Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of E
valua
tio
n
an
d
Rese
arch
in
Educati
on (I
JE
RE)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
666
~
675
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ije
re
.
v8
i
4
.
20316
666
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJE
R
E
A study
on the ef
fectivene
ss of cop
ing with
test an
xiet
y prog
ra
m
based on
cogniti
ve
-
beh
av
i
oral app
roach
Fuly
a
Türk
1
, Ayşe
Nur
Kat
mer
2
1
Depa
rte
m
ent G
uida
nc
e and
Ps
y
chol
ogi
ca
l
Coun
seli
ng,
Gaz
ia
nt
e
p
Univer
sit
y
,
Tu
rke
y
2
15
Te
m
m
uz
Şe
hit
le
r
i
Se
conda
r
y
S
chool
,
Turk
e
y
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
5
, 2
01
9
Re
vised
N
ov
1
9
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Nov
29
, 201
9
The
purpose
of
t
his
stud
y
is
to
ex
amine
the
impac
t
of
the
prog
ram
for
copi
ng
with
te
st
anx
iet
y
base
d
on
the
co
gnit
ive
-
b
eha
v
ior
al
appr
o
ac
h
on
t
he
le
v
el
s
of
te
st
anx
iet
y
,
irr
at
ion
al
though
ts,
cop
ing
l
eve
ls
and
a
ca
demi
c
self
-
eff
i
c
a
c
y
per
ce
p
ti
ons
of
a
dole
sce
n
ts
in
th
e
8th
gra
de
.
Th
e
stud
y
was
per
form
ed
as
a
sem
i
-
expe
riment
al
stud
y
base
d
on
pre
-
t
est
an
d
post
-
te
st
m
odel
with
a
n
expe
riment
al
gr
oup
and
a
cont
r
ol
group.
The
r
e
were
32
students
study
ing
in
the
8th
gra
de
in
Kili
s
durin
g
the
2018
-
2019
school
y
e
ar
par
t
ic
i
pat
ed
in
th
e
stud
y
.
W
hile
a
seve
n
-
sess
ion
Coping
with
Te
st
Anxiety
progr
a
m
base
d
on
Cognit
ive
-
B
ehaviora
l
appr
oa
c
h
was
appl
ie
d
to
the
stud
e
nts
in
the
expe
riment
al
gr
oup,
no
stud
y
was
conduc
te
d
with
the
cont
ro
l
group.
The
Mann
-
W
hit
ne
y
U
Te
st,
Fri
edman
Te
st
,
and
W
il
coxon
Signe
d
-
Rank
Te
st
were
used
in
th
e
an
aly
ses
of
d
at
a
obtained
fro
m
the
stud
y
.
A
cc
ording
to
stud
y
resul
ts,
i
t
ca
n
be
sa
id
th
at
th
e
progra
m
for
copi
ng
with
te
st
anx
iet
y
base
d
on
the
cog
nit
ive
-
b
eha
v
ioral
appr
oac
h
was
signifi
c
antl
y
eff
e
ct
iv
e
in
the
le
ve
ls
of
te
st
an
xie
t
y
,
irrational
bel
i
efs
and
ac
t
iv
e
and
avoi
d
ant
c
oping
le
ve
ls
of
the
ado
le
sce
nts
while
it
was
not
eff
e
ct
iv
e
in
acade
m
i
c
self
-
eff
i
c
a
c
y
per
ce
p
ti
ons
and nega
t
ive
avoi
d
an
t
cop
ing
l
evels.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Adolesce
nt
Cognit
ive
-
ba
ha
vioral
appr
oa
ch
Irrati
on
al
belie
fs
Test
Anx
ie
ty
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
A
uth
or
:
Fu
ly
a T
ürk
,
Dep
a
rtem
ent G
uid
a
nce a
nd Ps
yc
ho
lo
gical
Co
un
s
el
ing
Gaziante
p U
ni
ver
sit
y,
Ün
i
ver
sit
e B
ulv
arı
2731
0
Şe
hi
tka
m
il
-
Gaziante
p, T
urkey
Em
a
il
: fu
ly
at
ur
k@ga
ntep.
e
du.
tr
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Test
anx
ie
ty
is
a
com
m
on
pr
oble
m
of
adol
escents
ne
gativel
y
aff
ect
in
g
their
academ
i
c
li
ves
and
per
s
onal
well
-
bein
g
le
vels.
P
arti
cularly
the
exam
s
with
ce
ntral
sel
ect
ion
and
el
im
inati
o
n
m
et
ho
ds
af
f
ect
ing
high
sch
ool
an
d
unive
rsity
sel
ect
ion
s
of
stu
den
ts
c
reate
su
bs
ta
ntial
pr
es
su
re
on
both
a
do
le
sce
nts
an
d
their
fam
i
li
es.
Fo
r
that
reas
on,
thi
s
is
an
im
po
rtant
to
pic
that
has
bee
n
stu
di
ed
for
m
any
ye
ars.
Test
a
nx
i
et
y
is
def
i
ned
as
em
otion
al
,
beh
a
vi
or
al
,
physi
ol
ogic
al
reacti
on
s
that
accom
pan
y
po
ssible
ne
gat
ive
con
se
quen
ces
in
an
up
c
om
ing
te
st
or
exam
[1
]
.
Test
a
nx
ie
t
y
causes
st
ud
e
nts
to
ha
ve
poor
pe
rfor
m
ance
[
2
]
.
A
ddit
ion
al
ly
,
sever
al
stu
dies
dem
on
strat
e
that
te
s
t
anx
ie
ty
is
associat
ed
with
the
acade
m
ic
su
ccess
of
stud
e
nts
an
d
predict
s
academ
ic
su
ccess
[
3
-
6
]
.
Test
anx
ie
ty
is
dire
ct
ly
associat
ed
with
fea
r
of
ne
gative
eval
uat
ion
,
sel
f
-
est
ee
m
,
and
oth
e
r
f
or
m
s
of
anx
ie
ty
[
2
]
.
I
n
their
te
st
an
xiety
m
od
el
ba
sed
on
a
bio
psy
cho
s
ocial
m
od
el
,
Lo
we
et
al
.
[
7
]
e
m
ph
asi
zed
th
at
the
intel
li
ge
nce,
so
ci
al
-
em
otion
al
f
un
ct
io
ning,
sta
te
an
xiety
,
stu
dy
s
kill
s,
an
d
ha
bits
an
d
academ
ic
se
lf
-
eff
ic
acy
play
a
vital
ro
le
in
pe
rceivin
g
an
upcom
ing
exam
a
s
a
threat.
The
per
cei
ved
e
valuati
on
th
reat
causes
t
est
anx
ie
ty
dep
en
ding
on
the
neg
at
ive
peer
and
par
e
nt
eva
luati
on
s
,
the
id
ea
of
loss
of
s
ta
tus,
and
the im
po
rt
ance of th
e exa
m
.
Cog
niti
ve,
beh
a
vioral
and
p
hysiol
og
ic
al
f
act
ors o
f
te
st anx
ie
ty
also affect
the
perform
ance.
I
t
is
kn
ow
n
tha
t
te
st
a
nx
ie
ty
has
tw
o
pri
m
a
ry
so
urces
.
Th
ese
are
w
orry
(cog
niti
ve
co
nc
ern
s
about one
’s
pe
rfor
m
ance)
an
d e
m
otion
al
it
y (autono
m
ic
r
eact
ion
s to
the e
xa
m
).
I
n
case o
f
the prese
nce of bo
t
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
A stu
dy on t
he e
ff
ect
iv
eness
of
copin
g
wi
th te
st a
nxiet
y p
r
ogra
m
base
d
on
…
(
Fulya Türk
)
667
com
po
ne
nts
at
the
sam
e
t
i
m
e,
te
st
anx
ie
ty
would
a
ppea
r
to
be
both
cogniti
ve
(
w
o
r
ry)
an
d
behav
iora
l
(em
otion
al
it
y)
[
2
]
.
If
t
he
f
oc
us
of
te
st
a
nx
i
et
y
is
the
ind
i
vidual’s
fear
of
eval
uation,
t
he
sit
uatio
n
ha
s
two
com
po
ne
nts
as
def
ine
d
by
Li
eber
t
an
d
Mo
r
ris
[
8
]
.
A
c
ogni
ti
ve
com
po
ne
nt
is
cogniti
ve
act
ivit
ie
s,
inclu
di
ng
the
in
div
id
ual’
s
co
nce
ption
s
reg
a
rd
i
ng
the
te
st
an
d
the
te
s
t
sit
uation.
T
houg
hts
of
a
n
a
nx
i
ous
c
hild
w
ho
is
exp
ect
in
g
to
s
how
po
or
perform
ance
in
a
te
st
include
the
ideas
that
can
be
c
har
ac
te
rized
by
ne
gative
com
par
isons
to
ot
her
s
,
doubts
ab
ou
t
own
sk
il
ls
an
d
ne
gative
vie
ws
on
the
c
onse
qu
e
nces
of
poor
te
s
t
perform
ance
.
The
sec
ond
c
om
po
nen
t
of
te
s
t
anx
ie
ty
is
em
otion
al
it
y
w
hic
h
is
a
physi
ol
ogic
al
com
pone
nt
of
te
st
anx
ie
ty
.
It
can
be
m
anifested
in
t
he
in
div
id
ual
as
high
he
art
rate,
m
us
cl
e
te
ns
i
on,
per
s
pirati
on,
f
eel
ing
sic
k
a
nd
trem
or
s.
The
re
a
re
m
any
eff
ect
ive
facto
rs
i
n
the
f
or
m
at
ion
of
te
st
anx
ie
ty
;
howe
ve
r,
t
hey
a
re
no
t
eff
ect
ive at t
he
sam
e level
an
d
ti
m
e. A
lt
ho
ugh speci
fic em
otive r
e
act
ion
s
accom
pan
y al
l evaluati
on sit
ua
ti
on
s,
wh
at
will
sh
a
pe
the
reacti
ons
of an
in
div
id
ua
l
in a test
sit
uat
ion
is
p
ast
e
xp
eriences a
nd
be
li
efs
[
9
]
.
On
e
of
t
he
frequ
e
ntly
us
e
d
appro
ac
hes
i
n
co
ping
wit
h
te
st
anx
ie
ty
i
s
the
co
gn
it
iv
e
-
be
ha
vio
ral
appr
oach.
The
cogniti
ve
-
be
ha
vioral
appro
a
ch
em
ph
asi
zes
cogniti
ve
fun
ct
ion
s
in
ps
yc
ho
l
og
ic
al
pro
bl
e
m
s.
I
f
exp
ect
at
io
ns
a
nd
belie
fs
in
cogniti
ve
str
uc
ture,
w
hich
determ
ines
a
per
s
on’s
outl
ook
on
t
he
w
orl
d
a
nd
interp
retat
ion
s
,
are
disto
rted
or
dysf
unct
io
nal,
the
in
div
id
ual
sta
rts
to
ha
ve
pro
blem
s.
Acco
r
dingly
,
pro
bl
e
m
s
of
pe
ople
are
a
falsi
ficat
ion
of
t
ru
t
h
in
co
nse
quence
of
in
correct
prem
is
es
an
d
e
valuati
on
s
on
a
la
r
ge
r
scal
e
[
10
]
.
In
this
a
ppr
oach,
m
os
t
reacti
on
s
of
ad
olescents
be
for
e
an
d
duri
ng
a
n
e
xam
and
th
ei
r
at
ti
tud
e
t
owar
ds
,
interp
retat
ion
and
sen
se
-
m
aking
way
of
the
exam
are
very
distant
f
ro
m
the
real
pur
pose
of
t
he
e
xa
m
.
The
ado
le
sce
nt
belie
ves
t
hat
his/h
er
ac
hievem
ent
le
vel
in
a
n
e
xam
wo
ul
d
refl
ect
his/her
val
ue
as
a
pe
rs
on
[
10
]
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
the
m
os
t
crit
ic
al
el
e
m
ent
in
the
co
gn
it
ive
-
be
ha
vioral
ap
proa
ch
is
a
ddressi
ng
the
a
dole
s
cent’s
thoughts.
Mc
D
on
al
d
[
9
]
al
so
e
m
ph
asi
zed
t
ha
t
belie
fs
are
one
of
the
tw
o
m
os
t
essenti
al
el
e
m
ents
that
sh
ape
the
reacti
ons
of
an
in
div
i
du
al
to
te
st
the
sit
uation.
I
rr
at
i
on
a
l
belie
fs,
su
c
h
as
consi
der
i
ng
an
exam
dange
rous
or
f
rig
htening,
are
esse
ntial
in
the
occ
urren
ce
of
te
st
a
nx
ie
ty
an
d
is
one
of
t
he
m
os
t
com
m
on
pr
ob
le
m
s
am
on
g
stud
e
nts.
C
ons
iderin
g
t
he
e
xa
m
a
dan
ge
rous
sit
uation,
bein
g
c
onsta
ntly
pr
eoccupie
d
wit
h
the
m
om
ent
of
the
exam
and
thin
gs
to
ha
pp
e
n
after
the
e
xam
,
as
well
as
ha
ving
co
nce
rns
in
this
re
gard
create
te
st
a
nx
ie
ty
.
Anothe
r
irrati
on
al
belie
f
is
the
ado
le
sce
nts’
belie
fs
usi
ng
m
od
al
s
of
necessit
y
(i.e.,
I
m
us
t
al
w
ay
s
be
su
ccess
fu
l.
)
[
11
]
.
Ty
pical
t
houghts
of
in
div
id
uals
who
ha
ve
high
le
vels
of
c
ognit
ive
te
st
an
xiety
are:
Com
par
ing
sel
f
-
perform
ance
to
peer
s
,
co
n
si
der
i
ng
the
c
onseq
uen
ces
of
f
ai
lure,
lo
w
le
ve
ls
of
co
nfide
nc
e
in
perform
ance,
excessive
wor
ry
ov
e
r
eval
ua
ti
on
s,
worr
yi
ng
ab
ou
t
ca
us
ing
s
orr
ow
f
or
their
par
e
nts,
feeli
ng
unprepa
red
for
the
exam
,
and
loss
of
sel
f
-
w
or
t
h
[
12
]
.
Hem
br
ee
[
2
]
em
ph
asi
zed
that
a
cog
niti
ve
fact
or
of
te
st
anx
ie
ty
was
c
on
sist
e
ntly
associat
ed
wit
h
poor
pe
rfor
m
ance.
T
her
e
f
or
e
,
it
is
tho
ug
ht
that
the
co
gn
it
ive
-
beh
a
vioral
ap
proac
h
m
igh
t
be
eff
ect
ive
in
decr
easi
ng
bo
t
h
co
gn
it
ive
a
nd
em
otion
al
factor
s
in
re
duci
ng
te
st
anx
ie
ty
.
A
dd
it
ion
al
ly
,
a
s
CB
T
em
ph
asi
zes
c
ogniti
ons,
i
nter
ven
ti
ons
co
nce
rn
i
ng
te
st
an
xi
et
y
will
be
bas
ed
on
recog
nizing
a
nd
cha
ngin
g
no
n
-
functi
onal
th
oughts.
As
a
m
at
te
r
of
fact,
the
stud
ie
s
re
veal
a
relat
ionship
betwee
n
te
st
anx
ie
ty
an
d
irrati
onal
belie
fs
[
13,
14
]
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
Gü
le
r
an
d
Ça
kır
[
14
]
unde
rline
d
that
ps
yc
ho
l
ogic
al
counselo
r
s
sho
uld
c
ha
nge
ir
rati
on
al
be
li
efs
w
hile
w
orkin
g
with
st
ud
e
nts
c
op
i
ng
with
te
st anx
ie
ty
.
In
a
m
et
a
-
anal
ysi
s
stud
y
on
t
est
anx
ie
ty
,
E
r
gen
e
[
15
]
dem
on
st
rated
t
hat
the
m
os
t
eff
ect
ive
a
ppro
ac
h
was
t
he
inte
grat
ion
of
co
gnit
ive
-
beh
a
vioral
appr
oach
an
d
sk
il
l
-
ori
ented
a
ppr
oach
es
.
It
was
al
s
o
s
how
n
tha
t
the
form
at
integrati
ng
in
div
id
ual
an
d
gro
up
stud
ie
s
wa
s
m
or
e
ef
fecti
ve,
and
in
di
vidual
counseli
ng
w
as
the
le
ast
eff
ect
ive
m
et
ho
d.
In
a
stud
y
com
pili
ng
th
ei
r
te
n
-
ye
ar
stud
y
on
te
st
a
nx
ie
ty
,
V
on
D
er
Em
bs
e,
Ba
rt
erian
,
and
Se
gool
[
16
]
em
ph
asi
zed
that
te
ch
niqu
es
inclu
ding
f
eedb
ac
k,
beh
a
vioral
the
rap
y,
co
gn
it
ive
-
be
ha
vioral
thera
py
an
d
m
ixed
ap
proa
ches
dem
on
str
at
ed
fa
vora
ble
resu
lt
s.
Give
n
that
te
st
an
xiety
is
an
im
po
rtant
stressf
ul
even
t
in
the
li
ves
of
ado
le
sce
nts,
di
ff
e
ren
t
co
ping
strat
egies
are
use
d
to
deal
with
this
prob
le
m
.
In
a
pro
gr
am
in
whic
h
these
strat
egies
are
ad
op
te
d
in
the
co
gnit
ive
-
beh
a
vior
al
app
r
oac
h,
it
is
tho
ught
tha
t
ho
w
they
will
be
aff
ect
ed
by
c
ogniti
ve
restr
uc
turing
is
ess
entia
l.
S
pirito,
Star
k
a
nd
T
yc
[
17
]
group
ed
th
e
ado
le
sce
nts’
c
op
i
ng
st
rategie
s
into
th
ree
cat
egories
as
act
ive,
a
vo
i
dan
t
a
nd
ne
gative.
Act
ive
strat
egies
i
nclu
de
pro
blem
so
lving,
em
otion
reg
ulati
on,
s
ocial
su
pport
an
d
co
gn
it
iv
e
re
structin
g.
A
vo
idant
strat
egie
s
are,
distract
,
so
ci
al
rem
ov
e
and
wish
f
ulfill
m
e
nt
thin
king.
A
lt
ho
ug
h
ne
gative
strat
egies
a
re
sel
f
-
c
riti
ci
sm
and
blam
ing
oth
e
rs
.T
hus
,
it
is
th
ought
that
ho
w
s
uch
strat
eg
ie
s
would
pro
gr
ess
with
a
pro
gr
am
based
on
the
cogni
ti
ve
-
be
ha
vioral
appr
oac
h
will
con
t
rib
ut
e
to
the
relev
ant
li
te
ratur
e.
Ön
e
n
[
18
]
al
so
e
m
ph
asi
zed
i
n
their
stud
y
t
hat
in
div
id
uals
with
hi
gh
e
r
a
dap
ti
ve
co
ping
s
kill
s
had
lo
wer
te
st
an
xiety
wh
il
e
those
us
in
g
a
vo
i
dant
strat
egy
ha
d
hi
gh
e
r
te
st
a
nx
ie
ty
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
i
t
is
thou
gh
t
t
ha
t
cop
i
ng
s
kill
s
sh
oul
d
be
ta
ke
n
int
o
c
onsider
at
ion
wh
il
e
w
orki
ng
on
te
st
an
xiety
since
co
ping
strat
egies
us
e
d
by
a
dole
scen
ts
in
co
ping
with
te
st
an
xiety
aff
ect
the
anx
ie
ty
it
sel
f.
Aca
dem
ic
s
el
f
-
ef
ficacy
inv
ol
ves
not
an
ind
i
vidual’s
ph
ysi
c
al
or
ps
yc
holo
gical
prop
e
r
ti
es
or
per
s
onal
qual
it
ie
s,
but
the
ca
pacit
y
of
exec
uting
an
acad
e
m
ic
du
ty
[
19
-
20
]
.
A
ne
gative
co
rr
el
at
io
n
be
tween
the
pe
rcep
ti
on
of
aca
dem
ic
se
lf
-
ef
ficacy
an
d
te
st
anx
ie
ty
is
al
so
seen
i
n
s
om
e
stud
ie
s
[
3
-
21
]
.
F
or
that
r
easo
n,
it
is
con
sidere
d
necessary
to
i
nter
ven
e
i
n
an
ado
le
sce
nt’s
pe
rcep
ti
ons
a
nd
b
el
ie
fs
ab
out
academ
ic
sel
f
-
eff
ic
acy
thr
ough the
cogn
it
ive
-
be
ha
vio
ral a
ppr
oach.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
2019
:
66
6
-
67
5
668
Erg
e
ne
[
15
]
st
at
ed
that
the
stud
ie
s
on
decr
e
asi
ng
te
st
a
nxie
ty
wer
e
perform
ed
m
ai
nly
on
un
i
ver
sit
y
stud
e
nts.
Sim
i
la
rly
,
in
thei
r
stu
dy
on
t
he
eff
ect
i
ven
es
s
of
te
st
a
nx
ie
ty
interve
ntio
ns
for
c
hildre
n
a
nd
ado
le
sce
nts,
V
on
De
r
Em
bs
e,
Ba
rteria
n,
an
d
Se
gool
[
16
]
em
ph
asi
zed
t
he
few
stu
dies
on
el
em
entary
an
d
seco
nd
a
ry
sch
oo
l
stu
de
nts.
In
pa
rtic
ular
,
it
see
m
s
ess
en
ti
al
to
i
m
pl
e
m
ent
te
st
an
xiety
pr
ogram
s
for
ado
le
sce
nts
be
cause
of
the
central
exam
s
du
rin
g
seco
nd
a
ry
and
hi
gh
sc
hool
edu
cat
io
n
in
Turkey.
I
n
a
ddit
ion,
wh
e
n
t
he
li
te
ra
ture
was
e
xam
ined,
the
re
is
no
stu
dy
e
xam
i
ning
the
ef
fect
of
co
gnit
ive
-
be
hav
i
or
al
a
ppr
oac
h
-
base
d
te
st
a
nx
i
et
y
program
,
exam
anx
ie
ty
and
stu
de
nts'
ac
adem
ic
sel
f
-
effi
cacy
,
cop
in
g
sk
il
ls
and
irrat
ion
al
belie
fs
to
gethe
r.
In
t
his
co
nte
xt,
the
pur
pose
of
t
his
stu
dy
i
s
to
e
xam
ine
t
he
im
pact
of
th
e
pro
gr
am
fo
r
cop
i
ng
with
te
st
anx
ie
ty
based
on
the
cog
niti
ve
-
be
ha
vioral
ap
proa
ch
on
the
le
vel
s
of
te
st
an
xiety
,
irrati
on
al
th
oughts,
cop
i
ng levels a
nd academ
ic
self
-
ef
ficacy
p
e
rc
eptions
of
a
dole
scents in
the
8t
h
gra
de.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1.
St
ud
y
desig
n
This
researc
h
i
s
an
ex
pe
rim
en
ta
l
stud
y
with
an
e
xp
e
rim
ent
al
gro
up
an
d
a
con
t
ro
l
gro
up.
A
3x2
sp
li
t
-
plo
t,
factor
ia
l
(m
ixed)
,
sem
i
-
exp
e
rim
ental
design
with
pr
e
-
te
st
and
post
-
te
st
m
easur
e,
and
a
n
e
xp
e
ri
m
ental
gro
up and a
contr
ol grou
p wa
s u
se
d
i
n
the
st
ud
y
[
22
]
.
2.2.
St
ud
y
g
r
ou
p
In
orde
r
t
o
de
te
rm
ine
ex
per
i
m
ental
and
co
ntr
ol
gro
ups,
the
Test
A
nx
ie
ty
Scal
e
for
C
hildr
e
n
was
app
li
ed
to
120
stud
e
nts
in
t
he
8th
gr
a
de
of
a
sta
te
secondar
y
school
in
Kili
s
ci
ty
center
duri
ng
t
he
2018
-
2019
sch
oo
l
ye
ar.
T
he
stu
de
nts
we
re
ra
ndom
ly
di
stribu
te
d
into
e
xp
e
rim
ental
and
co
ntr
ol
gro
ups
de
pe
nd
i
ng
on
their
scor
e
s
on the s
cal
e.
The
seco
nd
a
ut
hor
wor
ks
as
a
ps
yc
ho
l
og
ic
a
l
co
un
sel
or
at
t
he
sc
hool
w
he
re
c
onduct
ed
this
researc
h.
Th
us
,
it
was
obser
ve
d
that
none
of
the
m
e
m
ber
s
in
the
c
on
t
ro
l
an
d
ex
pe
rim
ental
gr
ou
p
receive
d
trai
ning
or
su
pp
or
t
relat
ed
to
e
xam
an
xiety
, acad
em
ic
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
, c
oping skill
s,
a
nd i
rr
at
io
nal bel
ie
fs
duri
ng the
stu
dy.
2.3.
Data c
ollec
tio
n too
ls
Test
Anxiet
y
Scal
e
for
Chil
dr
e
n,
Acad
em
i
c
Self
-
E
ff
ic
ac
y
Scal
e,
In
di
vi
du
al
Th
ought
s
Scal
e,
and
Adolesce
nt Co
ping Scale
we
r
e u
se
d
i
n
th
e
stud
y.
Test
A
nx
ie
ty
S
cal
e
for
Chil
dr
en:
Test
A
nxie
ty
Scal
e
for
C
hildr
e
n
was
fir
st
dev
el
op
e
d
by
W
re
n
a
nd
Be
ns
on
[
23
]
t
o
rec
ognize
a
nd
dec
rease
or
e
ve
n
pr
e
ve
nt
te
st
an
xiety
duri
ng
the
c
hild
hood
per
i
od
w
he
n
it
first
occurs.
The
sc
al
e
was
ada
pte
d
to
T
urkis
h
la
ngua
ge
by
Aydın
a
nd
B
ulg
a
n
[
24
]
.
The
30
-
it
e
m
scal
e
is
i
n
f
our
-
po
i
nt
Like
rt
ty
pe.
I
t
is
unde
rs
tood
that
the
le
vel
of
te
st
an
xiety
increases
a
s
the
sc
or
e goe
s
up
an
d
decr
e
ases
as
the
sco
re
go
e
s
dow
n.
T
he
sca
le
it
e
m
s
m
easur
e
th
ree
s
ub
-
di
m
ension
s
,
i.e.
Th
ou
ghts
(
Item
s
no
.
1,
5,
6,
11,
13
,
15,
16, 19,
21,
24,
27,
a
nd 2
9)
,
O
ff
-
Tas
k
Be
ha
viors
(
Item
s
no
. 3
, 7
, 12,
1
4, 18,
22, 26
a
nd
3
0)
a
nd
Auto
nom
i
c
Re
act
ion
s (Ite
m
s
n
o.
2,
4, 8,
10, 17,
20, 23,
25
a
nd 28). The
o
ve
rall
test
an
xiety
score is ob
ta
ine
d by sum
m
ing
s
cor
e
s
f
ro
m
scal
e
it
e
m
s.I
n
re
li
abili
ty
analy
s
es
of
the
scal
e,
Cr
onbac
h’
s
Alpha
value
w
as
f
ound
as
.82
f
or
Th
oughts
subs
cal
e,
.70
for
Off
-
Ta
sk
Be
ha
viors
s
ub
s
cal
e,
.
75
for
Au
t
onom
ic
Re
act
i
on
s
subscal
e
a
nd
t
he
ov
e
rall
Cr
onba
ch’
s
A
l
ph
a
v
al
ue was
.88 [
24
]
.
Acad
e
m
ic
Self
-
Ef
ficacy
Scal
e:
The
Acad
e
m
ic
Self
-
Eff
ic
acy
Scal
e
was
devel
oped
t
o
m
easur
e
th
e
le
vel
of
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
,
w
hich
is
on
e
of
th
e
factor
s
in
flu
encin
g
a
stude
nt’s
su
cce
ss.
The
scal
e
was
first
dev
el
op
e
d
by
Mor
gan
a
nd
Ji
nk
s
[
25
]
an
d
adap
te
d
to
Tu
r
ki
sh
by
Ö
nc
ü
[
26
]
.
The
scal
e
is
com
pr
ise
d
of
three
su
bsc
al
es
a
nd
21
it
em
s,
i.e.,
sk
il
l
subscal
e
(11
it
em
s),
en
vir
on
m
ent
sub
scal
e
(se
ven
it
e
m
s),
a
nd
ed
uc
at
ion
qu
al
it
y
su
bs
cal
e
(thr
ee
it
e
m
s).
Seven
it
em
s
(4
,
5,
15,
19,
23
,
24,
an
d
28)
a
re
scor
e
d
re
versel
y.
The
Academ
ic
Self
-
E
ff
ic
acy
Scal
e
was
ap
pl
ie
d
to
stud
e
nt
s
at
an
interv
al
of
th
ree
we
eks
to
determ
i
ne
retest
reli
a
bili
ty
.
The
Pea
rs
on
P
rod
uct
-
Mom
ent
Corr
el
at
io
n
c
oeffici
ent
bet
w
een
the
sco
res
ob
ta
ine
d
from
two
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
was
fou
nd
as
.
80.
The
est
i
m
at
e
d
Cron
bach’s
Alp
ha
c
oeffici
ents
with
re
sp
ect
to
hom
og
e
neity
of
th
e
scal
e
and
s
ubscal
es
wer
e f
ound as .81
for
the ove
r
al
l scal
e, .
86
fo
r
the f
irst s
ub
s
cal
e,.
71 for
the
second
s
ub
sca
le
and
51
for
the
t
hi
rd
s
ub
scal
e
.
Re
su
lt
s
obta
in
ed
f
or
t
he
va
li
dity
and
reli
abili
ty
of
the
21
-
it
em
Aca
dem
i
c
Self
-
E
ff
ic
acy
Scal
e
show
th
at
the
scal
e
is
a
source
t
hat
can
be
use
d
f
or
e
valuati
ng
academ
ic
sel
f
-
eff
ic
acy
of stu
den
ts
[
26
]
.
Indivi
du
al
T
ho
ughts
Scal
e:
T
he
I
ndivid
ual
Th
oughts
Scal
e
was
dev
el
oped
to
m
easur
e
the
irrati
onal
belie
fs
of
stu
de
nts
in
the
firs
t
sta
ge
of
a
dole
scence.
T
he
s
cal
e
is
com
pr
ise
d
of
th
ree
sub
scal
es
and
21
it
e
m
s,
i.e.
su
cces
s
sub
scal
e
(1
st, 3rd, 6th
, 7
th
,
10t
h,
1
3t
h,
1
6t
h
a
nd
1
9t
h
it
em
s),
com
fo
rt
su
bs
cal
e (5
t
h,
8
th,
9th, 1
4t
h,
17
t
h,
20t
h
an
d
21st
it
e
m
s)
and
resp
e
ct
subs
cal
e
(
2nd,
4t
h,
11th,
12th,
15
th
a
nd
16th
it
e
m
s).
Re
liabili
ty
coeffic
ie
nt
re
ga
rd
i
ng
th
e
sco
r
e
inv
aria
nce
obta
ined
by
im
plem
enting
Individual
T
houghts
Scal
e
twi
ce
at
an
interval
of
thre
e
week
s
was
f
ound
as
.82
for
the
ov
e
rall
scal
e,
.8
4
f
or
De
m
and
for
Su
c
c
e
ss
su
bs
c
al
e,
.7
5
f
or
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
A stu
dy on t
he e
ff
ect
iv
eness
of
copin
g
wi
th te
st a
nxiet
y p
r
ogra
m
base
d
on
…
(
Fulya Türk
)
669
Dem
and
f
or
C
om
fo
rt
s
ubscal
e
an
d
.67
f
or
Dem
and
for
Re
sp
ect
subscal
e.
In
te
r
nal
co
nsi
ste
ncy
coef
fi
ci
ent
(Cr
onbac
h’
s
Al
ph
a
) of
t
he
sca
le
w
as
.71 fo
r
t
he ov
e
rall
scor
e [
27
]
.
Adolesce
nt
Cop
i
ng
Scal
e:
The
A
dole
sce
nt
Cop
i
ng
Sc
al
e
was
de
vel
op
e
d
to
unde
rstan
d
ho
w
ind
ivi
du
al
s
c
ope
with
stress
f
ul
li
fe
eve
nts
and
t
he
proces
s
of
m
anag
i
ng
ps
yc
holo
gical
,
so
ci
al
,
em
otion
al
,
cogniti
ve
an
d
edu
cat
io
nal
pr
ob
le
m
s,
and
a
dap
ti
ng
to
t
he
se
processes
.
The
scal
e
was
first
de
velo
pe
d
by
Sp
irit
o,
Star
k
and
W
il
li
a
m
s
[
28
]
.
It
was
a
da
pted
t
o
T
urki
sh
b
y
Be
del,
I
şık
an
d
Ham
arta
[
29
]
.
T
he
sc
al
e
is
com
pr
ise
d
of
t
hr
ee
subscal
es
and
11
it
em
s,
i
.e.,
act
ive
co
pi
ng
(
3rd,
6th,
8th
,
a
nd
10th
it
em
s),
neg
at
ive
c
op
i
ng
(4
t
h,
5t
h,
an
d
7th
it
e
m
s)
and
avo
i
dan
t
co
pi
ng
(
1s
t,
2nd,
9th,
and
11
t
h
it
e
m
s).
T
he
scal
e
is
process
e
d
bas
ed
on
the
subscal
es
r
at
her
tha
n
the
total
scor
e.
In
te
rn
al
co
ns
ist
enc
y
coef
fici
ent
of
the
A
do
le
sce
nt
Cop
i
ng
Scal
e
was
fou
nd
a
s
.
72
f
or
Acti
ve
Co
ping,
.70
for
Avoi
dan
t
C
op
i
ng,
a
nd
.
65
f
or
Ne
ga
ti
ve
Co
ping.
Test
-
retest
reli
abili
ty
coeffic
ie
nt
e
va
luate
d
a
t
a
n
i
nterv
al
of
th
ree
weeks
was
fou
nd
as
r=.
66
f
or
Acti
ve
Co
ping,
r=.
61
for
A
vo
i
dan
t
Cop
i
ng
a
nd
r=
.
76
f
or
Ne
gativ
e
Cop
i
ng.
T
he
resu
lt
s
s
how
t
ha
t
Turkish
ve
rs
ion
of
A
dole
scent
Co
ping
Sc
al
e
is
a
valid
an
d
rel
ia
ble
m
easur
in
g
to
ol
that
can
be
us
e
d
to
e
va
luate
cop
i
ng
appr
oach
es
of
stud
e
nts
in
the
7th
to
11
t
h gr
a
de
[29
]
.
Cop
i
ng
with
Test
Anxiet
y
Pr
og
ram
:
This
stud
y
ta
kes
seve
n
-
sessi
on
cop
i
ng
with
t
est
anx
ie
ty
pro
gr
am
dev
el
op
e
d
by
Olgu
n
[
30
]
as
a
ref
e
ren
ce
.
T
he
nec
essary
a
dap
ta
ti
on
wa
s
perfor
m
ed
in
li
ne
with
th
e
char
act
e
risti
cs
and
need
s
of
sch
oo
ls
a
nd
stud
e
nts.
Ba
sed
on
the
c
ogniti
ve
-
be
havi
or
al
ap
proac
h
an
d
app
li
cat
io
n,
th
e
program
aims
to
dev
el
op
r
at
ion
al
thou
ghts
and
ne
w
pe
rcep
ti
on
f
or
m
s
instea
d
of
irr
at
ion
al
thoughts
to
de
crease
an
xiety
.
It
al
so
te
aches
te
chn
i
ques
s
uch
as
m
us
cl
e
relaxati
on,
im
a
gin
at
io
n,
an
d
c
orrect
br
eat
hing,
wh
i
ch
ha
ve
a
n
ess
entia
l
place
in
decr
easi
ng
di
stress
an
d
a
nx
i
et
y.
The
stu
die
d
to
pics
inclu
de
the
def
i
niti
on
of
anx
ie
ty
;
the
difference
betwee
n
an
xiety
and
fear;
dif
fer
e
ntiat
ing
an
in
div
i
du
al
’s
reacti
on
s
to
an
even
t
as
em
ot
ion
,
th
ought
a
nd
be
ha
vio
r;
diff
e
re
ntiat
ing
the
reacti
ons
to
an
eve
nt
as
rati
onal
bel
ie
f
an
d
irrati
on
al
b
el
ie
f; r
el
axati
on exe
rcise;
d
e
velo
pi
ng
posit
ive e
m
ot
ion
s; t
he
u
s
e of ti
m
e and
s
et
ti
ng
an o
bjec
ti
ve.
2.4.
Process
In
orde
r
t
o
de
te
rm
ine
ex
per
i
m
ental
and
co
ntr
ol
gro
ups,
the
Test
A
nx
ie
ty
Scal
e
for
C
hildr
e
n
was
app
li
ed
to
120
stud
e
nts
in
t
he
8th
gr
a
de
of
a
sta
te
secondar
y
school
in
Kili
s
ci
ty
center
duri
ng
t
he
2018
-
2019
sch
oo
l
ye
ar.
T
he
stu
den
ts
w
ere
sel
ect
ed
ba
sed
on
sc
or
es
fr
om
the
scal
e,
with
16
stu
den
ts
bein
g
ra
ndom
ly
assigne
d
to
t
he
ex
per
im
ental
gr
ou
p
an
d
16
stu
de
nts
to
the
con
t
r
ol
gro
up.
Th
e
second
in
ve
sti
gator
i
m
ple
m
ented
t
he
ps
yc
ho
e
duc
at
ion
pro
gram
.
The
stu
den
ts
in
the
ex
per
im
ental
group
w
ere
inf
or
m
ed
of
th
e
ps
yc
hoe
du
cat
i
on
pro
gram
.
The
st
ud
e
nts
wer
e
as
sure
d
that
the
im
ple
m
entat
ion
was
com
plete
ly
b
ased
on
fun
dam
ental
pr
inciple
s
of
psy
cho
e
du
cat
i
on
gro
ups
s
uc
h
as
volu
nteeri
ng,
c
onfi
den
ti
al
it
y,
and
res
pec
t.
Th
e
pro
gr
am
for
c
opin
g
with
te
st
anx
ie
ty
was
a
ppli
ed
only
to
t
he
stu
den
ts
in
th
e
ex
per
im
ental
gro
up.
A
stu
de
nt
in
the
exp
e
rim
ent
al
gr
oup
le
ft
th
e
stud
y
du
e
to
a
school
chang
e
du
ri
ng
the
th
ird
sessio
n
of
the
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
he
exp
e
rim
ental
gr
ou
p
co
ntin
ued
the
pro
gr
am
with
15
st
ud
e
nt
s.
A
post
-
te
st
was
a
pp
li
ed
t
o
bo
t
h
gro
up
s
afte
r
th
e
i
m
ple
m
entat
i
on.
Mon
it
ori
ng
m
easur
e
m
ents
wer
e
com
plete
d
five
m
on
ths
after
the
po
st
-
te
st.
Fo
ll
owin
g
t
he
m
on
it
or
ing
m
e
asur
em
ents,
volun
ta
ry
a
nd
wi
ll
ing
stu
de
nts
i
n
t
he
c
on
t
ro
l
gro
up
wer
e
incl
ud
e
d
in the p
rogr
am
f
or c
op
i
ng w
it
h
te
st a
nx
ie
ty.
2.5.
Data anal
ys
is
In
this
st
ud
y,
non
-
pa
ram
et
ric
te
sts
wer
e
pr
efer
red
du
e
t
o
few
stu
dy
gr
oups
a
nd
i
nab
i
li
ty
to
m
ee
t
norm
al
i
ty
assum
pt
ion
s
on
som
e
scal
es.
The
Ma
nn
-
Wh
it
ne
y
U
Test
,
Fr
ie
dm
an
Test
and
W
il
co
xon
Si
gn
e
d
-
Ra
nk
Test
we
r
e
us
ed
to
deter
m
ine
the
diff
er
ence
betwe
en
m
ean
values
of
rank
obta
ined
from
pr
e
-
,
post
-
an
d
fo
ll
ow
-
up
te
st
m
easur
em
ents
of
e
xperim
ental
and
c
ontrol
gro
ups,
wh
et
her
the
dif
fer
e
nce
betwee
n
m
ean
rank
values
of
sc
ores
obta
ine
d
f
r
om
pr
e
-
,
post
-
an
d
f
ollo
w
-
up
te
st
m
easur
em
ents
was
si
gnific
a
nt
or
not
,
an
d
betwee
n
wh
ic
h
m
easur
e
m
ents
the
detect
ed
di
ff
ere
nce
was
s
ign
ific
a
nt,
respec
ti
vely
.
Addit
ion
al
ly
,
the
p
va
lue,
as
well
as
eff
e
ct
siz
e,
wer
e
a
ssessed
in
t
he
stud
y.
E
ff
ect
s
iz
e
is
the
un
it
of
c
orrelat
ion
stren
gth
betwe
en
tw
o
var
ia
bles
[
31
]
Eff
ec
t
siz
e
intervals
ha
ve
sm
a
ll
,
m
ediu
m
,
and
la
rg
e
e
ff
ect
powe
r
if
r<
0.2
0,
20
<
r<
50
a
nd
r>
50
,
resp
ect
ively
[
32
]
.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
pur
pose
of
this
stud
y
is
to
exam
ine
the
im
pact
of
the
program
fo
r
co
pin
g
with
te
st
anx
ie
ty
based
on
the
c
ogniti
ve
-
be
ha
vio
ral
a
ppr
oach
on
te
s
t
anx
ie
ty
,
acad
e
m
ic
sel
f
-
eff
ic
acy
,
cop
in
g
str
at
egies,
an
d
co
gn
it
ive
thoughts
of
ad
olescents.
T
he
arit
hm
e
ti
c
m
e
an
value
s
an
d
sta
nd
a
rd
dev
ia
ti
on
s
of
the
sc
or
es
ob
ta
in
ed
before
and
after
the
proce
dure
by
e
xperim
ental
and
co
ntr
ol
gro
ups
from
Test
Anxiet
y
Scal
e
f
or
Chil
dr
e
n,
Aca
dem
ic
Self
-
E
ff
ic
acy
Scal
e,
Indivi
dual
Th
oughts
Scal
e,
and
Adolescent
Co
ping
Scal
e
wer
e
pr
im
aril
y
ca
lcu
la
te
d
i
n
the stu
dy. T
he values
obtai
ne
d
a
re show
n
in
Table
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
2019
:
66
6
-
67
5
670
Table
1.
Desc
riptive
resu
lt
s
of pre
-
a
nd
post
-
te
s
t TA,
ASES
, ITS a
nd
ACS s
cor
es
of
exp
e
rim
ental
a
nd contr
ol
gro
up
s
Measu
res
Pre
-
Test
Po
st
-
Test
Grou
p
s
N
X
Ss
X
Ss
TA
Exp
eri
m
en
tal
15
8
3
.93
9
.59
6
3
.87
3
.87
Co
n
trol
16
8
9
.18
1
1
.43
8
8
.25
3
.79
ASES
Exp
eri
m
en
tal
15
5
7
.80
8
.06
5
6
.27
5
.19
Co
n
trol
16
5
5
.40
1
0
.23
5
8
.25
8
.35
Exp
eri
m
en
tal
15
6
2
.13
1
5
.45
4
1
.87
9
.73
ITS
Co
n
trol
16
6
4
.19
1
2
.05
6
7
.13
1
5
.41
Exp
eri
m
en
tal
15
7
.73
1
.79
1
0
.47
.99
ACS
-
Activ
e
Co
n
trol
16
7
.44
2
.56
6
.88
2
.03
Exp
eri
m
en
tal
15
6
.47
2
.07
5
.80
1
.37
ACS
-
Av
o
id
an
t
Co
n
trol
16
7
.63
1
.96
7
.4
0
2
.44
Exp
eri
m
en
tal
15
2
.80
1
.21
2
.80
1
.08
ACS
-
Neg
ativ
e
Co
n
trol
16
2
.94
1
.95
3
.25
2
.08
TA:
Test Anx
iet
y
;
ASES:
Acade
m
ic
Self
-
Ef
f
icacy
Sca
l
e,
I
TS:
Ind
iv
id
u
al T
h
o
u
g
h
ts
Scale,
ACS: Ad
o
le
scen
t Co
p
in
g
Scale
Table
1
s
hows
that
the
exp
e
rim
ental
gr
oup
had
a
gr
eat
er
de
crease
in
m
ea
n
sco
res
f
ro
m
t
he
pre
-
a
nd
po
st
-
te
st
Test
Anxiet
y
Scal
e
than
t
he
c
on
t
rol
group.
T
her
e
is
no
sig
nifica
nt
di
ff
e
ren
ce
be
tween
e
xperi
m
ental
and
co
ntr
ol
gr
oups
i
n
te
rm
s
of
pre
-
a
nd
po
st
-
te
st
scor
e
s
in
the
Aca
dem
i
c
Self
-
E
ff
ic
acy
Scal
e.
It
is
se
en
that
the
exp
e
rim
ent
al
gr
ou
p
ha
d
a
m
or
e
sign
ific
ant
increase
in
m
ean
scor
es
from
pr
e
-
and
po
st
-
te
st
I
nd
i
vidua
l
Th
oughts
Scal
e
than
the
co
ntro
l
gro
up.
I
n
the
Acti
ve
s
ub
s
cal
e
of
A
do
le
s
cent
Cop
i
ng
S
cal
e,
it
is
seen
that
the
exp
e
rim
ental
gr
ou
p
ha
d
a
gr
eat
er
increase
in
m
ean
scor
es
from
pr
e
-
an
d
post
-
te
st
tha
n
the
co
ntr
ol
gro
up.
Wh
il
e
the
gre
at
er
decr
ease
i
s
seen
in
m
ea
n
pr
e
-
an
d
po
st
-
te
st
scor
es
of
the
e
xp
e
rim
ental
gr
oup
than
the
con
t
ro
l
gro
up
in
A
voida
nt
s
ub
s
cal
e
of
the
Adolesce
nt
Cop
i
ng
Scal
e,
t
her
e
i
s
no
la
r
ge
dif
fer
e
nce
be
tween
the
ex
pe
rim
en
ta
l
and
c
ontr
ol
gro
ups
in
pre
-
a
nd
post
-
te
st
sco
res
in
Ne
gative
s
ubscal
e
of
the
A
do
l
escen
t
Cop
i
ng Scale.
An
a
naly
sis
was
m
ade
by
the
Ma
nn
-
Wh
it
ne
y
U
te
st
to
determ
ine
wh
et
her
the
re
was
a
sign
ific
a
nt
diff
e
re
nce
be
t
ween
pre
-
te
st,
po
st
-
te
st
an
d
f
ollow
-
up
te
st
s
cor
es
of
stu
de
nts
in
the
e
xpe
rim
ental
and
con
t
ro
l
gro
up
s
in
Test
Anxiet
y
Scal
e
fo
r
Chil
dre
n,
Acad
em
ic
Self
-
Ef
ficacy
Scal
e,
Indivi
du
al
Th
oughts
Scal
e,
and
Adolesce
nt Co
ping Scale.
D
at
a from
the an
al
ysi
s r
esults
is
pro
vid
e
d
i
n
Ta
bl
e 2
.
Table
2.
Ma
nn
-
Wh
it
ney
U
Te
st res
ults
Measu
res
Exp
eri
m
en
tal
Co
n
trol
U
p
TA
Mea
n
R
a
n
k
S
u
m of Ran
ks
Mea
n
R
a
n
k
S
u
m of Ran
ks
Pre
-
Test
1
3
.63
2
0
4
.50
1
8
.22
2
9
1
.50
8
4
.50
.16
Po
st
-
Test
1
0
.17
1
5
2
.50
2
1
.47
3
4
3
.50
3
2
.50
.00
Fo
llo
w
-
Up
1
0
.67
1
6
0
.00
2
1
.00
3
3
6
.00
4
0
.00
.00
Measu
res
Exp
eri
m
en
tal
Co
n
trol
U
p
ASES
Mea
n
R
a
n
k
S
u
m of Ran
ks
Mea
n
R
a
n
k
S
u
m of Ran
ks
Pre
-
Test
1
6
.00
2
4
0
.00
1
5
.00
2
2
5
.00
1
0
5
.00
.75
Po
st
-
Test
1
4
.13
2
1
2
.00
1
7
.75
2
8
4
.00
9
2
.00
.27
Fo
llo
w
-
Up
1
5
.23
2
2
8
.50
1
6
.72
2
6
7
.50
1
0
8
.50
.65
Measu
res
Exp
eri
m
en
tal
Co
n
trol
U
p
ITS
Mea
n
R
a
n
k
S
u
m of Ran
ks
Mea
n
R
a
n
k
S
u
m of Ran
ks
Pre
-
Test
1
5
.43
2
3
1
.50
1
6
.53
2
6
4
.50
1
1
1
.50
.74
Po
st
-
Test
9
.13
1
3
7
.00
2
2
.44
3
5
9
.00
1
7
.00
.00
Fo
llo
w
-
Up
9
.23
1
3
8
.50
2
2
.34
3
5
7
.50
1
8
.50
.00
Measu
res
Exp
eri
m
en
tal
Co
n
trol
U
p
ACS
-
Active
Mea
n
R
a
n
k
S
u
m of Ran
ks
Mea
n
R
a
n
k
S
u
m of Ran
ks
Pre
-
Test
1
6
.80
2
5
2
.00
1
5
.25
2
4
4
.00
1
0
8
.00
.63
Po
st
-
Test
2
3
.03
3
4
5
.50
9
.41
1
5
0
.50
1
4
.50
.00
Fo
llo
w
-
Up
2
2
.57
3
3
8
.50
9
.84
1
5
7
.50
2
1
.50
.00
Measu
res
Exp
eri
m
en
tal
Co
n
tro
l
U
p
ACS
-
Avoid
a
n
t
Mea
n
R
a
n
k
S
u
m of Ran
ks
Mea
n
R
a
n
k
S
u
m of Ran
ks
Pre
-
Test
1
3
.33
2
0
0
.00
1
8
.50
2
9
6
.00
8
0
.00
.11
Po
st
-
Test
1
2
.07
1
8
1
.00
1
8
.93
2
8
4
.00
6
1
.00
.03
Fo
llo
w
-
Up
1
1
.73
1
7
6
.00
2
0
.00
3
2
0
.00
5
6
.00
.01
Measu
res
Exp
eri
m
en
tal
Co
n
trol
U
p
ACS
-
Neg
a
tiv
e
Mea
n
R
a
n
k
S
u
m of Ran
ks
Mea
n
R
a
n
k
S
u
m of Ran
ks
Pre
-
Test
1
5
.97
2
3
9
.50
1
6
.03
2
2
5
6
.5
0
1
1
9
.50
.98
Po
st
-
Test
1
4
.73
2
2
1
.00
1
7
.19
2
7
5
.00
1
0
1
.00
.44
Fo
llo
w
-
Up
1
3
.50
2
0
2
.50
1
8
.34
2
9
3
.50
8
2
.50
.13
TA:
Test Anx
iet
y
;
ASES:
Acade
m
ic
Self
-
Ef
f
icacy
Sca
l
e,
I
TS:
In
d
iv
id
u
al T
h
o
u
g
h
ts Scale,
A
CS: Ad
o
lescen
t Co
p
in
g
Scale
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
A stu
dy on t
he e
ff
ect
iv
eness
of
copin
g
wi
th te
st a
nxiet
y p
r
ogra
m
base
d
on
…
(
Fulya Türk
)
671
In
Ta
ble
2,
no
sig
nifica
nt
di
ff
ere
nce
was
fou
nd
betwee
n
pr
e
-
te
st
sco
re
s
of
te
st
an
xiety
[U
(
31)=
84.50,
p>.05
]
,
academ
ic
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
[
U(3
1)
=
10
5.00,
p>
.
05
]
,
i
rr
at
io
nal
belie
fs
[U(
31)=
111.5
0,
p>.05
]
,
act
ive
cop
i
ng
[
U(31)=
108.0
0,
p>.0
5],
av
oida
nt
co
ping
[
U(31)=
80
.00,
p>
.05]
an
d
ne
gative
co
ping
[U(
31)=
119.5
0,
p>.0
5] b
e
fore the
pr
oc
edure.
As
see
n
in
Ta
ble
2,
a
sig
nif
ic
ant
dif
fer
e
nc
e
was
f
ound
betwee
n
post
-
t
est
scor
es
of
te
st
anx
ie
ty
[U(31)
=
32.
50,
p<
.
05]
,
ir
rati
on
al
belie
fs
[U(31)
=
17.
00,
p<
.05],
act
ive
cop
i
ng
[
U(3
1)=
14.
50,
p<
.
05]
an
d
avo
i
dan
t
c
opin
g
[
U
(31)
=
61.
00,
p<
.
05]
.
N
o
sig
nifica
nt
di
ff
ere
ntiat
ion
was
see
n
i
n
a
cadem
ic
sel
f
-
eff
ic
ac
y
[U(31)
=
92.00, p>
.05] a
nd n
e
gative c
op
i
ng [U(
31)=
101.0
0, p>
.05]
var
ia
bl
es.
Wh
e
n
Table
2
is
exam
ined,
a
sign
ific
a
nt
di
fference
was
f
ou
nd
bet
ween
f
ol
low
-
up
te
st
sc
ores
of
te
st
anx
ie
ty
[U(31
)
=
40
.
00,
p<
.
05]
,
irrati
onal
be
li
efs
[U
(
31)=
18
.
50,
p<
.
05
]
,
act
ive
cop
in
g
[U(
31)=
21.
50,
p<
.05]
and
a
vo
i
da
nt
co
ping
[U(
31)=
5
6.0
0,
p<
.0
5].
No
si
gnific
ant
di
ff
e
re
ntiat
ion
was
s
een
in
academ
ic
sel
f
-
eff
ic
acy
[U(
31
)=
108.5
0,
p> .
05
]
a
nd
neg
at
i
ve
c
op
i
ng [U(
31)=
82.5
0,
p>.05
]
var
ia
bles.
The
Fr
ie
dm
an
Test
was
us
ed
to
exam
ine
wh
et
he
r
the
re
wer
e
diff
e
r
ences
betw
een
the
three
m
easur
em
ent
s
as
a
resu
lt
of
the
in
-
gro
up
c
om
par
ison
of
pre
-
te
st,
post
-
te
s
t,
and
f
ollo
w
-
up
te
st
scor
es
of
the
exp
e
rim
ental
a
nd
c
ontr
ol
gro
up
s
.
I
n
case
of
a
diff
e
re
nce
be
tween
m
easurem
ents,
the
W
i
lc
oxon
Sig
ned
-
Ra
nk
Test
was
use
d
to
determ
ine
w
hich
m
easur
em
ent
ha
d
a
di
f
fe
ren
ce
.
The
res
ults
of
t
he
Fr
ie
dm
an
te
st
are
giv
e
n
in Ta
ble 3.
As
see
n
i
n
Ta
bl
e
3,
there
is
no
si
gn
ific
a
nt
diff
e
ren
ce
bet
we
en
m
ean
sco
re
s
of
th
e
c
on
t
ro
l
gro
up
from
pre
-
te
st,
post
-
t
est
,
an
d
f
ollo
w
-
up
m
easur
em
ents
in
al
l
sub
scal
es
of
TA,
AS
ES
,
I
TS,
a
nd
AC
S
.
A
sig
ni
ficant
diff
e
re
nce
was
fou
nd
bet
wee
n
m
ean
sco
res
of
t
he
e
xperim
ental
gro
up
f
r
om
pr
e
-
te
st,
pos
t
-
te
st
and
f
ollo
w
-
up
m
easur
em
ents
in
te
st
anx
ie
ty
scal
e
(p
<
0.00),
ind
ivi
du
al
th
oughts
scal
e
(
p<
0.00)
an
d
act
iv
e
su
bs
c
al
e
of
c
op
i
ng
scal
e
(p
<
0.0
0).
O
n
t
he
c
on
t
rar
y,
a
sig
nifi
cant
di
ff
e
ren
c
e
was
not
f
ound
betwee
n
m
ean
sco
res
of
t
he
exp
e
rim
ental
gro
up
from
pr
e
-
te
st,
post
-
te
st
and
f
ollow
-
up
m
easur
em
ents
in
academ
ic
sel
f
-
eff
ic
acy
scal
e
(p
>
0.2
7)
an
d
av
oid
a
nt
(
p>0.14
)
an
d
ne
gative (p
>
0.8
7)
s
ub
scal
es of co
pi
ng
scal
e.
T
he
W
il
c
oxon
S
ign
e
d
-
Ra
nk
Test
w
as
us
ed
t
o
fin
d
th
e
so
urce
of d
iff
eren
ce betwee
n
m
ean
scor
es f
r
om
pr
e
-
te
st,
po
st
-
te
st,
an
d
f
ollow
-
up
m
easur
em
ents
in
the
exp
e
rim
ental
gro
up.
T
he
r
esults
of
t
he
W
il
co
xon
S
ign
e
d
-
Ra
nk
T
est
are
pro
vid
e
d
in
Ta
ble 4.
Wh
e
n
Table
4
is
exa
m
ined,
a
sign
ific
a
nt
difference
is
obser
ved
betwee
n
pre
-
an
d
post
-
te
st
scor
es
of
the
ex
per
im
ental
gr
ou
p
in
T
A
(z=
-
3.4
1,
p<.05,r=
-
0.8
8
)
,
AS
ES
(z=
-
3.1
8,
p<.05,
r=
-
0.82)
an
d
ACS
-
Acti
ve
(z=
-
3.32,
p<.05,
r=
-
0.8
5)
s
cal
es.
In
a
dd
it
i
on,
it
is
seen
tha
t
there
is
a
la
rg
e
im
pact
value
on
te
st
anx
ie
ty
,
irrati
on
al
belie
fs,
a
nd
act
ive
cop
i
ng.
No
sig
nificant
dif
fer
e
ntiat
ion
is
see
n
in
A
SES
(z=
-
.
19,
p>.0
5,
r=
0.04),
ACS
-
A
vo
i
dan
t
(
z=
-
.
81, p>.
05, r=
-
0.0
2) an
d ACS
-
Ne
gative
(
z=
-
.
11, p>.
05, r=
-
0.0
2) v
a
riables.
Co
ns
e
quently
,
it
can
be
s
ai
d
that
co
ping
wi
th
te
st
an
xiety
pro
gr
am
base
d
on
c
ogniti
ve
-
be
ha
vio
ral
appr
oach
dec
r
eases
te
st
an
xi
et
y
le
vels
an
d
irrati
on
al
belie
fs
of
a
dole
sce
nts;
is
ef
fecti
ve
in
inc
reasin
g
act
ive
cop
i
ng
sty
le
an
d
dec
reasin
g
avo
i
dan
t
co
ping
sty
le
;
and
that
it
is
a
lon
g
-
te
r
m
eff
ect
.
On
th
e
con
tra
ry,
it
c
an
be
sai
d
that
c
oping
with
te
st
anx
ie
ty
pr
ogra
m
is
no
t
e
ff
ec
ti
ve
in
neg
at
iv
e
co
ping
s
kill
s
an
d
aca
dem
i
c
sel
f
-
eff
ic
acy
perce
pt
ion
s
of ad
oles
cents.
It
is
seen
in
this
stud
y
that
the
cogniti
ve
-
be
hav
i
o
ral
ap
pro
ach
is
an
eff
ec
ti
ve
m
et
ho
d
in
decr
easi
ng
te
st
anx
ie
ty
of
ad
olescents
.
This
c
oncl
us
io
n
is
c
onsist
ent
with
the
st
udie
s
in
t
he
li
te
ra
ture
[
15,
33
-
37
]
.
It
is
seen
in
the
st
udie
s
on
te
st
an
xiety
that
gr
ou
nd
i
ng
on
co
gnit
ive
-
be
hav
i
or
a
l
app
r
oac
h
m
i
gh
t
be
ef
fecti
ve
in
decr
easi
ng
te
st
anx
ie
ty
.
Ul
usoy,
Ya
vuz,
Es
en,
Um
ut,
and
Kar
at
e
pe
[
38
]
exam
ined
the
eff
ect
ive
ness
of
only
cogniti
ve
gro
up
the
ra
py
on
te
st
anx
ie
ty
a
nd
em
ph
asi
zed
that
us
in
g
c
ogniti
ve
a
nd
beh
a
vioral
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
tog
et
he
r
co
uld
be
m
or
e
eff
ec
ti
ve.
It
is
tho
ught
that
te
st
an
xiety
le
vels
of
ado
le
sce
nts
m
igh
t
be
decr
ea
sed
by
el
aborati
ng
c
ogniti
ve
dim
ension
of
t
he
te
st
anx
ie
ty
in
program
s
fo
r
te
s
t
anx
ie
ty
base
d
on
t
he
co
gn
it
ive
-
beh
a
vioral
ap
proac
h
an
d
incl
ud
i
ng
th
e
em
ot
ion
al
it
y
factor
in
the
process
with
be
ha
vio
ra
l
te
chn
iq
ues
th
rou
gh
relaxati
on a
nd
br
eat
hing e
xerci
ses and the
a
ssessm
ent o
f
ti
m
e,
m
et
ho
d an
d work
i
ng
hab
i
ts.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
2019
:
66
6
-
67
5
672
Table
3.
Res
ults o
f
the
F
riedm
an
te
st
TA
Measu
res
Xsı
r
a
2
sd
p
Exp
eri
m
en
tal
Pre
-
test
2
.93
2
1
.52
2
.00
Po
st
-
test
1
.33
Fo
llo
w
-
Up
1
.73
Co
n
trol
Pre
-
test
2
.19
1
.41
2
.49
Po
st
-
test
2
.03
Fo
llo
w
-
Up
1
.78
ASES
Measu
res
x
s
ır
a
2
Sd
p
Exp
eri
m
en
tal
Pre
-
test
2
.03
2
.61
2
.27
Po
st
-
test
2
.27
Fo
llo
w
-
Up
1
.70
Co
n
trol
Pre
-
test
1
.60
4
.13
2
.
13
Po
st
-
test
2
.07
Fo
llo
w
-
Up
2
.33
ITS
Measu
res
x
s
ır
a
2
sd
p
Exp
eri
m
en
tal
Pre
-
test
2
.77
1
4
.10
2
.00
Po
st
-
test
1
.73
Fo
llo
w
-
Up
1
.50
Co
n
trol
Pre
-
test
2
.19
1
.00
2
.61
Po
st
-
test
1
.97
Fo
llo
w
-
Up
1
.84
ACS
-
Activ
e
Measu
res
x
s
ır
a
2
sd
p
Exp
eri
m
en
tal
Pre
-
test
2
.30
1
7
.18
2
.00
Po
st
-
test
2
.53
Fo
llo
w
-
Up
1
.17
Co
n
trol
Pre
-
test
2
.06
0
.11
2
.95
Po
st
-
test
1
.97
Fo
llo
w
-
Up
1
.97
ACS
-
Av
o
id
an
t
Measu
res
x
s
ır
a
2
sd
p
Exp
eri
m
en
tal
Pre
-
test
2
.37
3
.87
2
.14
Po
st
-
test
1
.83
Fo
llo
w
-
Up
1
.80
Co
n
trol
Pre
-
test
1
.90
.35
2
.84
Po
st
-
test
2
.00
Fo
llo
w
-
Up
2
.10
ACS
-
Neg
ativ
e
Measu
res
x
s
ır
a
2
sd
p
Exp
eri
m
en
tal
Pre
-
test
1
.90
.29
2
.87
Po
st
-
test
2
.03
Fo
llo
w
-
Up
2
.07
Co
n
trol
Pr
e
-
test
1
.81
2
.33
2
.31
Po
st
-
test
1
.91
Fo
llo
w
-
Up
2
.21
TA:
Test Anx
iet
y
;
ASES:
Acade
m
ic
Self
-
Ef
f
icacy
Sca
l
e,
I
TS:
Ind
iv
id
u
al T
h
o
u
g
h
ts Scale,
A
CS: Ad
o
lescen
t Co
p
in
g
Scale
Table
4
.
Re
s
ults o
f
the
W
il
c
oxon Sig
ne
d
-
Ra
nk
t
est
TA:
Test Anx
iet
y
;
ASES:
Acade
m
ic
Self
-
Ef
f
icacy
Sca
l
e,
I
TS:
Ind
iv
id
u
al T
h
o
u
g
h
ts Scale,
A
CS: Ad
o
lescen
t Co
p
in
g
Scale
Since
the
c
ogni
ti
ve
-
be
hav
i
or
a
l
appro
ac
h
wor
ks
with
co
gnit
ion
a
nd
c
ogniti
on
play
s
a
cr
uc
ia
l
ro
le
in
te
st
anx
ie
ty
,
it
is
thought
that
the
dec
rease
in
irrati
on
al
belie
fs
is
im
po
rta
nt
.
More
ov
e
r,
G
üler
a
nd
Ça
kır
[
14
]
Grou
p
N
Mean Ran
k
Su
m
of
Ran
k
s
z
p
r
TA
(pretest
-
p
o
sttes
t)
Neg
ativ
e Ran
k
s
15
8
.00
1
2
0
.00
-
3
.41
.00
-
0
.88
Po
sitiv
e Ran
k
s
0
.00
.00
Ties
0
ASES
(pretest
-
p
o
sttes
t)
Neg
ativ
e Ran
k
s
6
9
.25
5
5
.50
-
.19
.85
-
0
.04
Po
sitiv
e Ran
k
s
8
6
.19
4
9
.50
Ties
1
IT
S
(pre
test
-
p
o
sttes
t)
Neg
ativ
e Ran
k
s
14
8
.29
1
1
6
.00
Po
sitiv
e Ran
k
s
1
4
.00
4
.00
-
3
.18
.00
-
0
.82
Ties
0
ACS
-
Activ
e
(pretest
-
p
o
sttes
t)
Neg
ativ
e Ran
k
s
0
.00
.00
Po
sitiv
e Ran
k
s
14
7
.5
1
0
5
.00
-
3
.32
.00
-
0
.85
Ties
1
ACS
-
Av
o
id
an
t
(pretest
-
p
o
stte
st)
Neg
ativ
e Ran
k
s
8
5
.25
4
2
.00
Po
sitiv
e Ran
k
s
3
8
.00
2
4
.00
-
.81
.42
-
0
.02
Ties
4
ACS
-
Neg
ativ
e
(pretest
-
p
o
sttes
t)
Neg
ativ
e Ran
k
s
7
6
.71
4
7
.00
Po
sitiv
e Ran
k
s
6
7
.33
4
4
.00
-
.11
.92
-
0
.02
Ties
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
A stu
dy on t
he e
ff
ect
iv
eness
of
copin
g
wi
th te
st a
nxiet
y p
r
ogra
m
base
d
on
…
(
Fulya Türk
)
673
e
m
ph
asi
zed
i
n
their
stu
dy
that
irrati
on
al
belie
fs
we
re
the
m
os
t
i
m
po
rta
nt
pr
e
dictor
of
te
st
anx
ie
ty
.
Th
us,
it
is
seen
t
hat
the
e
m
ph
asi
s
on
co
gn
it
io
ns
,
dem
on
strat
in
g
the
re
la
ti
on
sh
i
p
of
t
houg
hts
wit
h
e
m
ot
ion
s
a
nd b
e
hav
i
ors
and
t
he
i
m
pact
thereof,
an
d
the
co
gnit
ive
restru
ct
ur
i
ng
in
the
pro
gra
m
based
on
cogniti
ve
-
be
ha
vioral
appr
oach
a
re
e
ff
ect
ive
in
dec
reasin
g
both
te
st
anx
ie
ty
an
d
irrati
on
al
belie
fs.
I
ndee
d,
the
cogniti
ve
-
be
ha
vioral
appr
oach
is
re
garde
d
as
the
m
os
t
eff
ect
ive
m
et
ho
d
i
n
m
et
a
-
analy
sis
stud
ie
s
on
the
i
nter
ven
ti
ons
f
or
te
st
anx
ie
ty
, whic
h i
s suppor
ti
ve o
f
this c
oncl
us
i
on.
More
ov
e
r,
the
fact
that
the
si
gn
i
ficant
decr
e
ase
in
the
le
vels
of
te
st
anx
ie
ty
and
irrati
onal
belie
fs
of
the
ado
le
sce
nt
s
par
ti
ci
pating
in
a
pr
o
gr
a
m
fo
r
co
ping
with
te
st
anx
ie
ty
based
on
co
gn
it
ive
-
be
hav
i
or
al
appr
oach
in
thi
s
stud
y
con
ti
nued
to
de
creas
e
al
so
in
fo
ll
ow
-
up
m
easur
e
m
ents
sh
ows
that
the
ado
le
sc
ents
can
m
ai
ntain cogn
i
ti
ve
restr
uctu
ri
ng and
kee
p on us
i
ng n
e
w k
nowled
ge
a
nd s
kill
s that they
le
arn.
It
was
see
n
in
this
stud
y
tha
t
the
pro
gr
am
for
co
ping
w
it
h
te
st
anx
ie
ty
based
on
t
he
cogniti
ve
-
beh
a
vioral
ap
proac
h
wa
s
effe
ct
ive
in
incre
asi
ng
act
ive
c
op
i
ng
s
kill
s
of
ado
le
sce
nts.
Wh
e
n
act
ive
c
op
i
ng
strat
egies
of
t
he
Adolesce
nt
Cop
i
ng
Scal
e
is
exa
m
ined
,
it
is
seen
t
hat
the
st
rategies
co
ve
r
c
ogniti
ve
restr
uctur
i
ng,
pro
blem
-
so
lvin
g,
em
otion
re
gula
ti
on
,
a
nd
soc
ia
l
su
pp
or
t.
T
hu
s
,
it
ca
n
be
s
ai
d
that
t
he
program
enh
a
nces
s
uc
h
sk
il
ls.
A
dd
it
io
nally
,
no
sig
nificant
dif
fe
rence
was
f
ound
betwee
n
pre
-
te
st
and
post
-
te
st
in
th
e
exp
e
rim
ental
gr
ou
p
w
hile
the
re
wa
s
a
si
gn
i
f
ic
ant
dif
fer
e
nc
e
betwee
n
t
he
exp
e
rim
ental
a
nd
co
ntr
ol
gr
oups
in
the
avo
i
dan
t
c
op
i
ng
s
ubscal
e.
Avoida
nt
co
pi
ng
strat
egies
of
the
Adolesce
nt
Cop
i
ng
Scal
e
include
distr
act
ion
,
resig
nation,
s
ocial
wi
thdra
wal,
an
d
wis
hful
thin
king
sk
il
ls.
Wh
il
e
avo
ida
nt
co
ping
strat
egie
s
of
the
par
ti
ci
patin
g
a
do
le
sce
nts
ha
d
a
sign
ific
a
nt
decr
ease
c
om
par
ed
to
the
con
tr
ol
gr
oup,
the
c
ha
ng
e
in
the
exp
e
rim
ental
g
rou
p
was
not
s
ign
ific
a
nt.
The
refor
e
,
it
can
be
asserted
that
the
pro
gr
am
pr
ov
i
des
awa
re
ne
ss
in
ado
le
sce
nts
bu
t
shou
l
d
pu
t
m
or
e
e
m
ph
asi
s
on
a
voida
nc
e
strat
egies.
T
he
pro
gr
am
ba
sed
on
th
e
c
ogniti
ve
-
beh
a
vioral
ap
proac
h
did
not
le
ad
to
a
sig
nifi
cant
dif
fer
e
nce
in
ne
gative
c
opin
g
s
kill
s
of
a
do
le
sce
nts.
Ne
gative
cop
i
ng
st
rategi
es
of
t
he
A
dole
scent
Co
ping
Scal
e
are
sel
f
-
crit
ic
is
m
and
blam
ing
ot
her
s
.
Sig
nificantl
y,
the
pro
gr
am
fo
r
cop
i
ng
with
te
st
anx
ie
ty
based
on
the
co
gn
i
ti
ve
-
be
ha
vioral
app
r
oac
h
is
eff
ect
ive
in
act
ive
a
nd
avo
i
dan
t
co
ping
strat
e
gies
w
hile
inef
fecti
ve
in
ne
g
at
ive
st
rategy.
It
is
s
ugge
ste
d
t
hat
te
st
an
xiety
pro
gr
am
s
base
d
on
the
co
gn
it
ive
-
be
ha
vioral
ap
proa
ch
em
ph
asi
zes
pro
blem
-
so
lv
ing
sk
il
ls
a
nd
the
im
po
rta
nc
e
of
cogniti
ve
restr
uctu
rin
g
an
d
thou
gh
ts;
howe
ver,
they
sh
ou
ld
pu
t
m
or
e
em
ph
asi
s
on
tho
ug
hts
su
c
h
as
s
el
f
-
crit
ic
is
m
and
blam
ing
oth
e
rs
.
It
is
al
s
o
c
onside
red
esse
nt
ia
l
to
highli
ght
strat
egies
of
a
do
le
sce
nts
su
c
h
as
escape,
with
drawal,
an
d
bu
il
ding
co
nf
i
de
nc
e.
The
refor
e
,
it
is
tho
ug
ht
that
m
or
e
act
ivit
ie
s
for
ne
gative
cop
i
ng
strat
egies
sho
ul
d
be
gi
ven
t
o
te
st
anx
ie
ty
program
s
based
on
CB
T.
At
th
is
po
int,
a
ddre
ssing
c
ogniti
ve
tria
d
m
igh
t be e
ffec
ti
ve.
In
t
his
stu
dy,
i
t
was
dete
rm
in
ed
that
the
pro
gr
am
to
co
pe
with
te
st
an
xie
ty
based
on
th
e
co
gn
it
ive
-
beh
a
vioral
a
ppr
oac
h
di
d
not
cause
a
si
gnific
ant
dif
fere
nce
i
n
the
pe
rcep
ti
on
le
ve
ls
of
academ
i
c
sel
f
-
su
f
fici
ency
of
ado
le
sce
nts.
T
wo
reasons
a
re
at
tribu
te
d
to
t
hat
sit
uation.
Accor
ding
to
Ba
ndur
a
[
19
]
,
there
are
four
pri
m
ary
so
urces
of
in
f
or
m
at
ion
on
t
he
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
the
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
co
nc
ept.
T
hese
a
r
e
past
su
cc
ess
fu
l
perf
or
m
ances,
m
od
el
ing,
verbal
per
s
uasi
on,
an
d
ph
ysi
ol
og
ic
a
l
reacti
on
s
.
Although
t
he
pro
gr
am
include
s
pa
rtic
ularly
app
li
cat
ion
s
relat
ed
to
ph
ysi
ologica
l
reacti
on
s,
it
can
be
sai
d
that
th
e
program
wh
ic
h
is
base
d
on
the
cogniti
ve
-
be
havi
or
al
ap
proac
h
i
s
no
t
su
f
fici
ent
in
ad
dr
essi
ng
the
f
our
sou
rces.
Als
o,
Ba
ndura
and
L
ock
e
[
39
]
asserte
d
t
ha
t
the
sel
f
-
ef
f
ic
acy
belie
fs
of
in
div
id
uals
we
re
dep
e
nd
ent
on
their
past
perform
ances.
Th
us
,
it
seem
s
that
ad
dr
e
ssin
g
pr
e
vious
perform
ances
is
im
po
rtant
in
te
st
anx
ie
t
y
pr
ogram
s
base
d
on
the
c
ogniti
ve
-
be
havi
or
al
a
ppr
oach.
It
ca
n
be
sai
d
that
the
pr
ogr
a
m
can
be
m
or
e
ef
fecti
ve
if
past
perform
ances
of
ad
olescents
par
ti
ci
patin
g
i
n
pro
gr
am
s
for
co
ping
with
t
est
an
xiety
,
an
d
thei
r
j
ud
gm
e
nts
on
these
pe
rfo
rm
ances
a
re
a
ddresse
d
.
It
ap
pe
ars
that
be
ha
viors
are
as
i
m
po
rtant
as
c
ogniti
ve
proce
sses
in
academ
ic
sel
f
-
eff
ic
acy
.
M
or
e
ov
e
r,
academ
ic
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
of p
eers
can
b
e enh
a
nce
d
by
e
ns
uri
ng
t
hat
th
ey
ta
ke
each
oth
e
r
as
a
m
od
el
in
group
st
ud
ie
s.
It
is
i
m
po
rtant
t
o
e
xam
ine
an
in
di
vi
dual
’s
belie
f
s
re
gardin
g
e
ffi
cacy
exp
ect
at
io
ns
f
or
him
/her
to
go
into
act
i
on.
A
dd
it
io
nally
,
it
sh
ould
not
be
i
gnored
that
the
ind
i
viduals’
be
li
efs
about
thei
r
aca
dem
ic
sel
f
-
eff
i
cacy
m
igh
t
be
associat
ed
with
e
xisti
ng
co
gnit
ive
sc
hem
as
rathe
r
tha
n
i
rrat
ion
al
belie
fs.
C
ognit
ive
schem
as
are
the
c
ore
be
li
efs
of
an
in
div
id
ual
base
d
on
early
c
hildho
od
ex
per
ie
nces.
Schem
as
are
gl
ob
al
,
ge
ner
al
i
zed,
a
nd
resist
ant
to
cha
nge
[
40
]
.
In
te
rim
be
li
efs
an
d
a
utom
at
ic
tho
ughts
stem
from
these
sch
e
m
as,
wh
ic
h
m
ake
a
n
in
div
i
dual
’
s
li
fe
dif
ficul
[
41
]
.
The
refor
e
,
it
is
possi
ble
that
a
n
in
div
id
ual
whose
co
re
be
li
ef
is
desp
ai
r
m
igh
t
belie
ve
that
he/she
is
un
s
ucces
sf
ul
[
40
]
an
d
acco
rdi
ng
ly
m
igh
t
hav
e
lo
w
academ
ic
sel
f
-
eff
ic
acy
belie
f
.
This
st
ud
y
e
xam
ined
irrati
on
al
belie
fs
in
the
pro
gr
am
for
co
pi
ng
with
te
s
t
anx
ie
ty
base
d
on
t
he
co
gn
it
iv
e
-
be
ha
vio
ral
a
ppr
oach.
He
nc
e
it
is
po
ssible
to
say
that
the
pro
gr
am
did
not
le
ad
to an
y c
ha
ng
e
i
n
the
adolesc
e
nts’
aca
dem
ic
self
-
ef
ficacy
percepti
ons
sinc
e the sc
hem
as w
ere
not
us
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
4
,
Dec
e
m
ber
2019
:
66
6
-
67
5
674
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
As
a
res
ult,
it
can
be
sai
d
t
hat
co
ping
with
te
st
an
xiety
pro
gr
am
based
on
c
ogniti
ve
-
beh
a
vioral
appr
oach
dec
r
eases
te
st
an
xi
et
y
le
vels
an
d
irrati
on
al
belie
fs
of
a
dole
sce
nts;
is
ef
fecti
ve
in
inc
reasin
g
act
ive
cop
i
ng
sty
le
an
d
dec
reasin
g
avo
i
dan
t
co
ping
sty
le
;
and
that
it
is
a
lon
g
-
te
r
m
eff
ect
.
On
th
e
con
tra
ry,
it
c
an
be
sai
d
that
c
oping
with
te
st
anx
ie
ty
pr
ogra
m
is
no
t
e
ff
ec
ti
ve
in
neg
at
iv
e
co
ping
s
kill
s
an
d
aca
dem
i
c
sel
f
-
eff
ic
acy
perce
pt
ion
s
of ad
oles
cents.
Ba
sed
on
t
he
res
ults
of
thi
s
stu
dy,
it
is
consi
der
e
d
t
o
be
im
po
rtant
t
hat
sch
ool
ps
yc
ho
lo
gical
counsel
or
s
work
i
ng
es
pecial
ly
with
seco
nd
a
ry
and
high
sc
hool
stu
de
nts
inclu
de
te
st
an
xi
et
y
pr
ogram
s
base
d
on
t
he
co
gnit
ive
-
be
ha
vio
ral
a
ppr
oach
in
t
he
gu
i
dan
ce
a
nd
ps
yc
holo
gical
counseli
ng
ser
vices
they
pro
vid
e
i
n
sch
oo
ls.
It
ca
n
be
sai
d
that
program
s
wh
ic
h
are
based
on
t
hi
s
evide
nce
d
a
ppr
oach
are
e
ffi
ci
ent
in
te
rm
s
of
te
st
anx
ie
ty
pro
blem
s.
As
pr
e
viously
sta
te
d;
es
pecial
ly
in
the
pro
gr
am
,
it
is
t
hought
that
it
i
s
i
m
po
rtant
to
inclu
de
beh
a
vioral
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
as
m
u
ch
a
s
co
gnit
ive
com
po
ne
nts.
Additi
on
al
ly
,
it
is
con
sidere
d
im
po
rtant
to
addres
s
strat
egies
of
es
cape,
withdra
w
al
and
e
ns
uri
ng
co
nf
i
dence
and
i
nclu
de
the
ado
le
sce
nts’
pa
st
per
f
orm
ances
and
their a
ntici
pated ou
tc
om
es in th
e
process
so that co
ping
sk
il
ls of the
s
tu
dent
s can be e
nhan
ced.
Ther
e
a
re
lim
itati
on
s
to
this
stud
y, wh
ic
h
exa
m
ines
the
eff
ec
ti
ven
ess
of
the p
r
ogram
to
deal
with
te
st
anx
ie
ty
ba
sed
on
the
c
ogniti
ve
-
be
hav
i
or
al
appr
oach.
T
he
stud
y
did
not
de
velo
p
a
ne
w
program
for
te
st
anx
ie
ty
and
use
d
a re
visio
n
of an
e
xisti
ng pr
ogram
w
hich was
based o
n C
BT. In li
gh
t
of the st
ud
y
res
ults, it
is
thought
t
hat
th
e
te
st
an
xiety
pro
gr
am
dev
el
op
e
d
base
d
on
the
c
ogniti
ve
-
beh
a
vioral
a
ppro
ac
h
ca
n
be
m
or
e
eff
ect
ive
in
a
dole
scents.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Ze
idn
er,
M.
Test
anxiety
:
Th
e
sta
te
o
f
th
e
art
.
Ne
w York:
Plenum Press
,
1998.
[2]
Hem
bre
e,
R.
"
Corre
lates,
c
ause
s,
eff
e
ct
s,
and
tre
at
m
en
t
of
t
est
anxi
e
t
y
”
,
R
ev
i
ew
of
Re
sea
rch
in
Educ
at
io
n,
vol
.
58(1)
,
pp
.
4
7
-
77,
1988
.
[3]
A
y
dın
,
F.
"
Akade
m
ik
başa
rın
ın
y
ord
a
y
ı
cı
sı
ola
rak
aka
d
emik
güdüle
nm
e,
ö
z
y
eterl
i
li
k
v
e
sınav
ka
y
g
ısı
(Ya
y
ıml
anmam
ış
y
üksek
li
sans
t
ez
i)
,"
Hac
et
t
epe
Ünive
rs
it
esi
Sosyal Bi
l
imle
r
Enst
it
üsü
,
Ankar
a, 2
010.
[4]
Kaba
lcı,
T.
"
Ak
ade
m
ik
başa
rın
ı
n
y
ord
a
y
ıcısı
olarak
benlik
sa
y
gı
sı,
sınav
ka
y
g
ısı
ve
sos
y
o
-
demo
gra
fik
değ
işkenler
(Ya
y
ıml
anma
m
ış
y
üksek
li
sans
t
ez
i)
,
"
Hac
et
t
epe
Ünive
rs
it
esi
Sosyal Bi
l
imle
r
Enst
it
üsü
,
Ankar
a, 2
008.
[5]
Yıldı
rım,
İ
.
&
Erge
ne
,
T
.
"
L
ise
son
sınıf
öğr
e
nci
l
eri
nin
aka
d
e
m
ik
başa
rılarının
y
ord
a
y
ı
cı
sı
o
l
ara
k
sın
av
ka
y
g
ısı,
bo
y
un
eğ
ic
i
d
avr
anı
şl
ar
ve
sos
y
al
dest
ek
,"
Hace
tt
ep
e
Ünive
rs
itesi
Eği
t
im
Fak
ültesi
Dergisi
,
vol
.
25,
pp.
224
-
234
,
20
03
[6]
Za
bun,
E
.
"
Der
shane
y
e
git
m
e
,
m
ükem
m
el
i
y
etçil
ik
,
an
a
-
baba
tut
um
u
ve
sınav
ka
y
gısını
n
öğre
nciler
in
SB
S
başa
rılarını
y
ord
ama
gücü
(Ya
y
ı
m
la
nm
amış
y
ük
sek
li
sans
te
zi
)
,
"
Gaz
ios
manpaşa
Ünive
rs
it
esi
,
S
osy
al
Bil
imler
Ensti
tüsü,
Tokat,
2011
.
[7]
Lowe
,
P.
,
L
ee,
S.,
W
it
t
ebor
g,
K
.
,
Pri
cha
rd
,
K.,
Luhr,
M.
,
Cul
li
n
an,
C
.
,
Mi
ldre
n
,
B.
,
R
aa
d,
J.,
Cor
nel
ius,
R
.
,
Janik,
M.
"
Exa
m
ina
ti
o
n
of
the
ps
y
ch
om
et
ric
prope
r
ties
of
a
new
m
ult
idi
m
ensional
m
ea
sure
of
te
st
anxi
e
t
y
among
el
ement
ar
y
and
sec
ondar
y
school
student
,"
Journa
l
of
Psyc
hoedu
c
ati
onal
Assesm
ent
,
vol
.
26(3),
pp
.
215
-
230,
2008,
doi:
10
.
1177/07
34282907303760
[8]
Li
eb
ert
,
R
.
M.
&
Morris,
L.
W
.
"
Cognit
ive
and
e
m
oti
onal
compo
nent
s of
te
st
anxiet
y
:
A di
stin
ctio
n
and
so
m
e
ini
tial
dat
a
,"
Psy
chol
og
ic
al
Re
ports
,
vol
.
20
,
pp
.
975
-
97
8,
1967
.
ht
tp:
/
/d
x.
doi.
org
/10.
246
6/pr0.
1967.
20
.
3.
975
[9]
McDonal
d,
A.
S.
"
The
pre
val
e
nce
and
eff
e
ct
s
of
te
st
anxi
ety
in
school
chi
ldre
n
,"
Educ
at
io
nal
Psyc
hology
,
vol
.
21(1)
,
pp
.
8
9
-
101,
2001
,
doi
:
10
.
1080
/01443
410020019867
[10]
Türkç
ap
ar,
H.
Bilişs
el
da
vranışçı
te
rapi
.
İstanbul:
Epsil
on
Ya
y
ı
nla
r
ı,
2018
.
[11]
Bo
y
a
ci
oglu
,
N.
ve
Kucuk,
L.
"
I
rra
ti
on
al
be
liefs
and
te
st
anxiet
y
in
Turki
sh
sc
hool
adolesce
nts
,"
The
Journal
of
School
Nurs
ing
,
vol
.
27(6
4
)
,
pp
.
47
-
454,
2011
.
[12]
Cassad
y
,
J.C.
&
Johns
on,
R.
E.
"
Cognit
ive
t
est
anxi
e
t
y
and
aca
demic
per
form
a
nce
,"
Cont
emporar
y
Educ
ati
ona
l
Psyc
holog
y
,
vol
.
27,
pp.
270
-
295
,
2002
,
doi
:10.
10
06/c
eps.
2001
.
10
94
[13]
Dem
irc
i,
E.
"
Er
genl
erd
e
te
m
el
psikoloj
ik
iht
i
y
a
çl
ar
irr
as
y
on
el
i
nanı
şlar
ı
il
e
m
ükemm
el
i
y
et
ç
il
ik
ve
sınav
ka
y
gı
sı
ara
sındak
i
i
li
şki
.
(Ya
y
ımlanma
m
ış
y
üksek
l
isa
ns
te
zi),"
İstan
bul
Arel
Üniv
e
rs
it
esi
Sosyal
B
il
imle
r
Ensti
tüs
ü
,
İstanbul
,
2018.
[14]
Güler
,
D.
ve
Ça
kır,
G.
"
Li
se
son
sınıf
öğre
nci
lerinin
sınav
ka
y
g
ısını
y
ord
a
y
an
d
eği
şkenl
eri
n
incele
nm
esi
,"
Tür
k
Psik
olojik
Danışm
a
ve R
ehb
erli
k
Dergisi,
vol
.
4(3
9),
pp
.
82
-
94
,
20
13.
[15]
Erge
ne
,
T
.
"
Ef
fec
t
ive
int
erv
en
ti
ons
on
t
est
a
nxie
t
y
r
eductio
n
,"
School
Psy
chol
ogy
Inte
rna
ti
onal
,
vol
.
24
,
pp.
328
-
332
,
20
03,
doi
:
0143
–
03
43
(200211)
[16]
Von
der
Embs
e
,
N.,
Barteri
an
,
J.
&
Segool,
N.
"
Te
st
anxi
ety
interve
nt
ions
for
chi
ldre
n
an
d
adol
esc
en
ts:
a
s
y
stematıc
rev
i
e
w
of
tre
at
m
ent
studie
s
from
2000
–
2010
,"
Psyc
h
ology
in
the
Sch
ools
,
vol
.
50(1),
pp.
57
-
71,
2013,
doi:
10
.
1002/pits.21660
[17]
Spirit
o,
A.
,
Star
k,
L.,
T
y
c
,
V.
"
Stressors
and
copi
ng
strategie
s
d
esc
ribe
d
dur
ing
hospita
liza
ti
on
b
y
chr
onically
ill
chi
ldr
en
,"
Jou
rnal
of
Cli
nic
al
Chi
ld
Psyc
holog
y
,
vol
.
23(3),
pp.
314
-
322,
1994.
Doi.
10.
1207/s15374424jc
c
p2303_9
[18]
Önen,
A.
"
The
Im
pac
t
of
Copi
ng
Strat
egies,
t
e
st
anxe
ity
and
e
xpec
t
at
ions
on
t
he
unive
r
sit
y
en
tra
nc
e
trail
ex
am
score
s,"
(Unpubl
ished
Master
Th
esis).
Boğazi
çi Univ
ersit
y
Insti
tue of
Gr
aduate Social
S
ci
en
ce
s
,
200
4.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
A stu
dy on t
he e
ff
ect
iv
eness
of
copin
g
wi
th te
st a
nxiet
y p
r
ogra
m
base
d
on
…
(
Fulya Türk
)
675
[19]
Bandura
,
A.
"
Self
-
Ef
f
ic
a
cy
:
The
Ex
e
rc
ise
of
Cont
rol
,"
New York:
W
.
H.
Fre
eman and
Com
pan
y
,
1
997.
[20]
Zi
m
m
erman,
B.
J.
"
Self
Eff
ic
a
c
y
:
an
essenti
a
l
m
oti
ve
to
l
ea
rn
,
"
C
onte
mpor
ary
Ed
ucat
ional
Psyc
h
ology
,
vo
l
.
25(1)
,
pp.
82
-
91
,
2000
,
Doi:
10
.
1006/
ceps
.
1999.
1016
[21]
Güçlü,
A.
"
Ei
gh
th
gra
de
studen
t
s'
e
m
oti
on
reg
ul
at
ion
stra
te
gi
es
during
te
st
t
aki
n
g:
The
rol
e
of
gende
r,
cogni
t
iv
e
appr
ai
sa
l
proc
es
ses,
ac
ad
emic
self
-
eff
icac
y
,
and
te
st
anxiet
y
,
"
Or
ta
Doğu
Tekni
k
Ünive
rs
itesi
,
Sos
y
al
Bil
imle
r
Ensti
tüsü,
Ankar
a,
2009
.
[22]
Bü
y
üköz
türk, Ş.
"
Sosyal
bilimler
iç
in
ve
ri
anal
izi el ki
tab
ı
,"
Ank
ar
a:
Peg
em A Ya
yınc
ılık,
2007.
[23]
W
ren
,
D.
G.
&
Benson,
J.
"
Mea
suring
te
st
anxi
e
t
y
in
chi
l
dre
n:
Scale
dev
el
opm
ent
an
d
i
nte
rna
l
construct
val
id
at
ion
,
"
Anxi
et
y
,
S
tress
&
Co
ping
,
vo
l
.
17(3),
pp.
227
-
240
,
20
04,
doi
:
10
.
1080
/1061580041233
1292606
[24]
A
y
dın
,
U.,
&
Bulga
n,
G.
"
Çocukl
ard
a
sınav
ka
y
gısı
öl
çe
ği
’nin
Türkç
e
u
yar
la
m
ası:
ge
çe
rl
ik
ve
güveni
rlik
ça
l
ışm
ası
,"
İlk
öğ
reti
m Onli
n
e
,
vo
l
.
16(2)
,
pp
.
887
-
899,
2017
,
doi
:
1
0.
17051/i
l
konli
n
e.
2017.
304742
[25]
Jinks,
J.
L.
,
&
Morgan,
V.
"
Chil
dren’s
perc
e
i
ve
d
A
cade
mic
S
el
f
-
ef
f
ic
ac
y.
An
inv
en
tory
scale
,"
Eri
c
Cl
ea
ring
Hous
e,
1999.
[26]
Öncü,
H.
"
Akade
m
ik
öz
y
et
er
li
k
ölç
eğ
ini
n
türkçe’
y
e
u
y
a
rla
nm
ası
,"
Ahi
Ev
ran Ünivers
it
esi
Kırş
ehi
r E
ğit
im
Fa
kül
t
esi
Dergisi
,
vol
.
13(
1),
2012
.
[27]
Çivi
tci,
A.
"
Erg
enl
er
i
çi
n
m
ant
ı
k
dışı
ina
nçl
ar
ölç
eğ
ini
n
gel
işt
i
ril
m
esi:
Geç
er
lik
ve
güveni
rli
k
ça
l
ışm
al
arı
,"
Tü
rk
Psik
olojik
Danışm
a
ve R
ehb
erli
k
Dergisi
,
vol
.
3(2
5),
2016
.
[28]
Spirit
o,
A.
,
St
a
rk,
L
.
J.
v
e
W
il
liam
s,
C.
"
De
vel
opm
ent
of
a
brie
f
copi
ng
c
hec
kl
ist
for
use
with
pediatr
ic
popula
ti
ons
,"
Jo
urnal
of Pe
dia
tri
c
Psy
chol
og
y
,
vo
l
.
13
,
pp
.
555
-
57
4,
1988
.
[29]
Bede
l
,
A.
,
Işık
,
E.
,
&
Ham
art
a
,
E.
"
E
rge
nl
er
iç
i
n
başa
çı
km
a
ö
l
çe
ğin
in
(EBÇÖ)
geçerl
ik
ve
güv
eni
rli
k
ç
al
ışm
ası
,"
Eği
ti
m
ve Bili
m
,
vol
.
39(176)
,
pp
.
227
-
235,
2014,
Doi:
10.
15390
/EB.2014.
3501
[30]
Olgu
n,
D.
"
Uygu
lamalı
Sın
av
Ka
ygı
sı Grup Çalış
mas
ı
,
"
Buca Re
h
ber
li
k
ve
Araştır
m
a
Merke
z
i, İzm
ir.
[31]
Borenste
in
,
M.,
Hedge
s,
L.
V
.
,
Higgins,
J.
P.,
&
Rothste
in
,
H.
R.
"
Introduct
ion
to
Me
ta
-
Ana
ly
si
s
,"
John
W
il
e
y
&
Sons
.
,
2011.
[32]
Cohen,
J
.
"
Stat
ist
ic
al
Powe
r
Analysis
for t
h
e Be
ha
vi
oral
S
ci
en
ce
s
,
"
2nd
ed
.
Hi
ll
sdal
e,
N
ew
Jerse
y
:
E
rlba
um
,
1988
.
[33]
Başpına
r
C
an,
P.,
Dere
bo
y
,
Ç.
&
Eskin
,
M.
"
Yüks
ek
riskli
sın
av
k
a
y
gısın
ın
azal
t
ılm
asında
sistemati
k
du
y
arsı
zlaştırma
ile
bi
li
şs
el
y
e
nide
n
y
a
pılandı
rm
anı
n
et
k
il
i
li
ğ
ini
n
k
arşı
la
şt
ırı
l
m
ası
,"
Türk
Ps
ikiy
at
r
i
Derg
isi,
vol.
23(1)
,
pp
.
9
-
17
,
2012
.
[34]
Boza
noğlu
,
İ.
"
Bil
işsel
davr
anı
ş
çı
y
aklaşım
a
da
y
a
lı
grup
reh
b
er
li
ğini
n
güdül
en
m
e,
benl
ik
sa
y
gı
sı,
başa
rı
ve
sın
av
ka
y
g
ısı
dü
zey
l
er
ine
et
kisi
,"
An
ka
ra Üniv
ersite
si
Eği
ti
m
Bilimle
ri
Fak
ül
t
esi
Dergis
i
,
vo
l
.
38(1), pp.
17
-
42,
2005
.
[35]
Dem
irc
i,
İ.,
&
Erde
n,
S.
"
Bi
li
ş
sel
davr
anı
şçı
yakl
aşıma
d
a
y
a
lı
grupla
psiko
loj
i
k
danı
şm
a
u
y
gu
la
m
asını
n
8
.
sın
ıf
öğre
nc
i
le
rin
in
sı
nav
ka
y
gısın
a
e
tki
s,"
Marm
ara
Ünive
rs
it
esi
At
a
türk
Eğitim
Fakülte
si
Eği
t
im
Bilimle
r
i
Dergis
i
,
vol
.
43(43)
,
p
p
.
67
-
83,
2016
,
Do
i:
10
.
15285/e
bd
.
51646
[36]
Te
nenb
aum,
L
a
ura
S.,
"A
sc
hool
-
base
d
int
e
rve
nti
on
for
th
ird
gra
d
e
stud
e
nts
expe
r
ie
nc
in
g
te
st
anxiet
y
.
"
disserta
ti
on
,
"
Ge
orgia
State
Univ
ersity
,
2012,
Retrieve
d
from
htt
p
s://
schola
rworks
.
gsu.
edu/
cps_diss
/69
[37]
Yavuz
er
,
Y.,
Gü
ndoğdu,
R.
,
&
Dikic
i
,
A.
"
Yara
tı
cı
dra
m
a
t
emel
li
grup
reh
b
erliğ
i
ve
bi
li
şs
el
-
d
avr
anı
şçı
y
a
kla
şım
a
da
y
alı
grupla
p
sikoloj
ik
danı
ş
m
anı
n
erg
enl
e
r
i
n
ka
y
gı
düz
e
y
l
eri
ne
e
tki
l
eri,"
e
-
Journal
of
Ne
w
World
Sci
ences
Ac
ademy
,
vo
l
.
5(
3),
pp
.
1026
-
104
0,
2010
.
[38]
Uluso
y
,
S.
,
Yav
uz,
K.
F.
,
Esen,
F.
B.
,
Um
ut,
G.,
&
Kara
t
epe,
H.
T.
"
Sınav
ka
y
g
ısına
y
önelik
biliş
sel
grup
te
r
api
si,
"
Bi
li
şs
el Davranı
şçı
Psi
kot
erapi
v
e
Araştırmalar
Dergisi
,
vol
.
1
,
p
p.
28
-
37
,
2016
,
Doi:
10.
5455
/JCBP
R.
212133
[39]
Bandura
,
A.
,
&
Loc
ke
,
E.
A.
"
Nega
ti
v
e
sel
f
-
ef
fic
a
c
y
and
goa
l
eff
ects
rev
isit
ed
,"
Journal
of
ap
pli
ed
psyc
holog
y
,
vol
.
88(1)
,
pp
.
8
7
-
99,
2003
,
Doi:
10.
1037/0021
-
9
010.
88.
1
.
87
[40]
Bec
k,
J.
S
.
"
Bi
l
işsel
te
rapi:
Te
mel
ilkeler
ve
ö
te
si
,"
Çev
.
Hisli
Şahin,
N.
Türk
Ps
ikol
ogl
ar
De
rne
ği
Ya
y
ın
la
r
ı
,
Ankara
,
2001.
[41]
Sharf,
R
.
S.
"
Psi
kot
erapi
ve psikoloji
k
danışma k
uram
ları
,"
Nobel
Ya
y
ın
la
rı
,
Ank
ara
,
2014.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.