is
decisi
ve
in
the
point
of
ge
ne
rati
ng
al
t
ern
at
ives
by
sa
yi
ng
“…
De
pends
on
ti
m
e.
For
exam
ple,
I
l
ook
at
the tim
e
w
hen
so
lvi
ng
T
urkis
h
on the ex
am
, an
d
if I
h
a
ve
10 m
inu
te
s,
I
pa
ss b
y
m
ark
ing
the q
ue
sti
on
directl
y.
If
I ha
ve
ti
m
e,
I
rea
d
.”
E
xam
ples o
f
teac
he
r
c
and
i
dates'
o
pi
ni
on
s
on t
he
to
pi
c are as f
ollows:
TC8
(F):
Muc
h
m
or
e
al
te
rn
at
ives
m
a
y
be
bette
r
fo
r
m
e.
I
choose
m
ulti
ple
al
te
rn
at
ives.
F
or
e
xam
ple,
I
we
nt
hom
e,
m
y
m
oth
er
ha
s
gone.
First,
I
cal
l
m
y
m
oth
er.
I
f
s
he
does
n’
t
an
swe
r,
I
c
al
l
m
y
father
.
I
f
he
do
e
sn’t
answer
too
,
I
go
to
m
y
gr
an
dm
a.
I
f
sh
e
is
absen
t
,
I
go
to
m
y
aun
t.
I
fend
for
m
ys
el
f
so
m
eho
w.
I
read
anyway
al
l
the
op
ti
ons
in
exa
m
inati
on
s.
Eve
n
in
so
m
e
te
s
ts
I
know
ob
viously
that
the
ri
gh
t
opti
on
is
"a",
and
act
ually
I
d
o
not even
need
to
loo
k
at
the o
th
ers,
but I
sti
ll
r
ead th
em
. S
o
m
et
i
m
es I
d
o
it
,
even
if it'
s a w
ast
e of
tim
e. Th
ink
i
ng that,
I
m
ay
ch
ang
e
m
y
m
ind
.
Wh
e
n
lo
oked
at
the
views
in
the
four
t
h
gra
de,
un
li
ke
the
Turkis
h
te
ache
r
can
did
at
es,
t
her
e
was
no
diff
e
re
nce
i
n
t
he
views
of
t
he
pr
im
ary
school
m
at
he
m
a
ti
cs
te
acher
ca
ndid
at
es.
Wh
il
e
the
thou
gh
ts
of
t
he
five
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
re
m
ai
ned
the
sa
m
e,
a
pros
pec
ti
ve
te
acher
w
ho
pre
viously
ind
ic
at
ed
that
sh
e
was
"cl
ose
"
to
gen
e
rate
al
te
r
na
ti
ves,
sta
te
d
t
hat
sh
e
sa
w
it
as
"necess
a
ry"
in
her
final
grade.
S
om
e
exa
m
ples
fr
om
teach
er
cand
i
dates’
ex
pr
essi
ons
a
re
:
TC6
(F
):
I
sea
r
ch fo
r
m
or
e ef
f
ect
ive so
l
utions u
ntil
I
am
certai
n
that t
he
so
l
ution i
s r
i
gh
t
f
or m
e.
TC7
(M): I
t
w
ou
l
d be e
noug
h for m
e, too
.
I d
o no
t
ge
ner
at
e alt
ern
at
ives
, I
us
e
the
read
y
on
e
.
3.4.
Te
acher c
andi
da
t
es'
v
ie
w
s
on seeki
n
g
e
vid
ence
in
th
e
first
an
d
four
th
grades
Turkis
h
an
d
pri
m
ary
school
m
at
he
m
at
ic
s
t
eacher
ca
nd
i
da
te
s
wer
e
aske
d
in
wh
ic
h
sit
ua
ti
on
s
they
belie
ve
t
he
tr
ut
h
or
validit
y
of
an
idea,
in
w
hich
sit
uations
th
ey
c
ha
nged
their
de
ci
sion
s
an
d
ho
w
they
evaluate
ad
vert
isi
ng
an
d
pro
pag
a
nda.
Wh
e
n
the
opinio
ns
of
Tu
r
kish
te
acher
can
dida
te
s
reg
ar
ding
the
crit
erions
of
th
e
accuracy
of
knowle
dge
are
exam
ined;
they
wer
e
f
ound
to
deci
de
with
e
m
otion
al
ref
e
ren
ces
.
Teacher
ca
ndidate
s
belie
ve
i
n
the
validit
y
of
knowle
dge
accor
ding
to
th
e
plausib
il
it
y
of
the
disc
ourse
or
th
e
sta
te
of
bein
g
per
s
ua
ded.
I
n
du
al
c
onve
rsat
ion
s
,
the
s
pea
ke
r'
s
cred
ibil
it
y
seem
s
to
be
e
noug
h
to
belie
ve
and
per
s
ua
de.
Fam
il
y
e
lders,
per
s
on
'
s
sty
le
and
at
t
it
ud
e,
pe
op
l
e'
s
gen
eral
perce
ption
/
ci
rcle
and
age
a
re
th
e
m
os
t
basic crit
eria a
ff
ect
in
g
the
de
ci
sion
s
of tea
cher
ca
ndidate
s.
Two teache
r
c
and
i
dates s
umm
arized their t
hought
s
on this s
ubj
ect
as:
TC5
(F)
:
There
are
m
o
m
ents
I
cannot
decid
e.
I
ta
lk
to
the
ot
he
rs,
I
thin
k
sam
e
as
the
pe
op
le
I
tr
us
t.
I
ask
m
y
fa
m
ily.
Of
co
urse
the
y
can
al
so
m
ak
e
the
wrong
de
ci
sion
,
bu
t
w
he
n
eve
ryo
ne
say
s
"y
es"
in
a
top
ic
,
it
is ver
y l
ow to be
wro
ng. I do
no
t
know.
I t
ry to lear
n by as
ki
ng
a
frie
nd. D
epends
on her
per
s
onal
it
y...
The
th
oughts
of
the
Tu
rk
is
h
t
eacher
can
did
a
te
s
reg
a
rd
i
ng
the
s
ource
of
in
form
ation
a
re
r
e
m
ark
able
.
The
m
ai
n
so
ur
ces
for
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
to
"re
sear
ch"
are
i
nter
ne
t,
cl
os
e
/
truste
d
f
rien
ds
a
nd
f
a
m
ily.
In
the
r
esearch
process
,
it
wa
s
obser
ve
d
th
at
the
can
did
a
t
es'
“readin
gs”
wer
e
"rea
d
f
ro
m
the
inter
net"
an
d
wh
e
n
they
expresse
d
"res
earch"
they
m
ean
"est
ablishi
ng
a
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
chai
n
w
it
h
their
fr
ie
nd
s
via
so
ci
al
m
edia
or
sm
s".
On
the
oth
e
r
hand,
ag
ai
n
in
t
he
a
bo
ve
e
xam
ple
(T
C5),
“…
w
hen
eve
ryo
ne
say
s
"y
es"
in
a
to
pi
c,
it
is
ver
y
lo
w
to b
e w
r
ong"
is
a d
e
vastat
ing
f
in
din
g
of
r
esea
rch.
W
he
n
the
sam
e
par
ti
ci
pa
nt
w
as
aske
d
“Y
ou r
ead
a
new
s
on
a
ne
w
sp
a
per
a
nd
fin
d
it
su
sp
ic
io
us,
wh
at
do
yo
u
do
?
”
s
he
re
plied
“neit
he
r
I
li
ke
to
inv
est
igat
e,
nor
a
m
I
cur
io
us
.
I
read
an
d
it
fin
ishes
there;
I
do
not
m
ull
ov
e
r.
”
Wh
e
n
Tu
rki
sh
te
acher
ca
ndidate
s
ask
ed
about
the
possi
bili
ty
of
c
ha
ng
i
ng
th
ei
r
decisi
on,
f
our
te
ac
her
can
did
at
es
sta
te
d
that
their
decisi
on
s
cha
nge
a
nd
they
thought
it
is na
tural, but
one of
the
te
ac
her
ca
nd
i
date
(TC
3
,
M)
in
dicat
ed
t
hat
he
cha
nges
his d
eci
sio
ns
, b
ut h
e
is n
ot p
le
ase
d wit
h
this
sit
uat
ion
.
E
xam
ples f
r
om
the teach
er ca
nd
i
date'
s ex
pressi
on are:
TC3
(M):
If
I
wer
e
the
only
on
e
li
ving
i
n
t
his
world,
I
w
ou
l
d
ha
ve
on
l
y
on
e
idea
.
B
ut
f
or
s
ome
people
yo
u
ha
ve
to
c
ha
nge
that
idea.
I
am
no
t
pleased
wi
th
it
bu
t
y
ou
a
re
obli
gate
d.
F
or
e
xam
ple,
if
I
am
go
i
ng
to
bu
y
a
car
with
m
y
father
,
I
c
hoos
e
on
e
a
nd
m
y
fat
her
c
hoos
es
a
nothe
r.
I
insist
on
m
y
cho
ic
e.
I
try
to
disp
a
rag
e
his
c
ho
ic
e.
I
f
I
c
an
not
su
cce
ss
the
n
there
is
n
oth
in
g
to
do.
Well
,
i
f
I
know
w
hat
the
sub
j
ect
is,
I
will
answer
bette
r.
On
the
t
op
ic
of
poli
ti
cs
I
hea
r
out.
B
ut
if
I
see
a
di
ff
e
ren
c
e,
if
it
'
s
reall
y
true,
I
fo
c
us
on
th
e
su
bject
a
nd
I
r
eal
ly
re
m
ai
n
c
on
sta
nt.
T
he
opposit
e
pe
rs
on
te
ll
s
and
te
ll
s
and
I
try
to
fi
nd
m
ist
akes.
I
weig
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
3
,
Sept
e
m
ber
2019
:
4
9
5
-
5
0
9
502
wh
et
her
the
re
is
a
con
tradict
i
on
in
his
say
ing
s.
I
try
to
cha
ng
e
his
m
ind
if
I
reall
y
value
hi
m
.
I
li
ste
n
t
o
the
opposit
e p
e
rs
on a
nd g
i
ve
th
e
nod, I
do n
ot m
ind
.
TC2
(F):
O
f
co
ur
se
,
decisi
on
s
change.
They
change
acc
ordi
ng
t
o
w
her
e
I
l
ive,
w
hat
I
le
ar
n
ab
out
the
sit
uation.
I
don’t
know,
I
m
ea
n,
it
do
es
n’
t
m
at
te
r.
So
m
et
i
mes
it
can
chan
ge
after
ver
y
lo
ng
tim
e;
so
m
e
tim
es
it
changes
i
n
the
m
or
nin
g
after
the
ev
eni
ng.
Pr
oba
bly;
if
yo
u
are
interact
in
g
with
the
rig
ht
people
in
t
he
place
yo
u
li
ve,
of
c
ourse
it
m
ay
chan
ge
,
but
s
uch
a
to
pic
does
no
t
com
e
to
m
y
m
ind
.
For
one
thing,
if
he
is
ye
ll
ing
too
m
uch
w
hile
ta
lkin
g,
I
pro
bab
ly
will
not
te
ll
hi
m
m
y
id
ea;
he
will
not
unde
rstan
d
no
m
a
tt
er
wh
at
I
do.
I
f
sh
e
does
qu
it
e
calm
an
d
c
oher
ent expla
n
at
ions, I wil
l re
veal
m
y ow
n i
deas
.
We
as
ked
t
he
Turkis
h
te
ach
er
can
did
at
es
about
their
t
houg
hts
on
s
oc
ia
l
no
rm
s,
ad
ve
rtisi
ng
a
nd
pro
pag
a
nda,
a
nd
how
these
aff
ect
them
.
On
e
te
ache
r
cand
idate
(T
C5,
F)
sta
te
d
that
adv
erti
sing
a
nd
pro
pag
a
nda
a
f
fects
he
rself
a
nd
one
te
ache
r
ca
nd
i
date
(
T
C2,
F)
e
xpres
s
ed
that
sh
e
is
par
ti
al
ly
influ
e
nced
;
wh
il
e
the
ot
her
three
te
ac
her
cand
i
dates
sta
te
d
that
t
hey
w
ere
not
a
ff
ect
e
d.
So
ci
al
norm
s
ha
ve
been
id
entifi
e
d
as a crite
ri
on that guide
s
decisi
on
s
for al
l pa
rtic
ipants. Exa
m
ples
fr
om
p
ar
ti
ci
pan
ts'
stat
e
m
ents are
as
fo
ll
ow
s:
TC1
(F):
T
he
so
ci
al
ru
le
s
a
r
e
no
t
s
o.
It
m
us
t
al
read
y
ha
ve
ef
fect
on
pe
op
le
.
For
exa
m
ple,
wh
en
I
ca
m
e fr
om
Ma
rd
i
n,
the f
ir
st, sp
eeche
s af
fecte
d
m
e. I
h
ave not seen
m
uch
trad
it
io
n
but t
he
dish
es are
different
.
But
wh
e
n
I'
m
go
i
ng
to
do
som
et
hin
g,
the
re
is
no
su
c
h
thi
ng
in
m
y
m
ind
as
I
am
do
in
g
so
m
et
hin
g
sh
a
m
efu
l.
But it
sh
ould a
ct
ually
, b
ecaus
e p
eo
ple in t
he c
omm
un
it
y can
f
i
nd
odd. But
the p
e
rs
on
m
us
t be h
im
sel
f,
so
I
do
no
t
c
onside
r
it
.
Ma
ybe
s
om
e
thing
ne
gative,
but
I
do
no
t.
My
fr
ie
nds
a
re
s
o
to
o.
Som
e
of
them
ar
e
ve
r
y
influ
e
nce
d by the
ru
le
s a
n da
ve
n
they
wa
rn
m
e b
y say
ing “
you
a
re
doin
g
t
his in
ther
e
, act
ually
you
sho
ul
dn’t”
In
the
2016
-
2017
aca
dem
i
c
ye
ar,
t
he
quest
io
ns
a
bout
the
process
of
decisi
on
m
aking
an
d
j
ust
ific
at
ion
of
their
decisi
ons
wer
e
aske
d
again
t
o
Tu
r
kish
te
ache
r
ca
ndidate
s.
When
the
res
pons
e
s
were
exam
ined,
rem
ark
a
ble
fin
dings
we
re
ob
ta
in
ed.
I
n
par
ti
cul
ar,
tw
o
te
ache
r
can
did
at
es
re
sp
on
de
d
to
di
f
fer
e
nt
qu
e
sti
on
s
t
hro
ugh
e
xam
ples
giv
e
n
in
fir
st
gr
a
de
inter
vie
ws.
A
te
acher
cand
i
date,
in
par
t,
m
ade
the
sa
m
e
exp
la
natio
n.
Wh
il
e
the
pa
rtic
ipants
sta
te
th
at
they
can
c
ha
ng
e
their
m
inds
by
the
guida
nce
of
t
he
people
the
y
trust
their
say
ing
s
a
nd
knowle
dg
e
,
offici
al
and
cre
di
ble
sources
ar
e
enou
gh
f
or
them
t
o
belie
ve
an
d
pe
rsu
a
de.
A
te
acher
ca
ndidate
TC2
(F
)
has
ref
e
rred
to
the
crit
erion
of
change
in
th
ought
as
us
ef
ul
ness
an
d
ex
pe
rience
by
say
ing
“i
f
I
li
ved
s
om
et
hin
g
to
c
hange
it
or
if
it
is
no
lo
ng
e
r
im
po
rtant
to
m
e
I
chan
ge
m
y
idea".
Agai
n
the
basic
data
s
our
ces
of
te
ac
her
cand
i
dates
are
fr
ie
nds
a
nd
the
internet.
A
te
acher
ca
ndidate
sta
te
d
that
he
i
ns
ist
s
on not to
ch
a
nge
his th
oughts
. E
xam
ples o
f
t
eacher
can
did
a
te
s'
stat
e
m
ents are give
n belo
w.
TC4
(M):
I
f
s
om
eon
e
who
is
m
or
e
knowle
dgeable
t
ha
n
m
e
te
ll
s
m
e
that
m
y
op
inio
n
is
wrong,
a
nd
if
s/he
ex
plains
i
t
reasona
bly,
then
I
c
ha
ng
e
.
But
norm
al
ly
m
y
tho
ughts
do
not
cha
nge
easi
ly
.
If
it
is
not
reasona
ble
ne
ws,
it
ca
nnot
c
hange.
I
f
I
ha
ve
a
ve
ry
qual
ifi
ed
op
i
nion,
it
will
no
t
be
a
ffec
te
d.
B
ut
if
th
e
eff
ect
of
op
inio
n
is
a
li
tt
le
,
then
it
m
ay
chan
ge
.
I
cha
ng
e
d
t
he
m
ind
s
of
oth
e
r
s…
it
is
releva
nt
to
m
y
trust
in
th
e
so
urce
of
t
he
new
s
.
For
e
xa
m
ple,
if
an
i
nst
ru
ct
or
I
tr
us
t
i
n
say
s
so
m
et
hin
g,
I
do
no
t
t
r
y
to
get
to
the
so
urce
m
uch
.
Af
te
r
al
l,
he'
s
pro
ve
n
hi
m
se
lf.
But
so
m
et
i
m
es
do
ct
or
e
d
ne
ws
c
om
es
ou
t
on
inter
net
pag
e
s.
I
in
vestigat
e
the tru
th
of
thi
s.
I
go into res
earchi
ng
wh
at
I
hear
w
hen
it
'
s a p
ers
on
or
pa
ge
that d
oes
no
t pr
ove it
sel
f.
Wh
e
n
I
a
m
research
in
g,
if
I
ha
ve
f
riend
s
i
n
the
set
ti
ng
I
am
in,
I
fi
rst
won
der
a
bo
ut
their
vie
ws
on
t
hat
subj
ect
.
I
do
researc
h
on
t
ha
t
m
at
te
r.
Af
te
r
that
I
do
this
researc
h
on
t
he
internet.
My
internet
pag
e
ha
s
fou
r
ne
ws
pa
ges.
Wh
e
ne
ver
t
here
is
an
incide
nt
,
the
re
port
c
om
es
ou
t
f
ro
m
al
l.
I
base
m
y
idea
on
t
heir
c
om
m
on
wr
it
in
gs.
The
n,
look at it
on
int
ern
et
.
The op
i
nions
of Tur
kish
teac
he
r
can
did
at
es a
bout a
dv
e
rtisi
ng and
pro
pag
a
nd
a
, soci
al
norm
s an
d
how
these
af
fect
the
m
are
al
so
in
pa
rall
el
with
the
opinio
ns
they
hav
e
in
first
cl
ass.
F
our
te
ach
er
ca
nd
i
dates
s
ta
te
d
that
they
wer
e
n
ot
af
fected
by
them
.
So
ci
al
no
rm
s
hav
e
bee
n
ide
ntifie
d
as
a
crit
erion
t
hat
gu
i
des
de
ci
sio
ns
f
or
al
l
par
ti
ci
pan
t
s.
A
te
acher
cand
i
date
(TC
5,
F)
has
s
ho
wn
he
r
c
on
tr
a
dicti
on
i
n
te
r
m
s
by
say
ing
“social
pr
ess
ures
gen
e
rall
y
do
no
t
i
m
pr
ess
m
e
very
m
uch
,
but
re
li
g
ion
a
nd
sty
le
of
cl
oth
in
g
i
nf
l
uen
ce
m
e".
All
the
qu
e
sti
on
s
unde
r
the
head
i
ng
"Seekin
g
evi
de
nce"
wer
e
al
s
o
directe
d
to
pri
m
ary
scho
ol
m
at
he
m
at
ic
s
teach
er
cand
i
dates.
Te
acher
ca
ndidat
es
are
as
ked
i
n
wh
ic
h
sit
uatio
ns
they
belie
ve
the
trut
h
or
va
li
dity
of
an
i
de
a,
in
wh
ic
h
sit
uatio
ns
they
cha
ng
ed
their
decisi
on
s
a
nd
ho
w
they
evaluate
adv
e
rtisi
ng
a
nd
pro
pa
ga
nd
a
.
The
respo
ns
es
are
pr
ese
nted
unde
r
the
them
es
o
f
crit
erio
n
of
a
ccur
acy
,
crit
eri
on
of
decisi
on
-
cha
ngin
g,
ef
f
ect
of
adv
e
rtisi
ng
an
d
pr
op
a
ga
nd
a
.
W
he
n
th
e
op
i
nions
re
ga
rd
i
ng
the
c
rite
rio
ns
of
t
he
acc
uracy
of
knowle
dg
e
a
re
exam
ined;
pr
im
ary
scho
ol
m
at
he
m
at
ic
s
teach
er
ca
nd
i
dates
wer
e
f
ound
decidin
g
with
e
m
otion
al
refe
ren
ces
.
Teacher
can
di
dates
belie
ve
i
n
acc
ur
acy
of
knowle
dge
acc
ordin
g
t
o
the
plausi
bili
ty
of
the
disc
ourse
or
t
he
sta
te
of
bei
ng
per
s
ua
ded.
In
du
al
co
nversati
on
s
,
s
ource
of
knowle
dge
or
the
s
pea
ker
'
s
cr
edibili
ty
seem
s
to
be
enou
gh
to b
el
ie
ve
an
d
pe
rsu
a
de.
Fam
ily
el
der
s,
pe
rs
on
'
s
sty
le
and
at
ti
tud
e,
people'
s
general
per
ce
ptio
n
/
ci
rcle
and
a
ge
a
re
th
e
m
os
t
basic
crit
eria
aff
ect
in
g
the
decisi
on
s
of
te
ac
her
c
and
i
dates.
T
w
o
te
ache
r
can
di
dates
su
m
m
arized t
heir
th
oughts o
n t
he
s
ubj
ect
a
s:
TC6
(F
):
I
thin
k
it
'
s
true
i
f
what
I
see
in
the
new
s
pa
per
or
wh
at
I
hea
r
fro
m
m
y
fr
ie
nd
s
ounds
lo
gical
to
m
e.
If
I
think
so
to
o,
I
beli
eve
it
and
it
so
un
ds
m
e
log
i
cal
.
But
if
I
do
no
t
li
ke
it
,
an
d
it
is
against
to
m
y
thought,
I d
o n
ot accept
sayi
ng "
no." I do
no
t t
hin
k i
t can
be, it
is absolute
ly
li
e. I
f I li
ke
i
t, it
’s
okay
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Wh
at is crit
ic
al
thinkin
g? A l
ongitu
dinal stu
dy
wi
th
te
ach
e
r can
didates
(
Se
rap Yılm
az
Ö
zel
çi
)
503
The
pr
im
ary
so
urces
of
pri
m
ary
m
a
the
m
at
i
cs
te
ach
er
ca
ndidate
s
to
"
res
earch"
a
re
the
internet
a
nd
cl
os
e
/
trusting
fr
ie
nds.
On
th
e
oth
er
hand,
e
xpressi
on
of
a
par
ti
ci
pa
nt
(T
C8,
F)
“
But
if
I
see
wi
th
my
eye,
I
hear
wi
th
my
ear,
or
I
have
con
c
ret
e
examp
le
s
tha
t
ar
e
tan
gi
ble,
I
belie
v
e
it
easier”
is
op
e
n
to
de
bate
in
the
con
te
xt
of
crit
ic
al
think
i
ng
s
ki
ll
s.
Pr
i
m
ary
m
at
hem
atics
te
a
cher
ca
ndidate
s
wer
e
as
ke
d
wh
et
her
it
is
possible
to
change
thei
r
decisi
ons.
W
hile
al
l
of
them
declared
tha
t
their
decisi
ons
cha
nged
a
nd
they
thou
gh
t
it
was
natu
ral, a teac
he
r
ca
nd
i
date (T
C9,
M)
e
xp
la
in
ed
the
sit
uatio
n as:
TC9
(M):
O
f
c
ourse,
if
I
thin
k
I'm
do
ing
wrong,
I
cha
nge
m
y
m
ind
.
So
m
et
i
m
es
thing
s
can
ha
ppe
n
li
ke;
you
can
see
that
wh
at
you
reall
y
think
is
righ
t
is
wrong.
It
can
be
aft
er
a
lon
g
ti
m
e.
Fo
r
e
xam
ple,
a
s
I
a
m
a
m
at
he
m
atici
a
n,
I
giv
e
a
n
ex
a
m
ple
fr
om
M
at
hem
atics.
Fo
r
exam
ple,
you
know
a
form
ula
and
yo
u
can
so
lv
e
al
l
the
quest
io
ns
that
c
om
e
up
a
gainst
with
it
.
In
fact,
yo
u
can
no
t
s
olv
e
al
l
the
quest
io
ns
with
on
e
f
orm
ula.
The
le
ct
urer
s
ay
s,
you
do
not
belie
ve
.
T
ha
t
h
ad
ha
pp
e
ne
d
to
m
e;
I
in
ven
te
d
a
form
ula
an
d
I
so
l
ve
d
al
l
the
qu
e
sti
on
s
us
i
ng
it
.
The
n
t
he
le
ct
ur
er
s
ai
d
that
you
ca
nn
ot
ap
ply
this
f
or
m
ula
to
eve
r
y
qu
est
io
n.
I
did
no
t
belie
ve.
The
n he
gav
e
m
e a questi
on a
nd I
s
aw
that t
he fo
r
m
ula d
id not r
e
al
ly
w
ork. I
a
g
reed.
Thr
ee
te
ac
her
cand
i
dates
in
dicat
ed
that
their
fam
i
li
es
and
cl
os
e
ci
rcles
w
ere
ve
ry
infl
ue
ntial
wh
il
e
changin
g
t
heir
decisi
ons.
It
was
as
ke
d
to
the
can
did
at
es
of
pri
m
ary
s
chool
m
at
he
m
at
ic
s
te
achers,
thei
r
thoughts
ab
out
adv
e
rtisem
ents
and
pr
op
a
ga
nd
a
s,
so
ci
al
norm
s
and
how
these
aff
ect
ed
the
m
.
Thr
ee
te
ache
r
cand
i
dates
(T
C6,
F;
TC9
,
M;
TC10,
M)
sta
te
d
that
t
he
a
dv
e
rtise
m
ent
an
d
pro
pa
ganda
did
not
aff
ect
them
sel
ves,
wh
il
e
the
three
te
acher
can
dida
te
s
(TC7,
M;
TC8,
F;
TC1
1,
F)st
at
ed
tha
t
they
wer
e
pa
rtia
ll
y
influ
e
nce
d.
Soci
al
norm
s
are
i
m
po
rta
nt
c
rite
ria
that
guide
decisi
on
s
for
al
l
pa
rtic
ipants
.
E
xam
pl
es
of
par
ti
ci
pa
nts'
stat
e
m
ents are
as
foll
ow
s:
TC7
(M
):
The
su
bject
that
t
he
ad
ver
ti
sem
ent
ref
er
s
to
m
us
t
be
so
m
et
hin
g
I'm
interest
ed
in.
I
do
no
t
think
I
li
ke
s
om
et
ing
in
t
he
ad
a
nd
bu
y
it
.
Ab
s
olu
te
ly
I
go
a
nd
lo
ok
at
i
t.
Pro
pag
a
nda
works,
I
t
hink,
aff
ect
s
people.
I
did
not
witness
per
s
on
al
ly
.
For
exa
m
ple,
han
d
kis
sing.
I
at
tribu
t
e
it
to
resp
ect
,
I
do
not
reg
a
rd
it
as
tradit
ion.
So
ci
al
ru
le
s
m
us
t
go
on.
Wh
en
I
was
in
9th
gr
ade,
the
stu
de
nts
wer
e
m
aking
up.
W
e
firs
tl
y
go
t
annoyed
. B
ut
we did t
he
sam
e in the
10t
h gra
de.
In
the
2016
-
20
17
aca
dem
ic
year
,
w
he
n
the
qu
e
sti
on
s
a
bout
the
decisi
on
m
aking
a
nd
ju
sti
ficat
ion
of
their d
eci
sio
ns
w
ere
ask
ed
aga
in
to
pri
m
ary
sc
hool
m
at
he
m
at
ic
s
te
acher
ca
nd
i
dates, r
em
a
rk
a
ble f
in
dings
we
re
ob
ta
ine
d.
Es
pe
ci
al
ly
two
te
acher
c
an
did
at
es
hav
e
m
entioned
that
t
hey
thin
k
wh
at
t
he
m
ajo
rity
say
s
im
p
or
ta
nt
in
desc
ribing
a
m
at
te
r
as
cor
r
ect
.
The
m
os
t
basic
crit
erio
n
us
e
d
to
belie
ve
in
the
cor
rect
ness
of
kn
ow
le
dg
e
is
again
fam
i
ly
.
A
te
ache
r
ca
ndidate
e
xpress
ed
he
r
op
i
nion
s
by
say
in
g
“
First
I
lo
ok
at
the
reli
abili
ty
of
t
he
so
urce
w
he
re
f
ro
m
I
hear
it
.
Then
l
ook
at
on
wh
ic
h
sub
j
ect
it
is
told,
wh
e
re
and
w
he
n
it
is
told.”
T
he
opin
ions
of
pri
m
ary
s
cho
ol
m
at
hem
a
tics
te
ache
r
ca
ndidate
s
re
garding
the
sourc
e
of
inf
orm
ation
are
sim
il
ar
to
their
views
i
n
2014.
The
m
ai
n
sour
ces
f
or
pa
rtic
ipants
to
"
resea
r
ch"
are
inter
ne
t
and
cl
os
e
/
tr
us
te
d
fr
ie
nds
i
n
2017
too
.
T
he
sit
uation
in
wh
ic
h
te
acher
ca
nd
i
dates
exp
resse
d
"I
read
or
resea
r
ch"
was
a
gain
ob
s
er
ved
as
"r
eadi
ng
from
the internet
" in 20
17.
TC7
(M):
But
if
it'
s
a
cur
io
us
m
at
te
r,
first
ask
m
y
fr
ie
nd
s,
and
if
t
hey
do
no
t
kn
ow,
I
do
searc
h
on
diff
e
re
nt w
e
bs
i
te
s.
Un
li
ke
in
20
14,
in
t
he
fou
rth
gr
a
de,
cha
nges
in
t
he
sit
uatio
n
of
cha
ngin
g
t
hinkin
g
of
pri
m
ary
school
m
at
he
m
at
ic
s
teach
er
ca
ndidat
es
wer
e
obser
ve
d.
I
n
2014,
al
l
the
te
acher
ca
nd
i
dates
we
re
op
e
n
to
c
ha
ng
e
their
m
ind
s,
an
d
in
2017,
tw
o
te
ac
her
ca
nd
i
dates
(TC6
,
F;
TC1
0,
M)
sta
te
d
that
they
did
not
c
hange
th
ei
r
m
i
nd
s
.
A
te
acher
ca
ndid
at
e'
s tho
ughts a
re e
xactl
y t
he
s
a
m
e as the f
i
rst
-
grade
th
oughts.
TC6
(
F)
:
S
ome
tim
es
I
do
not
belie
ve
t
hat
it
is
wrong
no
m
at
te
r
ho
w
wrong
it
is.
B
ut
eve
n
if
I
belie
ve,
it
is
ve
ry f
e
w.
The
th
oughts
of
oth
e
r
s ar
e
ve
ry v
al
ua
ble,
bu
t
f
or
m
e it
is only
an
a
lt
ern
at
ive th
ou
gh
t.
The
t
houghts
of
pri
m
ary
scho
ol
m
at
he
m
at
i
cs
te
acher
can
did
at
es
a
bout
adv
e
rtisi
ng
an
d
prop
a
ga
nda
,
so
ci
al
norm
s
a
nd
how
these
a
ff
ect
them
diff
er
sli
gh
tl
y
fr
om
the
first
gr
ade.
I
n
the
first
gr
a
de,
a
dv
e
rtisi
ng
an
d
pro
p
aga
nda
pa
rtia
ll
y
aff
ect
ed
the
three
te
acher
ca
nd
i
date
s;
in
the
four
t
h
grade
,
no
te
acher
ca
nd
i
da
te
is
influ
e
nce
d.
I
n
add
it
io
n,
w
hile
so
ci
al
no
rm
s
wer
e
in
flue
ntial
on
al
l
pr
ospe
ct
ive
te
achers
in
first
gr
a
de;
in
the
four
t
h gr
a
de, t
wo tea
che
r
ca
ndidate
s stat
e
d
t
hat s
ocial
norm
s d
id not af
fe
ct
them
sel
ves.
TC10
(M):
I'm
nev
e
r
im
pr
essed
by
so
m
et
hin
g
I
do
not
li
ke
or
do
no
t
car
e
about.
S
ocial
pr
ess
ur
e
s
…
No, it can
’t
3.5.
Te
acher c
andi
da
t
es'
v
ie
w
s
on o
bj
ec
ti
vit
y
i
n f
ir
s
t and f
ourth
gr
ad
es
Teacher
ca
nd
i
dates
wer
e
as
ke
d
ab
ou
t
their
views
on
ta
king
sides
an
d
ob
j
ect
ivit
y
and
w
ere
aske
d
to
exp
la
in
these
t
wo
sit
uatio
ns
base
d
on
their
own
e
xp
e
rien
ces.
T
he
quest
ion
s
we
re
first
directe
d
t
o
T
urkis
h
te
acher
ca
ndid
at
es
and
the
n
to
pri
m
ary
school
m
at
he
m
a
ti
cs
te
acher
ca
ndid
at
es.
The
m
os
t
strikin
g
po
i
nt
of
t
he
disco
urses
of
the
T
urkis
h
te
a
cher
can
did
at
e
s
is
that
t
hey
do
no
t
re
gard
t
he
ta
king
si
des
or
the
obj
ect
i
vi
ty
as
"goo
d"
or
"ba
d".
F
or
te
ac
he
r
can
did
at
es,
the
co
ncep
t
of
ta
ki
ng
side
s
include
s
the
m
eanin
gs
of
bein
g
connecte
d
t
o
a
tho
ug
ht
or
a
c
omm
on
po
int,
obj
ect
ivit
y
include
s
the
m
eani
ng
s
of
neu
t
rali
ty
,
no
t
par
ti
ci
pa
ti
ng
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
3
,
Sept
e
m
ber
2019
:
4
9
5
-
5
0
9
504
in
bo
t
h
thou
ghts,
reaching
a
com
m
on
resu
lt
.
On
ly
a
te
acher
cand
idate
has
sta
te
d
that
he
disapprove
of
ta
king
sides. E
xam
ples of teac
he
r
ca
nd
i
dates'
ex
pre
ssion
s
are
g
i
ve
n belo
w.
TC5
(F):
Taki
ng
si
des
is
to
be
be
hind
th
at
per
son
in
a
n
incide
nt.
O
bject
ivit
y
is
not
te
lling
to
anyt
hing
t
o
both
sides
,
t
hat’s
it
.
Pe
op
le
do
no
t
ha
ve
t
o
ta
ke
sides
or
be
obj
ect
iv
e.
It
m
a
y
var
y
de
pendi
ng
on
the
set
t
ing
.
F
or
exam
ple,
I
am
seen
as
ob
j
e
ct
ive
on
poli
ti
cal
issues.
I
ha
ve
m
y
ow
n
op
inion
bu
t
I
try
no
t
to
ref
le
ct
it
to
the
oth
er
si
de.
It’
s
sa
m
e
in
reli
gio
us
m
at
te
rs.
I
hav
e
a
belie
f
in
m
y
ow
n
wa
y,
bu
t
ot
her
s
do
not
need to
know a
bout it
. T
he
re i
s so
m
et
hin
g I
t
ake si
de
a
nd I
r
eal
ly
b
el
ie
ve
in
. I stan
d beh
i
nd it
.
Durin
g
the
inte
rv
ie
ws,
the
que
sti
on
was
as
ke
d
to
the
Tu
rk
is
h
te
acher
ca
nd
i
dates,
"
How
do
you
react
it
,
if
so
m
eon
e
you
lo
ve
ve
ry
m
uch
do
s
om
e
thing
y
ou
get
ver
y
an
gry
with
w
hen
s
om
eon
e
el
se
do
it
?
"
W
hil
e
four
of
t
he
res
pondents
sai
d
that
in
su
c
h
a
case,
the
pe
rs
on
he
lo
ves
w
il
l
be
m
or
e
tol
eran
t
a
nd
pers
on
al
cl
os
enes
s
will
so
fte
n
his
reacti
on
;
one
(TC3
,
M)
ind
ic
at
ed
t
hat
the
reacti
on
will
not
cha
nge
re
gardless
of
w
ho
the
oth
e
r
perso
n
is
by
say
ing
“I
will
certai
nly
op
en
m
y
m
i
nd
to
her,
I
wi
ll
tell
her
no
t
to
do
it
again.
I
t
do
es
no
t m
at
te
r
if it
's m
y fr
ie
nd
.”
Turkis
h
te
ach
er
can
did
at
es
wer
e
a
sk
e
d
a
gain
i
n
20
17
about
thei
r
vi
ews
on
ta
king
side
s
an
d
obj
ect
ivit
y
an
d
wer
e
as
ke
d
to
exp
la
in
th
ese
two
sit
uations
b
a
sed
on
their
own
ex
per
ie
nces.
U
nl
ike
the
pr
e
vious
e
xpre
ssion
s
,
i
n
the
four
t
h
gr
a
de,
the
th
ree
te
ac
he
r
ca
nd
i
dates
def
i
ned
ta
king
sides
a
s
a
ne
gative
sit
uation.
A
te
acher
can
did
at
e'
s
ex
planati
on
r
el
at
ed
to
t
he
to
pic
is
qu
it
e
stri
king:
TC1
(
F)
:
Takin
g
si
des
m
ean
s
to
be
in
on
e
s
ide
an
d
in
one
op
i
nion.
I
de
fine
ob
j
ect
ivit
y
as
a
per
son
who
is
not
bli
nd
ly
bo
und
up
with
anyt
hing
an
d
knows
ho
w
to
think
c
riti
cal
l
y.
Takin
g
side
s
is
ti
gh
tl
y
bounding
up
with
a
certai
n
ide
ology.
Objecti
vity
res
pects
that
ide
ol
og
y
as
wel
l
as
oth
e
r
ide
ologie
s.
I
t
hink
the
di
ff
ere
nce
betw
een
them
is
resp
ect
-
disres
pect.
A
t
eacher
can
did
a
te
,
on
the
ot
he
r
hand,
desc
rib
es
the
ne
gative
thou
gh
ts
of
ta
king
si
des
as:
TC3
(M):
the
w
ord
“par
ty
(taki
ng
side
)”
sho
uld
not
be
in
a
la
nguag
e
.
Ta
king
sides
is
accor
ding
to
whom
,
accor
ding to
w
hat
?
A
per
s
on sh
oul
d
no
t be a
m
e
m
ber
o
f
any co
m
m
un
it
y.
If
s/he b
ec
om
e
s a
m
e
m
ber
, s
/
he
will
procee
d
acco
r
ding
to
the
up
per
m
ind
‘s
th
oughts,
s
o
this
word
e
vokes
a
bad
m
eaning
for
m
e.
It’s
being
in
equ
al
dista
nce
to
al
l
ins
tuti
ons.
This
is
m
y
i
deo
l
og
y.
Obje
ct
ivit
y
is
no
t
be
ing
a
m
e
m
ber
of
anyt
hing.
Wh
e
n
you
ta
ke
sides
,
you
join
a
gro
up.
O
bj
ect
ivit
y
is
al
so
a
br
idge
to
fr
eed
om
.
I
think
,
e
ver
y
one
sh
ould
us
e
hi
s/her
own
m
ind
. S/
he
sho
uld
not be
und
e
r
t
he
in
flu
ence
of any
body
. S
/he m
us
t ac
t rati
on
al
ly
f
ir
s
t.
In
the
f
ourth
grade
,
the
quest
ion
was
as
ked
to
the
Tu
r
kish
te
acher
ca
nd
i
da
te
s
again:
"
H
ow
do
you
react
it
,
if
so
m
eon
e
yo
u
lo
ve
ver
y
m
uch
do
so
m
et
hin
g
you
get
ver
y
an
gry
with
wh
e
n
s
om
eon
e
el
se
do
it
?
".
Pr
e
viously
, two
teac
he
r
can
di
dates (TC5, F; TC1,
F)
who
sta
te
d
that t
he
reacti
on
to
their lov
e
d
ones wo
ul
d
be
so
fte
ning
t
his
tim
e
sta
te
d
that
they
w
ould
ex
pr
es
s
thei
r
reacti
on
ha
rs
hly.
Like
wise,
t
he
te
ac
her
can
did
at
e
(TC3
,
M),
who
sta
te
d
that
his
reacti
on
ca
nn
ot
be
c
hange
d
acco
r
ding
to
t
he
per
s
on
be
f
ore,
ex
pr
es
sed
t
ha
t
his
reacti
on to his
lov
e
d on
e
s
would be
softe
r
t
hi
s tim
e.
Af
te
r
the
T
urk
ish
te
acher
ca
ndidate
s,
al
l
the
qu
est
io
ns
re
ga
rd
i
ng
ta
ki
ng
sides
an
d
obje
ct
ivit
y
wer
e
directed
to
th
e
pr
im
ary
sch
oo
l
m
at
he
m
at
i
cs
te
acher
can
did
at
es;
they
are
re
quire
d
to
e
xp
la
in
thes
e
tw
o
sit
uations
acc
ordi
ng
to
t
heir
e
xp
e
riences
.
Pr
i
m
ary
school
m
at
hem
atics
te
a
cher
ca
nd
i
date
s
hav
e
e
xpress
ed
the
con
ce
pts
of
ta
king
si
des
a
nd
obj
ect
ivit
y
dif
f
eren
tl
y.
A
te
ac
her
can
did
at
e
(
TC6,
F)
i
nd
ic
a
te
d
that
ta
ki
ng
sides
is
m
or
e
correc
t
by
say
in
g
".
..
ta
king
si
des
i
s
not
e
xactl
y
the
sam
e
as
the
fa
natic
,
but
si
m
il
ar.
Objecti
vity
is
against
them
.
But
obj
ect
ivit
y
is
no
t
good.
I
think
t
hat
pe
op
le
'
s
tho
ughts
do
not
th
rive
s
o.
On
e
ca
n
not
de
velo
p
him
sel
f.
Of
co
ur
se
,
i
t'
s
no
t
good
bein
g
to
o
m
uch
fa
natic
,
bu
t
people
w
il
l
no
t
be
ob
j
e
ct
ive
ei
ther
“
wh
il
e
ano
t
her
te
ache
r
cand
i
date
(T
C9,
M)
def
e
nd
s
obj
ect
ivit
y
by
say
ing
"...
obj
ect
ivit
y
is
gen
erall
y
bette
r.
Nob
od
y
com
es
to
discuss
with
you
w
hen
yo
u
are
obj
ect
iv
e.
Wh
e
n
you
ta
k
e
a
s
ide,
you
have
to
const
antly
argue
...
They'
re
al
l
discuss
in
g
eac
h
ot
her
.
The
re
are
eve
n
dea
d
pe
op
le
".
The
ot
he
r
f
our
te
ac
her
can
did
at
es
did
not
consi
der
ta
ki
ng
si
des
or
the
obj
ect
i
vity
as
"g
ood"
or
"b
ad".
They
m
entione
d
t
hat
if
there
is
a
m
at
te
r
of
in
te
rest,
cl
os
e
ness
or
a
sit
ua
ti
on
that
af
fe
ct
s
hu
m
an
li
fe
neg
at
ively
,
t
he
y
sh
ould
ta
ke
sides
an
d
th
ey
can
ta
ke
side
or
be
obj
ect
ive
ac
cordin
g
to
the
ir
li
fe
sit
uation.
E
xam
ples
of
te
acher
ca
nd
idate
s'
sta
temen
ts
are
giv
e
n belo
w.
TC8
(F):
T
hes
e
are
the
pa
rtis
ans
hip
that
em
erg
es
beca
us
e
of
our
reli
gi
on
and
natio
nal
f
eel
ing
s.
B
ut
hu
m
an
bein
gs
m
us
t
take the s
ides that do
no
t con
tradict
the
ir v
al
ue
judgm
ents, or
in situat
ion
s that
m
ove their
national
feeli
ngs
i
nto
act
ion.
But
if
the
re
i
s
no
c
rim
e
against
hum
anity
or
a
sit
uatio
n
that
kill
s
or
e
xp
l
oits
people
in
the
c
ountry
w
hich
we
ha
ve
no
po
l
it
ic
al
or
so
ci
al
relat
ion
s,
it
is
necessa
ry
to
le
ave
it
s
internal
aff
ai
rs
to
it
sel
f.
A
nim
al
s
cannot
be
s
la
ughtere
d
to
o.
They
ar
e
al
rea
dy
wea
k
c
reatu
res,
c
om
par
ed
to
hum
ans.
A
ny
way
a
pe
rson
an
d
a
n
a
nim
al
cann
ot
be
c
on
si
dered
e
qual
;
that
is,
in
al
l
sit
uat
ion
s
w
hich
is
consi
der
e
d
as
crim
e
against
hu
m
an
it
y,
on
e
def
i
nitel
y
m
us
t
ta
ke
a
side.
B
ut
it
will
no
t
be
c
onside
red
a
cri
m
e
against
hu
m
anity
,
how
t
o
say
,
I
do
no
t
rem
e
m
ber
a
n
e
xam
p
le
.
Ther
e
is
a
prot
est
in
a
co
untr
y,
Tu
rkey
can
be
ta
ke
si
de
if
there
is
a
protest
relat
e
d
to
hum
an
rig
hts,
bu
t
it
is
no
t
necessary
for
Tu
rk
ey
to
ta
ke
side
f
or
s
ome
thing
ordi
nary
.
Both
people
a
nd
c
ou
ntries
ca
n
ta
ke
sides
f
ro
m
tim
e
to
tim
e.
There
is
no
good
or
bad
in
the
sit
ua
ti
on
of
ta
ki
ng
sides
or
obj
ect
ivit
y.
Accor
ding to o
ne'
s o
w
n
val
ue
s an
d p
oin
t o
f view this m
ay
change. I thi
nk it
w
ou
l
d
be wr
ong
to
say
that
it
is
good
or
it
is
ba
d.
TC
11
(M
):
Takin
g
si
de
is
no
t
a
ba
d
thi
ng.
(T
w
o
f
rien
ds
are
ar
guin
g.
)
I
do
not
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