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T
h
eo
r
y
(
C
T
T
)
an
d
I
tem
R
esp
o
n
s
e
T
h
eo
r
y
(
I
R
T
)
.
I
R
T
w
h
ic
h
tak
e
in
to
co
g
n
is
a
n
ce
th
e
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
alit
y
(
t
h
at
is
u
n
i
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
o
r
m
u
lt
i
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
al)
o
f
th
e
test
d
ata
an
d
m
o
d
el
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ev
id
e
n
t
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
i
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
is
di
s
tin
c
t
f
r
o
m
C
las
s
ical
T
est
T
h
eo
r
y
(
C
T
T
)
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
w
h
ic
h
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
s
co
r
in
g
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
ca
n
o
n
l
y
b
e
d
o
n
e
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
e
co
n
f
i
n
e
o
f
u
n
id
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
a
s
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
.
T
h
at
is
,
w
h
e
n
a
s
i
n
g
le
tr
ait
i
s
en
o
u
g
h
to
ex
p
lai
n
th
e
v
ar
iat
io
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
t
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
est
d
im
en
s
io
n
a
lit
y
ca
n
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
aits
u
n
d
er
l
y
i
n
g
a
tes
t
th
at
ac
co
u
n
t
s
f
o
r
v
ar
iatio
n
i
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
tes
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
in
a
n
e
x
tr
e
m
el
y
s
e
t
o
f
n
-
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
a
l
laten
t
s
p
ac
e
a
r
e
o
f
t
e
n
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
d
b
y
a
v
ec
to
r
o
f
ab
ilit
y
s
co
r
e
s
as
(
θ
1
,
θ
2
,
θ
3
….
θ
n
)
.
I
tem
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
m
o
d
els
th
a
t
p
r
esu
m
e
m
an
y
laten
t
tr
aits
w
h
ich
ac
co
u
n
t
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
test
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
k
n
o
w
n
as
m
u
l
tid
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
ite
m
r
esp
o
n
s
e
m
o
d
el,
w
h
er
ea
s
i
te
m
r
esp
o
n
s
e
m
o
d
el
s
t
h
at
as
s
u
m
e
a
s
in
g
le
laten
t
ab
ilit
y
is
k
n
o
w
n
as u
n
id
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
a
l
m
o
d
el
s
[
1
,
2
]
.
T
h
is
i
m
p
lies
th
at
th
e
test
ite
m
s
ass
e
s
s
s
i
n
g
le
ar
ea
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
r
a
b
ilit
y
.
A
d
e
w
ale
,
B
ej
ar
,
an
d
L
y
n
c
h
[3
-
5]
co
n
ten
d
t
h
at
a
u
n
id
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
tes
t
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
o
f
i
te
m
s
t
h
a
t
tap
in
to
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
d
i
m
en
s
i
o
n
.
W
h
e
n
e
v
er
a
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
a
test
is
s
in
g
le,
t
h
er
e
is
an
i
m
p
l
icit p
r
esu
m
p
tio
n
th
at
t
h
e
ite
m
s
s
h
ar
e
a
ty
p
ical
p
r
i
m
ar
y
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
i
m
p
lies
t
h
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
in
c
lu
d
es
a
s
i
n
g
le
θ
f
o
r
ea
ch
an
d
ev
er
y
ex
a
m
in
ee
.
An
y
o
t
h
er
f
ac
to
r
af
f
ec
ti
n
g
ex
a
m
i
n
ee
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
an
ite
m
i
s
r
e
g
ar
d
ed
as
r
an
d
o
m
er
r
o
r
o
r
n
u
i
s
a
n
ce
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
d
is
ti
n
ct
to
th
at
item
a
n
d
n
o
t
s
h
ar
ed
b
y
o
th
er
ite
m
s
.
T
h
e
id
ea
o
f
u
n
id
i
m
en
s
io
n
alit
y
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
at
all
t
h
e
ite
m
s
o
n
a
test
o
r
ab
ilit
y
s
ca
le
m
u
s
t
m
ea
s
u
r
e
a
s
in
g
le
late
n
t
tr
ait
o
f
an
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
.
Vio
latio
n
o
f
t
h
is
w
o
u
ld
lead
to
m
o
d
elin
g
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
te
s
t p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
w
it
h
m
u
ltid
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
test
d
ata
d
ete
r
m
i
n
es
w
h
ich
o
f
th
e
av
ai
lab
le
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ass
ess
i
n
g
th
e
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
a
lit
y
.
W
h
e
n
d
ata
ar
e
p
r
es
u
m
ed
to
b
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
an
d
n
o
r
m
all
y
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
,
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
alit
y
i
s
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
i
n
g
p
ar
allel
an
al
y
s
i
s
w
h
ic
h
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
in
Vis
taP
ar
an
an
d
MP
L
US,
o
r
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
Facto
r
An
al
y
s
i
s
b
ased
o
n
P
ea
r
s
o
n
’
s
co
r
r
elatio
n
m
a
tr
ix
[
3
,
6
,
7
]
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
in
A
MO
S
o
r
L
I
SR
E
L
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
d
ata
is
o
r
d
in
al,
p
ar
a
llel
an
al
y
s
i
s
b
ased
o
n
p
o
ly
c
h
o
r
ic
co
r
r
elatio
n
(
im
p
le
m
en
ted
i
n
F
A
C
T
OR
;
Vi
s
ta
-
P
ar
an
)
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
.
B
u
t
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
d
ata
i
s
d
ich
o
to
m
o
u
s
l
y
s
co
r
ed
,
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
i
n
No
r
m
a
l
Og
iv
e
Har
m
o
n
ic
R
o
b
u
s
t
Mo
m
en
t
(
N
OH
A
R
M)
,
p
ar
allel
an
al
y
s
i
s
b
ased
o
n
tetr
ac
h
o
r
ic
co
r
r
elatio
n
m
atr
i
x
(
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
in
Vis
t
a
-
P
ar
an
)
,
Fu
ll
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
I
t
e
m
Facto
r
A
n
a
l
y
s
is
(
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
in
E
QSI
R
T
,
MI
R
T
R
p
ac
k
ag
e
a
n
d
T
E
ST
FA
C
T
)
,
B
o
o
ts
tr
ap
M
o
d
if
ied
P
ar
allel
A
n
al
y
s
is
T
est
(
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
i
n
I
t
m
(
Un
id
i
m
T
est)
R
p
ac
k
ag
e)
an
d
Sto
u
t
E
s
s
en
tia
l
Di
m
e
n
s
io
n
alit
y
T
est
(
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
in
DI
MT
E
ST
p
ac
k
ag
e)
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
[8
-
11]
.
I
n
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
Sto
u
t
T
est
o
f
E
s
s
e
n
tial
Di
m
en
s
io
n
a
lit
y
An
al
y
s
is
,
No
r
m
al
Og
i
v
e
Har
m
o
n
i
c
R
o
b
u
s
t
Mo
m
e
n
t,
B
o
o
ts
tr
ap
Mo
d
if
ied
P
ar
allel
An
al
y
s
i
s
T
est
an
d
F
u
ll
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
I
te
m
Fa
cto
r
An
al
y
s
is
w
er
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
is
w
o
u
ld
en
ab
le
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
cr
o
s
s
-
v
alid
ate
o
u
tp
u
ts
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
o
f
ass
es
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
alit
y
o
f
a
test
d
ata.
Sto
u
t
T
est
o
f
E
s
s
e
n
tial
Di
m
e
n
s
io
n
alit
y
An
al
y
s
i
s
(
ST
E
U
)
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
s
p
litt
i
n
g
a
n
ite
m
p
o
o
l
in
to
t
w
o
s
ep
ar
ate
clu
s
ter
s
,
th
e
n
ev
al
u
ati
n
g
t
h
e
d
is
tin
c
tn
e
s
s
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
in
ea
ch
cl
u
s
ter
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
e
clu
s
ter
s
,
ca
lled
th
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
s
u
b
test
(
A
T
)
,
is
ch
o
s
en
s
u
c
h
th
at
th
e
ite
m
s
co
n
ta
in
ed
w
it
h
in
th
e
p
ar
titi
o
n
ar
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
o
u
s
to
o
n
e
a
n
o
th
er
,
b
u
t
as
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
all
y
d
is
tin
ct
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
ite
m
s
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
clu
s
ter
i
s
ca
lled
p
ar
titi
o
n
in
g
s
u
b
test
(
P
T
)
,
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
all
ite
m
s
n
o
t
u
s
ed
i
n
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
s
u
b
test
(
A
T
)
.
I
t
is
u
s
ed
to
cl
u
s
ter
ex
a
m
i
n
ee
s
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
to
tal
p
ar
titi
o
n
in
g
s
u
b
test
(
P
T
)
s
co
r
e.
T
h
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
ite
m
s
in
to
t
h
ese
t
w
o
c
lu
s
ter
s
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
o
s
e
s
te
m
m
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
a
n
al
y
tic
tr
ad
itio
n
[
1
2
]
to
clu
s
ter
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
al
co
v
ar
ia
n
ce
-
b
ased
ass
es
s
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
al
d
i
s
ti
n
ctn
e
s
s
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
ese
p
ar
titi
o
n
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ed
in
an
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
o
r
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
m
a
n
n
er
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
u
s
ed
an
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
p
ar
titi
o
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
DI
M
T
E
S
T
.
T
h
e
n
u
ll
an
d
alter
n
ati
v
e
h
y
p
o
th
ese
s
te
s
ted
b
y
DI
MT
E
ST
ar
e
g
iv
en
b
y
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
ey
ar
e:
H
0
:
A
T
∪
PT
s
atis
f
ie
s
ess
e
n
tial
u
n
id
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
alit
y
(
d
=
1
)
H
i
:
A
T
∪
P
T
f
ails
to
s
a
tis
f
y
d
= 1
T
h
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
p
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On
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ex
t
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in
th
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T
h
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f
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p
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v
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el
w
it
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h
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ab
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ated
[
1
8
]
.
T
o
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th
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[
1
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w
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
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t
.
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&
R
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d
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Vo
l.
9
,
No
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2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
0
:
3
8
5
–
3
9
3
388
m
u
lti
v
ar
iate
n
o
r
m
alit
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
w
a
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
b
y
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
e
tr
ician
s
as
p
a
n
ac
ea
[
1
9
]
.
A
v
ar
ia
n
t
o
f
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
i
s
i
s
f
u
ll
-
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
s
aid
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
u
p
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
tr
ad
itio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
an
a
l
y
s
e
s
b
y
j
o
in
tl
y
es
ti
m
ati
n
g
m
u
l
tip
le
th
r
es
h
o
ld
s
an
d
f
ac
to
r
lo
a
d
in
g
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
ite
m
[
2
0
,
2
1
]
.
I
t
w
as
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
b
in
ar
y
i
te
m
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
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im
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n
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io
n
s
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
in
test
d
ata
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p
ar
in
g
t
h
e
f
it
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n
d
ices
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f
th
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m
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d
el
as
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u
m
b
er
o
f
d
i
m
en
s
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o
n
s
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
.
On
ce
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
a
l
m
o
d
el
i
s
ac
h
iev
ed
,
t
h
e
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at
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r
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o
f
t
h
e
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
th
e
d
ata
is
in
v
esti
g
ated
u
s
i
n
g
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
,
a
n
d
th
i
s
w
o
u
l
d
estab
lis
h
tes
t
ite
m
s
th
a
t
lo
ad
ed
to
g
eth
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o
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
a
c
t
o
r
.
T
ab
ac
h
n
ik
[
2
2
]
r
e
m
ar
k
ed
th
at
a
f
ac
to
r
is
r
eg
a
r
d
ed
as
v
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le,
o
n
ly
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f
it
h
a
s
m
o
r
e
t
h
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t
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t
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w
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h
m
in
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m
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en
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m
ar
k
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f
0
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3
2
.
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h
u
s
,
item
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ad
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w
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f
0
.
3
2
an
d
ab
o
v
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is
co
n
s
id
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ed
ad
eq
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ate.
Mo
r
eo
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er
,
th
e
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r
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o
f
m
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ltid
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m
en
s
io
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e
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i
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th
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test
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ata
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ee
d
s
to
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e
ex
a
m
in
ed
.
A
d
a
m
s
[
2
3
]
s
u
g
g
es
ted
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
p
o
s
s
ib
le
m
u
ltid
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m
e
n
s
io
n
a
l
m
o
d
el
s
:
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b
et
w
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n
-
ite
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m
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ltid
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m
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s
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n
al
m
o
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d
a
w
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in
-
ite
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m
u
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el.
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n
th
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b
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w
ee
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te
m
m
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m
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s
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s
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ea
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ite
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s
is
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
a
s
i
n
g
le
d
im
en
s
io
n
w
it
h
s
e
v
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al
s
u
b
s
c
ales.
Fo
r
in
s
ta
n
ce
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
t
h
e
r
ea
d
in
g
a
n
d
lis
ten
i
n
g
ite
m
s
i
s
m
o
d
eled
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y
t
w
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d
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m
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n
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io
n
s
.
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test
is
r
eg
ar
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ed
as
w
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th
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n
-
ite
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m
u
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m
o
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el
if
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s
ar
e
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
ith
m
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th
an
o
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e
d
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m
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t
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u
c
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ite
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r
eq
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ir
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ab
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f
r
o
m
m
o
r
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t
h
an
o
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e
d
i
m
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n
s
io
n
.
P
er
u
s
al
o
f
liter
at
u
r
e
s
u
c
h
a
s
[
2
4
-
26]
h
ad
s
h
o
w
n
th
at
n
u
m
er
ical
te
s
t
ite
m
s
s
u
c
h
as
q
u
an
t
itati
v
e
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
,
m
e
n
tal
a
b
ilit
y
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
test
etc.
w
er
e
g
e
n
er
all
y
b
eliev
e
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
o
n
e
tr
aits
t
h
at
i
s
t
h
e
y
ar
e
m
u
l
tid
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
i
n
n
atu
r
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
test
ite
m
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
Osu
n
Sta
te
u
n
i
f
ied
e
x
a
m
in
atio
n
ar
e
in
h
e
r
en
tl
y
m
u
ltid
i
m
en
s
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n
a
l.
Sco
r
in
g
o
f
ex
a
m
i
n
ee
s
s
ee
m
s
to
b
e
d
o
n
e
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
co
n
f
i
n
e
o
f
C
las
s
ical
te
s
t
t
h
eo
r
y
w
h
ich
i
s
p
r
esu
m
ed
to
b
e
u
n
i
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
al.
O
g
u
o
m
a
[
2
6
]
ar
g
u
ed
t
h
at
m
o
d
eli
n
g
ex
a
m
in
ee
s
’
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
w
it
h
u
n
id
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
m
o
d
el
w
h
e
n
is
ac
t
u
all
y
m
u
lt
id
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
w
o
u
ld
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
e
x
a
m
in
ee
s
ad
v
er
s
el
y
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
o
w
i
s
w
h
e
th
er
t
h
e
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
a
lit
y
o
f
Os
u
n
State
Un
i
f
ied
E
x
a
m
i
n
atio
n
te
s
t
ite
m
s
i
s
ass
e
s
s
ed
?
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
alit
y
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
b
in
ar
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ite
m
:
A
n
o
n
-
p
ar
a
m
etr
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
B
ay
e
s
ia
n
ite
m
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
t
h
eo
r
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
Q
U
E
ST
I
O
NS
T
h
r
ee
q
u
esti
o
n
s
g
u
id
ed
th
is
s
tu
d
y
:
(
1
)
A
r
e
Osu
n
State
u
n
i
f
ied
Ma
th
e
m
atic
s
test
ite
m
s
ess
e
n
tiall
y
un
id
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al?
(
2
)
Ho
w
m
a
n
y
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
ar
iatio
n
i
n
e
x
a
m
in
ee
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
O
s
u
n
S
tate
u
n
i
f
ie
d
Ma
th
e
m
a
tics
te
s
t
ite
m
s
?
(
3
)
W
h
at
is
t
h
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
alit
y
o
f
O
s
u
n
State
u
n
i
f
ied
Ma
th
e
m
atic
s
test
ite
m
s
?
3.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
ca
u
s
al
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
t
y
p
e
o
f
n
o
n
-
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
d
es
ig
n
.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
co
m
p
r
i
s
ed
o
f
s
e
n
io
r
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
th
r
ee
e
x
a
m
in
ee
s
’
(
SS
S3
)
f
r
o
m
2
4
5
p
u
b
lic
co
-
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
Os
u
n
State.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
is
t
ed
o
f
5
,
0
7
6
SS
S3
ex
am
i
n
ee
s
.
Osu
n
State
w
a
s
class
i
f
ied
alo
n
g
th
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
th
r
ee
s
en
ato
r
ial
d
is
tr
ict
s
.
I
n
ea
ch
o
f
s
e
n
ato
r
ial
d
is
tr
ict,
f
i
f
tee
n
(
1
5
)
s
ch
o
o
ls
w
er
e
d
r
a
w
n
u
s
i
n
g
s
i
m
p
le
r
an
d
o
m
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e,
m
a
k
i
n
g
a
to
tal
o
f
4
5
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
An
in
t
ac
t
class
o
f
SS
S
3
ex
a
m
in
ee
s
in
all
t
h
e
s
elec
ted
s
ch
o
o
ls
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
5
0
7
6
ex
a
m
i
n
ee
s
s
a
m
p
led
,
3
2
9
9
(
6
5
.
0
%)
w
er
e
b
o
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s
,
w
h
ile
1
7
7
7
(
3
5
.
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w
er
e
g
ir
l
s
.
T
h
eir
ag
es
r
an
g
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
1
4
an
d
1
6
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2
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2
.
Resea
rc
h
q
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t
io
n
2
:
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a
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M
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2
7
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.
Mc
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I
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I
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&
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Vo
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9
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u
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3
390
T
h
e
R
MSR
is
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
r
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o
t
o
f
th
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av
er
ag
e
s
q
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ar
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if
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et
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t
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ce
.
T
h
u
s
,
as
r
e
m
ar
k
e
d
b
y
Mc
Do
n
a
ld
[
2
8
]
th
at
s
m
a
ll
v
al
u
e
o
f
R
MS
R
s
h
o
w
s
g
o
o
d
f
it.
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ec
au
s
e
s
m
al
l
v
alu
e
i
s
r
elativ
e,
t
h
e
R
M
SR
v
alu
e
is
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m
p
ar
ed
to
a
cr
iter
io
n
w
h
ic
h
is
f
o
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ti
m
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ize
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d
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atic
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s
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r
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ate
[
1
6
]
cr
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s
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ican
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as
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.
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alu
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s
less
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h
a
n
th
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et
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ate.
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er
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r
e,
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e
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m
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m
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till
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I
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.
J
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E
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&
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es
.
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d
u
c
.
Vo
l.
9
,
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.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
0
:
3
8
5
–
3
9
3
392
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
w
ed
th
e
f
ac
to
r
l
o
ad
in
g
o
f
u
n
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f
ied
Ma
t
h
e
m
ati
cs
m
u
ltip
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-
ch
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m
s
af
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et
h
o
d
.
A
s
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ted
b
y
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ab
ac
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n
i
k
[
2
2
]
,
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
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ad
in
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s
w
er
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th
e
h
i
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alu
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g
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ter
th
a
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eq
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al
t
o
0
.
3
2
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
m
u
l
tid
i
m
en
s
io
n
a
lit
y
is
e
v
id
en
t,
if
a
n
ite
m
h
as
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tial
lo
ad
in
g
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
i
n
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
5
t
h
at
f
o
u
r
f
ac
to
r
s
(
F1
,
F2
,
F3
an
d
F4
)
o
u
t
o
f
f
i
v
e
f
ac
to
r
s
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
ed
h
ad
m
o
r
e
th
an
t
h
r
ee
ite
m
s
lo
ad
i
n
g
w
i
th
v
a
lu
e
s
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
o
r
eq
u
al
to
0
.
3
2
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
th
e
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
f
o
r
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
a
f
ac
to
r
.
C
u
r
s
o
r
y
lo
o
k
at
th
e
lo
ad
in
g
s
d
ep
i
cted
th
at
ite
m
s
4
,
9
,
1
4
,
1
5
,
1
7
,
1
8
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1
9
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2
3
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3
2
,
3
3
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3
6
an
d
3
7
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1
1
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2
6
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3
4
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4
2
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4
4
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4
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2
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d
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1
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o
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o
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2
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2
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4
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ile
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f
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h
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1
2
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2
1
cr
o
s
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-
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h
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m
.
Mo
r
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it
w
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f
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t
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f
d
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m
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n
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alit
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o
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th
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Ma
t
h
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m
atics
A
c
h
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v
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m
en
t
T
est
w
as
m
u
ltid
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m
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n
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i
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ite
m
m
u
l
tid
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io
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ali
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y
.
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
Ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
alit
y
o
f
test
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te
m
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
o
in
t
o
f
ca
ll
f
o
r
an
y
test
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
to
ac
co
m
p
li
s
h
.
B
ased
o
n
th
i
s
,
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
r
ev
ea
le
d
v
io
latio
n
o
f
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
alit
y
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
O
s
u
n
State
u
n
i
f
ied
Ma
th
e
m
at
ics
A
c
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
T
est
ite
m
s
,
o
t
h
er
w
is
e
m
u
ltid
i
m
en
s
io
n
al
it
y
w
a
s
ev
i
d
e
n
t
an
d
th
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
al
it
y
w
a
s
w
i
th
i
n
-
ite
m
m
u
ltid
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
alit
y
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
Fi
n
d
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
laid
cr
ed
en
ce
to
th
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
[
2
6
]
,
w
h
o
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
alit
y
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
test
o
n
2
0
1
4
Ma
th
e
m
atics
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
ite
m
s
o
f
W
est
Af
r
ican
Se
n
io
r
Seco
n
d
ar
y
C
er
ti
f
icate
E
x
a
m
i
n
atio
n
(
W
ASS
C
E
)
.
T
h
ey
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
t
h
e
test
ite
m
s
o
f
W
A
S
SC
E
m
at
h
e
m
atics
w
er
e
i
n
h
e
r
en
tl
y
m
u
l
tid
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
in
n
atu
r
e.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ated
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
[
2
5
]
th
at
f
if
t
y
(
5
0
)
ite
m
s
o
f
2
0
1
3
W
A
SS
C
E
an
d
s
i
x
t
y
(
6
0
)
ite
m
s
o
f
Natio
n
al
E
x
a
m
in
a
tio
n
s
C
o
u
n
cil
(
NE
C
O)
Ge
o
g
r
ap
h
y
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
v
io
lat
ed
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
u
n
id
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
alit
y
an
d
t
h
at
th
er
e
w
er
e
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
th
at
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
ex
a
m
i
n
ee
s
to
th
e
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
y
test
ite
m
s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
is
r
es
u
lt
d
is
ag
r
ee
d
w
ith
t
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
[
2
9
]
w
h
o
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
C
h
e
m
is
tr
y
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
test
i
n
th
e
Kan
o
State
q
u
alif
y
i
n
g
ex
a
m
i
n
atio
n
f
u
l
f
il
led
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
u
n
id
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
alit
y
.
T
h
e
d
ev
iatio
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
ir
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
th
i
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
n
e
m
ig
h
t
b
e
d
u
e
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tati
s
tical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ad
o
p
te
d
.
I
n
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
,
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ass
es
s
th
e
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
a
lit
y
o
f
th
e
tes
t
d
ata
u
s
in
g
Stati
s
tical
P
ac
k
ag
e
f
o
r
So
cial
Scien
ce
s
,
v
er
s
io
n
2
0
(
S
P
SS
)
,
w
h
ic
h
w
a
s
d
esi
g
n
ed
f
o
r
co
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
d
ata
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
.
G
ad
er
m
a
n
n
[
3
0
]
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
t
h
at
u
s
in
g
Stati
s
tical
P
ac
k
ag
e
f
o
r
So
cial
Sc
ie
n
ce
(
SP
SS
)
f
o
r
b
in
ar
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
it
e
m
s
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
i
s
,
w
o
u
ld
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tiall
y
led
to
o
v
er
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ei
g
e
n
v
al
u
es.
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
f
u
ll
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
ite
m
f
ac
to
r
an
a
l
y
s
is
w
h
ic
h
w
as
d
esi
g
n
ed
f
o
r
b
in
ar
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ite
m
s
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
in
R
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
la
n
g
u
ag
e
w
a
s
u
s
ed
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
m
o
d
elin
g
e
x
a
m
in
ee
s
’
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
it
h
u
n
id
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
w
h
en
i
t
w
a
s
ac
tu
all
y
m
u
ltid
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
a
l
in
n
at
u
r
e
w
o
u
ld
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
ex
a
m
i
n
ee
s
ad
v
er
s
el
y
a
n
d
co
u
ld
lead
to
b
lu
r
j
u
d
g
m
e
n
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
i
s
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
th
at
u
n
id
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
s
co
r
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
Os
u
n
Stat
e
u
n
i
f
ied
m
at
h
e
m
atics
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
tes
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
j
ettis
o
n
ed
an
d
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
co
r
in
g
m
o
d
el
(
s
u
ch
as
m
u
ltid
i
m
en
s
io
n
al
m
o
d
els)
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
e
x
p
r
ess
th
e
ir
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
th
e
d
ir
ec
to
r
o
f
s
c
h
o
o
ls
i
n
t
h
e
m
i
n
is
tr
y
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
State
o
f
Osu
n
,
Nig
er
ia
f
o
r
g
r
an
ted
o
u
r
r
eq
u
est
an
d
d
ir
ec
te
d
p
r
in
cip
als
in
all
th
e
s
elec
ted
s
ch
o
o
ls
to
g
iv
e
u
s
m
ax
i
m
u
m
co
o
p
er
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
d
ata
co
llectio
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
H.
Ha
m
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.
[3
]
M
.
A
.
A
d
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,
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l.
,
A
tra
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.
I
b
a
d
a
n
:
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ib
a
d
a
n
i
n
Co
l
lab
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ra
ti
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h
Na
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l
Ex
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m
in
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ti
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s Co
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c
il
,
M
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n
a
,
Nig
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r
S
tate
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2
0
1
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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[4
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I.
Be
jar,
“
A
p
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e
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u
re
f
o
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n
v
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stig
a
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tes
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.
Ed
u
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.
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s
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l.
1
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o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
8
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–
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9
6
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9
8
0
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[5
]
B.
Ly
n
c
h
,
“
T
h
e
fa
c
to
r
stru
c
tu
re
o
f
th
e
W
in
ter 1
9
8
5
E
S
L
P
E,
”
U
n
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ca
li
f
o
rn
ia at L
o
s A
n
g
e
les
,
1
9
8
5
.
[6
]
J.
S
tev
e
n
s,
Ap
p
li
e
d
M
u
lt
iv
a
ri
a
te
S
ta
t
isti
c
s
f
o
r
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h
e
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
3
r
d
E
d
it
i
o
n
.
Hi
ll
s
d
a
lc:
L
a
w
r
e
n
c
e
Erl
b
a
u
m
,
1
9
9
6
.
[7
]
R.
B.
Klin
e
,
“
S
o
f
tw
a
re
p
ro
g
ra
m
s
f
o
r
stru
c
tu
ra
l
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
:
Am
o
s,
EQS
a
n
d
L
IS
REL
,
”
J
.
Psy
c
h
o
-
e
d
u
c
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ti
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n
a
l
Asse
ss
.
,
v
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l.
1
6
,
p
p
.
3
4
3
–
3
6
4
,
1
9
9
8
.
[8
]
W
.
S
to
u
t,
“
A
n
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e
m
re
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n
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li
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m
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t
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n
d
a
b
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ti
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n
,
”
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c
h
o
me
trika
,
v
o
l.
5
5
,
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o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
9
3
–
3
2
5
,
1
9
9
0
.
[9
]
R.
J.
De
Ay
a
la,
T
h
e
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
Pra
c
ti
c
e
o
f
Item
Res
p
o
n
se
T
h
e
o
ry
,
1
st
e
d
.
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
NY
:
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h
e
G
u
il
f
o
rd
P
re
ss
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
0
]
M
.
D.
Re
c
k
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se
,
M
u
lt
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ime
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n
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l
Item
Res
p
o
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se
T
h
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ry
.
Ne
w
Yo
rk
:
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p
ri
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g
e
r
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rlag
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
1
]
P
.
F
in
c
h
a
n
d
W
.
H
.
M
o
n
a
h
a
n
,
“
A
b
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o
tstrap
g
e
n
e
ra
li
z
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if
ied
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ra
ll
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n
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ly
sis
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o
r
IR
T
d
im
e
n
sio
n
a
li
ty
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t,
”
Ap
p
l.
M
e
a
s
.
Ed
u
c
.
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
9
-
1
4
0
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
2
]
W
.
F
.
S
to
u
t,
“
A
n
o
n
p
a
ra
m
e
tri
c
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
f
o
r
a
ss
e
ss
in
g
late
n
t
trait
u
n
id
im
e
n
sio
n
a
li
ty
,
”
Psy
c
h
o
me
trika
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
p
p
.
5
8
9
–
6
1
7
,
1
9
8
7
.
[1
3
]
W
.
Zh
a
n
g
a
n
d
J.
S
to
u
t,
“
T
h
e
th
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
DET
EC
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in
d
e
x
o
f
d
ime
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n
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it
s
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ti
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n
to
a
p
p
r
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x
im
a
t
e
sim
p
le stru
c
tu
re
,
”
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c
h
o
me
trika
,
v
o
l.
6
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
1
3
–
2
4
9
,
1
9
9
9
.
[1
4
]
J.
S
to
u
t,
W
.
Ha
b
in
g
,
B.
Do
u
g
las
,
J.
Ki
m
,
H.
R.
Ro
u
ss
o
s,
a
n
d
L
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
“
Co
n
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
v
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rian
c
e
-
b
a
se
d
n
o
n
p
a
ra
m
e
tri
c
m
u
lt
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im
e
n
sio
n
a
li
ty
a
ss
e
s
s
m
e
n
t,
”
Ap
p
l.
Psy
c
h
o
l.
M
e
a
s
., v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
3
1
–
3
5
4
,
1
9
9
6
.
[1
5
]
C.
De
M
a
rs,
Item
Res
p
o
n
se
T
h
e
o
r
y
,
Un
d
e
rs
ta
n
d
i
n
g
st
a
ti
stics
me
a
su
re
me
n
t
.
NY
:
Ox
f
o
rd
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
P
re
ss
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
6
]
R.
T
a
te,
“
A
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
se
lec
ted
e
m
p
iri
c
a
l
m
e
th
o
d
s
f
o
r
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ss
e
ss
in
g
th
e
stru
c
t
u
re
o
f
Re
sp
o
n
se
s
t
o
te
st
it
e
m
s,”
Ap
p
l.
Psy
c
h
o
l.
M
e
a
s
.
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
9
–
2
0
2
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
7
]
R.
Dra
sg
o
w
a
n
d
F
.
L
issa
k
,
“
M
o
d
if
ied
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
a
n
a
l
y
sis:
A
p
ro
c
e
d
u
re
f
o
r
e
x
a
m
in
in
g
th
e
late
n
t
d
ime
n
sio
n
a
li
ty
o
f
d
ich
o
to
m
o
u
sly
sc
o
re
d
it
e
m
re
sp
o
n
se
s,”
J
.
Ap
p
l.
Psy
c
h
o
l
.
,
v
o
l.
6
8
,
p
p
.
3
6
3
–
3
7
3
,
1
9
8
3
.
[1
8
]
L
.
Yin
g
,
“
A
p
p
l
y
in
g
M
u
lt
id
im
e
n
sio
n
a
l
Item
Re
sp
o
n
se
T
h
e
o
r
y
M
o
d
e
ls
in
V
a
li
d
a
ti
n
g
T
e
st
Dim
e
n
sio
n
a
li
ty
:
A
n
Ex
a
m
p
le o
f
K
–
1
2
L
a
rg
e
-
s
c
a
le
S
c
ien
c
e
A
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t,
”
J
.
Ap
p
l.
T
e
st.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
2
0
–
2
3
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
9
]
R.
P
.
M
c
Do
n
a
ld
,
T
e
st t
h
e
o
ry
:
A
u
n
if
ied
tre
a
tme
n
t
.
M
a
h
w
a
h
,
NJ
:
L
a
w
re
n
c
e
Erl
b
a
u
m
,
1
9
9
9
.
[2
0
]
E.
Bo
c
k
,
R.
D.
G
ib
b
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
R.
M
u
ra
k
i,
“
F
u
ll
-
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Ite
m
F
a
c
to
r
A
n
a
l
y
sis,”
Ap
p
l.
Psy
c
h
o
l
.
M
e
a
s
.
,
v
o
l.
4
3
,
p
p
.
2
9
3
–
3
2
2
,
1
9
8
8
.
[2
1
]
A
.
Yu
,
C.
H.
Os
b
o
rn
P
o
p
p
,
S
.
Di
G
a
n
g
i,
a
n
d
S
.
Ja
n
n
a
sc
h
-
P
e
n
n
e
ll
,
“
As
se
s
sin
g
u
n
i
d
im
e
n
sio
n
a
li
ty
:
A
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
Ra
sc
h
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
P
a
ra
ll
e
l
A
n
a
ly
sis,
a
n
d
T
ET
RAD
,
”
Pra
c
t.
Asse
ss
m
e
n
t,
Res
.
Eva
l
.
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
–
2
3
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
2
]
L
.
S
.
T
a
b
a
c
h
n
ik
a
n
d
B.
G
.
F
i
d
e
ll
,
Us
in
g
M
u
lt
iva
ria
te
S
ta
ti
stics
.
Bo
s
to
n
:
P
e
a
rso
n
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
3
]
W
.
A
d
a
m
s,
R.
J.
W
il
so
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
W
a
n
g
,
“
T
h
e
m
u
lt
id
im
e
n
sio
n
a
l
ra
n
d
o
m
c
o
e
ff
icie
n
ts
M
u
lt
in
o
m
ial
lo
g
it
m
o
d
e
l,
”
Ap
p
l
.
Psy
c
h
o
l
.
M
e
a
s
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
–
2
3
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
4
]
B.
O
y
e
y
e
m
i,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
Un
d
e
r
g
ra
d
u
a
tes
’
En
try
R
e
q
u
irem
e
n
ts
a
n
d
A
c
a
d
e
m
ic
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
in
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ib
a
d
a
n
,
”
I
b
a
d
a
n
,
Oc
to
b
e
r
1
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
5
]
M
.
A
.
Ok
w
il
a
g
w
e
a
n
d
E.
A
.
Og
u
n
rin
d
e
,
“
A
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
Un
id
im
e
n
sio
n
a
li
ty
a
n
d
L
o
c
a
l
In
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
o
f
WA
EC
a
n
d
NECO 2
0
1
3
G
e
o
g
ra
p
h
y
A
c
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
T
e
sts.,
”
Af
ric
a
n
J
.
T
h
e
o
ry
P
ra
c
t.
Ed
u
c
.
Asse
ss
.
,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
3
1
-
4
4
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
6
]
R.
O.
Og
u
o
m
a
,
C
.
C.
M
e
ti
b
e
m
u
,
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
Ok
o
y
e
,
“
A
n
A
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
d
im
e
n
sio
n
a
li
ty
o
f
2
0
1
4
W
e
st
Af
ri
c
a
n
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
e
x
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
tes
t
sc
o
re
s
i
n
Im
o
S
tate
,
Nig
e
ria,”
Af
ric
a
n
J
.
T
h
e
o
ry
Pra
c
t.
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u
c
.
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ss
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4
,
p
p
.
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-
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3
,
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0
1
6
.
[2
7
]
R.
P
.
F
ra
se
r
a
n
d
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.
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Do
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ld
,
“
NO
HA
RM
:
A
w
in
d
o
w
s
p
ro
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ra
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f
o
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it
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b
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t
trait
th
e
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ry
{Co
m
p
u
ter
P
ro
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ra
m
}
,
”
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a
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,
2
0
0
3
.
[2
8
]
R.
P
.
M
c
Do
n
a
ld
,
No
rm
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l
-
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ive
mu
lt
id
ime
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sio
n
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m
o
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l
.
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w
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rk
:
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p
rin
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r,
1
9
9
7
.
[2
9
]
A
.
Bich
i
a
n
d
A
.
A
.
Bich
i,
“
A
n
a
l
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sis
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Dic
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o
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Item
Re
sp
o
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se
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y
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ra
m
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w
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rk
,
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in
P
u
b
li
c
Exa
min
i
n
g
in
S
u
b
-
s
a
h
a
ra
n
Af
ric
a
:
Iss
u
e
s,
Ch
a
ll
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n
g
e
s
a
n
d
Pro
s
p
e
c
ts,
O.
E
.
E
.
A
d
e
g
o
k
e
,
B.
A
.
P
o
p
o
o
la,
a
n
d
O.
Ba
b
a
tu
n
d
e
,
Ed
.
A
b
u
ja:
Jo
i
n
t
A
d
m
issio
n
a
n
d
M
a
tri
c
u
latio
n
B
o
a
rd
(JA
M
B)
,
p
p
.
5
1
–
66
,
2
0
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6
.
[3
0
]
B.
D.
G
a
d
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m
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n
n
,
A
.
M
.
G
u
h
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,
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d
M
.
Z
u
m
b
o
,
“
Esti
m
a
ti
n
g
o
rd
in
a
l
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
f
o
r
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e
a
n
d
o
r
d
in
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l
it
e
m
re
sp
o
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se
d
a
ta:
A
c
o
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p
tu
a
l,
e
m
p
iri
c
a
l,
a
n
d
p
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c
ti
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g
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e
,
”
Pra
c
t.
Asse
ss
me
n
t,
Res
.
Eva
l
.
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
3
,
2
0
1
2
.
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