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2
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.
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5
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6
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-
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8
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I
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cle
as
a
lear
n
i
n
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
i
s
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
to
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
[
1
9
]
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
an
d
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
y
o
f
S
L
C
,
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
w
il
l
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
S
L
C
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
l
iter
ac
y
o
n
th
e
p
h
y
s
ics
les
s
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
v
o
ca
tio
n
a
l
s
ch
o
o
l.
T
h
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
w
ill
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
an
d
its
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
t
o
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
a
s
an
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
lear
n
er
.
T
h
e
p
h
y
s
ic
s
co
n
ce
p
t
th
a
t
is
u
s
e
d
in
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
w
a
s
Dir
ec
t Cu
r
r
en
t o
n
E
lectr
icit
y
a
t V
o
ca
tio
n
al
Hig
h
er
Sc
h
o
o
l st
u
d
en
t
s
g
r
ad
e
1
1
.
2
.
T
H
E
O
RE
T
I
C
AL
B
AC
K
G
RO
UND
SLC
i
s
lear
n
i
n
g
t
h
at
u
s
e
s
cie
n
ce
liter
atu
r
e
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
r
ef
lec
ti
o
n
j
o
u
r
n
als,
clas
s
n
o
tes,
t
h
e
in
q
u
ir
y
d
ata,
an
d
o
th
er
ar
tif
ac
ts
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
th
at
r
e
f
lect
t
h
e
s
tag
e
s
o
f
a
s
cien
t
if
ic
in
v
es
tig
a
tio
n
.
All
o
f
t
h
ese
w
i
ll
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
r
o
les
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
aim
o
f
S
L
C
is
to
ass
is
t
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
i
n
an
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
b
ig
id
ea
r
el
ated
to
th
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
s
cien
c
e
in
a
ce
r
tain
t
h
e
m
e.
S
L
C
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
m
ai
n
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
wh
ich
ar
e
o
r
g
an
izi
n
g
t
h
e
s
cie
n
c
e
r
ec
o
r
d
,
r
o
le
o
n
liter
ac
y
c
y
c
l
es,
an
d
t
h
e
ar
tif
ac
ts
th
at
m
ad
e
b
y
s
t
u
d
en
ts
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
en
s
ta
g
es o
f
i
n
v
e
s
tig
a
tio
n
i
n
S
L
C
m
o
d
el
[
1
8
]
,
n
a
m
el
y
:
a.
Qu
est
io
n
s
.
St
u
d
en
t
s
f
o
r
m
u
lat
e
a
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ar
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ial
i
n
th
e
r
ele
v
a
n
t th
e
m
e.
b.
P
r
ed
ictio
n
.
Stu
d
en
t
s
ar
e
as
k
ed
to
f
o
r
m
u
late
t
h
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
q
u
es
tio
n
s
.
E
a
ch
r
o
le
o
n
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
f
o
r
m
u
la
tes
t
h
e
p
r
ed
icti
o
n
o
n
h
is
/
h
er
p
er
s
p
ec
ti
v
e,
a
n
d
th
e
n
t
h
ese
w
er
e
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
ed
b
y
s
t
u
d
en
ts
w
h
o
ac
t
as
g
r
ea
t
id
ea
d
ev
elo
p
er
.
T
h
e
P
r
ed
ictio
n
is
a
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
o
r
an
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
s
o
m
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
i
n
t
h
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
,
o
r
s
o
m
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
o
f
n
a
t
u
r
e
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a.
c.
P
lan
n
i
n
g
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
ed
icted
r
esu
lts
,
ea
c
h
r
o
le
p
lan
s
an
d
d
eter
m
i
n
e
an
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
f
s
o
m
e
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
to
f
in
d
t
h
e
an
s
w
er
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
to
ev
alu
ate
w
h
e
th
er
th
e
s
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
ar
e
ac
cu
r
ate
o
r
n
o
t.
d.
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ai
m
o
f
th
is
s
tag
e
is
to
v
alid
ate
t
h
e
p
r
ed
ic
tio
n
s
t
h
at
f
o
u
n
d
at
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
ta
g
e.
T
h
is
s
tag
e
i
n
cl
u
d
es d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
an
al
y
s
is
,
a
n
d
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
r
es
u
lts
.
e.
C
o
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
ar
e
s
ti
ll
te
n
tati
v
e
b
ec
au
s
e
it
o
n
l
y
a
n
s
w
er
s
to
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
q
u
es
tio
n
.
f.
Ne
w
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
o
r
id
ea
s
.
A
t
t
h
is
s
tag
e,
t
h
e
id
ea
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
lar
g
e
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
lead
er
d
eter
m
in
e
s
th
e
b
ig
g
er
id
ea
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
e
s
u
l
ts
o
f
ten
ta
tiv
e
co
n
c
lu
s
io
n
s
an
d
t
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
t
h
e
in
v
e
s
ti
g
atio
n
.
T
h
i
s
s
tag
e
i
s
th
e
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
atio
n
allo
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
n
e
w
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
s
c
ien
ce
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
g.
C
o
n
cl
u
s
io
n
j
o
u
r
n
al.
T
h
i
s
s
ta
g
e
i
s
to
p
r
ep
ar
e
th
e
j
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
a
n
d
r
ep
o
r
ts
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
ac
tiv
itie
s
.
3
.
RE
SE
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
Th
is
r
esear
ch
is
a
q
u
asi
-
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
d
esi
g
n
w
it
h
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
I
n
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
e
lecte
d
th
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
o
n
in
i
tial/
p
r
ev
io
u
s
k
n
o
w
led
g
e.
T
h
en
ea
c
h
g
r
o
u
p
w
as
tr
ea
ted
u
s
i
n
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
;
w
h
er
e
th
e
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
w
ill
b
e
ap
p
lied
w
it
h
S
L
C
m
et
h
o
d
;
an
d
o
th
er
w
i
ll
b
e
ap
p
lied
w
i
th
a
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
a
l
m
et
h
o
d
.
As
a
q
u
a
s
i
-
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
d
esi
g
n
,
it
as
s
u
m
ed
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
w
er
e
n
o
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
co
n
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
v
ar
iab
le
b
y
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
tr
atif
icatio
n
o
n
s
tati
s
t
ical
an
al
y
s
i
s
s
ta
g
e
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
w
i
th
i
n
w
h
ic
h
th
e
co
n
f
o
u
n
d
er
d
o
es
n
o
t
v
ar
y
[
1
9
]
.
Me
d
iatio
n
an
d
co
n
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
ar
e
id
en
tical
s
tatis
t
icall
y
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
o
n
l
y
o
n
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
i
t
y
te
s
t
w
as
ap
p
lied
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
a
t
th
e
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
ar
e
n
o
t
v
ar
y
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
b
e
f
o
r
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
tati
s
tical
an
al
y
s
is
u
s
in
g
M
A
NOV
A
.
O
n
l
y
t
h
e
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
t
h
at
a
f
f
ec
tin
g
t
h
e
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
is
3
0
s
t
u
d
en
ts
a
n
d
3
2
s
tu
d
en
t
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
en
,
t
h
e
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
i
s
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
Me
t
h
o
d
;
an
d
th
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
ab
ilit
y
as
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
lear
n
er
.
T
a
b
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
es
ig
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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2
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2
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I
J
E
R
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Vo
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6
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No
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1
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Ma
r
ch
201
7
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6
4
–
7
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66
T
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llab
u
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o
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I
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d
o
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esia,
esp
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y
o
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C
o
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p
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ar
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an
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B
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k
s
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tr
u
m
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ar
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test
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s
v
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e
f
o
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u
s
ed
in
r
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h
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w
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teac
h
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o
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s
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ed
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le
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en
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s
1(
-
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4
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3.
D
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1
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+
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4.
t
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7
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5.
I
n
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i
a
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2
(
+
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,
3
(
+
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5
(
-
)
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2
0
(
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)
6.
se
l
f
-
c
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r
o
l
9
(
+
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,
1
5
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-
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,
1
9
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+
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8822
Lea
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Lea
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67
T
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alter
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Pre
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2
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,
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h
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e
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e
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w
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n
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le
6
.
T
ab
le
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.
Dis
tr
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tio
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Sco
r
e
o
n
I
n
d
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d
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r
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Q
u
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ti
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n
air
e
N
o
.
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[1
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X
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L
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[2
]
N.
Da
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H.
M
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.
K.
M
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m
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Exc
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[3
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J.
Ho
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ro
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]
S.
M
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.
K.
Ku
lsh
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a
,
―
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m
p
lem
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tatio
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f
Co
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ti
v
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L
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[6
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G
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[7
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G
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Hig
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T
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ti
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sta
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b
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T
h
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k
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c
h
in
g
to
Kn
o
w
to
L
e
a
rn
in
g
to
T
h
in
k
‖
.
S
u
st
a
in
a
b
i
li
ty
,
7
(4
),
p
p
.
4
4
7
4
-
4
4
9
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[9
]
H.
A
lk
h
a
ru
si,
―
A
n
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
P
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
Clas
sro
o
m
A
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
‖
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
In
str
u
c
ti
o
n
,
8
(2
),
p
p
.
4
5
-
54
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
0
]
B.
F
it
z
P
a
tri
c
k
&
H.
S
c
h
u
lz,
―
Do
Cu
rri
c
u
l
u
m
Ou
tco
m
e
s
a
n
d
A
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
A
c
ti
v
it
ies
in
S
c
ien
c
e
En
c
o
u
ra
g
e
Hig
h
e
r
Ord
e
r
T
h
in
k
in
g
?
‖,
Ca
n
a
d
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
,
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
15
(2
),
p
p
.
1
3
6
-
1
5
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
1
]
D.
S
u
li
sw
o
ro
,
D.
&
F
.
S
u
ry
a
n
i,
―
T
h
e
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
L
e
a
rn
in
g
,
M
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
io
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
L
it
e
ra
c
y
to
A
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
‖
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
L
e
a
rn
in
g
a
n
d
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
,
4
(
2
),
p
p
.
5
8
-
64
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
2
]
S
.
A
.
Nik
o
u
&
A
.
A
.
Eco
n
o
m
id
e
s,
‖
T
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
p
a
p
e
r
-
b
a
se
d
,
c
o
m
p
u
ter
-
b
a
se
d
a
n
d
m
o
b
il
e
-
b
a
se
d
se
lf
-
a
s
se
ss
m
e
n
t
o
n
stu
d
e
n
ts
'
sc
ien
c
e
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
‖
,
Co
mp
u
ter
s in
H
u
m
a
n
Be
h
a
v
io
r
,
55
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
1
-
1
2
4
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
3
]
D.
S
u
li
sw
o
ro
,
―
De
sig
n
in
g
th
e
On
li
n
e
Co
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
v
e
L
e
a
rn
in
g
Us
in
g
th
e
W
ik
isp
a
c
e
s
‖
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Eme
rg
in
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
,
7
(
1
),
p
p
.
5
8
-
61
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
4
]
E.
Zak
a
ria,
T
.
S
o
lf
it
ri,
Y.
Da
u
d
&
Z.
Z.
A
b
id
in
,
―
Ef
fe
c
t
o
f
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
L
e
a
rn
in
g
o
n
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
ry
S
c
h
o
o
l
S
tu
d
e
n
ts’
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
Ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
‖
,
Cre
a
ti
v
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
4
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
98
-
1
0
0
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
5
]
A
.
Ba
r
m
a
n
&
J.
Ko
n
w
a
r
,
―
Co
m
p
e
ten
c
y
-
B
a
se
d
Cu
rricu
lu
m
in
Hig
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
:
A
Ne
c
e
ss
it
y
G
ro
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
G
lo
b
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
‖
,
Re
v
istaRo
m
a
n
e
a
s
c
a
p
e
n
tru
Ed
u
c
a
ti
e
M
u
l
ti
d
im
e
n
sio
n
a
la
,
3
(6
),
p
p
.
7
-
15
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
6
]
E.
L
.
Do
lan
&
J.
P
.
C
o
ll
in
s
,
―
W
e
m
u
st
tea
c
h
m
o
re
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
:
h
e
re
a
re
f
o
u
r
wa
y
s
to
g
e
t
sta
rted
‖
,
M
o
lec
u
lar
b
io
l
o
g
y
o
f
th
e
c
e
ll
,
26
(1
2
),
p
p
.
2
1
5
1
-
2
1
5
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
7
]
M.
Ra
v
e
&
M
.
S
a
y
e
rs,
―
T
a
r
z
a
n
'
s
Dile
m
m
a
:
A
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
in
g
P
ro
b
lem
f
o
r
In
tro
d
u
c
t
o
ry
P
h
y
sic
s
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
‖
,
P
h
y
s.
T
e
a
c
h
.
,
5
1
,
p
p
.
4
5
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
8
]
J.D.
F
ry
&
L
.
T
e
re
s
a
,
―
S
c
ien
c
e
Li
tera
c
y
Circl
e
s:
Big
Id
e
a
s
A
b
o
u
t
S
c
ien
c
e
‖
,
S
c
ien
c
e
A
c
ti
v
it
ies
:
Cla
ss
ro
o
m
P
ro
jec
ts
a
n
d
Cu
rr
icu
lu
m
Id
e
a
s
,
4
7
(2
),
p
p
.
3
5
-
40
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
9
]
M
.
A
.
P
o
u
r
h
o
se
in
g
h
o
li
,
A
.
R.
Ba
g
h
e
sta
n
i&
M.
V
a
h
e
d
i
,
―
Ho
w
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
c
o
n
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
e
ff
e
c
ts
b
y
sta
ti
stica
l
a
n
a
ly
sis
‖
.
G
a
stro
e
n
tero
lo
g
y
a
n
d
He
p
a
to
l
o
g
y
f
ro
m
b
e
d
to
b
e
n
c
h
,
5
(
2
),
p
p
.
79
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
0
]
D.
P
.
M
a
c
Kin
n
o
n
,
J.
L
.
Kru
ll
,
&
C.
M.
L
o
c
k
w
o
o
d
,
―
Eq
u
iv
a
len
c
e
o
f
th
e
m
e
d
iatio
n
,
c
o
n
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
su
p
p
re
ss
io
n
e
ffe
c
t
‖
.
P
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
sc
ien
c
e
,
1
(4
)
,
p
p
.
1
7
3
-
181
,
2
0
0
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:2
2
5
2
-
8822
I
J
E
R
E
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
201
7
:
6
4
–
7
0
70
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
No
v
it
a
sa
ri
S
u
tad
i,
M
.
P
d
is
a
p
h
y
sic
s
tea
c
h
e
r
a
t
M
a
d
ra
sa
h
T
sa
n
a
wiy
a
h
(M
T
S
)
M
if
tah
u
l
Qu
lu
b
,
P
a
m
e
k
a
sa
n
,
Ja
w
a
T
i
m
u
r,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
a
lo
n
g
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
a
s
a
te
a
c
h
e
r
a
t
ru
ra
l
a
re
a
o
f
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
S
h
e
is
a
lso
a
l
u
m
n
a
e
o
f
G
ra
d
u
a
te S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
A
h
m
a
d
Da
h
la
n
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
Dr.
D
wi
S
u
li
sw
o
ro
h
a
s
e
x
p
e
rti
se
o
n
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
e
s
p
e
c
ially
o
n
m
o
b
il
e
lea
rn
in
g
,
lea
rn
in
g
stra
teg
y
,
a
n
d
lea
rn
in
g
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
.
His
h
o
m
e
b
a
se
is
a
t
G
ra
d
u
a
te
P
ro
g
ra
m
o
f
A
h
m
a
d
Da
h
lan
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Jl.
P
ra
m
u
k
a
No
.
4
2
,
Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta
5
5
1
6
1
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
(e
-
m
a
il
:
d
w
i.
su
li
sw
o
ro
@u
a
d
.
a
c
.
id
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.