I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in
E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
476
~
4
8
2
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ije
r
e
.
v
10
i
2
.
2
1
1
6
3
476
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Inv
estig
a
ting co
mm
unica
tive
ba
rrie
rs o
n
co
nstruc
tio
n indust
ry
pro
ductivity
in
M
a
la
y
sia
:
An ov
ervi
ew
K
ha
irul F
irda
us
Ne’
M
a
t
ull
a
h
1
,
L
im
Seo
ng
P
ek
2
,
Siti
Ais
y
a
h Ro
s
la
n
3
1,
3
Ce
n
tre fo
r
F
o
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
G
e
n
e
ra
l
S
tu
d
ies
,
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
S
e
lan
g
o
r,
M
a
lay
sia
2
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
o
c
ial
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
S
e
lan
g
o
r,
M
a
lay
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Oct
29
,
2
0
20
R
ev
is
ed
Mar
23
,
2
0
21
Acc
ep
ted
Ap
r
1
0
,
2
0
21
Th
e
e
v
o
l
u
ti
o
n
o
f
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
h
a
s
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
t
h
e
wa
y
h
o
w
h
u
m
a
n
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
te
in
t
h
e
c
u
rre
n
t
ti
m
e
.
Wi
t
h
t
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
in
str
u
c
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
m
e
ss
a
g
e
s
c
o
u
ld
b
e
d
e
li
v
e
re
d
in
a
sp
li
t
se
c
o
n
d
.
Ev
e
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
li
fe
is
m
a
d
e
e
a
sy
with
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
so
m
e
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
d
e
tails
sh
o
u
l
d
b
e
d
e
li
v
e
r
e
d
fa
c
e
-
to
-
fa
c
e
in
o
rd
e
r
to
a
v
o
i
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
b
re
a
k
d
o
wn
.
Th
is
st
u
d
y
wa
s
c
a
rried
o
u
t
to
d
e
term
in
e
th
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
n
e
e
d
s
b
y
fo
re
i
g
n
wo
r
k
e
rs
wo
rk
i
n
g
a
t
c
o
n
stru
c
t
io
n
se
c
to
rs
in
M
a
lay
sia
.
T
h
e
stu
d
y
c
re
a
ted
a
n
o
v
e
rv
iew
o
n
h
o
w
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
ffe
c
ts
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
in
c
o
m
p
letin
g
tas
k
s
o
n
ti
m
e
.
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
fr
o
m
th
is
stu
d
y
lea
d
to
a
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
lan
g
u
a
g
e
m
o
d
u
les
fo
r
fo
re
ig
n
wo
rk
e
rs
tr
a
in
in
g
.
An
o
n
li
n
e
su
rv
e
y
wa
s
c
a
rried
o
u
t
t
h
ro
u
g
h
so
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
o
n
c
o
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
site
su
p
e
rv
is
o
rs
a
ro
u
n
d
M
a
lay
sia
in
g
e
tt
in
g
th
e
ir
fe
e
d
b
a
c
k
re
late
d
t
o
t
h
e
o
rig
in
o
f
th
e
ir
c
o
-
wo
r
k
e
rs
a
n
d
t
h
e
imp
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
E
n
g
li
s
h
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
s
m
e
d
iu
m
o
f
in
stru
c
ti
o
n
f
o
r
tas
k
fu
lf
il
m
e
n
t.
R
e
su
lt
s
in
d
ica
ted
th
a
t
lan
g
u
a
g
e
b
a
rriers
h
a
d
a
ffe
c
ted
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
in
t
h
e
se
c
to
r
o
f
c
o
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
in
M
a
lay
sia
.
Be
sid
e
s,
re
su
lt
s
a
lso
n
o
te
d
th
a
t
c
ro
ss
-
c
u
lt
u
ra
l
d
iff
e
re
n
c
e
s
h
a
d
p
u
t
fo
re
i
g
n
w
o
rk
e
rs
a
t
risk
a
n
d
c
a
u
se
d
wa
sta
g
e
to
ti
m
e
a
n
d
m
a
n
p
o
we
r
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
C
r
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
L
an
g
u
ag
e
n
ee
d
s
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Kh
air
u
l Fir
d
au
s
Ne’
Ma
tu
llah
C
en
tr
e
f
o
r
Fo
u
n
d
atio
n
an
d
Ge
n
er
al
Stu
d
ies
Un
iv
er
s
iti Selan
g
o
r
B
estar
i Jay
a
C
am
p
u
s
,
Selan
g
o
r
Dar
u
l E
h
s
an
,
Ma
la
y
s
ia
E
m
ail: k
f
ir
d
au
s
@
u
n
is
el.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
an
in
te
g
r
al
asp
ec
t
o
f
o
u
r
liv
es
wh
er
e
we
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
to
g
et
th
e
m
ess
ag
es
d
eliv
er
e
d
an
d
also
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
we
ar
e
ab
le
to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
wh
at
is
b
ein
g
s
aid
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
p
r
o
jects
ar
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tim
e
an
d
co
s
t
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
[
1
]
.
I
t
is
esp
ec
ially
ess
en
tial
in
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ites
wh
er
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
q
u
ality
[
2
]
.
Similar
ly
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
h
as a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t r
o
le
th
at
wo
u
ld
af
f
ec
t t
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ject
in
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ites
[
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
in
f
lu
x
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
in
to
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
is
wo
r
r
y
in
g
as
it
co
u
ld
lead
to
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
On
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
is
a
s
e
v
er
e
b
ar
r
ier
in
la
n
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
elp
th
e
m
to
b
e
ab
l
e
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
4
]
As
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
ca
m
e
f
r
o
m
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
Nep
al,
My
an
m
ar
,
I
n
d
ia,
Vietn
am
an
d
B
an
g
lad
esh
,
wh
er
e
th
er
e
ar
e
l
o
wer
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
r
ate,
th
ey
ar
e
n
o
t
ab
le
to
s
p
ea
k
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
lan
g
u
ag
e
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
th
eir
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
s
an
d
th
is
co
u
ld
af
f
ec
t th
eir
wo
r
k
in
ter
m
s
o
f
d
elay
an
d
s
af
ety
m
ea
s
u
r
es [
5
]
.
W
ei
an
d
Yaz
n
if
ar
d
[
6
]
s
tated
th
at
th
is
lan
g
u
a
g
e
b
a
r
r
ier
is
a
p
r
o
b
lem
in
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
co
n
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
esp
ec
ially
wh
e
n
th
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
to
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
th
e
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
eir
ac
ce
s
s
to
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
is
in
ad
eq
u
ate.
I
t
b
ec
o
m
e
s
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
wh
en
t
h
e
p
r
o
ject
g
ets
m
o
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tin
g
co
mmu
n
ica
tive
b
a
r
r
ier
s
o
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
…
(
K
h
a
ir
u
l F
ir
d
a
u
s
N
e’
Ma
tu
lla
h
)
477
co
m
p
licated
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
u
n
ab
le
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
ee
d
ed
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
ject
task
s
[
4
]
.
Salleh
,
No
r
d
in
an
d
R
ash
id
[
7
]
also
ag
r
ee
th
at
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
b
ar
r
ier
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
wh
en
th
e
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
ar
e
n
o
t a
b
le
to
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
d
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
.
B
esid
es
f
r
o
m
in
ab
ilit
y
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
p
r
o
ject
task
s
d
u
e
t
o
p
o
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
,
it
co
u
l
d
also
lead
to
s
ev
er
al
o
th
er
ef
f
ec
ts
th
at
co
u
ld
m
ajo
r
ly
af
f
ec
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
jects.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
E
m
u
z
e
an
d
J
am
es
[
8
]
,
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
je
cts
co
u
ld
h
a
v
e
s
lo
wed
d
o
wn
d
u
e
to
p
o
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
also
af
f
ec
t
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
jects
in
t
er
m
s
o
f
tim
ef
r
a
m
e,
b
u
d
g
et
a
n
d
co
u
ld
also
ca
u
s
e
d
is
p
u
te
b
etwe
en
s
h
ar
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
.
Po
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
m
a
y
also
ca
u
s
e
r
ewo
r
k
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
ject
wh
ich
tak
es
tim
e
an
d
co
s
t
an
d
th
is
co
u
ld
lead
to
u
n
d
esira
b
le
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
.
Gam
il
an
d
R
ah
m
a
n
[
1
]
;
M
ar
h
an
i
,
et
a
l
.
[
9
]
also
h
as
s
im
il
ar
v
iew,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
y
s
tated
th
at
p
o
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
u
ld
lead
lo
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
an
d
wo
r
k
q
u
ality
wh
ic
h
co
u
ld
lead
to
f
ailu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ject
s
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
Dem
a
nd
o
f
f
o
re
ig
n wo
rk
er
s
i
n M
a
la
y
s
ia
Ma
lay
s
ia,
a
co
u
n
tr
y
with
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
3
1
m
illi
o
n
an
d
an
u
n
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
r
ate
o
f
a
b
o
u
t
4
.
8
p
er
ce
n
t
in
No
v
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
b
y
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
Statis
tics
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
DOSM)
[
1
0
]
,
is
in
n
ee
d
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
w
o
r
k
er
s
to
f
ill
th
e
m
an
p
o
wer
g
a
p
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
s
in
ce
lo
ca
ls
ar
e
n
o
t
k
ee
n
o
n
w
o
r
k
in
g
in
th
is
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
T
h
e
r
ap
id
g
r
o
wth
o
f
Ma
lay
s
ia’
s
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
p
o
liti
ca
l
s
tab
ilit
y
[
1
1
]
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
m
ain
f
ac
to
r
to
attr
ac
t
th
e
i
n
f
lu
x
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
to
th
is
co
u
n
tr
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
p
r
o
jects
th
e
es
tim
atio
n
o
n
d
em
an
d
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
b
y
Ma
s
ter
B
u
ild
er
s
Ass
o
ciatio
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
M
B
AM
)
[
1
2
]
,
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
is
ex
p
ec
te
d
to
n
ee
d
at
least 1
.
9
9
5
m
illi
o
n
o
n
-
s
ite
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
in
2
0
2
0
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
s
tim
ated
lo
ca
l su
p
p
ly
in
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
T
h
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
h
ad
attr
ac
ted
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
n
atio
n
ality
m
ain
ly
I
n
d
o
n
esia
to
Ma
lay
s
ia.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
an
y
r
ea
s
o
n
s
I
n
d
o
n
esian
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
ab
le
to
ad
ap
t
lo
ca
lly
i
s
th
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
g
a
p
b
etwe
en
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
a
g
e
(
B
ah
asa
Ma
lay
s
ia)
an
d
I
n
d
o
n
esian
lan
g
u
a
g
e
th
at
s
h
o
w
s
o
m
e
s
im
ilar
ities
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
d
o
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
c
o
n
s
is
t
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esian
b
u
t
is
m
a
d
e
u
p
o
f
m
an
y
o
th
e
r
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
f
r
o
m
with
in
Asi
a.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
also
f
o
r
eig
n
w
o
r
k
er
s
o
f
o
th
er
n
atio
n
alities
s
u
ch
as
B
an
g
lad
esh
,
T
h
ailan
d
,
P
h
ilip
p
in
es,
Pak
is
tan
,
Vietn
am
an
d
o
t
h
er
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
3
]
d
u
e
to
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
e
f
f
ec
t.
T
h
is
v
ar
iety
o
f
n
atio
n
ali
ty
cr
ea
tes
d
iv
er
s
ity
with
in
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ite
in
ter
m
s
o
f
cu
ltu
r
e
a
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
with
lan
g
u
a
g
e
b
ein
g
th
e
cr
u
cial
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
wh
ile
co
n
d
u
ct
in
g
wo
r
k
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
r
e
p
o
r
ts
a
to
tal
o
f
2
,
0
5
9
,
3
8
2
leg
ally
r
eg
is
ter
ed
f
o
r
ei
g
n
wo
r
k
er
s
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
as
o
f
Ma
y
3
1
,
2
0
1
9
to
wo
r
k
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
b
as
ed
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
f
r
o
m
I
m
m
ig
r
atio
n
Dep
a
r
tm
en
t
s
tatis
tics
in
Ho
u
s
i
n
g
an
d
L
o
ca
l
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
Min
is
tr
y
was
f
r
o
m
I
n
d
o
n
esia
(
7
2
6
,
1
5
8
o
r
3
5
.
2
6
%)
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
B
an
g
lad
esh
(
5
8
4
,
5
1
8
o
r
2
8
.
3
8
%),
Nep
al
(
3
2
7
,
5
2
9
o
r
1
5
.
9
%),
M
y
an
m
ar
(
1
2
5
,
6
7
5
o
r
6
.
1
0
%),
I
n
d
ia
(
1
2
0
,
6
3
9
o
r
5
.
8
6
%)
wh
ile
th
e
r
est
h
ad
r
eg
is
ter
ed
b
elo
w
6
0
,
0
0
0
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
f
r
o
m
o
th
e
r
co
u
n
tr
ies
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
)
.
As
s
tated
b
y
Gen
tile
[
1
5
]
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
h
as
b
en
ef
ited
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
i
g
h
m
ig
r
a
n
t
wo
r
k
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
eig
n
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
r
ates,
s
tan
d
a
r
d
o
f
li
v
in
g
o
f
th
e
lo
ca
l a
n
d
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
d
o
m
esti
c
u
n
em
p
l
o
y
m
en
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
202
1
:
4
7
6
-
4
8
2
478
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
eg
is
ter
ed
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
2
.
2
.
Co
m
m
un
ica
t
io
n
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
t
in
o
u
r
d
aily
life
.
As
th
e
wo
r
ld
p
r
o
g
r
ess
es
to
war
d
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ializatio
n
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
th
e
n
ee
d
to
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
an
d
o
b
tain
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
all
f
ield
s
is
in
a
g
r
ea
t
d
em
an
d
[
1
6
]
.
So
ciety
n
ee
d
s
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
ab
ilit
ies
to
in
ter
ac
t
wi
th
ea
ch
o
th
er
,
to
p
ass
o
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
as
well
as to
s
h
ar
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
Go
o
d
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
lear
n
ed
s
k
ill
[
1
7
]
an
d
th
is
s
k
ill
b
en
ef
its
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
in
s
o
m
an
y
wa
y
s
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
is
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
h
a
v
e
th
e
id
ea
s
,
o
p
in
io
n
s
,
th
o
u
g
h
ts
,
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
b
e
d
eliv
er
e
d
a
n
d
s
h
ar
ed
ef
f
ec
ti
v
ely
.
Sh
o
u
ld
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
ailed
,
tr
o
u
b
le
m
ig
h
t o
cc
u
r
th
at
will d
eter
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
to
b
e
d
eliv
er
ed
o
r
s
h
ar
ed
.
I
n
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
,
is
s
u
es
p
er
tain
i
n
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
h
ad
b
ec
o
m
e
a
m
ajo
r
c
o
n
ce
r
n
[
1
8
]
,
n
o
t
o
n
ly
Ma
lay
s
ia
b
u
t a
ls
o
to
o
m
an
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies.
Alth
o
u
g
h
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
ag
e
h
as b
ee
n
th
e
o
f
f
icial
n
atio
n
al
l
an
g
u
a
g
e
in
Ma
lay
s
ia,
th
er
e
is
n
o
les
s
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
g
iv
en
to
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
eith
er
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Pek
,
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
,
n
o
n
-
E
n
g
lis
h
co
u
n
tr
ies
f
ac
ed
lan
g
u
a
g
e
b
a
r
r
ier
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
As
an
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
it
is
v
er
y
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
o
n
e
to
at
least
b
ein
g
ab
le
to
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
ate
in
E
n
g
lis
h
,
b
e
it
in
ca
s
u
al
o
r
f
o
r
m
al
s
ettin
g
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ah
m
ed
[
2
0
]
,
if
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
is
ab
le
to
h
av
e
a
g
o
o
d
co
m
m
an
d
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
,
it
will
b
e
an
ac
ce
s
s
to
an
y
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
as E
n
g
lis
h
is
a
lan
g
u
ag
e
th
at
is
b
ein
g
p
r
ac
ticed
wo
r
ld
wid
e.
E
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
h
as p
r
o
v
e
d
to
b
e
ch
allen
g
i
n
g
with
p
eo
p
le
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
c
u
ltu
r
es
[
2
1
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
in
ab
ilit
y
to
b
e
p
r
o
f
icien
t
in
E
n
g
lis
h
am
o
n
g
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
e
r
s
ca
n
b
e
d
u
e
to
v
er
y
m
in
im
al
u
s
e
o
r
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
th
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e.
B
esid
es,
th
e
ev
e
r
-
g
r
o
win
g
d
em
an
d
o
f
u
s
in
g
m
o
b
i
le
ap
p
licatio
n
h
a
d
af
f
ec
ted
th
e
way
wh
o
p
e
o
p
le
co
m
m
u
n
icate
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Usi
n
g
E
n
g
lis
h
as
th
e
m
ain
m
e
d
iu
m
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
will
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
u
s
er
s
with
v
ar
io
u
s
ad
v
an
tag
es.
No
t
o
n
ly
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
less
o
n
is
b
ein
g
d
eliv
er
ed
,
b
u
t
th
e
u
s
er
s
will
also
g
et
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
n
th
eir
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
,
m
ain
ly
s
p
ea
k
in
g
.
Pra
ctici
n
g
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tex
ts
will h
elp
lear
n
er
s
in
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
.
T
h
e
h
esit
an
ce
to
war
d
s
s
p
ea
k
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
b
y
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Fear
o
f
m
is
tak
es,
s
h
y
n
ess
,
an
x
iety
,
lack
o
f
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
,
an
d
lack
o
f
m
o
tiv
atio
n
all
f
all
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
h
in
d
er
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
b
ei
n
g
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
ca
p
ab
le
[
2
4
]
.
2
.
3
.
L
a
ng
ua
g
e
a
nd
cult
ure
L
an
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
cu
ltu
r
e
a
r
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
b
ar
r
ier
s
th
at
h
in
d
er
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
p
eo
p
le
[
2
5
]
.
As
s
o
cio
-
cu
ltu
r
a
l
co
n
tex
t
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
o
n
e’
s
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e,
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
m
u
l
tip
le
v
ar
iab
les
s
u
ch
as
b
o
o
k
s
,
f
o
r
eig
n
r
ad
io
,
in
te
r
n
et,
f
ilm
s
,
an
d
n
ewsp
ap
er
a
n
d
m
ag
az
in
es
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
i
n
a
lan
g
u
a
g
e
[
2
6
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
Ah
m
ad
i
an
d
B
ajela
n
i
[
2
7
]
,
in
ter
m
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
E
n
g
lis
h
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
(
E
SP
)
h
as
n
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
Th
er
e
is
n
o
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
c
o
n
ten
ts
in
E
SP
d
if
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
o
s
e
o
f
g
en
e
r
al
E
n
g
lis
h
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
E
SP
is
n
o
t
en
tire
ly
o
n
t
h
e
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
u
t
also
en
co
m
p
ass
es a
ll ty
p
es o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
a
c
r
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
s
ettin
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tin
g
co
mmu
n
ica
tive
b
a
r
r
ier
s
o
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
…
(
K
h
a
ir
u
l F
ir
d
a
u
s
N
e’
Ma
tu
lla
h
)
479
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
eo
p
le
u
s
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
a
g
e
f
o
r
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
t
o
a
g
r
ea
ter
ex
ten
t
[
2
8
]
.
As
f
ar
as
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
a
r
e
co
n
ce
r
n
e
d
,
th
ei
r
aim
is
to
wo
r
k
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
o
r
d
er
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
y
th
eir
cu
s
to
m
er
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
o
s
o
,
th
ey
m
u
s
t b
e
co
m
p
eten
t in
th
e
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
as th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
th
ey
ar
e
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
in
wo
u
ld
e
x
p
ec
t
th
em
t
o
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
ter
m
s
r
elate
d
to
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
jo
b
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
Ma
n
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
a
r
o
s
e
in
wo
r
k
p
lac
e
wer
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
b
ar
r
ie
r
s
cu
ltu
r
al
d
iv
er
s
ity
im
p
o
s
ed
o
n
cr
o
s
s
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
2
1
]
.
W
ith
th
ese
b
ar
r
ier
s
g
o
u
n
tr
ea
ted
will
th
en
af
f
ec
t
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
an
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
i
n
lo
n
g
r
u
n
.
I
t
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ea
tu
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
r
ei
g
n
wo
r
k
er
s
to
b
e
ab
le
to
r
ea
d
f
r
o
m
p
r
i
n
ted
m
at
er
ials
as
well
as to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
f
o
r
ac
tio
n
s
to
b
e
tak
en
.
Ma
n
u
als,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
,
an
d
in
v
o
ices a
r
e
g
o
in
g
t
o
b
e
a
n
o
r
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
in
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ola
n
r
ewa
ju
,
et
a
l.
[
3
]
,
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
n
th
e
s
ite
d
ep
en
d
s
v
er
y
m
u
ch
o
n
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
am
o
n
g
th
e
wo
r
k
er
s
.
Pro
b
lem
s
th
at
lead
to
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
ar
r
ie
r
s
wh
ich
h
in
d
er
p
r
o
ject
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
o
n
-
s
ite
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
n
e
ed
to
b
e
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
ea
r
ly
.
On
ce
th
ese
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
a
r
r
ier
s
ar
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
,
Sap
ar
a
n
d
Ab
u
I
s
aa
c
[
2
5
]
s
t
ated
o
n
l
y
th
e
n
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
will in
cr
ea
s
e.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esear
c
h
was
u
s
ed
a
s
th
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
ased
o
n
a
r
ev
iew
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
an
d
ad
ap
te
d
f
r
o
m
Salleh
,
N
o
r
d
in
an
d
R
ash
id
[
7
]
.
Pu
r
p
o
s
i
v
e
s
am
p
lin
g
was
u
s
e
to
en
q
u
ir
e
2
6
o
n
-
s
ite
co
n
tr
ac
to
r
s
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
co
m
p
an
ies.
T
h
e
a
d
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
o
n
Go
o
g
le
f
o
r
m
s
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
lin
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia.
An
in
v
itat
io
n
to
co
m
p
lete
th
e
o
n
lin
e
q
u
es
tio
n
n
air
e
was
s
en
t
to
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
to
elicit
th
eir
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
b
ar
r
ier
s
f
ac
ed
b
y
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
i
n
Ma
lay
s
i
a
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ites
.
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
ath
er
ed
was
th
e
n
an
aly
ze
d
.
T
h
e
d
ata
was
an
aly
ze
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
s
tatis
tical
p
ac
k
ag
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
(
SP
SS
)
s
o
f
twar
e
in
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
f
o
r
ea
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
wer
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
tab
l
es
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
P
ro
j
ec
t
ba
c
k
g
ro
un
d
A
to
tal
o
f
1
7
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
6
5
.
4
%
h
ad
s
tated
th
at
th
eir
co
m
p
an
y
h
ir
e
d
wo
r
k
er
s
f
r
o
m
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
W
h
ile
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
r
ec
r
u
itm
en
t
was
s
ee
n
o
n
t
h
e
B
an
g
la
d
esh
is
n
ati
o
n
ality
wh
ich
wer
e
h
ir
ed
b
y
2
6
co
m
p
an
ies
to
w
o
r
k
at
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
s
ites
ar
o
u
n
d
Ma
lay
s
ia.
T
h
is
was
f
o
ll
o
wed
b
y
a
to
tal
o
f
2
3
.
1
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
s
ix
co
m
p
an
ies
s
tated
th
at
th
ey
h
ir
ed
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
f
r
o
m
Pak
is
tan
.
T
h
e
r
ec
r
u
itm
e
n
t
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
b
y
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
co
m
p
an
ies
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
ec
r
u
itm
en
t
o
f
f
o
r
ei
g
n
wo
r
k
er
s
T
h
er
e
was a
s
im
ilar
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
co
m
p
a
n
ies with
1
1
.
5
% (
th
r
ee
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
c
o
m
p
a
n
ies)
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
to
h
av
e
r
ec
r
u
ited
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
f
r
o
m
Vietn
am
a
n
d
C
h
in
a
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
W
h
ile
two
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
c
o
m
p
an
ies
(
7
.
7
%)
s
tated
t
h
at
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
f
o
r
m
My
a
n
m
ar
wer
e
h
ir
e
d
to
w
o
r
k
at
th
eir
s
ite
p
r
o
ject.
As
th
er
e
was
o
n
e
(
3
.
8
%)
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
c
o
m
p
an
y
th
at
s
tated
to
h
av
e
h
i
r
ed
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
c
o
u
n
tr
ie
s
lis
ted
.
As r
ef
er
r
ed
t
o
th
e
r
eg
is
ter
ed
f
o
r
eig
n
w
o
r
k
er
s
i
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
[
1
4
]
as in
Fig
u
r
e
2
r
elea
s
ed
b
y
i
m
m
ig
r
atio
n
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t
s
ta
tis
tics
in
h
o
u
s
in
g
an
d
lo
ca
l g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
m
i
n
is
tr
y
,
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
wo
r
k
in
g
a
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ites
ar
o
u
n
d
Ma
lay
s
ia
wer
e
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
c
o
m
p
an
ies
i
n
Ma
l
ay
s
ia
h
ir
ed
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
to
wo
r
k
at
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
s
ites
.
Hen
ce
,
it
was
an
u
p
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
id
en
tify
th
e
n
atio
n
ality
o
f
all
t
h
o
s
e
f
o
r
ei
g
n
wo
r
k
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
f
r
o
m
s
ite
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
an
d
co
n
tr
ac
to
r
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
202
1
:
4
7
6
-
4
8
2
480
4
.
2
.
L
a
ng
ua
g
e
ba
rr
iers a
m
o
ng
f
o
re
ig
n wo
rk
er
s
L
an
g
u
ag
e
b
a
r
r
ier
s
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
th
r
ea
t
to
th
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
at
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ec
to
r
.
Var
io
u
s
ef
f
ec
ts
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
r
is
k
s
an
d
s
af
ety
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
at
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ites
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
b
ar
r
ier
s
am
o
n
g
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
wo
r
k
in
g
at
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ec
to
r
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
Q
u
esti
o
n
s
v
ar
ied
in
o
v
er
all
ef
f
ec
t,
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
tim
e,
r
i
s
k
in
q
u
ality
,
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ie
s
o
f
wastag
e,
s
af
ety
co
m
p
lian
ce
an
d
r
is
k
s
to
war
d
s
ac
cid
en
ts
an
d
in
j
u
r
ies.
T
ab
le
1
.
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
b
ar
r
ier
s
am
o
n
g
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
e
r
s
at
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
I
t
e
ms
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
on
M
i
s
c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
d
e
l
a
y
s
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
c
o
mp
l
e
t
i
o
n
1
.
0
8
.
2
7
2
M
i
s
c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
r
i
s
k
s
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
w
o
r
k
1
.
0
4
.
1
9
6
M
i
s
c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
u
t
s fo
r
e
i
g
n
w
o
r
k
e
r
s a
t
h
i
g
h
e
r
r
i
s
k
1
.
0
8
.
2
7
2
M
i
s
c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
a
d
s
t
o
w
a
st
a
g
e
o
f
mat
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
n
d
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
1
.
0
8
.
2
7
2
C
l
e
a
r
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
r
e
d
u
c
e
s was
t
a
g
e
1
.
1
2
.
3
2
6
F
o
r
e
i
g
n
w
o
r
k
e
r
s w
i
t
h
l
o
w
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
f
l
u
e
n
c
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
n
o
t
b
e
h
a
n
d
e
d
i
mp
o
r
t
a
n
t
d
e
t
a
i
l
s
1
.
1
2
.
3
2
6
F
o
r
e
i
g
n
w
o
r
k
e
r
s w
i
t
h
l
o
w
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
f
l
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
u
l
d
c
o
mp
l
y
t
o
s
a
f
e
t
y
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
1
.
3
1
.
4
7
1
As
s
ee
n
in
T
a
b
le
1
,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
wer
e
ask
ed
if
‘
Misco
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
d
elay
s
p
r
o
ject
co
m
p
letio
n
’
an
d
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
h
o
wed
a
Me
an
s
co
r
e
o
f
1
.
0
8
(
SD=0
.
2
7
2
)
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
d
th
at
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
with
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
th
at
m
is
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
cr
ea
ted
m
is
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
d
elay
ed
th
e
tim
e
tak
en
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
lete
a
p
r
o
ject.
O
n
th
e
n
ex
t
item
o
f
‘
Misco
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
r
is
k
s
q
u
ality
o
f
w
o
r
k
’
in
d
icate
d
a
Me
a
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
1
.
0
4
(
SD=0
.
1
9
6
)
.
Fro
m
th
e
d
ata
co
llected
h
a
d
s
h
o
wn
th
at
2
5
o
u
t
o
f
2
6
r
esp
o
n
s
es
ag
r
ee
d
th
at
m
is
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
m
is
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
r
is
k
u
p
o
n
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
wo
r
k
at
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ite.
As
f
o
r
‘
Misco
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
u
ts
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
at
h
i
g
h
er
r
is
k
’
jo
tted
a
Me
an
s
co
r
e
o
f
1
.
0
8
(
0
.
2
7
2
)
wh
er
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
d
id
ag
r
ee
t
h
at
wo
r
k
wh
ich
r
eq
u
i
r
es
atten
tio
n
to
d
etails
p
u
t
f
o
r
eig
n
w
o
r
k
er
s
at
r
is
k
to
war
d
s
ac
cid
en
t
as
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
o
s
e
with
s
af
ety
k
n
o
wled
g
e
.
W
h
ile
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
item
o
f
‘
Misco
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
lead
s
to
wastag
e
o
f
m
ater
ials
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
’
s
h
o
wed
a
Me
an
s
co
r
e
o
f
1
.
0
8
(
SD=0
.
2
7
2
)
with
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
th
a
t m
is
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
r
o
m
m
is
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ca
n
lead
to
wastag
e
o
f
m
ater
ials
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
ab
o
v
e
s
tatem
en
t,
‘
C
lear
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
r
ed
u
ce
s
wastag
e’
in
d
icate
d
a
Me
an
s
co
r
e
o
f
1
.
1
2
(
SD=0
.
3
2
6
)
wh
er
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ag
r
ee
d
th
at
wastag
e
ca
n
b
e
r
e
d
u
ce
d
if
p
r
o
p
er
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
clea
r
to
th
e
f
o
r
eig
n
w
o
r
k
er
s
.
O
n
th
e
n
ex
t item
o
f
‘
Fo
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
with
lo
w
lan
g
u
a
g
e
f
l
u
en
cy
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t b
e
h
an
d
e
d
im
p
o
r
tan
t
d
etails’
s
h
o
wed
a
M
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
1
.
1
2
(
SD=0
.
3
2
6
)
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
d
th
at
d
etails
wer
e
n
o
t
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
to
b
e
h
a
n
d
ed
t
o
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
e
r
s
with
o
u
t f
lu
en
c
y
in
th
e
ta
r
g
e
t la
n
g
u
ag
e
w
h
ich
ca
n
p
u
t th
em
at
r
is
k
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
item
o
f
‘
Fo
r
eig
n
w
o
r
k
er
s
with
lo
w
lan
g
u
ag
e
f
l
u
en
cy
co
u
ld
co
m
p
ly
with
s
af
ety
r
e
g
u
latio
n
s
’
h
ad
elicited
a
m
ix
e
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
with
a
M
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
1
.
3
1
(
SD=0
.
4
7
1
)
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
g
en
er
ally
ag
r
ee
d
an
d
d
is
ag
r
ee
d
with
th
e
s
tatem
en
t o
f
wh
eth
er
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
with
litt
le
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
tar
g
et
lan
g
u
a
g
e
co
u
l
d
f
u
lly
co
m
p
ly
with
th
e
s
et
s
af
ety
r
e
g
u
l
atio
n
s
.
Hen
ce
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
p
r
esen
ted
a
b
o
v
e
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
h
ad
s
in
ce
r
ec
r
u
ited
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
r
a
p
id
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
2
9
]
.
W
ith
th
e
alar
m
in
g
d
em
a
n
d
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
,
th
is
h
ad
s
o
m
eh
o
w
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
th
e
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
lo
ca
l
Ma
lay
s
ian
’
s
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
f
illi
n
g
th
e
v
ac
an
cies
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
I
n
Ma
l
ay
s
ia,
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
h
as
al
way
s
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
a
s
ec
o
n
d
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
af
ter
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
a
g
e
(
B
ah
asa
Ma
lay
s
ia
)
.
W
o
r
k
er
s
e
q
u
ip
p
ed
wit
h
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
ar
e
s
o
u
g
h
t
af
ter
b
y
m
a
n
y
e
m
p
lo
y
e
r
s
[
3
0
]
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
is
s
u
e
am
o
n
g
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
is
n
o
t
n
ew
to
m
an
y
o
r
g
an
iza
tio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ec
to
r
.
T
h
is
was
m
ain
ly
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
wo
r
k
er
s
p
o
r
tr
ay
e
d
th
em
s
elv
es
to
b
e
lack
ed
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
in
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
,
lack
ed
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
p
o
o
r
tim
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
task
s
g
iv
en
in
t
h
e
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
lan
g
u
ag
e
[
3
1
]
.
Du
e
to
th
e
in
a
b
ilit
y
f
o
r
f
o
r
ei
g
n
wo
r
k
er
s
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
well
i
n
E
n
g
lis
h
,
m
a
n
y
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
c
o
m
p
an
ies
f
ac
ed
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ch
allen
g
es
[
5
]
,
[
7
]
to
s
u
s
tain
an
d
d
eliv
er
o
n
tim
e.
As
n
o
ted
in
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
,
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ca
u
s
ed
d
ela
y
s
in
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
wo
r
k
d
o
n
e
an
d
m
an
y
tim
es
r
e
-
wo
r
k
h
ad
to
b
e
d
o
n
e
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
s
tan
d
a
r
d
.
Hen
ce
,
c
o
m
p
an
ies
s
u
f
f
er
ed
lo
s
s
es
b
o
th
i
n
p
r
o
f
it
m
a
r
g
in
as
well
as
co
n
tr
ac
ts
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
jects
[
3
2
]
a
n
d
co
u
ld
n
o
t
co
m
p
ete
with
o
th
er
in
d
u
s
tr
y
p
la
y
er
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
e
r
s
ar
e
lack
in
g
to
o
m
u
c
h
in
all
th
e
f
o
u
r
s
k
ills
wh
ich
will
b
e
ap
p
l
ied
b
y
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
in
th
is
c
o
u
r
s
e.
R
esu
lts
h
ad
s
h
o
wn
t
h
at
th
er
e
ar
e
n
ee
d
s
t
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
is
s
u
e
a
m
o
n
g
f
o
r
ei
g
n
wo
r
k
e
r
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
s
tay
c
o
m
p
etitiv
e
i
n
th
e
s
aid
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
W
ith
o
u
t
p
r
o
p
er
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
co
u
ld
p
u
t
th
ese
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
e
r
s
at
r
is
k
as
well
a
s
ca
u
s
in
g
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
wastag
e
o
f
tim
e
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
3
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tin
g
co
mmu
n
ica
tive
b
a
r
r
ier
s
o
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
…
(
K
h
a
ir
u
l F
ir
d
a
u
s
N
e’
Ma
tu
lla
h
)
481
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
As
a
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
h
av
e
co
m
e
t
o
r
ea
lize
th
at
m
an
y
ca
s
es
in
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
jects
wh
ich
h
av
e
ask
ed
f
o
r
ex
te
n
s
io
n
o
f
tim
e
(
E
OT
)
o
r
else
th
e
p
r
o
jects
ar
e
to
o
n
e
g
lecte
d
d
u
e
to
in
a
b
ilit
y
f
o
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
c
o
m
p
an
ies to
co
m
p
lete
th
e
p
r
o
ject
o
n
tim
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
u
n
d
er
tak
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
ab
ilit
y
as o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
s
u
c
ce
s
s
an
d
f
ailu
r
e
o
f
a
p
r
o
ject,
f
u
r
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
to
l
o
o
k
with
in
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
b
ar
r
ier
s
th
at
o
cc
u
r
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
o
s
ted
a
n
ee
d
d
o
r
esear
ch
with
in
la
n
g
u
ag
e
co
r
p
u
s
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
tr
ain
i
n
g
to
b
e
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
to
m
itig
ate
m
is
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
with
in
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
.
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
d
u
les f
o
r
f
o
r
eig
n
wo
r
k
er
s
tr
ain
in
g
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
b
ef
o
r
e
b
ein
g
allo
we
d
to
m
o
v
e
s
tr
aig
h
t in
to
o
r
d
er
tak
in
g
i
n
s
aid
p
r
o
jects.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
ese,
way
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
Ma
l
ay
s
ian
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
jects
s
u
s
tain
an
d
to
h
av
e
lo
wer
r
is
k
o
f
n
eg
lig
en
ce
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
Au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
t
h
an
k
SEM
E
STA
-
MBI
f
o
r
f
u
n
d
in
g
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
Un
iv
er
s
iti Sela
n
g
o
r
(
UNI
SEL
)
u
n
d
er
Gr
an
t N
o
s
.
I
/SEM
-
MBI/SS/2
0
2
0
/2
0
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Y.
G
a
m
il
a
n
d
I.
A.
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
“
Id
e
n
ti
fica
ti
o
n
o
f
c
a
u
se
s a
n
d
e
ffe
c
ts o
f
p
o
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
in
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
i
n
d
u
stry
:
A
th
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
re
v
iew
,
”
Eme
rg
i
n
g
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
3
9
-
2
4
7
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
]
B.
Y.
Re
n
a
u
lt
a
n
d
J.
N.
Ag
u
m
b
a
,
“
Risk
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
th
e
c
o
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
in
d
u
str
y
:
A
n
e
w l
it
e
ra
tu
re
re
v
iew
,
”
M
A
T
EC
W
e
b
o
f
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
6
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
.
2
0
1
6
.
[3
]
A.
L.
Ola
n
re
wa
ju
,
S
.
Y.
Tan
,
a
n
d
L.
F
.
Kw
a
n
,
“
Ro
les
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
o
n
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
st
ru
c
ti
o
n
se
c
to
r,
”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
1
9
6
,
p
p
.
7
6
3
-
7
7
0
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
]
S
.
G
ü
n
h
a
n
,
G
.
Ş
e
n
o
l
a
n
d
S
.
Z
.
Do
ğ
a
n
,
“
No
n
-
v
e
r
b
a
l
c
u
e
s: I
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
in
c
o
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
p
ro
jec
ts,”
Pro
c
.
o
f
A
S
EE
A
n
n
u
a
l
Co
n
f.
a
n
d
Ex
p
o
s
it
io
n
,
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
8
.
[5
]
A,
Va
li
th
e
rm
,
“
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Ba
rrier
in
M
a
lay
sia
Co
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
S
it
e
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
0
,
2
0
1
4
.
[6
]
W.
M
.
Wei
a
n
d
R.
Ya
z
d
a
n
ifard
,
“
Th
e
Re
v
iew
o
f
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
F
o
r
e
ig
n
Wo
r
k
e
rs
F
a
c
e
i
n
C
o
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
In
d
u
str
y
o
f
M
a
lay
sia
,
”
Glo
b
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
Bu
si
n
e
ss
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
3
-
1
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
N.
A.
B.
S
a
ll
e
h
,
N.
B.
M
.
N
o
rd
i
n
,
a
n
d
A.
K.
B.
A.
Ra
sh
id
,
“
Th
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
p
ro
b
lem
issu
e
a
m
o
n
g
fo
r
e
ig
n
wo
r
k
e
rs
in
th
e
M
a
lay
sia
n
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
i
n
d
u
st
ry
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
B
u
sin
e
ss
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
9
7
-
9
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[8
]
F
.
Emu
z
e
a
n
d
M
.
Ja
m
e
s,
“
Ex
p
lo
rin
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
d
u
e
to
lan
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
lt
u
ra
l
d
i
v
e
rsity
o
n
S
o
u
th
Afric
a
n
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
sites
,
”
Acta
S
tru
c
ti
li
a
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
4
-
6
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[9
]
M
.
A.
M
a
r
h
a
n
i,
H.
Ad
n
a
n
,
H.
E.
Ba
h
a
ru
d
d
i
n
,
M
.
R.
Esa
,
a
n
d
A.
A.
Ha
ss
a
n
,
“
De
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
y
o
f
fo
re
ig
n
wo
r
k
e
rs
i
n
M
a
lay
sia
n
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
i
n
d
u
stry
,
”
Bu
il
t
En
v
ir
o
n
me
n
t
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
9
-
5
0
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
0
]
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
S
tatist
ics
,
M
a
lay
s
ia
(DO
S
M
),
“
Ke
y
S
tatisti
c
s
o
f
L
a
b
o
u
r
F
o
rc
e
i
n
M
a
lay
sia
,
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
,
”
1
1
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
2
1
,
Re
tr
iev
e
d
fr
o
m
h
tt
p
s
:/
/www
.
d
o
sm
.
g
o
v
.
m
y
.
[1
1
]
I.
S
.
Ha
m
z
a
h
,
M
.
R.
S
a
rif
in
,
M
.
S
.
A.
Az
iz
,
a
n
d
M
.
F
.
A.
A
b
d
u
ll
a
h
,
“
M
a
lay
sia
a
s Attr
a
c
ti
o
n
o
f
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
F
o
re
ig
n
Wo
rk
e
rs,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Criti
c
a
l
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
7
9
7
-
8
0
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
2
]
M
a
ste
r
Bu
il
d
e
rs
As
so
c
iatio
n
M
a
l
a
y
sia
(M
BAM),
“
F
re
e
z
e
o
n
F
o
re
ig
n
W
o
rk
e
rs’
In
tak
e
Wi
ll
Im
p
a
c
t
P
ro
jec
ts,”
Th
e
Ed
g
e
,
e
a
sy
m
a
n
p
o
we
r.
c
o
,
2
0
2
0
.
[On
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
e
a
sy
m
a
n
p
o
we
r.
c
o
/ma
lay
sia
-
fre
e
z
e
-
fo
re
ig
n
-
w
o
rk
e
rs
-
in
tak
e
-
will
-
imp
a
c
t
-
p
ro
jec
ts/
[1
3
]
J.
A.
Jo
rd
a
a
n
,
“
F
o
re
ig
n
wo
rk
e
rs
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
ti
v
i
ty
i
n
a
n
e
m
e
rg
in
g
e
c
o
n
o
m
y
:
Th
e
Ca
se
o
f
M
a
lay
sia
,
”
Rev
iew
o
f
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
Eco
n
o
mic
s
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
4
8
-
1
7
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
4
]
I.
Li
m
,
“
Are
fe
a
rs
o
v
e
r
C
h
in
a
’s
c
it
ize
n
s
in
M
a
lay
sia
j
u
stifi
e
d
?
Wh
a
t
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
rs
tell
u
s,”
M
a
lay
M
a
il
,
2
0
2
0
.
[On
li
n
e
]
.
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
m
a
lay
sia
.
n
e
ws
.
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
m
/fea
rs
-
o
v
e
r
-
c
h
i
n
a
-
c
it
iz
e
n
s
-
m
a
lay
sia
-
0
4
0
0
2
5
6
2
3
.
h
tml
[1
5
]
E.
G
e
n
ti
le,
S
k
il
led
L
a
b
o
r
M
o
b
i
li
ty
a
n
d
M
i
g
ra
ti
o
n
:
C
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
Op
p
o
rt
u
n
it
ies
fo
r
th
e
A
S
EA
N
Eco
n
o
mic
Co
mm
u
n
it
y
.
Un
it
e
d
Kin
g
d
o
m
:
Ed
wa
rd
El
g
a
r
P
u
b
li
sh
i
n
g
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
6
]
L.
S
.
P
e
k
a
n
d
R.
W
.
M
.
M
e
e
,
“
S
e
lfi
e
:
E
n
g
a
g
i
n
g
l
ife
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
s
in
t
o
writi
n
g
,
”
M
a
la
y
sia
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Dist
a
n
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
1
-
6
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
7
]
M
.
R.
M
a
rk
o
v
ic
a
n
d
A.
S
a
lam
z
a
d
e
h
,
“
Th
e
Im
p
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
in
B
u
sin
e
ss
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
7
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Em
p
lo
y
me
n
t
,
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
En
tre
p
re
n
e
u
rs
h
i
p
,
Be
l
g
ra
d
e
,
S
e
rb
ia,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
8
]
R.
W.
M
.
M
e
e
,
T
.
S
.
T.
S
h
a
h
d
a
n
,
M
.
R
.
Ism
a
il
,
K.
A.
G
h
a
n
i,
L.
S
.
P
e
k
,
W
.
Y.
V
o
n
,
A.
Wo
o
,
a
n
d
Y.
S
.
Ra
o
,
“
Ro
le
o
f
g
a
m
ifi
c
a
ti
o
n
in
c
las
sro
o
m
tea
c
h
in
g
:
P
re
-
se
rv
ice
tea
c
h
e
rs’
v
iew
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Eva
l
u
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
(IJ
ER
E)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
8
4
-
6
9
0
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
9
]
L.
S
.
P
e
k
,
R.
W.
M
.
M
e
e
,
N.
T.
M
.
Na
d
a
ra
jan
,
A.
R
.
M
o
h
a
m
a
d
,
Z
.
Alias
,
a
n
d
M
.
R.
Ism
a
il
,
“
To
u
r
ists’
P
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
u
lt
il
i
n
g
u
a
li
sm
u
se
a
m
o
n
g
To
u
ri
sm
Emp
lo
y
e
e
s
a
t
M
a
jo
r
Attrac
ti
o
n
s
in
K
u
a
la
S
e
lan
g
o
r,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Aca
d
e
mic
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
Bu
si
n
e
ss
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
9
1
4
-
9
1
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
0
]
S
.
Ah
m
e
d
,
“
Atti
t
u
d
e
s
t
o
wa
rd
s
En
g
li
sh
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
Lea
rn
in
g
a
m
o
n
g
EF
L
Le
a
rn
e
rs
a
t
UMS
KA
L,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Pra
c
ti
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
1
8
,
p
p
.
6
-
1
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
1
]
R.
D.
Je
n
ifer
a
n
d
G
.
P
.
Ra
m
a
n
,
“
Cro
ss
Cu
lt
u
ra
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
B
a
rriers
in
W
o
rk
p
lac
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
3
2
-
3
3
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
10
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
202
1
:
4
7
6
-
4
8
2
482
[2
2
]
A.
C.
P
.
P
o
h
,
W.
Y.
Un
g
,
a
n
d
T.
S
.
Y.
Tan
,
“
T
h
e
imp
a
c
t
o
f
S
M
S
o
n
writi
n
g
:
A
c
a
se
stu
d
y
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
iv
e
rsity
stu
d
e
n
ts
in
Kla
n
g
Va
ll
e
y
,
”
S
EGi
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
-
1
2
4
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
3
]
K.
F
.
Ne
’m
a
tu
ll
a
h
,
“
A
S
tu
d
y
o
n
Th
e
Us
a
g
e
o
f
Ab
b
re
v
iatio
n
s
a
n
d
Ac
ro
n
y
m
s
fr
o
m
W
h
a
tsAp
p
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
o
n
F
o
rm
a
l
En
g
li
s
h
Wr
it
i
n
g
a
m
o
n
g
Di
p
lo
m
a
TE
S
L
S
tu
d
e
n
ts,”
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Pre
-
Un
ive
rs
it
y
S
e
min
a
r
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
-
1
1
5
.
[2
4
]
J.
Ju
h
a
n
a
,
“
P
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
F
a
c
to
rs
Th
a
t
Hin
d
e
r
S
t
u
d
e
n
ts
fro
m
S
p
e
a
k
in
g
i
n
En
g
li
s
h
Clas
s
(A
Ca
se
S
tu
d
y
in
a
S
e
n
i
o
r
Hig
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
in
S
o
u
t
h
Tan
g
e
ra
n
g
,
Ba
n
ten
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
),
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
Pr
a
c
ti
c
e
,
v
o
l.
3
,
p
p
.
1
0
0
-
1
1
0
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
5
]
A.
A.
S
a
p
a
r
a
n
d
S
.
R
.
S
.
Ab
u
Isa
a
c
,
“
Ba
rriers
o
f
Cro
ss
-
Cu
lt
u
ra
l
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
F
o
re
ig
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
rs
a
n
d
S
taff
in
In
tera
c
ti
n
g
with
M
a
lay
sia
n
C
o
u
n
terp
a
rts,
”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
S
o
c
ia
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Hu
m
a
n
it
ies
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
vol
.
1
5
4
,
p
p
.
2
1
0
-
2
1
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
6
]
S
.
S
h
a
b
a
n
i
a
n
d
I
.
Alip
o
o
r,
“
T
h
e
Re
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
twe
e
n
Cu
lt
u
ra
l
I
d
e
n
ti
t
y
,
In
t
rin
sic
M
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
P
ro
n
u
n
c
iati
o
n
Kn
o
wle
d
g
e
o
f
Ira
n
ian
EF
L
Lea
rn
e
rs,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
&
L
it
e
ra
c
y
S
t
u
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
1
-
6
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
7
]
A.
Ah
m
a
d
i
a
n
d
M
.
R.
Ba
jela
n
i,
“
Ba
rriers
to
En
g
li
sh
f
o
r
S
p
e
c
ifi
c
P
u
r
p
o
se
s
Lea
rn
i
n
g
a
m
o
n
g
Ira
n
ian
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
S
tu
d
e
n
ts,”
Pro
c
e
d
i
a
-
S
o
c
ia
l
a
n
d
B
e
h
a
v
io
ra
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
4
7
,
p
p
.
7
9
2
-
7
9
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
8
]
C.
N.
C
h
ien
a
n
d
M
.
Hs
u
,
“
A
c
a
se
stu
d
y
o
f
in
c
o
rp
o
ra
ti
n
g
E
S
P
in
stru
c
ti
o
n
in
to
th
e
u
n
iv
e
rsit
y
E
n
g
li
s
h
c
o
u
rse
,
”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
-
S
o
c
ia
l
a
n
d
Beh
a
v
i
o
ra
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
8
8
5
-
1
8
8
8
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
9
]
X.
D.
Ca
rp
i
o
,
C
.
Oz
d
e
n
,
M
.
Tes
tav
e
rd
e
,
a
n
d
M
.
Wag
n
e
r,
“
L
o
c
a
l
Lab
o
r
S
u
p
p
ly
Re
sp
o
n
se
s
to
Im
m
ig
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
T
h
e
S
c
a
n
d
in
a
v
ia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Eco
n
o
mi
c
s
,
v
o
l.
1
1
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
9
3
-
5
2
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
0
]
S
.
H.
Ti
n
g
,
E.
M
a
rz
u
k
i,
K.
M
.
C
h
u
a
h
,
J.
M
isien
g
,
a
n
d
C.
Je
ro
m
e
,
“
Emp
lo
y
e
rs’ View
s o
n
T
h
e
Im
p
o
rt
a
n
c
e
o
f
En
g
li
sh
P
ro
ficie
n
c
y
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
k
il
l
f
o
r
Emp
l
o
y
a
b
il
it
y
in
M
a
lay
sia
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
L
in
g
u
isti
c
s
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
1
5
-
3
2
7
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
1
]
L.
K.
Ch
i
u
,
N.
I.
M
a
h
a
t
,
B.
Ra
sh
id
,
N.
A.
Ra
z
a
k
,
a
n
d
H.
Om
a
r,
“
As
se
ss
in
g
S
tu
d
e
n
ts’
Kn
o
wle
d
g
e
a
n
d
S
o
ft
S
k
il
ls
Co
m
p
e
ten
c
y
i
n
th
e
I
n
d
u
strial
Tr
a
in
in
g
P
ro
g
ra
m
m
e
:
Th
e
Emp
lo
y
e
rs’
P
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
,
”
Rev
iew
o
f
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
S
t
u
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
-
1
3
3
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
2
]
T.
Cu
n
n
in
g
h
a
m
,
“
Co
n
trac
to
rs’
Cl
a
ims
fo
r
Lo
ss
a
n
d
Ex
p
e
n
se
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
P
ri
n
c
ip
le
‘
Trad
it
i
o
n
a
l’
F
o
rm
s
o
f
Irish
B
u
il
d
in
g
Co
n
trac
t,
”
Oth
e
r R
e
so
u
rc
e
s
,
v
o
l.
3
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
3
]
R.
Ism
a
il
,
R.
P
a
ll
i
y
a
g
u
r
u
,
G
.
Ka
ru
n
a
se
n
a
a
n
d
N.
A.
Oth
m
a
n
,
“
He
a
lt
h
a
n
d
S
a
fe
ty
(H&
S
)
C
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
Co
n
fr
o
n
te
d
b
y
F
o
re
ig
n
W
o
rk
e
rs
in
Th
e
M
a
lay
s
ian
Co
n
s
tr
u
c
ti
o
n
I
n
d
u
stry
:
A
Ba
c
k
g
ro
u
n
d
S
t
u
d
y
,
”
T
h
e
7
t
h
W
o
rl
d
Co
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m
2
0
1
8
:
Bu
i
lt
Asse
t
S
u
s
ta
in
a
b
i
li
ty:
Reth
in
k
in
g
De
sig
n
,
C
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
(Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s)
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
2
7
7
-
287
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.