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STE
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lit
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HO
TS
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o
f
v
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a
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h
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n
g
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a
n
d
m
a
th
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ti
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s
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o
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ly
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ro
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th
r
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g
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ies
.
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e
d
a
ta
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e
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ti
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n
m
e
th
o
d
u
se
d
a
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sy
ste
m
a
ti
c
re
v
iew
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m
2
0
1
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2
0
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
in
d
e
x
e
d
f
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d
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g
s
o
f
G
o
o
g
le
S
c
h
o
lar
a
n
d
S
c
o
p
u
s
(
Da
tab
a
se
:
El
se
v
ie
r,
S
c
o
p
u
s,
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
Dire
c
t).
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a
li
tativ
e
d
e
sc
rip
ti
v
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d
a
ta
a
n
a
ly
sis
tec
h
n
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e
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s
e
m
p
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e
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o
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in
d
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c
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ti
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a
tt
e
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s.
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se
d
o
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d
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ta
a
n
a
ly
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t
h
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re
a
re
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d
in
g
s
o
f
1
8
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to
th
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n
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l
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sio
n
c
rit
e
ria.
Th
e
re
su
l
ts
sh
o
we
d
th
a
t:
i
)
S
TE
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in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
p
a
tt
e
r
n
s
in
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r
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tain
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b
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6
5
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n
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o
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s
;
ii
)
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re
n
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se
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s
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se
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h
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in
th
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rm
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rip
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s
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iffere
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ra
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t
h
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u
m
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e
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m
p
les
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se
d
is
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re
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ter
in
t
h
e
S
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o
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s
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ta
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m
e
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se
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s
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in
a
n
t
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n
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h
e
su
r
v
e
y
t
h
a
n
R&
D,
b
u
t
wh
a
tev
e
r
t
h
e
re
se
a
rc
h
d
e
sig
n
i
n
S
T
EM
l
it
e
ra
c
y
is,
in
p
ri
n
c
ip
le,
it
c
a
n
e
m
p
o
we
r
HO
TS
to
in
c
re
a
se
lea
rn
in
g
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
is
HOT
S
L
iter
atu
r
e
s
tu
d
y
Scien
ce
lear
n
in
g
STE
M
liter
ac
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Qo
r
i A
g
u
s
s
u
r
y
an
i
Ma
s
ter
Pro
g
r
am
o
f
Scien
ce
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Po
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate,
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Neg
er
i Sem
ar
an
g
Sek
ar
an
,
Gu
n
u
n
g
Pati,
Sem
ar
an
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: c
o
r
r
iesu
r
y
an
i@
s
tu
d
en
t
s
.
u
n
n
es.a
c.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Hig
h
er
o
r
d
e
r
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
il
ls
(
HOT
S
)
g
en
er
ate
n
ew
id
ea
s
th
at
ca
n
ad
ap
t
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
in
k
f
lex
ib
ly
,
c
r
ea
tiv
ely
,
th
in
k
cr
iti
ca
lly
,
an
d
b
e
to
ler
an
t
o
f
id
ea
s
[
1
]
.
V
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
l
(
S
MK
)
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
is
o
r
ien
ted
to
war
d
s
ap
p
lied
s
cien
ce
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
ca
n
ap
p
ly
to
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
o
f
wo
r
k
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
Glo
b
al
ch
allen
g
es
r
eq
u
ir
e
lear
n
in
g
p
atter
n
s
th
at
em
p
o
wer
HOT
S
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
c
ien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics
(
STE
M
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
HOT
S
ar
e
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
t
o
f
lear
n
in
g
s
k
ills
[
2
]
wh
ich
ar
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
a
ctiv
ities
in
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
3
]
,
f
in
d
in
g
id
ea
s
to
h
el
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
ev
elo
p
HOT
S
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
c
r
ea
tiv
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
.
I
n
d
icat
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
tr
ain
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
th
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
in
k
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
t
h
e
d
o
m
ain
s
o
f
an
aly
zin
g
(
C
4
)
,
ev
alu
atin
g
(
C
5
)
,
an
d
cr
ea
tin
g
(
C
6
)
[
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
22
:
5
1
-
60
52
T
h
e
lo
w
HOT
S
ar
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
l
ac
k
o
f
m
ed
ia
an
d
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
th
a
t
ca
n
m
ax
im
ize
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
HOT
S
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
5
]
.
C
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
an
d
a
n
s
wer
m
eth
o
d
s
s
till
d
o
m
in
ate
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
s
o
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ec
o
m
e
p
ass
iv
e
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
th
in
k
in
g
ac
tiv
iti
es
ar
e
wea
k
.
So
m
e
teac
h
e
r
s
o
n
l
y
c
o
n
s
id
er
HOT
S
as
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
ca
n
o
n
l
y
b
e
d
o
n
e
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
.
T
ea
ch
e
r
s
d
o
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
th
e
r
ig
h
t
way
t
o
in
c
r
ea
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
HOT
S
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
th
e
cl
ass
r
o
o
m
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
ed
to
d
e
v
elo
p
HOT
S
is
to
o
d
if
f
icu
lt
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
lim
ited
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
lo
w
HOT
S
is
tr
ig
g
er
ed
b
y
s
o
m
e
teac
h
er
s
p
er
ce
iv
in
g
HOT
S
as
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
is
o
n
ly
d
o
n
e
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
.
T
ea
c
h
er
s
d
o
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
th
e
r
ig
h
t
way
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
HOT
S
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
class
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
t
o
ed
u
ca
te
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ad
ap
t
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
in
k
f
le
x
ib
ly
,
ask
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
b
e
cr
ea
tiv
e,
th
in
k
c
r
itically
,
r
esp
ec
t
s
o
ciety
,
an
d
b
e
to
le
r
a
n
t
o
f
id
ea
s
.
Sev
e
r
al
th
in
g
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e
HOT
S
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
a
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
aim
s
to
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e
an
d
c
o
m
p
ete
g
lo
b
al
ly
,
n
am
ely
STE
M.
STE
M
aim
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
HOT
S
[
7
]
.
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
with
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
s
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
o
w
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
p
r
in
ci
p
les,
an
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
r
o
m
s
cien
ce
,
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
an
in
teg
r
ated
m
an
n
er
in
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
ed
in
th
eir
d
ai
ly
liv
es
[
8
]
.
Scien
ce
as
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
n
o
th
in
g
b
u
t
a
s
cien
tific
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
ac
tiv
ity
o
f
g
iv
in
g
d
iv
e
r
g
en
t
q
u
esti
o
n
s
in
ev
er
y
asp
ec
t
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
o
p
en
-
en
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
h
av
i
n
g
HOT
S
.
Dec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
th
in
k
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
is
an
in
d
ic
ato
r
o
f
h
ig
h
-
o
r
d
e
r
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
9
]
.
I
n
d
i
ca
to
r
s
an
al
y
ze
id
ea
s
th
at
ar
e
q
u
ite
well
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ab
ilit
y
test
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
t
h
at
ch
a
r
a
cter
izes
HOT
S
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
s
tu
d
ied
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
d
r
iv
en
b
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
i
n
d
icato
r
s
,
o
n
ly
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
th
e
f
ield
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
eth
n
o
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
is
to
an
al
y
ze
p
r
o
f
iles
an
d
is
p
r
o
v
en
to
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
s
cien
tific
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
lo
ca
l
an
d
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
in
b
asic
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
eq
u
ip
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ch
ar
ac
ter
an
d
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
s
k
ills
.
STE
M
lear
n
in
g
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ap
p
ly
an
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
in
ten
s
e
co
m
p
etitio
n
wo
r
k
s
.
Ab
ilit
y
i
s
m
ea
n
t
b
y
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
p
eo
p
le'
s
n
ativ
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
as
a
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
eq
u
ip
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
HOT
S
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
u
s
ed
is
eth
n
o
s
cien
ce
-
b
as
ed
lear
n
in
g
is
v
e
r
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
d
ev
elo
p
in
v
o
ca
t
io
n
al
s
ch
o
o
l
s
cien
ce
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
esp
ec
ially
it
ca
n
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
STE
M
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el.
L
ea
r
n
in
g
b
y
f
in
d
i
n
g
y
o
u
r
c
o
n
ce
p
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
ig
h
-
o
r
d
er
th
o
u
g
h
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
with
o
u
t
leav
in
g
cu
ltu
r
e
as a
f
o
r
m
o
f
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
ca
r
e
is
n
ee
d
ed
in
th
e
2
1
s
t c
en
tu
r
y
with
STE
M
li
ter
ac
y
.
An
aly
s
is
o
f
STE
M
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es,
ty
p
e
o
f
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el,
an
d
y
ea
r
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
STE
M
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
(
PjB
L
)
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
as
a
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
an
aly
s
is
an
d
a
b
asis
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
i
n
th
e
STE
M
f
ield
.
STE
M
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
to
e
q
u
i
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
wo
r
k
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
s
k
ills
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
STE
M
m
o
d
el
to
u
p
d
atin
g
to
p
ics
in
th
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
t
o
co
m
p
ete
g
l
o
b
ally
an
d
s
o
lv
e
life
is
s
u
e
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
STE
M
liter
ac
y
.
STE
M
liter
ac
y
s
h
o
ws
th
e
in
te
g
r
ated
m
u
ltid
is
cip
lin
ar
y
o
f
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
a
n
d
m
ath
em
atics
u
s
ed
in
liv
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
q
u
alif
ied
STE
M
ca
r
ee
r
s
k
ills
is
g
ettin
g
lo
wer
b
ased
o
n
T
I
MSS
an
d
PISA
r
esu
lts
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
ate
d
STE
M
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
lear
n
i
n
g
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
eq
u
ip
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
wo
r
k
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
Ass
ess
in
g
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
STE
M
in
lear
n
in
g
t
o
m
a
p
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
STE
M
r
esear
ch
at
th
e
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
u
n
d
er
tak
en
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
ar
e
lim
ited
in
s
tu
d
y
in
g
it
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
STE
M
ar
ea
s
co
v
er
ed
.
T
h
e
STE
M
d
o
m
ain
is
lim
ited
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
g
r
o
win
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
HOT
S
an
d
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
STE
M
in
te
g
r
atio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
h
av
e
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
u
s
in
g
STE
M
th
at
ca
n
g
r
o
w
s
tu
d
en
t
HOT
S
th
r
o
u
g
h
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iews.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es
ar
e
:
i
)
An
aly
zi
n
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
p
atter
n
,
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
es,
an
d
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
STE
M
in
g
r
o
win
g
v
o
c
atio
n
al
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
HOT
S
;
ii
)
An
aly
zin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
an
d
Sco
p
u
s
in
2
0
1
6
-
2
0
2
0
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
STE
M
in
g
r
o
win
g
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
t
u
d
en
ts
'
HOT
S
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
e
d
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
1
3
]
.
Acc
o
u
n
tab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
b
u
ild
a
r
eliab
le
ev
id
en
ce
b
ase
f
o
r
r
es
ea
r
ch
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
.
So
u
r
ce
s
o
f
d
ata
a
r
e
tak
en
b
ased
o
n
ar
ticles
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
y
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
,
E
ls
ev
ier
,
Sco
p
u
s
,
an
d
Scien
ce
Dir
ec
t
i
n
2
0
1
6
-
2
0
2
0
.
T
h
e
s
tep
s
u
s
ed
i
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
ce
s
s
g
o
v
er
n
ed
b
y
a
s
et
o
f
ex
p
licit
r
u
les
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
co
m
p
leten
ess
,
im
m
u
n
ity
f
r
o
m
b
ias,
tr
an
s
p
a
r
en
cy
,
an
d
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
o
f
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
ased
o
n
cr
u
cial
in
clu
s
io
n
q
u
esti
o
n
s
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
je
ctiv
es,
n
am
ely
:
i
)
An
aly
ze
t
h
e
STE
M
in
teg
r
atio
n
p
atter
n
in
g
r
o
win
g
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
HOT
S
;
ii
)
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
STE
M
wh
ich
ca
n
g
r
o
w
H
OT
S
o
f
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
k
ey
w
o
r
d
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e:
HOT
S
,
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
l
,
STE
M,
an
d
n
atu
r
al
s
cien
ce
.
T
h
e
s
ev
e
n
s
tep
s
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
b
eg
an
with
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
,
th
en
f
ilter
ed
o
u
t
r
elev
an
t so
u
r
c
es a
n
d
m
ap
p
ed
t
h
em
o
u
t b
ased
o
n
r
esear
c
h
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es.
T
h
e
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
liter
a
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
y
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
es c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
TEM
liter
a
cy
in
g
r
o
w
in
g
vo
ca
tio
n
a
l sch
o
o
l stu
d
en
t
HOTS
i
n
s
cien
ce
lea
r
n
in
g
…
(
Qo
r
i A
g
u
s
s
u
r
ya
n
i
)
53
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sy
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
1
3
]
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
e
v
iew
s
h
o
w
th
e
STE
M
m
o
d
el
a
s
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
t
r
ain
s
tu
d
en
ts
i
n
s
cien
tific
wo
r
k
an
d
b
e
d
ir
ec
tly
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
L
ea
r
n
in
g
a
ctiv
ities
to
d
ev
elo
p
HOT
S
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
f
ix
ated
o
n
o
n
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
th
ey
f
ac
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
y
b
r
in
g
in
g
u
p
m
an
y
alter
n
ativ
e
an
s
wer
s
to
s
o
lv
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
n
t
h
e
HOT
S
in
d
icato
r
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew,
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
HOT
S
in
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
,
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
th
e
STE
M
m
o
d
el
to
g
r
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
HOT
S
,
an
d
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
STE
M
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
e
HOT
S
i
n
d
icato
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
p
r
esen
ts
d
ata
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
n
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
2
0
1
6
-
2
0
2
0
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
d
ata
s
ea
r
ch
r
esu
lts
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
id
en
tify
i
n
g
th
e
i
n
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es a
s
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
a
to
tal
o
f
1
3
6
ar
ticles,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
1
8
ar
ticles
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
STE
M
liter
ac
y
an
d
HOT
S
o
f
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
ich
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
o
f
STE
M
in
estab
lis
h
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
HOT
S
b
ased
o
n
a
r
e
v
iew
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
,
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
es a
n
d
STE
M
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
HOT
S.
T
ab
le
1
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
d
ata
s
o
u
r
c
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
ca
n
b
e
ca
te
g
o
r
ized
in
ac
c
r
ed
ited
an
d
n
o
n
-
ac
cr
ed
ited
jo
u
r
n
als.
Acc
r
ed
ited
jo
u
r
n
als
ar
e
jo
u
r
n
als
in
d
ex
e
d
in
th
e
S
cien
ce
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
I
n
d
ex
(
SIN
T
A)
to
ass
ess
jo
u
r
n
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
ased
o
n
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
an
d
citatio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
I
n
d
ex
atio
n
o
f
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atio
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r
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th
at
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e
b
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cr
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ited
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y
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e
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n
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o
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(
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SIN
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as
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h
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ich
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ticle
2
0
1
6
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0
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7
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0
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8
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1.
R
e
v
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w
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o
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r
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a
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s
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n
c
l
u
s
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o
n
C
r
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r
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a
2
.
Lo
o
k
i
n
g
f
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l
i
t
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r
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.
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c
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s
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o
n
c
r
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t
e
r
i
a
?
Y
e
s
No
4
.
D
e
scri
b
e
a
n
d
ma
p
l
i
n
k
s t
o
st
u
d
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o
b
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c
t
i
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s
5
.
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u
a
l
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t
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n
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ssessme
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6
.
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s
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n
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r
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7
.
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s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
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t
J
E
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&
R
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c
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Vo
l
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11
,
No
.
1
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Ma
r
ch
20
22
:
5
1
-
60
54
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
wr
iter
s
,
jo
u
r
n
als,
an
d
s
cien
ce
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
STE
M
-
in
teg
r
ated
p
u
b
licatio
n
ca
t
eg
o
r
ies,
th
er
e
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
tr
en
d
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
th
e
STE
M
in
teg
r
atio
n
p
atter
n
in
em
p
o
wer
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
HOT
S
with
o
u
t
an
y
s
p
ec
ial
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
wi
th
o
th
e
r
m
o
d
els
o
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
T
ab
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
STE
M
r
ev
iew
in
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
i
n
d
ex
ed
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
2016
-
2
0
2
0
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
r
en
d
o
f
STE
M
an
d
HOT
S p
u
b
licatio
n
b
ased
o
n
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
T
ab
le
1
.
S
tu
d
e
n
t liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iews o
n
STE
M
an
d
HOT
S
o
n
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
p
u
b
licatio
n
ar
ticles
(
2
0
1
6
-
2
0
2
0
)
D
a
t
a
so
u
r
c
e
c
o
d
e
R
e
se
a
r
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m
e
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s
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t
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e
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r
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n
1
2
3
4
5
6
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n
d
e
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e
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TE
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TS
[
1
4
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S
TEM
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L
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0
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p
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[
1
5
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y
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[
1
6
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w
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t
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[
2
3
]
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TEM
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[
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S
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1
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u
r
v
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2
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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11
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.
1
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Ma
r
ch
20
22
:
5
1
-
60
56
3
.
1
.
ST
E
M
lite
ra
cy
m
o
del in g
ro
wing
H
O
T
S
T
ab
le
1
an
d
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
STE
M
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
is
u
s
ed
d
if
f
e
r
en
tly
in
g
r
o
win
g
th
e
HOT
S
o
f
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
STE
M
in
teg
r
atio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
v
ar
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
o
th
at
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iew
g
iv
es
an
id
ea
th
at
t
h
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
tr
e
n
d
o
b
tain
ed
o
n
STE
M
an
d
HOT
S
o
f
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
is
v
er
y
co
m
p
lex
.
A
cr
itical
r
ev
iew
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
esear
ch
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
it
ex
p
lain
s
t
h
e
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
o
f
STE
M
in
g
r
o
win
g
HOT
S
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
s
i
m
ilar
ity
in
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
2
8
%
an
d
6
5
%
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
STE
M
an
d
n
o
n
STE
M
in
g
r
o
win
g
HOT
S
(
Fig
u
r
e
4
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
5
)
.
T
h
er
e
is
6
%
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
liter
ac
y
p
ar
t
o
f
S
-
T
-
E
-
M
liter
ac
y
,
with
STE
M
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
in
p
r
in
cip
le,
b
ec
au
s
e
S
-
T
-
E
-
M
liter
ac
y
h
as
its
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
r
o
les
in
g
r
o
win
g
HOT
S
.
STE
M
-
b
ase
d
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
is
lear
n
i
n
g
s
cien
ce
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
s
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
r
ea
l
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
,
b
u
t
o
n
l
y
a
f
ew
u
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
liter
ac
y
s
ep
ar
ately
f
r
o
m
STE
M
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
i
n
g
is
t
h
at
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
liter
ac
y
ca
n
i
n
cr
e
ase
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
an
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es,
n
o
t
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
HOT
S
[
1
5
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
is
ex
p
lain
ed
in
d
etail
ab
o
u
t
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
STE
M
w
ith
th
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
in
g
r
o
win
g
s
tu
d
en
t
HOT
S
as a
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
in
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
in
g
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
.
3
.
2
.
ST
E
M
-
P
B
L
inte
g
ra
t
io
n in g
ro
wing
H
O
T
S
T
h
er
e
ar
e
1
1
%
an
d
1
0
%
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
STE
M
-
PB
L
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
)
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
th
e
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
ity
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
(
PB
L
)
m
o
d
el
will
o
cc
u
r
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
lear
n
in
g
.
Stu
d
en
ts
lear
n
in
g
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
will
ap
p
ly
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
r
tr
y
to
f
in
d
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
n
ee
d
ed
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
th
e
PB
L
m
o
d
el
s
itu
atio
n
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
teg
r
ate
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
an
d
ap
p
ly
th
em
in
th
e
r
elev
an
t
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
PB
L
m
o
d
el
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
,
f
o
s
ter
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
in
itiat
iv
e
i
n
wo
r
k
,
in
ter
n
al
m
o
tiv
atio
n
i
n
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
ca
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
in
g
r
o
u
p
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
PB
L
m
o
d
el
is
b
eliev
ed
to
b
e
ab
le
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
HOT
S
o
f
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
8
]
.
STE
M
in
teg
r
atio
n
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
g
iv
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
p
r
ac
tice
HOT
S
b
ec
au
s
e
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
r
eso
lv
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
STE
M
liter
ac
y
with
th
e
PB
L
lear
n
in
g
p
h
ase.
3
.
3
.
ST
E
M
-
P
j
B
L
inte
g
ra
t
io
n in g
ro
wing
H
O
T
S
STE
M
-
PjB
L
in
teg
r
atio
n
g
ai
n
ed
2
2
%
in
d
icatin
g
p
r
ac
tice
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
as
s
tu
d
e
n
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
th
at
o
cc
u
r
s
o
v
er
a
lo
n
g
p
er
io
d
o
f
tim
e,
wh
e
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ch
o
o
s
e,
p
lan
,
i
n
v
es
tig
ate
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
th
at
an
s
wer
r
ea
l
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
PjB
L
f
ac
ilit
ates
t
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
s
b
y
co
llab
o
r
atin
g
an
d
'
lear
n
in
g
b
y
d
o
in
g
'
;
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
co
g
n
itiv
e,
m
etac
o
g
n
itiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
wh
ic
h
r
esu
lts
in
in
cr
ea
s
ed
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
[
2
7
]
.
PjB
L
tr
ain
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
d
ev
el
o
p
c
r
ea
tiv
ity
a
n
d
allo
w
b
ala
n
ce
in
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
,
a
s
well
as
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
.
PjB
L
en
co
u
r
ag
es
th
e
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
o
f
cr
it
ical
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
b
ein
g
ab
le
to
in
te
r
ac
t
w
ith
th
e
w
o
r
ld
ar
o
u
n
d
th
em
[
1
4
]
.
PjB
L
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
e
f
r
ee
d
o
m
to
p
lan
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
p
r
o
jects
co
llab
o
r
ativ
el
y
in
s
o
l
v
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
wo
r
k
p
r
o
d
u
cts
th
at
c
an
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
to
o
t
h
er
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
in
s
o
lv
in
g
th
eir
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
er
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
f
o
r
lo
n
g
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
tim
e,
lo
o
k
i
n
g
f
o
r
v
a
r
io
u
s
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
cr
ea
tin
g
au
t
h
en
tic
p
r
o
d
u
cts
th
at
ar
e
u
ltima
tel
y
u
s
ed
as
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
.
I
n
itial
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
lear
n
in
g
a
s
th
e
m
ain
ca
p
ital
PjB
L
to
c
o
llect
n
ew
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
ased
o
n
r
ea
l
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
[
2
7
]
.
3
.
4
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
io
n o
f
ST
E
M
a
nd
et
hn
o
s
cience
i
n g
ro
wing
H
O
T
S
T
h
er
e
is
6
%
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
S
T
E
M
with
th
e
eth
n
o
s
cien
ce
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
(
Fig
u
r
e
5
)
.
T
h
e
eth
n
o
s
cien
ce
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
o
r
ig
in
al
s
cien
ce
t
h
at
d
ev
elo
p
s
in
s
o
ciety
to
b
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
in
t
o
s
cien
tific
s
cien
ce
.
Scien
ce
is
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
n
atu
r
al
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
th
at
d
e
v
elo
p
in
s
o
ciety
.
I
t
is
v
er
y
r
elev
an
t
if
th
e
eth
n
o
s
cien
ce
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ex
p
l
ain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
in
teg
r
ated
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
with
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics.
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
is
th
a
t
s
cien
tific
s
cien
ce
ca
n
n
o
t
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
a
n
d
h
o
lis
tic
s
k
ills
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
lear
n
in
g
d
o
m
ain
s
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
ca
s
e
in
th
e
f
ield
is
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
n
ee
d
an
d
av
aila
b
ilit
y
o
f
ex
p
er
tis
e.
R
ef
er
r
in
g
to
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
en
tr
al
Statis
tic
s
Ag
en
cy
in
2
0
1
0
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia's
8
8
m
illi
o
n
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
a
r
e
s
till
d
o
m
in
ated
b
y
u
n
s
k
illed
wo
r
k
er
s
,
an
d
it
is
p
r
ed
icted
th
at
in
2
0
2
0
th
er
e
will
b
e
a
5
0
%
s
h
o
r
tag
e
o
f
lab
o
r
.
W
ith
o
u
t
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
d
ev
elo
p
b
asic
s
k
ills
,
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
(
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
cr
ea
t
iv
ity
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
)
,
an
d
p
r
er
eq
u
is
ite
v
alu
es
f
o
r
en
ter
in
g
th
e
STE
M
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
,
it
is
v
er
y
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
ex
p
ec
t
y
o
u
n
g
p
e
o
p
le
wh
o
ar
e
m
o
t
iv
ated
an
d
r
ea
d
y
to
p
u
r
s
u
e
STE
M
f
ield
s
wh
ich
c
an
b
e
th
e
k
e
y
to
cr
ea
tin
g
a
g
en
er
atio
n
in
th
e
g
lo
b
al
a
r
en
a.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
n
ee
d
s
t
o
b
e
a
f
r
a
m
e
o
f
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
f
o
r
th
e
ed
u
c
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
eth
n
o
s
cien
ce
le
ar
n
in
g
f
o
r
s
p
ec
ial
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
in
em
p
o
wer
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
em
b
ed
d
e
d
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
d
ev
el
o
p
n
ativ
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
a
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
an
d
is
s
tu
d
ied
to
war
d
s
f
o
r
m
al
s
cien
ce
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
TEM
liter
a
cy
in
g
r
o
w
in
g
vo
ca
tio
n
a
l sch
o
o
l stu
d
en
t
HOTS
i
n
s
cien
ce
lea
r
n
in
g
…
(
Qo
r
i A
g
u
s
s
u
r
ya
n
i
)
57
a
lear
n
in
g
s
tu
d
y
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
[
5
2
]
with
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
in
te
g
r
ated
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els,
n
am
ely
u
s
e
o
f
a
m
o
d
if
ied
STE
M
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
with
an
et
h
n
o
s
cien
ce
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
(
E
-
STE
M)
.
3
.
5
.
F
ind
ing
s
o
f
ST
E
M
lite
ra
cy
pu
bli
ca
t
io
ns
in g
ro
wing
v
o
ca
t
io
na
l scho
o
l st
ud
ent
H
O
T
S
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
tr
en
d
o
f
STE
M
an
d
HOT
S
r
esear
c
h
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
it
er
ia
in
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
a
n
d
Sco
p
u
s
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ea
ch
y
ea
r
in
2
0
1
6
b
y
6
%
an
d
1
0
%,
i
n
2
0
1
7
as
m
u
ch
as
6
%
an
d
5
%,
in
2
0
1
8
as
m
u
ch
as
6
%
an
d
3
5
%.
I
n
2
0
1
9
as
m
u
ch
as
2
8
%
an
d
1
0
%,
an
d
in
2
0
2
0
as
m
u
ch
as
5
6
%
an
d
4
0
%.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
u
b
licatio
n
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
o
n
lear
n
in
g
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
with
STE
M
liter
ac
y
.
STE
M
liter
ac
y
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
is
n
o
t
an
ea
s
y
m
att
er
.
I
t
tak
es
at
least
a
d
ec
ad
e
to
d
ev
elo
p
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
a
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
p
ar
ti
cip
atio
n
o
f
s
cien
ce
teac
h
e
r
s
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
STE
M
-
b
ased
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
lear
n
in
g
b
ased
o
n
class
r
o
o
m
-
b
ased
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
in
clu
d
es
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
tag
e
in
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
an
d
th
e
f
ield
test
s
tag
e
in
in
it
iatin
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
STE
M
-
b
ased
s
cien
ce
lear
n
i
n
g
co
n
ten
t.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
l
in
ad
v
o
ca
ti
n
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
to
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
p
o
licies an
d
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
l
g
r
a
d
u
ates m
u
s
t b
e
r
ea
d
y
to
wo
r
k
with
all
th
eir
s
k
ills
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ata
in
T
ab
le
1
a
n
d
T
ab
le
2
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
esear
c
h
m
eth
o
d
s
ce
n
ter
e
d
o
n
r
esear
c
h
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
(
R
&
D)
an
d
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
b
y
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
in
teg
r
ate
d
STE
M
m
o
d
els
an
d
teac
h
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
th
at
ar
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
i
n
g
r
o
win
g
s
tu
d
en
t
HOT
S
.
Sa
m
p
le
s
ize
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
v
ar
y
wid
ely
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
an
d
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
HOT
S
in
d
icato
r
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
B
lo
o
m
tax
o
n
o
m
y
is
p
r
esen
te
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ac
tiv
ities
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
i
d
ea
s
,
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
id
ea
s
,
an
d
f
o
r
m
u
l
atin
g
id
ea
s
to
s
o
lv
e
ce
r
tain
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
'
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
will
d
ev
elo
p
well
if
d
o
n
e
in
ten
tio
n
ally
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
will
e
asil
y
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
HOT
S
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
in
STE
M
lear
n
in
g
th
at
is
o
f
f
er
e
d
ca
n
m
ax
im
iz
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
in
q
u
ir
y
wh
ich
u
ltima
tely
ca
n
r
ea
lize
m
ax
i
m
u
m
cr
ea
tiv
ity
.
STE
M
aim
s
to
p
r
o
d
u
ct
lear
n
in
g
b
y
in
te
g
r
atin
g
.
So
th
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
STE
M
liter
ac
y
ar
e
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t in
g
r
o
win
g
HO
T
S,
b
u
t th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
STE
M
in
teg
r
atio
n
u
s
ed
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
s
o
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
is
n
ee
d
ed
in
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
el
b
y
e
x
am
in
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
HOT
S
in
d
icato
r
s
.
R
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
h
a
v
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
an
in
teg
r
ated
S
T
E
M
eth
n
o
s
cien
ce
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
th
e
HOT
S
asp
ec
t
in
d
icato
r
e
m
p
h
asizes
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
th
in
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
m
p
lex
lear
n
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
l
a
p
p
lied
s
cien
ce
lear
n
i
n
g
ar
e
th
a
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
lo
o
k
f
o
r
o
th
er
lear
n
i
n
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
b
y
e
x
p
lo
r
in
g
t
h
eir
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
lis
ted
in
lear
n
in
g
p
h
ase,
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es,
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
m
ater
ial
o
r
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
,
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t te
ch
n
iq
u
e
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
im
en
s
io
n
[
4
]
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
in
d
ex
ed
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
6
-
2
0
2
0
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
o
n
l
y
1
8
STE
M
liter
ac
y
ar
ticles
in
g
r
o
win
g
th
e
HOT
S
o
f
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
STE
M
in
teg
r
atio
n
p
atter
n
in
g
r
o
win
g
th
e
g
r
ea
test
HOT
S
wa
s
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
2
8
%
STE
M
an
d
non
-
STE
M
liter
ac
y
,
2
2
%
STE
M
-
PjB
L
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
1
1
%,
STE
M
-
PB
L
,
6
%
STE
M
-
E
th
n
o
s
cien
ce
,
an
d
5%
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
l
iter
ac
y
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
ar
e
R
&
D
with
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
i
q
u
es
was
t
-
test
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
f
o
r
th
e
Sc
o
p
u
s
in
d
ex
ed
d
ata,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
a
s
u
r
v
ey
with
a
lar
g
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
an
1
,
0
0
0
s
am
p
les
with
q
u
alitativ
e
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
two
s
o
u
r
ce
s
i
n
d
ex
ed
b
y
G
o
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
an
d
Sco
p
u
s
,
it
s
h
o
ws
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
p
u
b
licatio
n
tr
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
p
atter
n
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
am
p
les
u
s
ed
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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id
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.