Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of E
valua
tio
n
an
d
Rese
arch
in
Educati
on (I
JE
RE)
Vo
l.
8
,
No.
4
,
D
ece
m
ber
201
9
, pp.
604
~
609
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ije
r
e
.
v
8
i
4
.
20337
604
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJE
R
E
Gender
and
educational
b
ac
kg
ro
un
d:
I
nflu
ence on
entrepr
en
eurial in
tention
(EI) in
econ
omics le
ar
nin
g
Ju
n
Su
r
janti
1
,
Tony S
eno A
j
i
2
Z
ainur R
ah
man
3
,
Hen
y Mus
fidah
4
1,
2,
3
Facul
t
y
of Ec
onom
ic
s,
Univer
si
t
as
Nege
r
i
Sur
abay
a
,
Indon
esia
4
Pos
t
Gradua
te
Mana
gement,
U
nive
rsit
as
Nege
r
i
Suraba
y
a
,
Indon
esia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
25
, 201
9
Re
vised
Oct
30
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Nov 2
9
, 201
9
Student
beha
vio
r
is
one
of
i
m
po
rta
nt
aspe
ct
s
to
det
ermine
both
dire
c
ti
on
and
proc
ess
in
th
e
E
conomic
Th
eor
y
le
arn
ing.
Thi
s
st
ud
y
ai
m
s
to
dra
w
how
those
two
fac
tors,
g
en
der
and
edu
catio
nal
ba
ckgr
ound,
support
the
em
erg
ence
and
deve
lopment
o
f
student
en
tre
pr
e
neur
ial
intenti
on
.
Thi
s
stud
y
is
a
quant
itati
v
e
stud
y
using
exp
la
na
tor
y
surve
y
.
Data
were
ana
l
y
z
ed
b
y
two
-
wa
y
AN
OV
A
design
to
f
ind
the
r
elati
onsh
ip/
infl
u
ence
of
gende
r
and
educ
a
ti
ona
l
bac
kground
on
student
ent
r
epr
e
neur
ial
intenti
on
.
The
popu
la
t
io
n
was
111
student
s.
Saturat
ed
sam
ple
s
were
used
as
sam
p
li
ng
te
chn
ique.
The
result
s
indi
c
at
e
that
bo
th
gende
r
and
educ
a
ti
ona
l
ba
c
kground
had
no
signifi
c
ant
infl
uen
ce
on
st
udent
ent
rep
r
en
eur
ial
in
te
nt
ion.
The
r
efo
re
,
l
ecture
rs
c
an
over
ride
both
when
pre
par
ing
l
e
arn
ing
strategie
s
and
design
f
or
Ec
onom
ic
s
The
or
y
cour
ses
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ed
ucati
on
al
ba
ckgr
ound
Entre
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l i
ntentio
n
Gende
r
In
te
re
st
-
ba
sed
learni
ng
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ute of
Ad
v
ance
d
Engi
ne
eri
ng
and
Sc
ie
n
ce
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ju
n S
urja
nti
,
Faculty
of Ec
onom
ic
s,
Un
i
ver
sit
as
Ne
ger
i
Surabaya,
Keti
ntan
g
St
re
et
No.2,
Keti
ntang,
Kec. Gay
unga
n,
K
ota S
ur
a
baya
, J
a
wa T
i
m
ur
, 602
31, In
donesia
.
Em
a
il
:
j
un
s
urja
nti@u
nesa.a
c.i
d
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Schenke
l
et
al
[
1
]
m
entioned
that
orga
nizat
ion
s
a
nd
unive
rsiti
es
sho
uld
pay
at
te
ntio
n
to
hum
an
resou
rces as
on
e o
f
t
he
m
ai
n
i
nv
e
stm
ents. U
niv
e
rsiti
es sh
ould m
ap
the d
e
velo
pm
ent o
f
le
arn
i
ng
tai
lo
re
d
to th
e
interest
s
of
stu
den
ts
in
doin
g
bu
si
ness.
Ac
co
rd
i
ng
to
[
2
]
,
stud
e
nts
nee
d
s
uffici
ent
a
ppli
cat
ion
a
nd
in
for
m
at
ion
for
thei
r
ca
ree
r
dev
el
op
m
ent
beca
us
e
with
ou
t
a
ppr
opriat
e
inf
or
m
at
ion
,
they
will
m
ee
t
m
any
dif
ficu
lt
ie
s
in
determ
ining
th
e
directi
on
o
f
t
heir
goal
s.
Surj
ant
i
et
al
[
3
]
found
ho
w
intere
st
-
base
d
cu
rr
ic
ula
can
f
os
te
r
s
tud
e
nt
bu
si
nes
s
inte
re
st
in
the
culina
ry
and
ser
vice
fiel
ds
.
Howe
ve
r,
to
ac
hieve
t
he
ex
pected
re
su
lt
s
an
a
ppropr
ia
te
le
arn
in
g
strat
e
gy
and
de
sig
n
is
need
ed
.
Fro
m
stud
ent'
s
po
int
of
view
,
le
arn
i
ng
ab
out
entre
pr
e
neurs
hip
has
a
high
diff
ic
ulty
le
vel,
es
pecial
ly
in
the
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
ppr
oach
an
d
the
ap
plica
ti
on
of
le
ar
ning
strat
egies
[
4
]
.
By
this
reason,
to
pr
e
pa
re
le
arn
i
ng
st
rategy
an
d
des
ign
that
can
be
op
ti
m
ally
ap
plied
to
stu
dent
s,
le
ct
ur
ers
ne
ed
to
ob
ta
in
data
es
pe
ci
al
ly
relat
ed
to
fact
or
s
that
l
ikely
influ
e
nce
the
le
ar
ni
ng
s
uccess.
I
n
c
urr
ent
de
vel
op
m
ent,
th
e
high
le
vel
of
un
em
plo
ym
ent
is
a
ver
y
c
om
m
on
phen
om
eno
n
f
ound
in
al
m
os
t
al
l
countries
i
n
th
e
world
.
Accor
ding
to
data
obta
ine
d
by
the
I
nter
national
Mo
netar
y
Fu
nd,
i
n
20
09
al
on
e
t
her
e
wer
e
m
or
e
th
an
20
0
m
illi
on
unem
plo
ye
d
people
or
7%
of
the
w
orl
d'
s
popula
ti
on
[
5
]
.
I
n
2017,
in
South
A
fr
ic
a,
the
un
em
ploym
ent
rate
reac
hes
26
.7
% of
the
tota
l
popula
ti
on
a
nd
this
is
sti
ll
possible
to
i
ncr
ea
se
[
6
]
.
I
n
t
heir
researc
h,
f
ound
that
there
w
as
a
45
%
un
em
plo
ym
ent
rate
in
the
Re
public
o
f
K
os
ov
o
w
hich
was
one
of
th
e
so
urces
of
ec
onom
ic
pro
blem
s
fr
om
that
country
[
7
]
.
W
it
h
these
ph
e
nom
ena,
an
effor
t
to
re
du
ce
or
ov
e
rco
m
e
the
un
em
ploym
en
t
rate nee
ds
t
o b
e don
e
as s
oon
and as t
horou
ghly
as
po
s
sible
[
8
]
.
Accor
ding
to
[
9
]
,
on
e
of
t
he
factor
s
ca
usi
ng
the
high
un
em
plo
ym
ent
rate
is
the
popula
ti
on.
Popu
la
ti
on
is
an
i
m
po
rta
nt
factor
to
de
vel
op
the
nationa
l
econ
om
y.
T
his
popula
ti
on
includes
the
la
bors
(em
plo
ye
es)
a
nd
bu
si
ness
act
or
s
.
Of
the
tw
o
f
un
ct
io
ns,
the
popula
ti
on
as
bu
si
ness
act
ors
will
be
ve
ry
he
lpf
ul
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Gender
an
d
e
ducatio
nal b
ack
gr
ou
nd:
i
nflue
nce
on en
tre
pre
neuri
al
inte
ntion (
EI)
in
… (
Jun Surj
an
ti
)
605
in
de
creasi
ng
the
unem
plo
ym
ent
rate.
As
sta
te
d
by
[
10
]
,
prom
oting
en
trepr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
s
pirit
can
creat
e
ne
w
bu
si
ness
a
ct
ors
.
N
onet
heless,
this
al
so
raises
an
oth
e
r
c
on
ce
rn
w
her
e
ne
w
bu
si
ness
a
ct
ors
m
us
t
be
face
d
with
sever
al
inter
na
l
and
exter
nal
con
strai
nts
[
11
]
.
In
te
rn
al
co
nst
raints
inclu
de
la
ck
of
creati
vity
,
lim
i
te
d
capit
al
,
la
ck
of
so
ci
al
iz
at
ion
,
uncertai
nty
in
i
nco
m
e,
fear
of
risk
(
w
anting
to
be
in
a
sa
fe
z
on
e
),
la
ck
of
co
nfi
de
nce
i
n
le
ader
s
hip
,
dis
li
ke
of
c
halle
ng
e
s,
a
nd
im
p
at
ie
nce
in
sta
r
ti
ng
a
busines
s
from
the
sta
rt.
Wh
il
e
e
xterna
l
const
raints
s
uc
h
as
the n
otio
n
of
lo
w
purch
a
sing
p
owe
r,
la
c
k
of
sup
port
f
r
om
fa
m
i
ly
and
env
i
ronm
ent,
la
ck
of
netw
ork,
dif
ficult
ie
s
in
at
tra
ct
ing
c
us
tom
ers,
la
ck
of
f
un
ding,
la
c
k
of
edu
cat
io
n
syst
e
m
su
pport
,
la
ck
of
opport
un
it
ie
s,
and
la
c
k
of
s
oc
ia
l
pr
est
ige
(
wh
e
re
m
os
t
par
ents
wan
t
c
hildr
e
n
bec
om
e
e
m
plo
ye
es)
.
On
e
of
var
i
ou
s
ways
t
o
pr
om
ote
entrep
re
ne
ur
ia
l
int
ention
is
by
in
corp
or
at
in
g
it
into
e
du
cat
i
on
syst
e
m
,
especial
ly
in
higher
e
du
cat
i
on,
beca
us
e
hi
gh
e
r
ed
ucati
o
n
is
the
first
le
vel
of
higher
e
ducat
ion
to
pro
duce
pro
fessio
na
l
sta
ff
[
12
]
.
By
su
bje
ct
ing
entre
pr
e
neurial
intenti
on
in
the
le
ar
ning
cu
rr
ic
ul
um
in
hig
her
e
du
cat
io
n
will
reduce
internal a
nd e
xt
ern
al
f
a
ct
ors from
t
he
creati
on
of busine
ss a
ct
or
s.
An
e
ntre
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
intenti
on
will
be
influ
e
nc
ed
by
va
rio
us
factor
s
i
n
it
s
gr
owth
.
Stu
dy
cond
ucted
by
[
13
]
found
that
entreprene
uri
al
intenti
on
is
influ
e
nced
by
entrep
re
ne
ur
ia
l
urges
that
em
er
ged
f
r
om
the
reg
io
n,
so
ci
al
suppo
rt,
as
well
as
str
at
egic
entre
pr
e
ne
uri
al
m
ast
er
y.
Accor
ding
to
[
14
]
,
there
a
re
five
facto
rs
that
influ
e
nce
stu
de
nts
in
deter
m
ining
interes
t,
including
prefe
ren
ces
,
en
vir
on
m
ental
i
nf
l
uen
ces
,
m
a
rk
et
in
g
sp
eci
al
ti
es,
ge
nd
e
r,
a
nd
care
er
gua
ran
te
es.
In
a
ddit
ion
,
stud
e
nts'
knowle
dg
e
of
f
uture
care
er
is
one
of
t
he
factors
to
c
onsider
in
deter
m
ining
a
care
er.
Mo
re
ov
e
r,
the
le
vel
of
so
ci
al
cl
ass,
fina
ncial
res
ources,
afforda
bili
ty
,
a
nd
fu
t
ur
e
w
ork
ing
s
kill
will
a
lso
influ
e
nce
c
areer
ch
oices
[
15
]
.
F
ro
m
sever
al
stud
ie
s,
ge
nd
e
r
and
e
ducat
io
na
l
backgro
und
can
be
fact
ors
that
infl
uen
c
e
the
em
erg
en
ce
of
e
ntre
pr
e
neurial
intenti
on
[
16
]
.
Re
fer
ri
ng
to
t
his
opini
on,
th
is
stud
y
e
xp
ec
ts
to
relat
e
w
he
ther
gende
r
a
nd
stu
den
t
e
ducat
ion
al
bac
kg
rou
nd
po
s
sibly
in
flue
nce th
e
gr
ow
t
h o
f
stu
de
nt en
t
r
epr
e
ne
ur
ia
l i
nt
ention, es
pecia
ll
y i
n
Eco
no
m
i
c Th
e
or
y l
ea
rn
i
ng.
Gende
r
is
a
quit
e
sensiti
ve
and
popula
r
is
su
e
to
stu
dy.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
this
stud
y
wish
es
to
know
ho
w
gende
r
in
volve
s
in
de
velo
ping
st
ud
e
nt
e
ntre
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
inte
ntion
in
Eco
no
m
ic
Theo
ry
le
arn
i
ng.
Os
ake
d
e,
et
-
al
[
17
]
fou
nd
t
ha
t
in
Niger
ia
,
e
ntre
pr
e
neurial
involvem
ent
was
relat
ively
low
am
on
g
stu
de
nts
with
sig
ni
ficant
diff
e
re
nces
acr
os
s
gende
r.
Ac
cordin
g
to
[
18
]
,
in
S
we
den,
w
om
en
sh
al
l
be
i
nvolv
e
d
i
n
bus
iness
to
s
urvi
ve
and
to
m
ai
ntain
their
sta
tus
and
e
m
ancipati
on.
Re
gardin
g
ge
nd
er
issues,
this
s
tud
y
analy
zes
how
ge
nder
in
f
luence
on the lea
rn
i
ng of ec
onom
ic
t
heory
based o
n entre
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l i
ntentio
n.
Stud
e
nts
i
n
hig
he
r
e
ducat
ion
insti
tuti
ons
c
om
e
fr
om
different
reg
i
ons
and
bac
kgr
ounds,
w
hich
of
course,
res
ulti
ng
in
dif
fer
e
nc
es
of
their
ed
uc
at
ion
al
bac
kg
rou
nd.
At
U
niv
ersit
as
Neg
e
ri
Surabaya,
es
pe
ci
al
l
y
in
the
m
anag
e
m
ent
dep
art
m
ent,
Faculty
of
Eco
nom
i
cs,
stud
e
nts
ca
m
e
fr
om
a
var
io
us
ed
uc
at
ion
al
backg
rou
nd
s
,
no
t
on
ly
f
ro
m
locat
ion
but
al
so
f
r
om
pr
ior
edu
cat
io
n/
knowle
dge
[s
uc
h
a
s:
Senior
Hi
gh
School
(m
ajo
rin
g
both
science and
s
oc
ia
l) an
d
V
ocat
ion
al
Sen
i
or
H
i
gh
Sc
hool]
. To ad
dr
e
ss these d
iffe
re
nces,
va
rio
us
op
i
nions
a
nd
percepti
ons
em
erg
e
d
es
pecial
ly
in
how
t
o
treat
these
stu
den
ts i
n
the
le
ar
ning acti
vity
.
Acco
r
ding
to
[
19
]
edu
cat
ion
al
bac
kgr
ound
has
insig
ni
ficant
influ
e
nc
e
in
increasin
g
the
intenti
on
of
business
st
ud
e
nt
entre
pr
e
neurs.
Howe
ver,
this
con
t
rasts
with
the
resu
lt
s
of
pr
e
vious
stu
di
es
that
confir
m
the
existe
nce
of
a
po
sit
ive
relat
io
ns
hi
p
betwee
n
edu
c
at
ion
al
a
nd
e
ntre
prene
ur
ia
l
backg
rou
nds
[
20
]
.
T
her
e
f
or
e
,
the
in
flue
nce
of
edu
cat
io
nal
ba
ckgr
ound
on
entre
pr
e
neurial
intenti
on
re
m
ai
ns
do
ubtf
ul
.
Addr
essi
ng
these
conditi
on
s
,
a
su
pp
or
ti
ng
pro
gr
am
pro
po
si
ng
to
inc
rease
th
e
entre
prene
ur
i
al
intenti
on
is
necessa
ry
to
be
car
ried
out
not
on
ly
by the
gove
r
nm
ent b
ut als
o h
igh
e
r
e
du
cat
io
n
in
sti
tuti
on
s
a
s for
m
al
ed
uca
ti
on
.
Con
si
der
i
ng
t
o
pr
i
or
stu
dies
as
well
as
obs
erv
at
io
ns
,
t
his
stud
y
a
naly
zes
wh
et
her
both
gende
r
an
d
stud
e
nt
e
du
cat
i
on
al
bac
kgr
ound
sig
nificantl
y
influ
e
nce
st
udent
e
ntre
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
inte
ntion
or
not.
The
res
ults
of
this
stud
y
will
be
us
e
d
as
a
database
to
de
velo
p
an
d
pre
par
e
le
ar
ning
desig
n
an
d
str
at
egies
for
Econom
ic
The
or
y.
I
n
ad
di
ti
on
,
this
study
can
al
so
serv
e
as
ref
e
ren
c
e
in
design
i
ng
a
new
curricu
lum
that
answ
ers
th
e
chall
enges
of
t
he need
for ent
reprene
uri
al
intenti
on in
t
he
e
du
cat
io
n.
2.
LIT
ERATUR
E REVIE
W
2.1.
Entreprene
ur
ial i
nt
en
tions
E
ntre
pr
e
ne
ur
s
hi
p
has
bee
n
co
ns
ide
red
as
on
e
of
the
dri
ve
r
s
of
eco
nom
ic
gr
owth
a
nd
c
hanges
.
In
current
e
co
no
m
ic
env
ir
on
m
ent
w
he
re
em
plo
ym
ent
is
scarce,
m
any
stud
e
nts
pr
e
fer
e
ntre
pr
e
ne
ur
s
hip
as
career
cho
ic
es
t
o
em
plo
ym
ent.
Entrepren
e
uri
al
act
ivit
y
can
be
unde
rstood
a
s
the
abili
ty
of
hu
m
ans
to
form
env
i
ronm
ental
conditi
ons
th
at
ben
e
fit
the
m
through
a
vi
sion
ary
proce
ss
to
create
re
al
it
y
[1
3
]
.
I
n
a
d
diti
on,
Costa
argues
t
hat
entre
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
intenti
ons
are
an
intenti
on
in
ho
w
to
car
ry
ou
t
e
ntrepre
neurial
act
ivit
i
es
that
are
cl
os
el
y
relat
ed
to
hum
an
interest
s
an
d
their
f
uture
visi
on
a
ries.
Me
an
wh
il
e
aspects
of
hu
m
an
be
ha
vior
are
i
m
po
rtant
to
de
velo
p
entr
e
prene
urs
hip
[
21
]
.
Wu
la
nda
ri
[
22
]
sta
te
d
that
en
trepr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
intenti
on
is
the
desire
,
interest
,
an
d
w
il
li
ng
ness
to
w
ork
ha
rd
or
be
strong
-
will
ed
to
op
ti
m
al
l
y
bi
d
in
m
eeting
their
nee
ds
without
feeli
ng
af
raid
of
the
ris
ks
,
an
d
will
ing
to
le
arn
f
ro
m
the
fai
lures.
I
n
co
nnect
ion
with
stud
e
nt
entre
pr
e
neurial
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
88
22
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
V
ol.
8
,
No.
4
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
604
-
609
606
intenti
on,
[
10
]
sta
te
d
the
i
m
po
rta
nce
of
stu
di
es
on
how
yo
ung
pe
ople
view
entre
pr
e
ne
urship
as
well
as
their
intenti
on on
it
, so
furthe
r
act
io
n
ca
n be
pr
e
pared in
or
der
t
o
a
ns
we
r
t
he
c
ondi
ti
on
.
2.2.
Gender
Os
ake
de
,
et
-
al
[
17
]
ex
plain
ed
that
s
ubj
e
ct
ive
norm
s,
su
c
h
as
be
ha
vioral
co
ntro
l
and
fam
ily
entre
pr
e
neurs
hi
p
bac
kgrou
nd,
sig
nifica
ntly
fo
resee
st
udent
e
ntrepre
neurial
intenti
on
s
.
H
oweve
r
,
their
eng
a
gem
ent
in
entre
prene
ur
i
al
act
ivit
ie
s
does
not
gu
a
ra
ntee
to
sig
ni
fi
cantl
y
infl
uence
stu
den
t
aca
dem
i
c
perform
ance.
Furthe
rm
or
e,
Osa
ke
de
found
t
hat
ge
nd
e
r
does
not
sig
nifica
ntly
influ
e
nce
stu
den
t
entre
pr
e
neurial
intenti
on
a
s
w
el
l
as
their
aca
dem
ic
per
f
or
m
ance.
I
n
T
urke
y,
[
23
]
fou
nd
t
hat
m
al
e
and
f
e
m
al
e
are
dif
fer
e
ntly
val
ue
d;
howe
ver,
al
thou
gh
t
hey
are
value
d
diff
e
re
ntly
,
each
val
ue
is
vie
wed
us
i
ng
dif
f
eren
t
cat
egories,
su
c
h
as
stren
gth
(
m
en)
an
d
te
ndern
es
s
(wom
en)
.
Wh
il
e
[
24
]
sta
te
d
that
the
i
m
po
rtance
of
gend
e
r
databases
is
to
div
ide
w
ork/ta
sk
as
it
re
fer
s
to
thei
r
ph
ysi
ca
l
disti
nctiven
es
s;
ye
t,
it
does
not
m
ean
that
ge
nd
e
r
will
hin
de
r
the
ta
sk
div
isi
on
accor
ding
to
th
ei
r
ind
ivi
du
al
c
apab
il
it
y.
This
stud
y
ai
m
s
to
create
a
databa
se
for
stud
e
nts,
es
pe
ci
al
ly
in
Econom
ic
Theo
ry
cl
ass.
This
da
ta
base
ser
ves
t
o
assist
le
ct
urers
in
pre
par
i
ng
t
he
le
arn
in
g
strat
e
gies
an
d
desi
gn
be
fore
cl
ass
act
ivit
y
wh
ic
h
pro
posin
g
on
the
de
vel
opm
ent
and
gro
wth
of
stud
e
nt e
ntre
preneuria
l i
ntenti
on
s
2.3.
E
ducation
al b
ackgro
und
In
ed
ucati
onal
proces
s,
[
25
]
ar
gu
e
d
t
hat
the
m
od
er
nizat
ion
of
the
W
e
ste
rn
e
rs
o
ve
r
t
he
past
t
w
o
centu
ries
ha
s
m
ixed
in
dustr
ia
li
zat
ion
an
d
urba
nizat
ion,
with
ou
t
unde
restim
at
ing
the
tra
diti
on
al
views;
m
or
eov
er
,
it
ra
ise
s
the
s
ociol
og
ic
al
rev
ie
ws
as
the
ideal
s
of
higher
ed
ucati
on.
E
du
c
at
ion
a
l
backg
rou
nd
a
ll
ow
s
each
in
div
i
dua
l
to
ha
ve
a
di
f
fer
e
nt
cult
ur
e
and
m
ind
set
.
Be
sides,
c
ultura
l
factors
in
flu
ence
the
f
or
m
at
ion
of
com
petencies
betwee
n
stu
de
nt
cultu
res
[
26
]
.
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
[
27
]
m
ention
three
facto
rs
th
at
influ
e
nce
in
div
id
ual
entre
pr
e
neurial
intenti
ons,
na
m
el
y
gen
der,
f
a
m
ily
bu
sines
s
exp
e
rience
,
a
nd
e
ducat
ion
l
evel.
Am
ong
them
,
edu
cat
io
nal
ba
ckgr
ound
becom
es
le
ss
sig
nificant
in
in
flu
encin
g
i
nd
i
vidual
intere
sts
be
cause
acc
ordi
ng
t
o
them
, k
nowled
ge
a
nd ow
ner
s
hip
of in
form
ation
a
re m
or
e si
gn
i
ficant tha
n
t
he
le
vel
of e
ducat
ion
.
3.
RESEA
R
CH
METHO
D
This
stu
dy
is
a
causali
ty
research
us
in
g
qu
antit
at
ive
with
exp
la
nato
ry
r
esearch
-
sur
ve
y
app
r
oac
h.
Tw
o
-
way
ANOVA
desi
gn
was
e
m
plo
ye
d
to
determ
ine
the
relat
ion
s
hip
/i
nf
luence
of
the
ind
e
pe
nd
e
nt
va
riables
(g
e
nder
a
nd
e
ducat
ion
al
backgro
und)
t
o
the
dep
e
ndent
va
r
ia
ble
(en
tre
pre
neurial
intenti
on
s
).
T
he
popula
ti
on
was
m
anag
em
ent
stud
e
nts
of
2018
aca
dem
i
c
ye
ar
who
program
m
ed
m
i
cro
-
Ec
onom
ic
The
or
y.
T
her
e
wer
e
111
s
am
pling
taken u
sin
g
sat
ur
at
e
d
sam
ple m
et
ho
d.
4.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
data
f
or
t
his
stu
dy
w
as
from
no
m
inal
data
of
76
m
ale
stude
nts
(68
%),
35
fem
al
es
(
32
%
).
The
stud
e
nt
ed
ucat
ion
al
bac
kgr
ound
was
33
st
ud
e
nts
f
r
om
S
enio
r
Hi
gh
S
c
hool
m
ajo
rin
g
Scie
nce
(
29
%),
69
stud
e
nts
f
ro
m
Senior
Hi
gh
S
chool
m
ajo
rin
g
S
ocial
Scie
nc
e
(63%),
an
d
9
stu
den
ts
f
r
om
Vo
ca
ti
on
al
High
School
(
8%
).
To
te
st
the
hy
po
the
ses,
the
researc
hers
em
plo
ye
d
a
two
-
way
A
NOV
A
analy
sis.
P
r
ior
of
ANO
VA
te
sti
ng,
data
we
re
te
ste
d
for
their
hom
og
eneit
y
as
it
is
req
uire
d
in
Tw
o
-
Way
ANO
VA
that
on
e
of
var
ia
bles
has
t
o
be
ho
m
og
e
ne
ous.
La
ven
e
t
est
u
sin
g
SPS
S
21.0
for
W
i
ndow
s
was
us
e
d
for
the
ho
m
ogeneit
y
te
st. Fo
r hyp
ot
hesis (H0) acc
epted,
F
count
< F
table
. I
n
a
dd
it
io
n, if sig
nificanc
e is le
ss than
0.05
(α>0
.05), da
ta
are
ho
m
og
e
neous
.
In
c
on
tra
ry,
i
f
sig
nificance
is
hig
he
r
tha
n
0.05
(α<0.
05)
,
data
are
h
et
eroge
neous.
Ta
ble
1
sh
ows
the
res
ul
ts of
t
he ho
m
og
eneit
y t
est
usi
ng the
Leve
ne
’
s test
u
si
ng SPSS
21.0 f
or
W
i
ndows P
r
ogra
m
.
Tabel
1.
L
eve
ne
'
s
te
st of
e
qu
a
li
ty
of
error v
a
r
ia
nces
a
Dep
en
d
en
t Var
iab
l
e: Y1.1
F
d
f
1
d
f
2
α
.
1
.
505
3
107
.
218
Tests th
e nu
ll hypo
th
esis
that th
e er
ro
r
v
ariance
of
the d
ep
en
d
en
t variab
le is
eq
u
al acr
o
ss
gro
u
p
s
Mod
el
: 1
.
5
0
5
+ 3
.
1
9
9
X1
+
.
8
4
4
X2
+
ei
Table
1
s
hows
the
ho
m
og
e
ne
it
y
te
s
t
us
ing
Leve
ne
te
st.
If
the
Sign
i
fican
ce
(α)
is
m
or
e
than
0.05
(>
0.05)
the
data
consi
der
as
hom
og
eny.
Table
1
shows
that
t
he
sig
nificance
value
is
0.22
or
higher
tha
n
0.05,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Gender
an
d
e
ducatio
nal b
ack
gr
ou
nd:
i
nflue
nce
on en
tre
pre
neuri
al
inte
ntion (
EI)
in
… (
Jun Surj
an
ti
)
607
m
eaning
that
the
data
is
ho
m
og
eny.
To
te
st
the
hypo
t
he
ses,
resea
rch
e
r
s
e
m
plo
ye
d
th
e
two
-
ways
A
NOV
A
us
in
g
S
PSS
21
.0
f
or
Win
dow
s.
Table
2
s
hows
the
s
c
or
es
f
rom
the
tw
o
-
way
A
NOV
A
te
st.
It
is
e
xp
la
ine
d
as
Co
rr
ect
e
d
Mod
el
s
ho
w
s
the
ef
fect
of
gende
r
an
d
e
ducat
ion
al
bac
kgr
ound
(i
ndep
end
e
nt
var
ia
bles)
as
well
as
how
both
va
riables
interact
with
e
ntre
pr
e
neurial
intenti
on
(
dep
e
nd
e
nt
va
riable)
.
If
t
he
Sig
nifi
ca
nce
(α)
is
le
s
s
than
0.05,
it
m
eans
there
is
sign
ifi
cant
influ
e
nce.
In
ad
diti
on,
th
e
two
-
way
ANOVA
al
so
s
hows
the
interce
pt.
Here
exp
la
i
ns
that
there
is
a
cha
ngin
g
val
ue
in
de
pende
nt
va
riable
(e
ntrepre
ne
ur
ia
l
intenti
ons
).
H
oweve
r,
t
hi
s
changin
g
wa
s
no
t
inf
lue
nce
d
by
any
ind
e
pe
nde
nt
va
riable
m
e
anin
g
that
in
de
pende
nt
va
riab
le
s
hav
e
no
sig
nificant
in
flue
nce
on
dep
e
ndent
va
r
ia
ble
(e
ntrepre
neurial
intenti
on)
as
it
rem
ai
ns
cha
nge
with
or
with
out
the
i
nterf
e
r
ence
of
ind
e
pende
nt
va
riables
(g
e
nd
er
a
nd
ed
ucati
on
al
ba
c
kgr
ound).
It
s
hows
by
the
value
of
Sig
nifica
nce
(α)
le
s
s
than
0.0
5
(α
<0.05).
Th
us
,
if
Sig
nifican
ce
(α)
of
t
he
In
te
rcep
t
is
0.000
m
eanin
g
that
the
I
nt
ercept
is
sign
ific
a
nce.
T
he
la
st
is
R
Sq
uar
e
d.
T
he
ana
ly
sis
find
s
that
the
value
of
m
ulti
ple
determ
i
natio
ns
on
d
ep
end
e
nt
var
ia
ble
to
in
de
pende
nt
var
ia
bles.
Re
s
ult
s
hows
that
R
s
quare
is
0.29
m
eanin
g
t
hat
in
dep
e
ndent
va
riables
influ
e
nce
t
he
dep
e
ndent
va
riable
by
29%.
Me
anwhil
e
th
e
rem
ai
nin
g
pe
rcen
ta
ge
is
due
to
oth
er
va
riables
ou
tsi
de
the
m
od
el
.
Tabl
e
2.
T
es
ts
of
bet
ween
-
s
ubj
ect
s effect
s
Dep
en
d
en
t Var
iab
l
e: Y1.1
So
u
rce
Ty
p
e
II
I
Su
m
of
S
q
u
ares
df
Mean Sq
u
are
F
Sig
.
Co
rr
ected
Mod
el
4
.
071
a
3
1
.
357
1
.
074
.
364
Intercept
1126
.
0
7
8
1
1126
.
0
7
8
891
.
0
2
5
.
000
X1
3
.
199
1
3
.
199
2
.
531
.
115
X2
.
844
1
.
844
.
668
.
416
X1
*
X2
.
292
1
.
292
.
231
.
631
Er
ror
135
.
2
2
7
107
1
.
264
Total
1617
.
0
0
0
111
Co
rr
ected Total
139
.
2
9
7
110
a.
R Sq
u
ared
=
.
0
2
9
(
Ad
ju
sted
R Squ
ared =
,00
2
)
Hyp
oth
esi
s
1
sh
ows
the
F
count
as
2.5
31
with
Sig
nifica
nc
e
(α)
of
0.115
m
eaning
that
there
is
no
influ
e
nce
of
ge
nd
e
r
on
e
ntr
epr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
int
entions.
Wh
il
e
hypothe
sis
2
show
s
the
F
count
as
0.6
68
with
sign
ific
a
nce
(
α
)
of
0.4
16
m
eanin
g
that
th
ere
is
no
i
nf
l
uen
ce
of
e
du
c
at
ion
al
bac
kgr
ound
(s
t
udents
’
pri
or
edu
cat
io
n/
gr
a
duat
e)
on
ent
re
pr
e
ne
ur
ia
l
inte
ntions
(see
Ta
ble
2).
Data
s
how
t
hat
stu
de
nt
ent
reprene
ur
ia
l
intenti
ons
we
r
e
no
t
in
flue
nce
d
by
neither
ge
nd
e
r
nor
ed
uca
ti
on
al
bac
kgr
ound
of
st
ud
e
nt
s.
It
m
eans
that
bo
th
m
al
e
and
fem
al
e
stud
e
nts
ha
ve
sam
e
oppor
tun
it
y
to
be
en
trepr
e
ne
ur
s
.
I
n
ad
diti
on
,
sp
ec
ific
m
ajo
r
ta
ke
n
on
pr
i
or
e
du
cat
io
n
(e.g.
sci
ence
or
so
ci
al
m
ajo
ri
ng)
di
d
not
det
erm
ine
the
stud
ents
e
ntre
pr
e
neurial
intenti
ons,
i
n
oth
e
r word
s,
a
ny m
ajo
r
se
r
ve
sam
e o
ppor
t
unit
y.
The
res
ult
ind
i
cat
es
that
le
ct
u
rer
s
of
Ec
onom
ic
Theo
ry
do
no
t
necessa
rily
disti
ng
uis
h
ge
nd
e
r
w
hile
cond
ucting
le
a
rn
i
ng
act
ivit
ie
s
.
This
is
in
li
ne
with
[
17
]
re
s
earch
i
n
Ni
ger
i
a,
in
w
hich
ge
nd
e
r
di
d
not
m
ake
a
sign
ific
a
nt
dif
f
eren
ce
in
t
he
gro
wth
of
stu
de
nt
entre
pr
e
ne
uri
al
inte
ntion
s
and
le
ar
ning
a
bili
ti
es.
Si
m
i
lar
ly
,
in
ano
t
her
res
ear
ch
on
ge
nd
e
r,
gende
r
disti
nction
is
on
ly
ne
eded
to
al
locat
e
the
wo
r
k/tas
k
fairly
as
ph
y
sic
al
l
y
bo
t
h
ha
ve
disti
nctive
featu
res
[
24
]
.
In
T
urke
y,
researc
h
on
gende
r
an
d
ed
ucati
on
fou
nd
that
wo
m
en
an
d
m
en
had
diff
e
ren
t
scor
e
s
in
certa
in
re
sp
ect
s
[
23
]
.
T
hus,
t
his
resu
lt
ca
n
ser
ve
as
da
ta
base
to
as
sist
le
ct
ur
es
in
determ
ining
th
e
appr
opriat
e
strat
egies
an
d
desig
ns
for
Ec
onom
ic
Theo
r
y
le
arn
in
g
in
order
t
o
dev
el
op
a
nd
grow stu
de
nt e
ntre
pr
e
neurial
intenti
on
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Ba
sed
on
data
analy
sis,
it
was
found
that
both
gende
r
and
edu
cat
io
nal
ba
ckgr
ound
did
not
influ
e
nc
e
on
t
he
dev
el
opm
ent
of
stu
de
nt
entre
prene
ur
ia
l
intenti
on.
This
in
dicat
es
that
in
pre
pa
rin
g
strat
egie
s
an
d
desig
ns
for
Ec
onom
ic
Theo
r
y
cl
ass,
le
ct
ur
e
rs
are
not
obli
ged
t
o
pr
ov
i
de
sp
eci
al
treat
m
ent
ref
e
rr
i
ng
to
them
(g
e
nder
a
nd
e
ducat
ion
al
bac
kgr
ound)
.
Alth
ough,
t
her
e
a
re
ind
ee
d
pa
rtic
ul
ar
busine
ss
ty
pe
s
that
are
pref
err
e
d
by
certai
n
stu
de
nts.
Yet,
thes
e
did
not
relat
e
to
both
ge
nd
er
an
d
e
ducat
ion
al
bac
kgrou
nd
(thei
r
in
flu
ence
in
le
arn
in
g
act
i
viti
es),
it
m
ai
nl
y
relat
ed
t
o
i
nd
i
vidual
inte
r
est
.
H
oweve
r,
the
em
erg
e
nc
e
of
th
ese
dif
fer
e
nt
entre
pr
e
neurial
intenti
on
s
at
the
en
d
of
le
ar
ning
an
d
their
causes
are
no
t
discusse
d
in
th
is
stud
y.
The
re
fore
,
the r
es
u
lt
of t
his stu
dy can
b
e
us
e
d
as a
b
a
sis
for fu
rthe
r
re
se
arch.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
88
22
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
V
ol.
8
,
No.
4
,
Dece
m
ber
201
9
:
604
-
609
608
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
stu
dy
was
PN
BP
researc
h
f
unde
d
by
S
KI
M
P
NBP
U
NESA
th
rou
gh
LPPM
U
niv
e
r
sit
as
Neg
e
ri
Su
r
abaya.
Th
us,
gr
eat
est
gr
at
it
ud
e
was
delivere
d
t
o
al
l
re
la
te
d
pa
rtie
s,
e
sp
eci
al
ly
the
r
ect
or
of
Un
i
ve
rsita
s
Neg
e
ri S
ur
a
ba
ya
as w
el
l as t
he
H
ea
d of LPP
M Un
i
ver
sit
as
Neg
e
ri S
ur
a
ba
ya
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y
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luation
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er
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ren
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an
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on
te
ch
no
l
og
y
re
la
t
ed
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l
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wat
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n
empiric
a
l
stud
y
on
fa
ct
ors
inf
lue
nc
in
g
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student
s’
choi
ce
of
spe
ci
a
li
z
at
ion
wi
th
ref
ere
n
ce
to
nizw
a
col
l
ege
of
t
e
chnol
og
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Ahm
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ad,
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a
ct
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s
infl
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st
udent
s’
c
are
e
r
c
hoic
es:
empirica
l
evi
den
ce from busine
ss
student
s,
"
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S
out
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t
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ss
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ere
sts
in
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rep
re
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soci
a
l
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r
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urship
at
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histor
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lly
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inst
it
ut
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al
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ep
ren
eur
i
al
intere
s
t
and
ac
ad
emic
per
form
anc
e
i
n
Niger
ia:
evi
de
n
ce
from
under
gra
duate
studen
ts
in
the
Univer
sit
y
of
Iba
d
a
n,
"
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of
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ati
on
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urs
hi
p
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ht
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Eri
csson,
T
an
d
Eri
csson,
T.
"W
o
m
en,
famil
y
,
and
sm
al
l
business
in
la
te
nin
et
e
ent
h
ce
ntur
y
Sw
eden,"
vo
l.
5398(1)
,
20
12.
[19]
Ngu
y
en
,
C.
J
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emographi
c
fa
ct
ors,
f
amil
y
ba
ckgr
ound
and
pr
ior
self
-
emplo
ym
ent
on
ent
r
epr
ene
uri
al
in
te
n
ti
o
n
-
Viet
namese
b
usiness stude
nts are
diffe
r
ent
:
wh
y?
,
"
Journal
of
Glo
bal
En
treprene
u
rs
hip
Re
search
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der
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ti
n
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Pr
aa
g,
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m
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and
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im.
"Educ
at
ion
and
ent
rep
ren
eur
shi
p
in
industri
aliz
ed
count
ri
es:
a
m
eta
-
anal
y
s
is,"
Wor
ld
Ban
k Ec
onom
ic
Re
v
ie
w
,
2004
.
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Fili
on,
L
.
J.
"D
e
fini
ng
the
ent
r
ep
ren
eur
complex
i
t
y
and
m
ult
i
-
di
m
ensiona
l
s
y
ste
m
s
som
e
ref
le
cti
ons
aut
hor :
Lou
is
Jac
ques
fi
li
on
working
pap
er,
"
p
p.
840
-
853
,
200
8.
[22]
Aji,
A.
D.,
Sof
yandi
,
H,
and
Ta
r
m
idi
,
D.
"The
ef
fec
t
of
self
-
eff
i
c
acy
,
creat
iv
ity
,
a
nd
m
oti
vat
ion
o
n
ent
rep
r
ene
ursh
ip
int
er
est
in
FB
M
student
s
of
wid
y
a
ta
m
a
univ
ersity
,
"
Indon
esia.
Global
Busine
ss
and
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me
nt
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search:
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rnational
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urnal
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[23]
Diril
en
-
gum
us,
O
and
Bu
y
uksa
hin
-
sunal,
A."G
ende
r
diff
ere
n
c
es
in
Turki
sh
under
gra
dua
te
s
tude
nts’
val
u
es,
"
pp.
559
-
570
,
20
12.
[24]
Marti
n,
L
.
M.,
W
arr
en
-
sm
it
h,
I.,
Adam
s,
H.,
Sc
ott
,
J.
M,
and
Roper,
S.
"Boards
of
dire
ct
ors
and
gende
r
dive
rsi
t
y
in
UK
companie
s,"
2008.
htt
p
:/
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org/10.
1108/175
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[25]
Vee
n,
R.
V
an
D
er.
"D
emograph
y
,
soci
al struc
tur
e,
and learning t
hrough
li
f
e,
" 20
10.
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In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Gender
an
d
e
ducatio
nal b
ack
gr
ou
nd:
i
nflue
nce
on en
tre
pre
neuri
al
inte
ntion (
EI)
in
… (
Jun Surj
an
ti
)
609
[26]
Mala
zon
ia
,
D.,
Magla
ke
li
d
ze
,
S.,
Chi
abr
ishv
il
i,
N,
and
Ga
khel
ad
ze,
G.
"
Fact
ors
of
stud
ent
s’
interc
u
lt
ur
al
compete
nc
e
de
vel
opm
ent
in
the
context
of
Georgi
a,
"
Cogent
Educ
a
ti
on
,
vol.
12(1),
pp.
1
-
17.
2017.
htt
p://doi.
o
rg/10.1080/2331186X.
2017.
1302867
[27]
W
ang,
Cle
m
ent
K
and
W
ong,
Poh
-
Kam
.
"Entr
epr
en
eur
i
al
i
nte
rest
of
un
iv
ersity
studen
ts
in
Singapore,
"
Technov
at
ion
,
p
p.
163
-
172
,
200
4.
[Onlin
e]
Avai
la
bl
e:
h
tt
ps:/
/www
.
journa
ls.
el
sev
i
er.
com/t
ec
hnov
a
ti
on.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Jun
Surjant
i
is
a
le
c
ture
r
in
D
epa
rtment
of
M
ana
gement
,
Ec
o
nom
ic
s
Facul
t
y
Univer
sita
s
Nege
ri
Suraba
ya.
She
was
born
in
Yogy
aka
r
t
a
in
1967.
She
got
Bac
hel
or’s
Degre
e
on
Ec
onom
ic
s
Edu
ca
t
ion
from
Uni
ver
sita
s
Neg
eri
Suraba
y
a
in
199
2
and
cont
inu
ed
her
gr
adua
t
e
progra
m
in
Airl
angga
Univer
si
t
y
when
she
g
ra
duat
ed
in
2000
for
her
Master
’
s
Degre
e
in
Mana
gement.
In
2012
she
got
her
Doctor
’s
Degre
e
on
Ec
onom
ics
Educ
at
ion
fro
m
Univer
sitas
Nege
ri
Mala
ng
.
She
is
a
passi
onat
e
per
son
.
She
is
an
ac
t
ive
le
ct
ur
er
in
De
par
tment
of
Mana
gement,
E
c
onom
ic
s
Facul
t
y
Univer
sit
as
Neg
eri
Surab
a
y
a
.
Sh
e
has
pub
li
shed
art
i
cl
es
bo
th
nat
ion
al
and
interna
t
iona
l
journ
al
,
sem
ina
rs
and
proc
e
edi
ng
.
M
ostl
y
her
writi
n
g
foc
us
is
i
n
ec
onom
ic
and
m
ana
gement
educat
ion
,
espe
c
ia
l
l
y
in
le
arn
ing
beh
avi
ors.
Her
publ
ished
art
i
cles
rel
a
ti
ng
to
the
se
were
co
astal
an
d
m
ari
ne
-
base
d
le
a
rn
ing
beh
avi
o
r,
m
angr
ove
-
bas
ed
learni
n
g
,
ent
rep
r
ene
ur
b
e
havi
or
and
individual
or
ie
nt
at
i
on
ent
rep
r
ene
ur
,
as
wel
l
as
th
e
m
obil
e
u
s
e
le
arn
ing
beh
avior.
Apart
from
journa
l
,
she
a
lso
wrote
book
s;
som
e
of
her
books
are
Introduc
t
ion
to
Ec
onom
ic
s,
E
co
nom
ic
s
The
or
y
,
and
Charact
e
r
-
base
d
Ec
onom
i
cs.
She
was
invi
te
d
to
be
ke
ynote
r
on
a
ca
d
emic
sem
ina
rs
,
wor
kshops
,
and
op
e
n
-
le
c
turi
ng.
Dr.
Ton
y
Seno
Aji,
S.E
.
,
M.E
.
born
in
Mage
l
an
g,
on
Sept
ember
24,
1978.
In
20
01
complet
ed
his
Bac
hel
or
of
Ec
onom
ic
s
and
Deve
lopment
St
udie
s
at
Jende
ral
Soedirma
n
Univer
sit
y
,
Purw
oker
to.
In
2008,
he
gra
duate
d
with
a
Master
s in
Ec
onom
ic
s from
Univer
sit
y
of
Brawij
a
y
a
,
Mala
ng.
A
doct
o
rat
e
degr
ee
was
obta
in
ed
aft
er
co
m
ple
ti
ng
a
stud
y
in
the
Doctor
of
Ec
onom
ic
s
progra
m
at Univ
ersity
of
Brawi
ja
y
a
in
2016.
The
aut
hor
is
a
lso
ac
t
ive
wr
it
i
ng
in
seve
r
al
j
ourna
ls,
bo
th
n
at
ion
al
l
y
and
in
te
rna
ti
ona
lly
.
Am
ong
the
m
are
the
Journa
l
o
f
Applie
d
E
con
om
ic
Scie
nc
es
(JA
ES),
Journal
of
Applie
d
Ec
onom
ic
s
and
Business
(JA
EB),
Int
ern
a
ti
ona
l
J
ourna
l
of
Aca
d
e
m
ic
Resea
r
ch
in
Busi
ness
and
Socia
l
Aff
ai
rs,
Inform
at
ion
Ma
nage
m
ent
and
Business
Revi
e
w,
Journal
of
Deve
lopment
Ec
onom
ic
s,
Jou
rna
l
of
Civil
So
ci
e
t
y
Empow
er
m
ent
,
J
-
D
y
n
amics.
Som
e
journals
are
DIK
TI
ac
cr
edi
t
ed,
ind
exe
d
b
y
SC
OP
US
,
COP
ER
NICU
S,
EBSC
O,
rePEc,
CE
EOL,
DO
AJ
,
ULRICHS
,
JournalI
TOCs,
EZ
B
.
W
hil
e
books
th
at
h
ave
bee
n
pu
bli
shed
b
y
aut
h
ors
inc
lud
e;
Dasar
-
Dasar
Ekonomi
Monete
r
(2010),
Tra
nsform
asi
Para
digma
Pem
bangunan
Ekonomi
(2014)
.
Za
inur
Rahman
,
born
Marc
h22
,
19
91
,
recei
ved
h
is
Bac
hel
or
of
Mana
gement
fro
m
the
Facult
y
of
Ec
onom
ic
s
and
Business
,
U
nive
rsit
as
Nege
ri
Suraba
y
a
,
th
e
n
he
cont
inue
d
the
ir
m
aster
degr
ee
in
Mana
gement
Progra
m
,
Facul
t
y
of
Ec
onom
ic
s
and
Business
,
Univer
sita
s
Gadj
a
h
Mada
,
Yog
y
a
kar
ta
.
Curre
n
tly
h
e
is
a
le
c
ture
of
M
ange
m
ent
Progr
am
at
the
Unive
rsita
s
Nege
r
i
Suraba
y
a,
Indo
nesia
.
Rese
arc
h
foc
us
on
the
fie
ld
of
Hum
an
Resourc
e
Mana
gement
,
Organi
zational
Beha
vior
,
and
Organi
zational
Change
.
He
h
as
publi
shed
his
a
rti
cle
inj
ourn
a
l
and
proc
ee
ding
:
1)
Food
Industr
y
Perform
anc
e
:
Ent
r
epr
en
eur
ial
Leade
rship
And
Hum
an
Capi
tal
Perspe
ct
iv
e
;
2)
Does
Organi
z
at
io
nal
Cul
ture
Matt
ers
inOrg
ani
z
at
ion
a
l
Change?
T
ran
sfo
rm
at
iona
l
Lead
ership
and
C
y
n
ic
ism
About
Organi
z
at
ion
al
Ch
a
nge.
B
eside,
hej
oin
ed
to
be
spea
ker
on
acade
m
ic
sem
ina
rs
and
works
hops
.
Hen
y
Mus
fida
h
is
a
student
in
Pos
tgra
duate
Program
,
Ec
onom
ics
Facul
t
y
Univ
e
rsita
s
Nege
ri
Suraba
y
a.
She
was
born
in
Mojokert
o
1985
.
She
got
Bac
h
elor’s
Degre
e
on
Ec
onom
ic
s
Educ
a
ti
on
from
Univer
sita
s
Neg
eri
Surab
a
y
a
in
1998
and
con
ti
n
ued
her
gr
aduat
e
progra
m
in
Ec
onom
ic
Educat
ion
,
Univer
si
tas
Nege
ri
Ma
la
ng
in
2012
–
2014
.
Now
,
she
is
stu
dent
in
CP
D
for
Mana
gement
Program
,
Univer
sita
s
Nege
ri
Su
rab
a
y
a
.
W
it
h
do
ing
activitie
s
as
student
,
sh
e
al
so
do
rese
arc
h
ac
t
ive
l
y
in
CV
Mitra
Karsa
Ut
a
m
a
–
a
rese
arc
h
and
m
ana
gement
consult
an
t
in
Suraba
y
a, I
ndon
esia
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.