I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in
E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
22
,
p
p
.
1
93
~
2
0
0
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ijer
e
.
v
11
i
1
.
2
2
0
3
8
193
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
The dev
elo
pmen
t
a
nd va
lida
tion o
f
the
pri
ncipa
l inno
v
a
tion
lea
dership sca
le i
n Ma
la
y
sia
n seco
nda
ry
scho
o
ls
Da
y
a
ng
Ra
f
ida
h Sy
a
rif
f
M
.
F
ua
d,
K
ha
lip
M
u
s
a
,
H
a
m
ida
h Yus
o
f
,
Z
a
ha
ri
H
a
s
him
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
Ec
o
n
o
mi
c
s,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
i
P
e
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
S
u
l
t
a
n
I
d
r
i
s,
Ta
n
j
o
n
g
M
a
l
i
m,
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ap
r
18
,
2
0
2
1
R
ev
is
ed
Dec
2
,
2
0
2
1
Acc
ep
ted
Dec
18
,
2
0
2
1
S
c
h
o
lars
u
se
d
m
u
lt
ip
le
v
a
riab
les
in
m
e
a
su
rin
g
in
n
o
v
a
t
io
n
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
iffere
n
c
e
s
in
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
o
f
th
is
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
i
n
d
iffere
n
t
field
s.
W
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
t
h
e
in
str
u
m
e
n
t
to
fi
ll
in
th
e
g
a
p
s
i
n
a
c
a
d
e
m
icia
n
s’
a
n
d
sc
h
o
lars
’
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
ts
p
e
rtain
in
g
to
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
o
f
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
l
e
a
d
e
rsh
ip
,
e
sp
e
c
ially
in
th
e
se
n
se
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
a
ims
to
e
x
p
lain
t
h
e
in
stru
m
e
n
t
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
p
ro
c
e
ss
o
f
t
h
e
fa
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
ten
t
v
a
li
d
it
y
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
se
d
d
ime
n
sio
n
s
a
n
d
it
e
m
s.
All
th
e
c
o
n
str
u
c
ts
we
re
g
e
n
e
ra
ted
t
h
ro
u
g
h
a
rig
o
ro
u
s
re
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
li
tera
tu
re
.
T
h
e
re
we
re
s
ix
e
x
p
e
rt
s
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
v
a
li
d
a
ti
n
g
t
h
e
fa
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
te
n
t
v
a
li
d
it
y
o
f
t
h
is
i
n
stru
m
e
n
t.
Co
n
ten
t
v
a
li
d
it
y
in
d
e
x
(CVI)
a
n
d
M
o
d
ifi
e
d
Ka
p
p
a
sta
ti
stics
we
re
u
se
d
.
Th
e
c
u
t
-
o
ff
p
o
in
t
o
f
a
ll
i
tem
s
wa
s
0
.
8
wh
ich
re
tain
e
d
a
s
a
fi
n
a
l
i
n
stru
m
e
n
t.
Th
e
re
fo
re
,
fr
o
m
t
h
e
5
8
i
tem
s,
fo
u
r
we
re
d
e
lete
d
a
s
it
i
s
n
o
t
re
a
c
h
e
d
th
e
lev
e
l
o
f
a
g
re
e
m
e
n
t
b
e
twe
e
n
a
ll
th
e
e
x
p
e
rts.
Th
e
fin
a
l
in
str
u
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
f
u
rth
e
r
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
c
o
n
siste
d
o
f
5
4
it
e
m
s
wh
ich
fe
ll
u
n
d
e
r
e
ig
h
t
d
ime
n
si
o
n
s,
n
a
m
e
ly
:
i
)
Cre
a
ti
v
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
;
ii
)
I
d
e
a
l
in
flu
e
n
c
e
;
iii
)
Eff
e
c
ti
v
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
;
iv
)
Emp
o
we
rm
e
n
t
a
n
d
m
e
n
t
o
ri
n
g
;
v
)
Tec
h
n
ica
l
sk
il
ls
;
vi
)
E
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rsh
ip
;
v
ii
)
Op
e
n
in
g
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
;
a
n
d
v
ii
i
)
Cl
o
si
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
we
re
id
e
n
ti
fied
.
Th
e
r
e
fo
re
,
th
is
in
stru
m
e
n
t
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
u
ti
l
ize
d
fo
r
f
u
rth
e
r
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
n
ten
t v
alid
ity
Face
v
alid
ity
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
I
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
Prin
cip
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Kh
alip
Mu
s
a
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
M
an
ag
em
en
t,
Facu
lty
o
f
Ma
n
ag
em
en
t a
n
d
E
c
o
n
o
m
ics,
Un
iv
er
s
iti Pen
d
id
ik
an
Su
ltan
I
d
r
is
3
5
9
0
0
,
T
an
j
o
n
g
Ma
lim
,
Per
ak
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail: k
h
alip
@
f
p
e.
u
p
s
i.e
d
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
D
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
Plan
(
PP
PM)
2
0
1
3
-
2
0
2
5
aim
s
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
in
lin
e
with
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
an
d
s
o
cial
l
an
d
s
ca
p
e.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
d
is
r
u
p
tiv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
to
o
u
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
r
o
b
o
ti
cs,
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
,
an
d
th
e
au
t
o
m
atio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
-
r
elate
d
jo
b
s
co
u
ld
h
elp
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
is
v
is
io
n
[
1
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
2
1
s
t
-
cen
tu
r
y
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
elec
tr
o
n
ic
less
o
n
p
lan
n
in
g
(
eRP
H
)
,
S
ek
o
la
h
B
esta
r
i
(
Sm
ar
t
Sch
o
o
ls
)
,
Sm
ar
t
L
ab
,
Net
Sch
o
o
l
Pro
jects,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ta
b
lets
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
,
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
,
a
n
d
m
a
n
y
o
th
er
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
is
ev
o
lv
in
g
at
a
r
ap
id
p
ac
e
in
tan
d
e
m
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
th
e
b
u
s
in
es
s
an
d
s
o
cial
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
As
d
et
er
m
in
ed
b
y
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ar
k
et,
th
ese
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t h
av
e
r
esu
lted
in
in
ter
n
atio
n
ally
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
u
p
ils
.
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
q
u
ality
,
eq
u
ity
an
d
eq
u
ality
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
co
s
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
r
ev
en
u
e
m
a
x
i
m
izatio
n
f
r
o
m
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
v
e
s
tm
en
t
[
2
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
m
u
s
t
co
n
tin
u
e
t
o
b
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t in
lig
h
t
o
f
s
o
ciet
y
’
s
ch
an
g
in
g
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
an
d
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
’
s
r
ap
id
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
22
:
1
93
-
200
194
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
n
ec
ess
itates
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
o
u
ts
tan
d
i
n
g
p
r
in
c
ip
als
wh
o
p
o
s
s
ess
q
u
alities
s
u
ch
as
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
;
cr
itical
an
d
an
aly
tical
th
in
k
in
g
;
cr
ea
tiv
i
ty
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
;
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
k
ills
;
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
s
k
ills
;
p
er
s
o
n
al
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
k
ills
;
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
s
k
ills
;
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t;
team
wo
r
k
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
;
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
a
n
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
to
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
;
g
lo
b
al
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
;
as
well
a
s
n
o
n
-
r
ac
ial
eq
u
itab
le
an
d
in
c
lu
s
iv
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
3
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
h
ad
r
aised
a
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
lead
er
’
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
s
h
ap
e
th
e
n
atu
r
e
an
d
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
ev
er
y
m
em
b
e
r
s
’
cr
ea
tiv
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
in
th
eir
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
[
4
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
ey
will
h
av
e
to
wo
r
k
with
m
o
r
e
n
u
an
c
ed
p
r
o
b
lem
s
r
eg
u
la
r
ly
.
As
a
r
esu
lt
,
in
d
iv
id
u
als
n
ee
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
an
d
im
a
g
in
ativ
e
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
d
aily
o
b
s
tacle
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
ese
k
in
d
s
o
f
lea
d
er
s
wo
u
l
d
b
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
th
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
[
6
]
.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
atel
y
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
a
ctice
s
in
th
e
2
0
th
c
en
tu
r
y
ar
e
u
n
ab
le
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
lead
er
s
h
i
p
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
th
is
ce
n
tu
r
y
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
o
ld
an
d
r
ig
id
au
th
o
r
itar
ian
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
ti
ce
ca
n
n
o
t d
ec
r
y
p
t th
e
ac
cu
m
u
l
atin
g
an
d
p
r
e
v
alen
t
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
we
f
ac
e
in
th
is
ce
n
tu
r
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
ail
in
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
ig
n
o
r
e
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
ch
an
g
e
to
m
ee
t
f
u
tu
r
e
ch
alle
n
g
es.
I
n
s
tead
,
it
is
p
r
eo
cc
u
p
ied
with
ch
an
g
es
th
at
af
f
ec
t
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
o
u
tco
m
es.
C
o
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
lead
e
r
s
an
d
p
e
o
p
le
o
f
ten
p
lace
a
h
ig
h
e
r
p
r
e
m
iu
m
o
n
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
th
e
s
tat
u
s
q
u
o
th
an
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
an
d
p
r
o
jectin
g
t
h
eir
f
u
tu
r
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
lead
er
s
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
lack
th
e
v
alu
es,
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
s
k
ills
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
Ma
n
y
r
esear
c
h
er
s
ar
g
u
e
t
h
at
l
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
is
a
cr
u
cial
f
ac
to
r
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
8
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
ev
e
r
y
s
ch
o
lar
h
as
th
ei
r
o
wn
o
p
in
io
n
o
n
h
o
w
to
l
ea
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
.
T
h
ey
u
s
ed
v
ar
i
o
u
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
.
So
m
e
s
ch
o
lar
s
u
s
ed
s
in
g
le
lead
er
s
h
i
p
s
k
ills
to
lead
in
n
o
v
atio
n
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
A
s
in
g
le
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
ty
les
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
al
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
4
]
t
o
c
h
ar
is
m
atic
lead
er
s
h
i
p
[
1
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
s
in
g
le
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
ty
le
ca
n
n
o
t
lead
in
n
o
v
atio
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
1
]
.
I
t
is
m
o
r
e
u
s
ef
u
l
to
h
av
e
a
m
ix
tu
r
e
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
lex
ib
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
n
o
v
a
t
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Dif
f
er
en
t le
ad
er
s
h
i
p
s
ty
les
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lev
els,
ty
p
es
a
n
d
i
n
v
a
r
io
u
s
in
n
o
v
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
u
s
t k
ee
p
u
p
w
ith
t
h
e
co
m
p
le
x
ity
an
d
s
p
ee
d
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
we
co
n
d
u
cted
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
d
u
e
to
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
g
ap
in
o
u
r
cu
r
r
en
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
ac
ce
p
tab
le
lead
er
s
h
ip
th
e
o
r
ie
s
.
Fu
ad
,
M
u
s
a,
an
d
Hash
im
[
2
3
]
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
o
f
P
r
in
cip
al
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
L
ea
d
er
s
h
i
p
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
lin
e
with
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
a
m
ix
tu
r
e
o
f
s
ev
er
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
ty
les with
in
an
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
[
2
4
]
to
in
s
p
ir
e
p
e
o
p
le
to
g
e
n
er
a
te
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
id
ea
s
,
n
ew
s
er
v
ices,
n
ew
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
o
r
n
ew
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
m
p
licated
an
d
c
o
m
p
lex
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
in
wh
ich
in
n
o
v
atio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
also
n
ec
ess
it
ates
a
n
ew
k
in
d
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
Of
ten
,
o
r
g
an
izat
io
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
s
ty
les
f
o
r
ea
c
h
ty
p
e
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
p
h
ase,
an
d
le
v
el
o
f
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ef
f
o
r
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
a
d
e
to
id
en
tif
y
th
e
k
ey
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
s
ty
les
th
at
will
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
n
o
v
a
tio
n
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
t
h
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ar
e
cr
itical
f
o
r
g
u
id
in
g
th
e
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t o
f
Ma
la
y
s
ia’
s
p
r
in
c
ip
al’
s
in
n
o
v
atio
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
dev
elo
pm
ent
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
th
r
ee
s
tep
s
[
2
5
]
:
i
)
Dete
r
m
in
e
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
th
eo
r
y
ch
o
s
en
;
ii
)
Gen
er
atio
n
o
f
item
s
;
an
d
iii
)
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
,
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
an
d
co
n
te
n
t
an
aly
s
is
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
o
f
th
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
f
o
u
r
d
is
tin
ct
d
atab
ases
u
s
es
th
e
ter
m
s
‘
in
n
o
v
atio
n
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
’
,
‘
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
’
,
‘
lea
d
e
r
s
h
ip
in
in
n
o
v
atio
n
’
,
‘
d
is
r
u
p
ti
v
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
’
,
an
d
‘
r
ad
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
’
.
Sco
p
u
s
,
Sp
r
in
g
er
,
E
m
er
ald
,
an
d
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
wer
e
th
e
d
atab
ases
u
s
ed
d
u
e
t
o
th
eir
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
jo
u
r
n
al
in
d
e
x
in
g
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
s
wer
e
also
u
s
ed
as
g
r
ey
liter
atu
r
e
in
th
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
Af
ter
g
o
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
t
o
tal
o
f
9
1
6
jo
u
r
n
al
s
,
th
er
e
wer
e
6
2
ar
ticles
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
th
e
f
in
al
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
al
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
wed
th
at
4
4
%
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
lead
er
s
h
i
p
s
k
ills
,
3
6
%
u
s
ed
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
th
eir
p
r
im
ar
y
r
esear
ch
,
1
1
%
u
s
ed
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
an
d
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
,
an
d
3
%
u
s
ed
au
th
en
tic
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
ial
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
,
an
d
am
b
i
d
ex
tr
o
u
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
Or
g
a
n
is
atio
n
f
o
r
E
co
n
o
m
ic
C
o
-
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
(
OE
C
D
)
[
2
6
]
,
f
o
u
r
ty
p
es
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
ex
is
t
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
:
p
r
o
d
u
ct
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
an
d
m
ar
k
etin
g
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
.
T
h
e
in
t
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
n
ew,
r
en
ewa
l
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
cts
o
r
s
er
v
ices,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
,
d
eliv
er
y
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
s
o
f
twar
e
u
s
ed
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
m
ar
k
eti
n
g
th
e
n
ew
co
u
r
s
es
o
f
f
er
e
d
,
o
r
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
all
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
d
e
f
in
itio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
g
iv
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
OE
C
D
[
2
]
,
f
o
u
r
th
e
o
r
etica
l
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
wer
e
ch
o
s
e
n
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
:
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
al
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
,
am
b
id
e
x
tr
o
u
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
co
m
p
e
ten
ce
.
T
h
e
n
,
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
wh
ich
ag
r
ee
d
u
p
o
n
all
th
es
e
th
r
ee
th
e
o
r
etica
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es
E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
d
ev
elo
p
men
t
a
n
d
v
a
lid
a
ti
o
n
o
f th
e
p
r
in
cip
a
l in
n
o
va
tio
n
lea
d
ers
h
ip
…
(
Da
ya
n
g
R
a
fid
a
h
S
ya
r
iff M.
F
u
a
d
)
195
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
wer
e
f
o
r
m
ed
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e,
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
an
item
ad
a
p
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
Mu
ltifa
cto
r
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
Qu
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
(
ML
Q
-
5
X)
,
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
Qu
esti
o
n
n
air
e
[
2
7
]
,
an
d
Am
b
i
d
ex
tr
o
u
s
L
ea
d
e
r
s
h
ip
Qu
esti
o
n
n
air
e
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
item
s
wer
e
p
lace
d
in
a
tab
le
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
an
d
th
eo
r
etica
l
co
d
es,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
tep
was
to
r
ef
in
e
an
d
o
r
g
an
ize
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
in
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
m
ats
an
d
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
.
A
to
tal
o
f
5
8
item
s
wer
e
f
in
alize
d
in
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
an
d
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
eig
h
t
m
ain
th
em
es,
n
am
ely
:
i
)
C
r
ea
tiv
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
;
ii
)
I
d
ea
l
in
f
l
u
en
ce
;
iii
)
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
;
iv
)
E
m
p
o
we
r
m
en
t
an
d
m
en
to
r
i
n
g
;
v
)
T
ec
h
n
ical
s
k
ills
;
vi
)
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
;
v
ii
)
Op
en
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
;
an
d
v
iii
)
C
lo
s
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
en
,
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
u
n
d
er
g
o
es
a
r
ev
iew
b
y
s
ix
-
p
an
el
ex
p
er
ts
.
Feed
b
ac
k
o
n
th
e
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
co
n
ten
t v
alid
ity
o
f
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t w
as a
ls
o
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
T
ab
le
1
.
I
tem
s
g
e
n
er
ated
f
o
r
e
ac
h
d
im
en
s
io
n
i
d
en
tifie
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iew
m
eth
o
d
Th
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
c
o
d
e
s
Th
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
c
o
d
e
s
D
i
me
n
s
i
o
n
1
:
C
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
1.
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
2.
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
3.
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
v
i
e
w
s o
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
4.
N
e
w
w
a
y
s
t
o
s
o
l
v
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
5.
N
o
t
c
r
i
t
i
c
i
z
e
d
t
h
e
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
i
d
e
a
s
6.
C
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
sse
s
7.
S
o
l
v
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
8.
G
i
v
e
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
.
D
i
me
n
s
i
o
n
2
:
Id
e
a
l
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
9.
C
o
mm
o
n
m
i
ssi
o
n
1
0
.
H
a
v
e
p
r
i
d
e
1
1
.
Te
a
m
w
e
l
f
a
r
e
1
2
.
I
d
e
a
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
1
3
.
Ex
p
e
r
t
s
h
e
l
p
1
4
.
A
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
t
i
me
f
o
r
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
1
5
.
Th
e
c
r
o
ss
-
sec
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
e
a
m
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
sc
h
o
o
l
s
1
6
.
C
o
n
v
e
y
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
i
d
e
a
s
t
o
st
a
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
r
s
D
i
me
n
s
i
o
n
3
:
E
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
1
7
.
F
u
t
u
r
e
v
i
s
i
o
n
1
8
.
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
v
i
si
o
n
1
9
.
O
p
t
i
mi
s
t
i
c
2
0
.
F
u
l
l
e
n
t
h
u
si
a
sm
2
1
.
C
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
2
2
.
A
p
p
e
a
l
i
n
g
v
i
si
o
n
2
3
.
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
mm
e
r
c
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
2
4
.
A
ssessme
n
t
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
u
c
c
e
ss
D
i
me
n
s
i
o
n
4
:
E
mp
o
w
e
r
me
n
t
a
n
d
m
e
n
t
o
r
i
n
g
2
5
.
S
e
l
f
-
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
2
6
.
I
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
p
l
a
y
e
r
2
7
.
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
2
8
.
M
e
n
t
o
r
i
n
g
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
2
9
.
I
d
e
a
s
-
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
3
0
.
I
d
e
a
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
3
1
.
A
v
o
i
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
w
o
r
k
p
l
a
n
s
3
2
.
F
r
e
e
d
o
m
a
n
d
a
u
t
o
n
o
m
y
D
i
me
n
s
i
o
n
5
:
T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
sk
i
l
l
s
3
3
.
C
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
t
o
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
3
4
.
C
h
o
o
se
i
d
e
a
s
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
e
d
3
5
.
K
n
o
w
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
c
o
mm
e
r
c
i
a
l
i
z
e
d
i
d
e
a
s
3
6
.
A
b
l
e
t
o
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
mar
k
e
t
r
e
t
u
r
n
s
3
7
.
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
c
r
o
ss
-
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
e
a
ms
D
i
me
n
s
i
o
n
6
:
E
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
sh
i
p
3
8
.
En
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
s
h
i
p
s
k
i
l
l
s
3
9
.
N
e
w
i
d
e
a
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
4
0
.
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
c
o
mm
e
r
c
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
4
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
w
i
t
h
o
t
h
e
r
c
o
m
p
e
t
i
t
o
r
s
4
2
.
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
n
e
w
i
d
e
a
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
4
3
.
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
n
e
w
i
d
e
a
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
sc
h
o
o
l
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
sh
i
p
s
4
4
.
Th
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
D
i
me
n
s
i
o
n
7
:
Op
e
n
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
4
5
.
O
p
e
n
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
4
6
.
N
e
w
i
d
e
a
s
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
me
n
t
4
7
.
F
r
e
e
d
o
m
o
f
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
4
8
.
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
t
h
e
st
a
t
u
s
q
u
o
4
9
.
R
i
s
k
-
t
a
k
i
n
g
5
0
.
A
l
l
o
w
s
mi
s
t
a
k
e
s
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
m
i
st
a
k
e
s
5
1
.
H
i
g
h
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
c
e
f
o
r
f
a
i
l
u
r
e
D
i
me
n
s
i
o
n
8
:
C
l
o
s
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
5
2
.
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
t
h
e
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
me
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
g
o
a
l
s
5
3
.
S
e
t
a
r
o
u
t
i
n
e
5
4
.
Ta
k
e
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
v
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
5
5
.
F
o
l
l
o
w
t
h
e
r
u
l
e
s
5
6
.
S
h
a
r
e
d
a
c
c
o
m
p
l
i
s
h
me
n
t
s
i
n
a
ssi
g
n
me
n
t
s
5
7
.
D
o
n
o
t
a
l
l
o
w
m
i
st
a
k
e
s
5
8
.
F
o
l
l
o
w
t
h
e
o
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
p
l
a
n
2
.
2
.
J
ud
g
em
ent
o
f
t
he
dev
elo
ped ins
t
rum
ent
s
I
n
th
is
s
tag
e,
ju
d
g
m
e
n
t
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
th
e
e
x
p
er
ts
.
T
h
is
ju
d
g
em
en
t
is
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
item
s
m
ee
t
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
lev
e
l
o
f
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
c
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
Sh
r
o
ty
ia
a
n
d
Dh
an
d
a
[
2
8
]
,
ex
p
er
ts
m
u
s
t
b
e
ch
o
s
en
b
ase
d
o
n
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
p
r
o
f
es
s
io
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
tr
ain
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
an
e
l
ex
p
er
ts
was
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
s
ch
o
o
l
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
,
b
r
o
a
d
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
tu
d
ies,
an
d
ad
eq
u
ate
tr
ain
in
g
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
.
T
ab
le
2
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
d
esig
n
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
o
m
ain
ex
p
er
ts
,
th
eir
af
f
iliatio
n
an
d
y
ea
r
s
o
f
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
.
All th
e
e
x
p
er
ts
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
th
an
ten
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
an
d
a
r
e
f
a
m
iliar
with
th
e
th
em
atic
d
o
m
ai
n
o
f
co
n
ce
p
ts
in
in
n
o
v
atio
n
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tice
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
was
b
ased
o
n
L
y
n
n
’
s
[
2
9
]
,
wh
ich
ad
v
is
ed
a
m
in
im
u
m
o
f
th
r
ee
ex
p
er
ts
an
d
a
m
u
s
t
n
o
t
b
e
m
o
r
e
th
an
ten
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
s
ix
ex
p
er
ts
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t’
s
f
ac
e
an
d
co
n
ten
t v
ali
d
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
is
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
clar
ity
an
d
am
b
ig
u
ity
o
f
th
e
item
s
,
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
th
e
g
r
am
m
ar
u
s
ed
,
s
en
ten
ce
s
tr
u
ctu
r
in
g
,
th
e
s
p
ellin
g
o
f
th
e
wo
r
d
s
,
r
elev
an
ce
f
o
n
t
s
ize,
an
d
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t’
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
eith
e
r
in
it
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
o
r
f
o
r
m
at
u
s
ed
to
ass
e
s
s
th
e
item
f
o
r
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
[
3
0
]
.
W
e
u
s
ed
co
m
m
en
ts
an
d
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
an
el
ex
p
er
ts
’
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
[
3
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
22
:
1
93
-
200
196
T
ab
le
2
.
Su
b
ject
m
atter
s
e
x
p
er
ts
(
SME
s
)
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
y
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
ten
t v
alid
ity
p
h
ase
D
e
si
g
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
o
m
a
i
n
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Y
e
a
r
s
o
f
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
P
r
o
f
e
sso
r
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
P
e
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
S
u
l
t
a
n
I
d
r
i
s
36
P
r
o
f
e
sso
r
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
S
u
l
t
a
n
Za
i
n
a
l
A
b
i
d
i
n
30
A
sso
c
i
a
t
e
P
r
o
f
e
sso
r
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
P
e
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
S
u
l
t
a
n
I
d
r
i
s
29
S
e
n
i
o
r
Le
c
t
u
r
e
r
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
U
t
a
r
a
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
20
S
e
n
i
o
r
Le
c
t
u
r
e
r
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
U
t
a
r
a
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
20
S
e
n
i
o
r
Le
c
t
u
r
e
r
K
e
d
a
h
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
Tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
23
T
h
e
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
in
d
ex
(
C
VI
)
was
ass
e
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
4
p
o
in
ts
o
r
d
in
al
s
ca
le.
L
y
n
n
[
2
9
]
s
u
g
g
ested
a
4
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le
to
av
o
id
am
b
i
v
alen
t
o
r
n
e
u
tr
al
an
s
wer
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Po
lit
an
d
B
ec
k
[
3
2
]
,
f
o
r
th
is
4
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le,
th
e
m
o
s
t
u
s
ed
c
o
n
tin
u
u
m
is
t
h
e
o
n
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
Da
v
is
[
3
3
]
,
wh
ich
is
1
=
n
o
t
r
elev
an
t,
2
=
s
o
m
ewh
at
r
elev
a
n
t,
3
=q
u
ite
r
elev
an
t,
a
n
d
4
=
h
ig
h
l
y
r
elev
an
t.
T
h
e
n
,
th
e
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
o
f
th
e
it
em
-
lev
el
C
VI
(
I
-
C
VI
)
is
d
o
n
e
wh
en
th
e
ex
p
er
ts
g
iv
e
r
ates
3
an
d
4
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
b
etwe
en
ex
p
er
ts
o
n
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
item
s
.
T
h
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
lev
el
o
f
I
-
C
VI
in
th
is
s
tag
e,
as
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
b
y
L
y
n
n
[
2
9
]
,
m
u
s
t
b
e
1
.
0
0
if
th
e
r
e
ar
e
f
iv
e
o
r
f
ewe
r
p
an
el
e
x
p
er
ts
.
H
o
wev
er
,
if
m
o
r
e
ex
p
er
ts
ar
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
,
a
s
lig
h
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
t
h
e
d
is
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
is
ac
ce
p
tab
le
(
th
e
I
-
C
VI
m
u
s
t
b
e
at
0
.
8
3
if
t
h
er
e
a
r
e
s
ix
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
in
a
s
in
g
le
item
)
.
T
h
e
ad
e
q
u
ate
lev
el
o
f
s
ca
le
-
lev
el
C
VI
(
S
-
C
VI
)
o
n
th
e
clar
i
ty
o
f
item
s
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
less
th
an
0
.
8
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Sh
r
o
tr
y
ia
an
d
D
h
an
d
a
[
2
8
]
,
th
e
C
VI
ca
lcu
lati
o
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
c
o
n
s
id
er
th
e
in
f
l
ated
v
alu
e
th
at
m
ay
o
cc
u
r
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
a
to
tal
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
ex
p
er
ts
.
T
h
ey
s
u
g
g
ested
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
Kap
p
a
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
to
r
em
o
v
e
an
y
r
an
d
o
m
ch
an
c
e
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
in
v
alid
atio
n
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
is
s
u
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
Mo
d
if
ied
Kap
p
a
Statis
tic
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
Po
lit
an
d
B
ec
k
[
3
2
]
was
u
s
ed
as
an
in
ter
r
ate
r
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
in
d
e
x
b
etwe
en
ex
p
e
r
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
eir
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
was
b
ey
o
n
d
ch
an
ce
.
I
n
th
is
s
tep
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
ch
a
n
ce
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
(
Pc)
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
g
iv
e
n
Pc
=[
N!
/A!
(
N
-
A)
!
]
x
0
.
5
N
.
W
h
er
e
,
N=
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
in
th
e
p
an
el,
A=
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
in
th
e
p
an
el
wh
o
ag
r
ee
th
at
th
e
item
is
r
elev
an
t.
T
h
en
,
th
e
Kap
p
a
Statis
t
ic
was c
alcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la,
K=
(
I
-
C
VI
-
Pc)
/(
1
–
Pc)
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
5
]
,
[
3
2
]
,
Kap
p
a
Statis
tic
s
v
alu
es a
r
e
o
u
t
s
tan
d
in
g
if
th
ey
ar
e
m
o
r
e
th
an
7
.
4
,
d
ec
en
t if
th
e
y
ar
e
b
etwe
e
n
0
.
6
an
d
0
.
7
4
,
an
d
f
air
if
th
ey
a
r
e
b
etwe
en
0
.
4
a
n
d
0
.
5
9
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
Gen
er
ally
,
all
ex
p
er
ts
ag
r
e
ed
o
n
th
e
item
s
f
o
r
m
u
lated
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
a
d
v
ice
an
d
co
m
m
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
er
ts
ar
e
to
s
p
lit
th
e
d
o
u
b
le
-
b
a
r
r
el
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
item
s
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
en
ten
ce
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t,
an
d
item
s
n
ee
d
to
r
ef
lect
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
co
n
tex
t.
On
e
e
x
p
er
t
c
o
m
m
en
ted
th
at
a
s
ca
le
o
f
o
n
e
to
ten
i
n
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
T
ab
le
4
to
T
ab
le
1
1
s
h
o
w
th
e
r
atin
g
s
o
n
cr
ea
tiv
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
id
ea
l
in
f
lu
en
ce
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
em
p
o
wer
in
g
an
d
m
e
n
to
r
in
g
,
tech
n
ical
s
k
ill
s
,
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
,
o
p
en
i
n
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
,
an
d
clo
s
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
.
T
h
e
I
-
C
VI
f
o
r
all
item
s
in
t
h
e
eig
h
t
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
8
8
to
1
.
T
h
e
S
-
C
VI
(
a
v
er
ag
e)
f
o
r
cr
ea
tiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
id
ea
l
in
f
lu
en
ce
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
em
p
o
wer
m
e
n
t
an
d
m
en
t
o
r
i
n
g
,
tech
n
ical
s
k
ills
,
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
,
o
p
en
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
,
an
d
cl
o
s
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
f
o
r
p
r
in
cip
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
wer
e
0
.
9
6
(
T
ab
le
4
)
,
0
.
9
0
(
T
ab
le
5
)
,
0
.
9
0
(
T
ab
le
6
)
,
0
.
9
4
(
T
ab
le
7
)
,
1
.
0
0
(
T
ab
le
8
)
,
1
.
0
0
(
T
ab
le
9
)
,
0
.
8
8
(
T
ab
le
1
0
)
a
n
d
0
.
9
3
(
T
ab
le
1
1
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
o
v
er
all
S
-
C
VI
f
o
r
th
e
5
8
item
s
was
0
.
9
3
,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
d
a
h
ig
h
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
i
ty
o
f
th
e
item
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
wer
e
f
o
u
r
item
s
with
an
I
-
C
VI
v
alu
e
less
th
an
0
.
8
0
.
A
s
a
r
esu
lt,
item
s
5
7
(
0
.
4
1
I
-
C
VI
)
an
d
item
s
5
,
1
6
,
an
d
2
4
(
0
.
5
6
I
-
C
VI
)
wer
e
r
em
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
i
n
al
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t.
Nex
t,
t
h
ese
5
4
item
s
wer
e
u
n
d
er
g
o
n
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
atio
n
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Pan
el
co
m
m
en
ts
f
o
r
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
P
a
n
e
l
C
o
mm
e
n
t
s
1
I
t
e
ms n
e
e
d
t
o
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
o
n
t
h
e
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
2
Th
e
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
sc
a
l
e
u
se
d
f
o
r
st
a
t
i
st
i
c
me
a
su
r
e
m
e
n
t
3
I
mp
r
o
v
e
se
n
t
e
n
c
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
t
o
b
e
m
o
r
e
c
o
n
si
s
t
e
n
t
S
p
l
i
t
t
h
e
d
o
u
b
l
e
-
b
a
r
r
e
l
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
4
S
p
l
i
t
t
h
e
d
o
u
b
l
e
-
b
a
r
r
e
l
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
5
S
p
l
i
t
t
h
e
d
o
u
b
l
e
-
b
a
r
r
e
l
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
R
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
n
u
mb
e
r
o
f
i
t
e
ms
.
6
S
p
l
i
t
t
h
e
d
o
u
b
l
e
-
b
a
r
r
e
l
i
t
e
ms
R
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
n
u
mb
e
r
o
f
i
t
e
ms
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es
E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
d
ev
elo
p
men
t
a
n
d
v
a
lid
a
ti
o
n
o
f th
e
p
r
in
cip
a
l in
n
o
va
tio
n
lea
d
ers
h
ip
…
(
Da
ya
n
g
R
a
fid
a
h
S
ya
r
iff M.
F
u
a
d
)
197
T
ab
le
4
.
R
atin
g
s
o
n
a
n
8
-
item
s
ca
le
f
o
r
“
cr
ea
tiv
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
”
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
p
r
in
ci
p
al
in
n
o
v
a
tio
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
I
t
e
ms
Ex
p
e
r
t
1
Ex
p
e
r
t
2
Ex
p
e
r
t
3
Ex
p
e
r
t
4
Ex
p
e
r
t
5
Ex
p
e
r
t
6
N
o
.
i
n
a
g
r
e
e
me
n
t
I
-
C
V
I
Pc
K
a
p
p
a
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
1
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
2
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
3
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
4
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
5
√
-
√
-
√
√
4
0
.
6
7
0
.
2
3
4
4
0
.
5
6
6
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
7
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
8
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
N
o
t
e
:
I
t
e
ms r
a
t
e
d
3
o
r
4
o
n
a
4
-
p
o
i
n
t
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
sc
a
l
e
.
S
-
C
V
I
(
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
)
=
0
.
9
6
(
a
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
)
I
-
C
V
I
=
i
t
e
m c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
;
Pc
=
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
c
h
a
n
c
e
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
;
S
-
C
V
I
=
sca
l
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
T
ab
le
5
.
R
atin
g
s
o
n
a
n
8
-
item
s
ca
le
f
o
r
“
id
ea
l
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
”
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
p
r
in
cip
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
I
t
e
ms
Ex
p
e
r
t
1
Ex
p
e
r
t
2
Ex
p
e
r
t
3
Ex
p
e
r
t
4
Ex
p
e
r
t
5
Ex
p
e
r
t
6
N
o
.
i
n
a
g
r
e
e
me
n
t
I
-
C
V
I
Pc
K
a
p
p
a
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
9
√
√
√
√
-
√
5
0
.
8
3
0
.
0
9
3
7
5
0
.
8
2
10
√
√
√
√
-
√
5
0
.
8
3
0
.
0
9
3
7
5
0
.
8
2
11
√
√
√
√
-
√
5
0
.
8
3
0
.
0
9
3
7
5
0
.
8
2
12
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
13
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
14
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
15
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
16
-
√
√
√
-
√
4
0
.
6
7
0
.
2
3
4
4
0
.
5
6
N
o
t
e
:
I
t
e
ms r
a
t
e
d
3
o
r
4
o
n
a
4
-
p
o
i
n
t
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
sc
a
l
e
.
S
-
C
V
I
(
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
)
=
0
.
9
0
(
a
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
)
I
-
C
V
I
=
i
t
e
m c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
;
Pc
=
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
c
h
a
n
c
e
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
;
S
-
C
V
I
=
sca
l
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
T
ab
le
6
.
R
atin
g
s
o
n
a
n
8
-
item
s
ca
le
f
o
r
“
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
”
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
p
r
in
cip
al
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
I
t
e
ms
Ex
p
e
r
t
1
Ex
p
e
r
t
2
Ex
p
e
r
t
3
Ex
p
e
r
t
4
Ex
p
e
r
t
5
Ex
p
e
r
t
6
N
o
.
i
n
a
g
r
e
e
me
n
t
I
-
C
V
I
Pc
K
a
p
p
a
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
17
√
√
√
-
√
√
5
0
.
8
3
0
.
0
9
3
7
5
0
.
8
2
18
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
19
√
√
√
√
-
√
5
0
.
8
3
0
.
0
9
3
7
5
0
.
8
2
20
√
√
√
√
-
√
5
0
.
8
3
0
.
0
9
3
7
5
0
.
8
2
21
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
22
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
23
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
24
√
-
√
√
-
√
4
0
.
6
7
0
.
2
3
4
4
0
.
5
6
N
o
t
e
:
I
t
e
ms r
a
t
e
d
3
o
r
4
o
n
a
4
-
p
o
i
n
t
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
sc
a
l
e
.
S
-
C
V
I
(
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
)
=
0
.
9
0
(
a
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
)
I
-
C
V
I
=
i
t
e
m c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
;
Pc
=
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
c
h
a
n
c
e
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
;
S
-
C
V
I
=
sca
l
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
T
ab
le
7
.
R
atin
g
s
o
n
a
n
8
-
item
s
ca
le
f
o
r
“
em
p
o
we
r
m
en
t
an
d
m
en
to
r
in
g
”
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
p
r
in
cip
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
I
t
e
ms
Ex
p
e
r
t
1
Ex
p
e
r
t
2
Ex
p
e
r
t
3
Ex
p
e
r
t
4
Ex
p
e
r
t
5
Ex
p
e
r
t
6
N
o
.
i
n
a
g
r
e
e
me
n
t
I
-
C
V
I
Pc
K
a
p
p
a
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
25
√
√
√
√
-
√
5
0
.
8
3
0
.
0
9
3
7
5
0
.
8
2
26
√
√
√
√
-
√
5
0
.
8
3
0
.
0
9
3
7
5
0
.
8
2
27
√
√
√
√
-
√
5
0
.
8
3
0
.
0
9
3
7
5
0
.
8
2
28
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
29
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
30
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
31
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
32
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
N
o
t
e
:
I
t
e
ms r
a
t
e
d
3
o
r
4
o
n
a
4
-
p
o
i
n
t
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
sc
a
l
e
.
S
-
C
V
I
(
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
)
=
0
.
9
4
(
a
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
)
I
-
C
V
I
=
i
t
e
m c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
;
Pc
=
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
c
h
a
n
c
e
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
;
S
-
C
V
I
=
sca
l
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
T
ab
le
8
.
R
atin
g
s
o
n
a
5
-
item
s
ca
le
f
o
r
“
tech
n
ical
s
k
ills
”
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
p
r
in
cip
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
I
t
e
ms
Ex
p
e
r
t
1
Ex
p
e
r
t
2
Ex
p
e
r
t
3
Ex
p
e
r
t
4
Ex
p
e
r
t
5
Ex
p
e
r
t
6
N
o
.
i
n
a
g
r
e
e
me
n
t
I
-
C
V
I
Pc
K
a
p
p
a
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
33
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
34
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
35
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
36
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
37
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
N
o
t
e
:
I
t
e
ms r
a
t
e
d
3
o
r
4
o
n
a
4
-
p
o
i
n
t
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
sc
a
l
e
.
S
-
C
V
I
(
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
)
=
1
.
0
0
(
a
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
)
I
-
C
V
I
=
i
t
e
m c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
;
Pc
=
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
c
h
a
n
c
e
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
;
S
-
C
V
I
=
sca
l
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
22
:
1
93
-
200
198
T
ab
le
9
.
R
atin
g
s
o
n
a
7
-
item
s
ca
le
f
o
r
“
en
tr
e
p
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
”
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
p
r
in
cip
al
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
I
t
e
ms
Ex
p
e
r
t
1
Ex
p
e
r
t
2
Ex
p
e
r
t
3
Ex
p
e
r
t
4
Ex
p
e
r
t
5
Ex
p
e
r
t
6
N
o
.
i
n
a
g
r
e
e
me
n
t
I
-
C
V
I
Pc
K
a
p
p
a
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
38
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
39
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
40
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
41
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
42
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
43
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
44
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
N
o
t
e
:
I
t
e
ms r
a
t
e
d
3
o
r
4
o
n
a
4
-
p
o
i
n
t
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
sc
a
l
e
.
S
-
C
V
I
(
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
)
=
1
.
0
0
(
a
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
)
I
-
C
V
I
=
i
t
e
m c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
;
Pc
=
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
c
h
a
n
c
e
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
;
S
-
C
V
I
=
sca
l
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
T
ab
le
1
0
.
R
atin
g
s
o
n
a
7
-
item
s
ca
le
f
o
r
“
o
p
e
n
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
”
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
p
r
in
ci
p
al
in
n
o
v
a
tio
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
I
t
e
ms
Ex
p
e
r
t
1
Ex
p
e
r
t
2
Ex
p
e
r
t
3
Ex
p
e
r
t
4
Ex
p
e
r
t
5
Ex
p
e
r
t
6
N
o
.
i
n
a
g
r
e
e
me
n
t
I
-
C
V
I
Pc
K
a
p
p
a
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
45
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
46
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
47
√
√
√
-
√
√
5
0
.
8
3
0
.
0
9
3
7
5
0
.
8
2
48
√
√
√
-
√
√
5
0
.
8
3
0
.
0
9
3
7
5
0
.
8
2
49
√
√
√
-
√
√
5
0
.
8
3
0
.
0
9
3
7
5
0
.
8
2
50
√
√
√
-
√
√
5
0
.
8
3
0
.
0
9
3
7
5
0
.
8
2
51
√
√
√
-
√
√
5
0
.
8
3
0
.
0
9
3
7
5
0
.
8
2
N
o
t
e
:
I
t
e
ms r
a
t
e
d
3
o
r
4
o
n
a
4
-
p
o
i
n
t
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
sc
a
l
e
.
S
-
C
V
I
(
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
)
=
0
.
8
8
(
a
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
)
I
-
C
V
I
=
i
t
e
m c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
;
Pc
=
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
c
h
a
n
c
e
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
;
S
-
C
V
I
=
sca
l
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
T
ab
le
1
1
.
R
atin
g
s
o
n
a
7
-
item
s
ca
le
f
o
r
“
clo
s
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
”
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
p
r
in
ci
p
al
in
n
o
v
a
tio
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
I
t
e
ms
Ex
p
e
r
t
1
Ex
p
e
r
t
2
Ex
p
e
r
t
3
Ex
p
e
r
t
4
Ex
p
e
r
t
5
Ex
p
e
r
t
6
N
o
.
i
n
a
g
r
e
e
me
n
t
I
-
C
V
I
Pc
K
a
p
p
a
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
52
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
53
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
54
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
55
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
56
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
57
-
-
√
√
√
-
3
0
.
5
0
0
.
3
1
2
5
0
.
2
7
58
√
√
√
√
√
√
6
1
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
5
6
2
5
1
.
0
0
N
o
t
e
:
I
t
e
ms r
a
t
e
d
3
o
r
4
o
n
a
4
-
p
o
i
n
t
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
sc
a
l
e
.
S
-
C
V
I
(
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
)
=
0
.
9
3
(
a
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
)
I
-
C
V
I
=
i
t
e
m c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
;
Pc
=
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
c
h
a
n
c
e
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
;
S
-
C
V
I
=
sca
l
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
Ov
er
all,
th
ese
eig
h
t
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
r
in
cip
al’
s
in
n
o
v
atio
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
o
d
el,
n
am
ely
:
cr
ea
tiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
;
i
d
ea
l
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
;
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
;
e
m
p
o
wer
m
en
t
a
n
d
m
e
n
to
r
in
g
;
tech
n
ical
s
k
ills
;
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
h
ip
;
o
p
en
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
;
a
n
d
cl
o
s
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
ar
e
in
lin
e
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
i
es
[
3
4
]
–
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
ese
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
will
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
o
f
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
[
3
4
]
.
L
ea
d
e
r
s
will
en
co
u
r
ag
e
t
h
eir
f
o
llo
wer
s
to
ch
allen
g
e
ex
is
tin
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
an
d
s
tim
u
late
th
eir
in
tellectu
als
to
f
in
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
ex
is
tin
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
M
ea
n
wh
il
e,
lead
er
s
with
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
will
e
f
f
icien
tly
d
eliv
er
th
e
g
o
als
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
[
3
5
]
–
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
ese
ex
ce
llen
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
will
en
co
u
r
ag
e
teac
h
er
s
to
wo
r
k
as
a
team
,
co
llab
o
r
ate
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
an
d
c
r
ea
te
n
etwo
r
k
s
b
etwe
en
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
ts
.
T
h
u
s
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
b
eh
av
io
r
s
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
s
a
n
d
en
co
u
r
ag
i
n
g
th
e
m
to
r
aise
o
p
in
io
n
s
in
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
.
I
n
tech
n
ical
s
k
ills
,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
p
r
in
cip
als
to
p
r
o
c
u
r
e
ex
p
er
t
s
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
p
h
ase
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
3
8
]
.
L
ea
d
er
s
with
ex
ce
llen
t
tech
n
i
ca
l
s
k
ills
ar
e
cr
itical
to
th
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
e
v
alu
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
3
9
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
le
a
d
er
s
'
o
p
en
in
g
an
d
clo
s
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
h
ad
a
d
ir
ec
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
team
in
n
o
v
atio
n
[
4
0
]
.
Prin
ci
p
als
will
u
s
e
th
e
o
p
en
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
as
a
m
o
tiv
ato
r
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
a
n
d
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
u
s
e
th
e
clo
s
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
ese
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
will
af
f
e
ct
th
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
ea
ch
u
n
it in
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
[
1
7
]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
5
4
f
in
al
item
s
to
ass
ess
eig
h
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
r
in
cip
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
l
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
in
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
i
ew
an
d
in
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
ex
p
er
ts
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
s
t
r
u
m
en
ts
wer
e
u
p
d
ated
an
d
c
h
an
g
ed
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
s
h
o
wed
a
h
i
g
h
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
,
wh
ich
is
at
0
.
9
3
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
h
ad
m
et
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lev
el
o
f
co
n
te
n
t
v
alid
ity
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
will
en
h
an
ce
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
a
lid
ity
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
p
r
in
cip
al
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es
E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
d
ev
elo
p
men
t
a
n
d
v
a
lid
a
ti
o
n
o
f th
e
p
r
in
cip
a
l in
n
o
va
tio
n
lea
d
ers
h
ip
…
(
Da
ya
n
g
R
a
fid
a
h
S
ya
r
iff M.
F
u
a
d
)
199
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
i
n
i
s
t
r
y
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
,
“
R
i
n
g
k
a
s
a
n
Ek
s
e
k
u
t
i
f
P
e
l
a
n
P
e
mb
a
n
g
u
n
a
n
P
e
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
2
0
1
5
-
2
0
2
5
(
P
e
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
Ti
n
g
g
i
)
.
”
K
e
m
e
n
t
e
r
i
a
n
P
e
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
2
]
O
r
g
a
n
i
sa
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
Ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
C
o
-
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
,
“
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
i
n
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
n
g
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
n
g
f
o
r
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
O
EC
D
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
6
7
–
8
6
.
[
3
]
K
.
M
w
i
n
z
i
,
“
A
d
m
i
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
2
1
s
t
c
e
n
t
u
r
y
:
A
sec
o
n
d
a
r
y
sc
h
o
o
l
s
u
b
-
s
e
c
t
o
r
p
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
K
e
n
y
a
,
”
Re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
Pe
d
a
g
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
5
–
9
4
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
7
8
1
0
/
2
0
1
5
.
3
7
.
[
4
]
M
.
D
.
M
u
mf
o
r
d
a
n
d
B
.
Li
c
u
a
n
a
n
,
“
Le
a
d
i
n
g
f
o
r
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
:
C
o
n
c
l
u
si
o
n
s
,
i
ss
u
e
s,
a
n
d
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
T
h
e
L
e
a
d
e
rsh
i
p
Q
u
a
r
t
e
r
l
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
6
3
–
1
7
1
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
l
e
a
q
u
a
.
2
0
0
3
.
1
2
.
0
1
0
.
[
5
]
J.
M
.
M
a
r
r
o
n
a
n
d
D
.
C
u
n
n
i
f
f
,
“
W
h
a
t
I
s An
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
L
e
a
d
e
r
?
”
C
o
n
t
e
m
p
o
r
a
ry
I
ssu
e
s i
n
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
se
a
rc
h
(
C
I
E
R)
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
1
4
5
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
9
0
3
0
/
c
i
e
r
.
v
7
i
2
.
8
4
8
5
.
[
6
]
B
.
A
.
G
.
B
o
ss
i
n
k
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
st
y
l
e
s
:
a
ma
n
a
g
e
r
’
s
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
n
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s,
”
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
1
1
–
2
2
8
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
1
4
7
1
4
1
7
0
4
1
0
8
1
5
1
0
5
.
[
7
]
A
.
Ş
e
n
a
n
d
E.
Er
e
n
,
“
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
L
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
f
o
r
t
h
e
Tw
e
n
t
y
-
F
i
r
st
C
e
n
t
u
r
y
,
”
Pr
o
c
e
d
i
a
-
S
o
c
i
a
l
a
n
d
Be
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
4
,
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
b
sp
r
o
.
2
0
1
2
.
0
4
.
0
0
1
.
[
8
]
K
.
C
h
o
n
g
c
h
a
r
o
e
n
,
“
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
:
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
s
c
h
o
o
l
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
l
s
f
o
r
Th
a
i
l
a
n
d
4
.
0
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
7
–
1
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
9
]
A
.
J.
G
i
l
,
B
.
R
o
d
r
i
g
o
-
M
o
y
a
,
a
n
d
J.
M
o
r
c
i
l
l
o
-
B
e
l
l
i
d
o
,
“
Th
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
i
n
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
,
”
L
e
a
d
e
rs
h
i
p
&
O
rg
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
3
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
6
9
4
–
7
1
1
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
LO
D
J
-
12
-
2
0
1
7
-
0
3
9
9
.
[
1
0
]
J.
S
i
t
t
h
i
s
o
mj
i
n
,
K
.
S
o
m
p
r
a
c
h
,
a
n
d
S
.
P
h
u
s
e
e
o
r
n
,
“
Th
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
n
sc
h
o
o
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
o
f
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
sch
o
o
l
s
i
n
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
,
”
K
a
s
e
t
s
a
rt
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
k
j
ss.
2
0
1
8
.
0
2
.
0
0
7
.
[
1
1
]
W
.
Ł
u
k
o
w
sk
i
,
“
T
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
st
y
l
e
s
o
n
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
”
M
a
rk
e
t
i
n
g
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
n
d
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
O
rg
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
–
1
3
6
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
4
6
1
1
/
mi
n
i
b
.
2
4
.
0
6
.
2
0
1
7
.
1
2
.
[
1
2
]
T.
G
.
S
e
t
h
i
b
e
,
“
T
o
w
a
r
d
s a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
v
e
mo
d
e
l
o
n
t
h
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
st
y
l
e
s,
o
r
g
a
n
i
sa
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
l
i
mat
e
,
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
sa
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
0
2
,
p
.
1
8
5
0
0
2
1
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
4
2
/
S
1
3
6
3
9
1
9
6
1
8
5
0
0
2
1
4
.
[
1
3
]
P
.
H
a
a
p
a
n
i
e
mi
,
“
L
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
i
n
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
F
i
n
n
i
s
h
H
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
G
o
o
d
s
P
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g
C
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
s,
”
H
e
l
si
n
k
i
M
e
t
r
o
p
o
l
i
a
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
4]
S
.
A
l
-
H
u
ss
e
i
n
i
a
n
d
I
.
El
b
e
l
t
a
g
i
,
“
Tr
a
n
sf
o
r
mat
i
o
n
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
a
n
d
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
c
o
mp
a
r
i
s
o
n
st
u
d
y
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
I
r
a
q
’
s
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
n
d
p
r
i
v
a
t
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
i
n
H
i
g
h
e
r
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
9
–
1
8
1
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
3
0
7
5
0
7
9
.
2
0
1
4
.
9
2
7
8
4
8
.
[
1
5
]
H
.
A
.
A
l
s
o
l
a
m
i
,
K
.
T.
G
u
a
n
C
h
e
n
g
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
.
M
.
I
b
n
Tw
a
l
h
,
“
R
e
v
i
s
i
t
i
n
g
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
Le
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
,
”
O
p
e
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
L
e
a
d
e
rs
h
i
p
,
v
o
l
.
0
5
,
n
o
.
0
2
,
p
p
.
3
1
–
3
8
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
2
3
6
/
o
j
l
.
2
0
1
6
.
5
2
0
0
4
.
[
1
6
]
H
.
Za
c
h
e
r
,
A
.
J.
R
o
b
i
n
s
o
n
,
a
n
d
K
.
R
o
si
n
g
,
“
A
m
b
i
d
e
x
t
r
o
u
s
L
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
a
n
d
Em
p
l
o
y
e
e
s
’
S
e
l
f
-
R
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
:
Th
e
R
o
l
e
o
f
E
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
Ex
p
l
o
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
,
”
T
h
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
Be
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
v
o
l
.
5
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
4
–
4
6
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
j
o
c
b
.
6
6
.
[
1
7
]
C
.
S
.
Lu
k
o
sc
h
e
k
,
G
.
G
e
r
l
a
c
h
,
R
.
M
.
S
t
o
c
k
,
a
n
d
K
.
X
i
n
,
“
L
e
a
d
i
n
g
t
o
s
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
u
n
i
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
:
A
n
t
e
c
e
d
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
o
u
t
c
o
mes
o
f
e
x
e
c
u
t
i
v
e
s
’
d
u
a
l
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
B
u
si
n
e
ss
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
9
1
,
p
p
.
2
6
6
–
2
7
6
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
b
u
sr
e
s.
2
0
1
8
.
0
7
.
0
0
3
.
[
1
8
]
Y.
-
Y
.
C
h
a
n
g
,
“
Ch
a
r
i
sm
a
t
i
c
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
i
n
I
T
f
i
r
ms
i
n
Ta
i
w
a
n
:
a
n
e
mp
i
r
i
c
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
As
i
a
P
a
c
i
f
i
c
B
u
si
n
e
ss
R
e
v
i
e
w
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
3
–
7
1
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
3
6
0
2
3
8
1
.
2
0
1
7
.
1
3
3
4
4
1
6
.
[
1
9
]
K
.
R
o
si
n
g
,
N
.
R
o
se
n
b
u
s
c
h
,
a
n
d
M
.
F
r
e
se,
“
A
m
b
i
d
e
x
t
r
o
u
s
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
i
n
t
h
e
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
P
r
o
c
e
ss,
”
i
n
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
r
p
o
ra
t
e
G
ro
w
t
h
,
B
e
r
l
i
n
,
H
e
i
d
e
l
b
e
r
g
:
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
B
e
r
l
i
n
H
e
i
d
e
l
b
e
r
g
,
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
9
1
–
2
0
4
.
[
2
0
]
F
.
A
l
g
h
a
m
d
i
,
“
A
m
b
i
d
e
x
t
r
o
u
s
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
,
a
m
b
i
d
e
x
t
r
o
u
s
e
mp
l
o
y
e
e
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
a
mb
i
d
e
x
t
r
o
u
s
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
a
n
d
e
mp
l
o
y
e
e
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
E
n
t
r
e
p
re
n
e
u
rs
h
i
p
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
1
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
1
3
7
3
1
-
0
1
8
-
0
0
8
1
-
8.
[
2
1
]
K
.
R
o
s
i
n
g
,
M
.
F
r
e
s
e
,
a
n
d
A
.
B
a
u
sc
h
,
“
Ex
p
l
a
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
h
e
t
e
r
o
g
e
n
e
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
-
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
:
A
m
b
i
d
e
x
t
r
o
u
s
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
,
”
T
h
e
L
e
a
d
e
rsh
i
p
Q
u
a
rt
e
rl
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
9
5
6
–
9
7
4
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
l
e
a
q
u
a
.
2
0
1
1
.
0
7
.
0
1
4
.
[
2
2
]
D
.
G
.
A
n
c
o
n
a
,
P
.
S
.
G
o
o
d
m
a
n
,
B
.
S
.
La
w
r
e
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
M
.
L.
Tu
s
h
m
a
n
,
“
T
i
m
e
:
A
N
e
w
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
L
e
n
s
,
”
Ac
a
d
e
m
y
o
f
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
Re
v
i
e
w
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
4
5
–
6
6
3
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
0
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
4
6
5
/
a
mr
.
2
0
0
1
.
5
3
9
3
9
0
3
.
[
2
3
]
D
.
R
.
S
.
M
.
F
u
a
d
,
K
.
M
u
s
a
,
a
n
d
Z.
H
a
sh
i
m
,
“
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
L
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
:
A
sy
st
e
ma
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
”
i
n
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
L
e
a
d
e
rs
h
i
p
f
o
r
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
4
.
0
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
.
Asi
a
Pa
c
i
f
i
c
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
L
e
a
d
e
rs
h
i
p
(
A
PC
E
M
a
l
,
2
0
1
9
)
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
3
2
–
4
4
.
[
2
4
]
P
.
A
n
a
n
d
a
n
d
A
.
K
.
S
a
r
a
sw
a
t
i
,
“
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
Le
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
:
A
P
a
r
a
d
i
g
m
i
n
M
o
d
e
r
n
H
R
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
,
”
G
l
o
b
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Fi
n
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
9
7
–
5
0
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
2
5
]
V
.
Za
ma
n
z
a
d
e
h
,
A
.
G
h
a
h
r
a
m
a
n
i
a
n
,
M
.
R
a
ss
o
u
l
i
,
A
.
A
b
b
a
sz
a
d
e
h
,
H
.
A
l
a
v
i
-
M
a
j
d
,
a
n
d
A
.
-
R
.
N
i
k
a
n
f
a
r
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
I
mp
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
V
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
S
t
u
d
y
:
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
a
n
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
me
a
s
u
r
i
n
g
P
a
t
i
e
n
t
-
C
e
n
t
e
r
e
d
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
a
ri
n
g
S
c
i
e
n
ces
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
6
5
–
1
7
8
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
1
7
1
/
j
c
s.
2
0
1
5
.
0
1
7
.
[
2
6
]
O
r
g
a
n
i
sa
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
Ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
C
o
-
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
O
sl
o
Ma
n
u
a
l
.
O
EC
D
,
2
0
0
5
.
[
2
7
]
D
.
B
.
S
w
a
r
t
,
“
Th
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
a
n
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
,
”
S
t
e
l
l
e
n
b
o
s
c
h
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
2
0
1
3
.
[
2
8
]
V
.
K
.
S
h
r
o
t
r
y
i
a
a
n
d
U
.
D
h
a
n
d
a
,
“
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
V
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
o
f
A
ssessm
e
n
t
I
n
st
r
u
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
Em
p
l
o
y
e
e
E
n
g
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
”
S
AG
E
O
p
e
n
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
2
1
5
8
2
4
4
0
1
8
8
2
1
7
5
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
2
1
5
8
2
4
4
0
1
8
8
2
1
7
5
1
.
[
2
9
]
M
.
R
.
L
y
n
n
,
“
D
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
Q
u
a
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
O
f
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
V
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
,
”
N
u
rs
i
n
g
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
3
8
2
–
3
8
6
,
N
o
v
.
1
9
8
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
7
/
0
0
0
0
6
1
9
9
-
1
9
8
6
1
1
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
1
7
.
[
3
0
]
J.
A
.
O
l
u
w
a
t
a
y
o
,
“
V
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
a
n
d
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
I
ssu
e
s
i
n
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
9
1
–
4
0
0
,
2
0
1
2
.
[
3
1
]
C
.
A
.
W
y
n
d
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
S
c
h
a
e
f
e
r
,
“
Th
e
o
st
e
o
p
o
r
o
s
i
s
r
i
sk
a
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
t
o
o
l
:
Est
a
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
a
n
e
l
o
f
e
x
p
e
r
t
s
,
”
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
N
u
rsi
n
g
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
8
4
–
1
8
8
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
0
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
5
3
/
a
p
n
r
.
2
0
0
2
.
3
4
2
4
3
.
[
3
2
]
D
.
F
.
P
o
l
i
t
a
n
d
C
.
T.
B
e
c
k
,
“
T
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
:
A
r
e
y
o
u
s
u
r
e
y
o
u
k
n
o
w
w
h
a
t
’
s
b
e
i
n
g
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
?
C
r
i
t
i
q
u
e
a
n
d
r
e
c
o
m
me
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
R
e
se
a
rc
h
i
n
N
u
rs
i
n
g
& H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
8
9
–
4
9
7
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
0
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
n
u
r
.
2
0
1
4
7
.
[
3
3
]
K
.
A
.
D
a
v
i
s,
“
V
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
a
n
d
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
Q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
o
n
S
e
c
o
n
d
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
A
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
Te
a
c
h
i
n
g
.
A
n
o
t
h
e
r
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
e
r
C
o
mm
e
n
t
s
,
”
T
ES
O
L
Q
u
a
r
t
e
rl
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
6
0
5
,
1
9
9
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
3
0
7
/
3
5
8
7
1
9
0
.
[
3
4
]
S
.
P
r
a
d
h
a
n
a
n
d
L.
K
.
Je
n
a
,
“
D
o
e
s
M
e
a
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
W
o
r
k
Ex
p
l
a
i
n
s
t
h
e
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
sh
i
p
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
Tr
a
n
sf
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
a
l
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
a
n
d
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
W
o
r
k
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
?
”
Vi
k
a
l
p
a
:
T
h
e
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
f
o
r
D
e
c
i
si
o
n
M
a
k
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
4
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
0
–
4
0
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
22
:
1
93
-
200
200
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
2
5
6
0
9
0
9
1
9
8
3
2
4
3
4
.
[
3
5
]
W
.
W
i
p
u
l
a
n
u
s
a
t
,
K
.
P
a
n
u
w
a
t
w
a
n
i
c
h
,
a
n
d
R
.
A
.
S
t
e
w
a
r
t
,
“
E
x
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
st
y
l
e
s
f
o
r
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
n
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
,
”
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
Pr
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
S
e
rv
i
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
–
1
7
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
1
5
/
e
mj
-
2
0
1
7
-
0
0
0
1
.
[
3
6
]
K
.
K
o
z
i
o
ł
-
N
a
d
o
l
n
a
,
“
Th
e
R
o
l
e
o
f
a
L
e
a
d
e
r
i
n
S
t
i
mu
l
a
t
i
n
g
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
a
n
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
A
d
m
i
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
v
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
5
9
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
a
d
ms
c
i
1
0
0
3
0
0
5
9
.
[
3
7
]
M
.
R
i
z
k
i
,
R
y
a
n
i
,
a
n
d
L
.
S
a
r
a
g
i
h
,
“
T
h
e
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
Tr
a
n
sf
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
a
l
L
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
a
n
d
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
u
l
t
u
r
e
T
o
w
a
r
d
s
Em
p
l
o
y
e
e
s
’
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
a
n
d
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
a
n
d
B
u
si
n
e
ss
A
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
V
I
I
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
2
7
–
2
3
9
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
5
8
0
8
/
i
j
e
b
a
/
2
0
8
.
[
3
8
]
M
.
F
e
i
x
a
s,
M
.
-
J
.
M
a
r
t
í
n
ez
-
U
sarr
a
l
d
e
,
a
n
d
R
.
L
ó
p
e
z
-
M
a
r
t
í
n
,
“
D
o
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
ma
k
e
a
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
?
A
ssess
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
mp
a
c
t
o
f
sma
l
l
-
s
c
a
l
e
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
,
”
T
e
r
t
i
a
ry
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
7
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
3
5
8
3
8
8
3
.
2
0
1
7
.
1
4
1
7
4
7
0
.
[
3
9
]
L.
L
.
W
a
t
t
s,
T.
J.
M
u
l
h
e
a
r
n
,
E.
M
.
To
d
d
,
a
n
d
M
.
D
.
M
u
mf
o
r
d
,
“
Le
a
d
e
r
i
d
e
a
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
f
o
l
l
o
w
e
r
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
:
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s,
c
o
n
st
r
a
i
n
t
s,
a
n
d
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
,
”
i
n
H
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
R
e
se
a
rc
h
o
n
L
e
a
d
e
rs
h
i
p
a
n
d
C
re
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
E
d
w
a
r
d
E
l
g
a
r
P
u
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
8
2
–
9
9
.
[
4
0
]
A
.
Z
u
r
a
i
k
,
L.
K
e
l
l
y
,
a
n
d
V
.
P
e
r
k
i
n
s,
“
G
e
n
d
e
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
i
n
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
:
t
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
a
m
b
i
d
e
x
t
r
o
u
s
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
a
m
l
e
a
d
s,
”
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
5
8
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
4
7
5
–
1
4
9
5
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
M
D
-
01
-
2
0
1
9
-
0
0
5
4
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Da
y
a
n
g
Ra
fi
d
a
h
S
y
a
r
iff
M.
Fu
a
d
is
a
P
h
.
D.
stu
d
e
n
t
a
t
t
h
e
F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Eco
n
o
m
ics
in
S
u
lt
a
n
Id
ris
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
r
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
is
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
a
m
o
d
e
l
fo
r
M
a
lay
sia
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
p
rin
c
ip
a
l
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
,
to
st
u
d
y
t
h
e
i
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
c
u
lt
u
re
s
a
t
sc
h
o
o
l
a
n
d
th
e
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
io
n
o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
in
M
a
lay
sia
n
sc
h
o
o
l
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
d
g
ra
fi
d
a
h
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
K
h
a
li
p
Mu
s
a
is
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Eco
n
o
m
ics
in
S
u
lt
a
n
I
d
r
is
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
M
a
lay
sia
.
S
p
e
c
ialize
d
in
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
h
a
s
e
x
ten
siv
e
re
se
a
rc
h
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
o
n
sc
h
o
o
l
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
,
stra
teg
ic
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
sc
h
o
o
l
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
.
His
re
c
e
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
is
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
a
p
re
li
m
in
a
ry
i
n
d
i
g
e
n
o
u
s
s
c
h
o
o
l
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
c
o
m
p
e
ten
c
y
m
o
d
e
l
fo
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
4
.
0
in
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
k
h
a
li
p
@fp
e
.
u
p
si.ed
u
.
m
y
.
H
a
m
id
a
h
Yus
o
f
is
a
se
n
i
o
r
le
c
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Eco
n
o
m
ics
in
S
u
lt
a
n
I
d
ris
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
Un
i
v
e
r
sity
,
M
a
lay
sia
.
S
p
e
c
ialize
d
i
n
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
h
a
s
e
x
ten
siv
e
re
se
a
rc
h
e
x
p
e
rie
n
c
e
o
n
sc
h
o
o
l
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
,
tea
c
h
e
r
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
,
a
n
d
sc
h
o
o
l
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
.
He
r
su
b
sta
n
ti
a
l
c
o
n
tri
b
u
t
io
n
t
o
t
h
e
e
sta
b
li
sh
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
M
a
lay
sia
n
tea
c
h
e
r
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
m
o
d
e
l
tran
sf
o
rm
e
d
tea
c
h
e
rs'
ro
les
in
M
a
lay
sia
n
sc
h
o
o
ls.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
h
a
m
id
a
h
.
y
u
so
f@f
p
e
.
u
p
si.ed
u
.
m
y
Za
h
a
r
i
H
a
shi
m
is
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
t
h
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Eco
n
o
m
ics
in
S
u
lt
a
n
I
d
ris
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
U
n
iv
e
rsity
,
M
a
la
y
sia
.
S
p
e
c
ialize
d
i
n
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
a
re
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
d
m
in
istratio
n
,
tea
c
h
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
sc
h
o
o
l
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
sc
h
o
o
l
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
,
sc
h
o
o
l
imp
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t,
tea
m
wo
rk
i
n
sc
h
o
o
l,
a
n
d
tea
c
h
in
g
s
u
p
e
rv
isi
o
n
.
He
is
a
n
a
c
ti
v
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
M
a
lay
sia
Tea
c
h
e
r
As
so
c
iatio
n
.
His
re
c
e
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
is
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
i
n
a
re
li
g
io
u
s
sc
h
o
o
l
i
n
th
e
2
1
st
-
c
e
n
tu
r
y
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
z
a
h
a
ri@fp
e
.
u
p
si.e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.