I
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l J
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E
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a
lua
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n a
nd
Resea
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h in E
du
ca
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io
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I
J
E
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)
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
6
,
p
p
.
33
1~
34
0
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
331
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Rev
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G
eneric S
kill
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Wo
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Wiy
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nfo
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ST
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1
0
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2
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6
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cc
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T
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(S
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teg
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e
a
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g
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ste
p
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f
e
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to
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lo
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p
m
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ls
in
c
lu
d
i
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g
1)
I
n
v
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st
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ti
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P
h
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(
P
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li
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In
v
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2
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sig
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se
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sig
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);
3
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;
4
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st,
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d
Re
v
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h
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se
.
(
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st,
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a
lu
a
ti
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n
a
n
d
Re
v
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)
.
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tes
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it
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it
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s
0
.
7
2
.
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2
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v
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str
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ated
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©
2
0
1
6
In
stit
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f
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C
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A
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:
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m
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m
ail:
w
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k
i
m
ia.
u
n
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g
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ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
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ca
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c
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,
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ak
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t
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tu
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t
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m
i
s
tr
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liter
ac
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d
ev
elo
p
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as
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tu
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p
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p
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en
a
b
ased
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s
cien
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ic
f
ac
ts
[
1
]
-
[
5
]
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
ch
e
m
i
s
tr
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/s
cie
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ce
lear
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in
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[
6
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
in
r
ec
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ch
it
w
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h
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ad
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[
7
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.
T
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tan
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s
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n
in
g
is
also
ad
m
itte
d
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
[
8
]
-
[
1
1
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
lik
e
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n
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m
is
tr
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li
ter
ac
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s
k
i
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th
is
g
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s
k
ill
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s
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in
s
tr
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co
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s
tr
u
ctio
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as
i
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ter
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ac
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f
a
n
as
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m
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p
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s
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to
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m
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lt
(
o
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v
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te
s
ti
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m
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f
lear
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s
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
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im
p
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tan
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f
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s
m
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t
in
s
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d
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g
n
t
h
at
ca
n
as
s
ess
SG
S
an
d
ch
e
m
is
tr
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liter
a
c
y
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
th
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ac
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iev
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m
e
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t
o
f
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m
i
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le
ar
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i
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in
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r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:2
2
5
2
-
8822
I
J
E
R
E
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
33
1
–
34
0
332
s
cien
ce
/c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
co
n
ce
p
ts
t
h
e
y
lear
n
t
in
d
ail
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f
e
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
[
2
]
.
P
I
SA
as
s
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s
m
en
t
n
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t
o
n
l
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m
ea
s
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tu
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ts
‟
k
n
o
w
led
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e,
b
u
t a
ls
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m
ea
s
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r
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s
cien
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r
o
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s
s
s
k
i
l
l
s
an
d
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
‟
att
itu
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
s
cie
n
ce
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
p
r
ev
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u
s
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
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tu
d
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w
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f
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in
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is
tr
y
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in
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t
h
at
w
a
s
av
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th
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L
P
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C
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a,
it
w
a
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o
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o
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led
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a
s
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ts
,
th
i
s
s
tate
m
e
n
t
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
th
e
o
n
e
s
tate
d
by
[
1
4
]
-
[
1
7
]
.
Seco
n
d
,
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
ev
al
u
ate
s
cie
n
ce
/c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
liter
ac
y
s
k
ill
s
lik
e
w
as
d
ef
i
n
ed
b
y
NR
C
Sta
n
d
ar
d
[
1
8
]
th
at
in
clu
d
es
co
n
c
ep
tu
al
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
,
al
s
o
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
s
cien
ce
an
d
s
o
ciet
y
[
1
9
]
is
n
o
t
av
a
ilab
le.
T
h
ir
d
,
it
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
s
o
m
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
s
u
p
p
r
ess
ed
o
n
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
asp
ec
ts
b
u
t
also
as
s
es
s
ed
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
il
l
asp
ec
t.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
er
e
w
a
s
n
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
th
at
r
ev
ea
l
g
e
n
er
ic
s
k
ill
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
‟
ch
e
m
i
s
tr
y
liter
ac
y
s
k
ill
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
asp
ec
t.
Fo
u
r
th
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
co
n
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
o
f
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
th
a
t
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
ass
ess
SGS
an
d
c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
l
iter
ac
y
,
ev
e
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
as
s
ess
m
en
t
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
th
a
t
b
ased
o
n
s
cie
n
ce
g
en
er
ic
s
k
ill
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
b
y
s
o
m
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
th
u
s
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
to
o
l o
f
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
l
iter
ac
y
[
6
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
d
is
co
v
er
y
o
n
in
i
tial
s
t
u
d
y
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
th
e
o
n
e
s
tated
b
y
[
2
2
]
th
at
s
o
m
e
o
f
lear
n
in
g
in
co
lleg
e
d
r
iv
e
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
o
n
o
n
l
y
co
g
n
iti
v
e
s
k
il
l,
w
h
il
e
o
th
er
a
s
p
ec
t
li
k
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
o
to
r
,
af
f
ec
ti
v
e,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
g
e
n
er
ic
s
k
il
l
s
o
m
eti
m
es
ar
e
f
o
r
g
o
tte
n
.
T
h
ese
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
ac
t
u
all
y
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
lack
o
f
lear
n
in
g
r
es
u
lt a
n
d
t
h
e
lo
w
q
u
ali
f
ica
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
‟
l
if
e
to
liv
e
i
n
s
o
ciet
y
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
[
2
3
]
in
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
s
t
ated
f
o
llo
w
in
g
s
tate
m
e
n
t:
1
)
c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
s
cie
n
ce
ap
p
licatio
n
i
n
d
ail
y
li
f
e
is
lac
k
o
f
teac
h
er
s
‟
atte
n
tio
n
in
cla
s
s
,
s
o
it
n
ee
d
s
to
g
i
v
e
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
w
h
ich
is
to
d
e
v
elo
p
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
s
cie
n
ce
liter
ac
y
as
s
ess
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
c
o
n
tex
t
u
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
2
)
ch
em
is
tr
y
s
cie
n
c
e
liter
ac
y
as
s
ess
m
en
t
to
o
l
h
av
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
th
at
ca
n
d
i
s
cr
i
m
in
ate
s
tu
d
e
n
t
w
i
th
h
i
g
h
a
n
d
lo
w
ca
teg
o
r
y
w
ell.
T
h
e
i
n
ter
v
ie
w
r
e
s
u
l
t
w
it
h
t
h
o
s
e
th
r
ee
L
P
T
K
f
o
o
d
in
g
r
ed
ien
t
s
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
lectu
r
er
s
,
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
w
h
y
as
s
es
s
m
e
n
t
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
t
h
at
w
a
s
u
s
ed
h
ad
n
e
v
er
r
ev
ea
led
SGS
an
d
c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
liter
ac
y
,
lect
u
r
er
s
to
g
et
h
er
s
ta
ted
th
at
it
w
a
s
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
er
e
h
a
s
n
o
t
b
ee
n
as
s
es
s
m
e
n
t
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
t
w
o
t
h
i
n
g
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
t
h
in
g
t
h
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
o
lv
ed
s
o
o
n
i
s
t
h
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
as
s
ess
m
e
n
t
to
o
l
th
at
ca
n
b
e
r
eliab
le
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
co
n
ce
p
t
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
a
ls
o
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
SGS a
n
d
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
li
ter
ac
y
.
Gen
er
all
y
,
th
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
to
ass
es
s
s
cie
n
ce
/c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
l
iter
ac
y
ar
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
th
i
n
g
s
:
1.
Me
asu
r
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
cie
n
ce
/c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
r
es
u
lt
in
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l.
K
n
o
w
led
g
e/c
o
n
ten
t
asp
ec
t
s
u
s
u
all
y
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
i
m
p
o
r
t
an
t
to
s
cie
n
ce
/c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
liter
ac
y
,
th
u
s
,
t
h
e
s
e
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
asp
ec
t
th
at
ar
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
teac
h
er
an
d
s
cie
n
ce
/ch
e
m
is
tr
y
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
.
2.
Me
asu
r
i
n
g
s
k
ill
f
o
r
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
s
cien
ti
f
ic
p
r
in
cip
le
s
in
n
o
n
-
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
te
x
ts
,
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
is
c
u
lt
u
r
al
asp
ec
t.
T
h
e
m
ain
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
t
i
c
o
f
th
a
t
to
o
l
is
b
y
d
es
ig
n
i
n
g
a
u
th
e
n
tic
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
(
lik
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
in
g
,
r
ea
d
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
/ d
o
in
g
o
b
s
er
v
at
io
n
ab
o
u
t e
th
n
o
-
s
cie
n
ce
)
.
3.
Me
asu
r
i
n
g
li
ter
ac
y
s
k
ill
i
n
s
ci
en
ti
f
ic
co
n
te
x
t
th
a
t
is
d
o
in
g
e
v
alu
atio
n
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
s
k
ill
s
in
r
e
ad
in
g
,
w
r
iti
n
g
,
tellin
g
r
ea
s
o
n
,
an
d
as
k
i
n
g
f
u
r
t
h
er
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
[
2
4
]
.
So
m
e
ex
a
m
p
les
o
f
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
k
ills
u
s
in
g
s
cien
t
if
ic
r
esear
c
h
r
ep
o
r
t
[
2
5
]
.
4.
Me
asu
r
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
ab
o
u
t
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
s
cien
ce
(
NO
S),
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
‟
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
attit
u
d
e
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
to
p
ic
r
elate
d
to
S
cie
n
ce
Te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
So
ciet
y
(
ST
S)
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le
Vie
w
s
o
f
Scien
ce
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
S
o
ciet
y
(
VOST
S)
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
w
h
ich
w
er
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
v
alid
ated
b
y
A
i
k
e
n
h
ea
d
an
d
R
y
a
n
o
n
1
992.
Fo
r
f
u
r
th
er
a
n
al
y
s
is
,
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
t
h
f
o
cu
s
o
f
s
c
ien
ce
/c
h
e
m
i
s
tr
y
l
iter
ac
y
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
ab
o
v
e
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
m
a
n
y
asp
ec
ts
o
f
SGS,
l
ik
e
co
n
ten
t
asp
ec
t
th
at
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
s
y
m
b
o
lic
lan
g
u
ag
e
,
p
r
in
cip
le
o
b
ed
ien
t
lo
g
ical
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
ca
u
s
e
an
d
e
f
f
ec
t
an
d
lo
g
ical
in
f
er
e
n
ce
,
au
t
h
e
n
tic
ass
i
g
n
m
e
n
ts
b
ased
o
n
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
a
n
d
m
o
d
elin
g
asp
ec
ts
.
Fro
m
th
e
s
cie
n
ce
/
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
liter
ac
y
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
t
h
e
ev
alu
a
tio
n
o
f
c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
l
iter
ac
y
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
o
n
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e/co
n
ce
p
tu
al
asp
ec
t,
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
i
s
t
o
f
s
o
m
e
g
en
er
ic
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
s
.
Su
c
h
a
s
o
n
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
liter
ac
y
asp
ec
t
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ass
e
s
s
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
g
e
n
er
ic
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
.
Nat
u
r
e
o
f
Scie
n
c
e
(
NOS)
b
ased
o
n
s
cien
ce
co
n
tex
t.
Fro
m
t
h
i
s
s
tate
m
e
n
t,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
ar
r
an
g
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
to
o
l
th
a
t
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
liter
a
c
y
s
k
ills
ab
o
u
t
co
n
ten
t,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
co
n
te
x
t
an
d
also
SGS
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
.
E
x
p
er
ts
s
tate
t
h
at
cu
r
r
ic
u
l
u
m
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
r
aise
in
d
ig
en
o
u
s
s
cien
ce
in
s
c
ien
c
e
lear
n
in
g
,
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
n
o
w
ad
a
y
s
th
a
t
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
d
o
n
e
i
n
m
a
n
y
s
ch
o
o
l
lear
n
in
g
w
h
ich
o
v
er
r
id
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
cien
ce
t
h
at
e
x
is
ted
an
d
s
p
r
ea
d
in
s
o
ciet
y
li
f
e.
E
f
f
o
r
ts
to
i
n
te
g
r
ate
i
n
d
ig
e
n
o
u
s
s
cien
ce
/e
th
n
o
-
s
cie
n
ce
i
n
t
o
s
cien
ce
lear
n
i
n
g
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
i
n
t
h
e
s
ch
o
o
l
a
ctu
all
y
h
a
s
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
ested
an
d
t
ea
ch
er
n
ee
d
to
th
in
k
t
w
ice
o
n
h
o
w
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
‟
lear
n
in
g
r
es
u
lt
ca
n
b
e
u
s
e
f
u
l
a
n
d
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
et
h
n
o
-
s
cien
ce
b
a
s
ed
lear
n
i
n
g
,
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
p
r
in
cip
les,
a
n
d
m
ater
ials
i
n
s
cie
n
ce
ar
e
lear
n
t
b
y
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
b
y
co
n
tr
ad
ictin
g
t
h
e
co
n
tex
tu
al
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
(
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a)
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
r
ea
l
li
f
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
o
r
at
le
ast
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
is
u
alize
d
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
as
r
ea
l
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
2
7
]
,
s
ch
o
o
l
lear
n
in
g
t
h
at
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
2
1
st
ce
n
tu
r
y
is
et
h
n
o
-
s
cie
n
ce
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ed
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
o
r
m
u
ltic
u
lt
u
r
al
s
cien
ce
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Sa
m
e
is
s
u
e
an
d
s
u
g
g
e
s
tio
n
w
a
s
also
s
tat
ed
b
y
[
2
8
]
w
h
en
ex
p
lo
r
i
n
g
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
cu
lt
u
r
al
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
in
lear
n
i
n
g
co
n
te
x
t i
n
u
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
.
E
x
p
lic
it
l
y
,
[
2
8
]
ask
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
cie
n
ce
lear
n
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
R
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
P
r
elimin
a
r
y
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f A
s
s
e
s
s
men
t I
n
s
tr
u
men
t D
esig
n
to
R
ev
ea
l S
cien
ce
Gen
eric S
kill .
.
.
.
(
W
o
r
o
S
u
ma
r
n
i)
333
s
ch
o
o
l
to
b
e
ch
an
g
ed
b
y
p
a
y
i
n
g
atte
n
tio
n
to
cu
ltu
r
e
(
i
n
d
ig
e
n
o
u
s
s
cie
n
ce
)
th
a
t
is
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
o
ciet
y
an
d
g
iv
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
t
h
at
ac
c
o
m
m
o
d
ates
i
n
d
ig
e
n
o
u
s
s
cie
n
ce
in
to
f
o
r
m
al
s
c
h
o
o
l
lear
n
in
g
.
[
2
8
]
esp
ec
ially
p
u
s
h
th
e
s
cie
n
ce
teac
h
er
s
to
p
u
t
e
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
s
o
ciet
y
s
cien
ce
i
n
t
h
ei
r
lear
n
in
g
an
d
also
to
teac
h
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
b
e
a
w
a
r
e
th
at
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
is
a
p
ar
t o
f
ev
er
y
c
u
lt
u
r
e
in
t
h
e
w
o
r
ld
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
in
d
i
g
en
o
u
s
s
c
ien
ce
(
s
o
cio
-
c
u
lt
u
r
e
s
cien
ce
)
an
d
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
i
n
s
ch
o
o
l
ac
tu
all
y
ca
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
‟
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
to
m
a
k
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
‟
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
[
2
9
]
.
Mic
h
el
l
(
2
0
0
8
)
in
[
3
0
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
ci
en
ce
lear
n
i
n
g
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
th
a
t
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
lo
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
tr
o
n
g
n
atio
n
al
is
m
.
St
u
d
en
ts
‟
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
t
h
at
b
ased
o
n
cu
l
t
u
r
e
i
n
t
h
eir
s
o
ciet
y
ta
k
es
p
ar
t
in
i
n
ter
p
r
etin
g
an
d
ab
s
o
r
b
in
g
n
e
w
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
(
s
cien
ce
co
n
ce
p
ts
)
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
‟
c
u
lt
u
r
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
h
a
v
e
b
i
g
g
er
ef
f
ec
t
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
f
t
h
at
is
p
u
t
i
n
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
th
e
class
[
2
9
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
c
u
lt
u
r
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
h
a
v
e
s
tr
o
n
g
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
w
a
y
s
o
m
e
o
n
e
(
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
)
lear
n
s
,
b
ec
au
s
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
h
av
e
s
p
en
t
t
h
eir
ti
m
es
in
t
h
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
t
h
at
is
m
ad
e/in
f
l
u
en
ce
b
y
s
o
ciet
y
c
u
lt
u
r
e
th
an
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
t
h
eo
r
ies
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
-
[3
6
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
[
3
7
]
,
cu
lt
u
r
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
i
s
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
b
y
t
ea
ch
er
s
a
n
d
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
class
(
esp
ec
ial
l
y
i
n
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
)
tak
e
a
b
ig
p
ar
t
o
f
m
a
k
in
g
o
r
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
lear
n
in
g
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
e
th
at
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
a
n
d
co
n
tex
t
u
al.
Fro
m
t
h
e
e
x
is
tin
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
ex
p
er
ts
‟
o
p
in
io
n
ab
o
v
e,
it
is
n
ee
d
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
to
o
l
to
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
lev
e
l
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
an
d
s
ee
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
es
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
lo
ca
l
w
i
s
d
o
m
[
3
8
]
[
3
9
]
to
ass
ess
t
h
e
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
g
e
n
er
i
c
s
k
i
ll
a
n
d
ch
e
m
i
s
tr
y
l
iter
ac
y
b
esid
e
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t.
R
esear
ch
f
o
r
m
u
las
i
n
th
i
s
r
es
ea
r
ch
ar
e
h
o
w
ar
e
th
e
as
s
ess
m
en
t
to
o
l
d
esi
g
n
to
ev
alu
a
te
co
n
ce
p
t
u
al
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
also
s
cien
ce
g
e
n
er
ic
s
k
ills
a
n
d
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
liter
ac
y
o
n
eth
n
o
-
s
cie
n
ce
b
ased
c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
lear
n
i
n
g
?
I
s
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
ass
es
s
m
en
t
to
o
l
v
alid
,
r
eliab
le
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
in
i
t
s
u
s
a
g
e
?
T
h
e
ex
p
ec
ted
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
ar
e:
to
g
et
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
to
ev
alu
a
te
co
n
ce
p
t
u
al
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
also
s
cien
ce
g
en
er
ic
s
k
ill
s
an
d
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
liter
ac
y
o
n
e
th
n
o
-
s
cie
n
ce
b
ased
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
lear
n
i
n
g
w
h
ic
h
is
v
a
lid
,
r
eliab
le
a
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
in
its
u
s
a
g
e.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
a
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
r
esear
ch
th
at
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
Ma
f
u
m
i
k
o
‟
s
m
o
d
el
w
h
ic
h
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
g
o
n
h
o
w
to
d
esig
n
,
r
ea
lize,
r
ev
is
e
an
d
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
as
s
es
s
m
e
n
t
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
in
eth
n
o
-
s
cie
n
ce
b
ased
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
lear
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
w
a
s
d
es
ig
n
ed
to
f
o
llo
w
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
atter
n
li
k
e
ex
p
lai
n
ed
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
s
s
es
s
m
e
n
t I
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t D
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t a
d
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
Ma
f
u
m
i
k
o
‟
s
m
o
d
el.
[
4
0
]
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h Sub
j
ec
t
T
h
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
tes
t
o
f
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
i
s
r
esear
c
h
w
a
s
c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
co
lle
g
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
f
f
o
o
d
an
d
in
g
r
ed
ien
ts
as
w
ell
as a
s
s
e
s
s
m
en
t in
s
tr
u
m
en
t u
s
er
s
an
d
t
h
eir
lectu
r
er
s
.
2
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h In
s
t
ru
m
e
nt
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
is
r
ese
ar
ch
w
as
p
ap
er
s
h
ee
t
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
‟
v
alid
atio
n
th
at
w
as
u
s
ed
to
g
et
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
co
n
te
n
t
v
alid
it
y
o
f
ar
r
an
g
ed
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
O
n
p
ap
er
s
h
ee
t
o
f
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
‟
s
v
alid
atio
n
,
th
e
v
alid
ato
r
s
w
r
ite
y
es/
n
o
to
ev
er
y
q
u
est
io
n
.
Ot
h
er
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
w
a
s
q
u
est
io
n
n
air
e
co
n
tain
s
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
an
d
lect
u
r
er
s
to
w
ar
d
s
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
en
t
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t.
T
h
i
s
q
u
e
s
t
io
n
n
air
e
w
as
m
ad
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:2
2
5
2
-
8822
I
J
E
R
E
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
33
1
–
34
0
334
to
k
n
o
w
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
o
f
ex
i
s
t
in
g
as
s
es
s
m
e
n
t
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t.
Fr
o
m
t
h
is
q
u
est
io
n
n
air
e
lect
u
r
er
s
an
d
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
g
iv
e
t
h
eir
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
io
n
s
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
s
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
Ana
ly
s
is
T
h
e
g
a
th
er
ed
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
ab
o
v
e
t
h
en
b
ei
n
g
an
a
l
y
ze
d
q
u
an
titati
v
el
y
an
d
q
u
alitati
v
el
y
to
ex
p
lain
i
ts
v
alid
it
y
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
[
4
1
]
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
f
r
o
m
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
t
h
at
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
2
.
3
.
1
.
I
ns
t
ru
m
ent
’
s
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lid
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y
Ana
ly
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is
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y
an
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y
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is
w
as
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ased
[
4
2
]
o
n
th
e
g
i
v
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
o
v
er
all
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d
ec
is
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co
r
d
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to
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n
t
o
f
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t.
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o
k
n
o
w
w
h
e
th
er
th
at
tes
t
i
s
v
alid
o
r
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it
w
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le
m
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test
ite
m
s
s
t
u
d
y
to
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r
e
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test
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s
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r
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m
ater
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p
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tio
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f
th
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m
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r
i
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to
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l
is
v
alid
,
it
ca
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b
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s
ed
o
n
th
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ex
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B
u
t
if
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is
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o
t,
th
er
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s
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u
ld
b
e
r
ev
is
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ac
co
r
d
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g
to
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alid
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r
s
‟
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u
g
g
esti
o
n
o
r
b
y
lo
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in
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ac
k
to
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w
asp
ec
ts
th
e
n
b
ein
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r
ev
al
id
ated
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d
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al
y
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d
.
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t
w
ill b
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o
n
e
u
n
t
il th
e
d
ata
ar
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ca
teg
o
r
ized
v
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d
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
Relia
bil
it
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na
ly
s
is
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f
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t
ru
m
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ter
as
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m
en
t
in
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t
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x
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l
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w
ill
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u
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ject.
I
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t r
eliab
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al
y
ze
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b
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-
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a.
2
.
3
.
3
.
P
ra
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ica
l A
na
ly
s
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I
ns
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ru
m
e
nt
T
h
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p
r
ac
tical
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t
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s
tr
u
m
en
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[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
is
ass
ess
ed
b
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
w
ar
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s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
s
tr
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m
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n
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s
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ch
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v
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e
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tio
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to
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2
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u
d
en
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o
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m
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tag
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h
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d
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7
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% o
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.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
o
f
th
is
as
s
es
s
m
en
t
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
w
a
s
i
m
p
lan
te
d
b
y
s
y
s
te
m
atic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
t
h
o
u
g
h
4
p
h
ase
o
f
P
lo
m
p
‟
s
m
o
d
el
w
h
ic
h
ar
e:
(
1
)
E
ar
ly
in
v
es
tig
at
io
n
p
h
as
e,
(
2
)
d
esig
n
p
h
ase,
(
3
)
r
ea
li
za
tio
n
/co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
h
ase,
an
d
(
4
)
test
,
ev
alu
a
tio
n
,
r
ev
is
io
n
p
h
ase.
3
.
1
.
E
a
rly
I
nv
estig
a
t
io
n P
ha
s
e
T
h
is
p
h
ase
is
ai
m
ed
to
g
ath
er
an
d
an
al
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n
f
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m
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ab
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ev
alu
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lem
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d
in
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tr
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o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s
b
.
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s
t
e
x
t
u
r
e
t
o
w
a
r
d
f
o
o
d
r
e
so
u
r
c
e
.
c
.
P
h
y
si
c
a
n
d
C
h
e
mi
st
r
y
p
r
o
c
e
ss i
n
f
o
o
d
in
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s.
3
D
a
n
g
e
r
o
u
s a
n
d
p
o
i
so
n
o
u
s
c
o
mp
o
u
n
d
o
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s a
n
d
i
t
s
so
l
v
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
st
i
c
s
o
f
b
i
o
l
o
g
y
,
mi
c
r
o
b
i
o
l
o
g
y
,
p
h
y
si
c
a
n
d
c
h
e
mi
st
r
y
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
f
o
o
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
u
st
r
y
.
P
r
o
t
e
i
n
i
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s
a
.
S
o
u
r
c
e
a
n
d
t
y
p
e
s o
f
p
r
o
t
e
i
n
i
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s.
b
.
P
r
o
t
e
i
n
c
l
a
ss
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s.
c
.
P
r
o
t
e
i
n
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s
.
d
.
D
e
n
a
t
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
e
c
a
y
i
n
g
o
f
p
r
o
t
e
i
n
.
4
D
e
t
r
i
me
n
t
o
f
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s (
p
h
y
si
c
,
c
h
e
mi
s
t
r
y
,
b
i
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
mi
c
r
o
b
i
o
l
o
g
y
)
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
st
o
r
a
g
e
,
p
a
c
k
a
g
e
,
f
o
o
d
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s
,
t
o
w
a
r
d
f
o
o
d
i
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
st
i
c
o
f
b
i
o
l
o
g
y
,
mi
c
r
o
b
i
o
l
o
g
y
,
p
h
y
si
c
a
n
d
c
h
e
mi
s
t
r
y
.
L
i
p
i
d
i
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s
a
.
S
o
u
r
c
e
a
n
d
t
y
p
e
s o
f
l
i
p
i
d
i
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s.
b
.
L
i
p
i
d
c
l
a
ssi
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s
.
c
.
P
h
y
si
c
a
n
d
c
h
e
mi
st
r
y
p
r
o
c
e
ss o
f
l
i
p
i
d
i
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s.
5
P
r
e
serv
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
A
n
a
l
y
si
s o
f
F
o
o
d
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
I
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s (F
A
I
)
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
a
n
d
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
V
i
t
a
m
i
n
i
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s
a
.
S
o
u
r
c
e
a
n
d
t
y
p
e
s o
f
v
i
t
a
mi
n
i
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s.
b
.
T
r
e
a
t
me
n
t
t
o
w
a
r
d
s v
i
t
a
m
i
n
so
u
r
c
e
s
c
.
P
h
y
si
c
a
n
d
c
h
e
mi
st
r
y
p
r
o
c
e
ss o
f
v
i
t
a
mi
n
i
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s.
6
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
P
o
i
so
n
i
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s,
a
n
d
t
h
e
so
l
v
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
n
u
t
r
i
e
n
t
v
a
l
u
e
.
M
i
n
e
r
a
l
i
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s
a
.
S
o
u
r
c
e
a
n
d
t
y
p
e
s o
f
mi
n
e
r
a
l
i
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s.
b
.
M
i
n
e
r
a
l
c
l
a
ssi
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s.
c
.
P
h
y
si
c
a
n
d
c
h
e
mi
st
r
y
p
r
o
c
e
ss o
f
M
i
n
e
r
a
l
i
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s.
7
P
a
c
k
a
g
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
W
a
st
e
o
f
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s
A
d
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
e
sse
n
c
e
i
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s
.
a
.
T
y
p
e
s o
f
a
d
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
e
sse
n
c
e
i
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s
b
.
A
d
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
f
o
o
d
e
sse
n
c
e
c
l
a
ssi
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
a
d
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
e
sse
n
c
e
u
sa
g
e
t
o
w
a
r
d
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s
t
e
x
t
u
r
e
8
F
o
o
d
safe
t
y
F
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
e
P
o
i
so
n
o
u
s e
sse
n
c
e
i
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s
.
a
.
T
y
p
e
s a
n
d
so
u
r
c
e
s o
f
p
o
i
so
n
o
u
s
e
sse
n
c
e
b
.
P
r
o
c
e
ss o
f
p
o
i
so
n
o
u
s
e
sse
n
c
e
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
f
o
o
d
i
n
g
r
e
d
i
e
n
t
s.
3
.
2
.
Desig
nin
g
P
ha
s
e
Fro
m
th
e
r
es
u
lt
o
f
ea
r
l
y
i
n
v
e
s
tig
atio
n
,
p
lan
n
in
g
s
tep
w
a
s
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
p
lo
ts
o
f
th
i
s
p
h
ase
ar
e
(
1
)
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
Fo
o
d
I
n
g
r
ed
ien
ts
C
h
e
m
i
s
tr
y
C
o
u
r
s
es
s
y
llab
u
s
,
(
2
)
d
ec
id
in
g
m
ater
ial
t
h
at
w
ill
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
(
3
)
d
ec
id
in
g
SGS
i
n
d
icato
r
s
an
d
c
h
e
m
is
t
r
y
liter
ac
y
,
(
4
)
d
ec
id
in
g
co
m
p
e
ten
ce
o
f
ev
er
y
in
d
icato
r
s
,
(
5
)
d
ec
id
in
g
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
t
h
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
t
h
at
ar
e
s
u
itab
le
to
SG
S i
n
d
icato
r
s
an
d
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
liter
ac
y
,
(
6
)
d
ec
id
in
g
test
cl
u
es,
(
7
)
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
in
g
s
ti
m
u
l
u
s
w
h
ich
ar
e
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
s
ci
en
ce
e
t
h
n
o
-
s
cie
n
ce
in
te
g
r
ated
,
m
ai
n
q
u
esti
o
n
a
n
d
an
s
w
er
k
e
y
s
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
r
esear
c
h
,
as
s
es
s
m
e
n
t
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
w
a
s
d
esig
n
ed
as
ess
a
y
w
it
h
s
e
m
i
-
o
p
en
ed
an
s
w
er
co
n
tain
s
o
f
s
ti
m
u
l
u
s
/r
ea
d
in
g
r
elate
d
to
ch
e
m
i
s
tr
y
m
ate
r
ial
in
te
g
r
ated
o
f
eth
n
o
-
s
cie
n
ce
,
co
n
ti
n
u
ed
b
y
m
ain
q
u
esti
o
n
to
ev
alu
ate
ch
e
m
i
s
tr
y
liter
ac
y
a
n
d
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
‟
s
cie
n
ce
g
en
er
ic
s
k
ill
s
.
T
h
is
ess
a
y
d
ec
i
s
io
n
is
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
o
p
in
io
n
[
4
3
]
th
at
m
u
lti
p
le
ch
o
ice
ite
m
s
h
av
e
lo
w
v
a
lid
it
y
b
ec
a
u
s
e
h
i
g
h
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
r
i
g
h
t
a
n
s
w
er
an
d
f
o
r
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
r
ea
ctio
n
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
h
ar
d
to
test
u
s
i
n
g
m
u
l
tip
le
c
h
o
ice
ite
m
s
.
E
v
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
es
s
a
y
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
ar
e
w
asti
n
g
ti
m
e
a
n
d
h
a
v
in
g
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
lo
w
o
b
j
ec
tiv
it
y
o
f
ass
e
s
s
o
r
s
,
b
u
t
it
h
a
s
h
i
g
h
co
n
te
n
t
v
alid
it
y
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
e
lo
w
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
o
b
j
ec
ti
v
it
y
ca
n
b
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
g
th
e
g
u
id
e
o
f
co
d
in
g
d
etail
to
o
p
en
q
u
es
ti
o
n
s
[4
5
]
-
[4
7
]
ca
n
u
s
e
e
m
p
ir
ical
d
ata
[
4
8
]
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
eo
u
s
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
es
s
a
y
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
e
1
)
t
h
er
e
w
il
l
b
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
‟
an
s
w
er
t
h
at
b
ase
d
o
n
t
h
eir
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
a
n
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
n
o
t
b
y
m
e
m
o
r
izi
n
g
f
ac
t
s
o
r
th
eo
r
ies
[4
4
]
,
[
4
5
]
,
2
)
E
s
s
a
y
q
u
est
io
n
s
,
ca
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ev
er
y
co
g
n
it
iv
e
l
ev
els
t
h
at
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
a
p
ar
t
o
f
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
th
a
t
c
an
b
e
ass
es
s
ed
,
lik
e
s
k
i
lls
o
f
ex
p
r
es
s
in
g
o
p
in
io
n
,
lo
g
ical
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
,
an
al
y
tic
an
d
s
y
s
te
m
atic
[
4
9
]
,
3
)
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
an
al
y
ze
s
t
u
d
en
t
‟
s
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t,
s
p
o
n
tan
eo
u
s
id
ea
an
d
s
k
il
l
o
f
ass
o
ciati
n
g
b
ec
au
s
e
es
s
a
y
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
r
elativ
e
l
y
d
o
n
‟
t
li
m
it
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
er
s
‟
an
s
w
er
o
n
m
a
n
y
p
o
s
s
ib
le
an
s
w
er
s
,
4
)
e
v
er
y
m
ain
q
u
esti
o
n
s
d
o
no
t
l
i
m
it
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
er
s
‟
an
s
w
er
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
g
i
v
en
p
o
s
s
ib
le
an
s
w
er
s
.
T
h
o
s
e
clu
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
ed
o
n
T
ab
le
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:2
2
5
2
-
8822
I
J
E
R
E
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
33
1
–
34
0
336
3
.
3
.
Co
ns
t
ruct
io
n/Rea
liza
t
io
n P
h
a
s
e
T
h
is
p
h
ase
is
th
e
s
tep
o
f
d
e
s
ig
n
r
esu
lt
r
ea
lizatio
n
.
A
s
ea
r
l
y
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
o
f
ass
es
s
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
ca
r
b
o
h
y
d
r
ate
m
at
er
ial
is
d
ec
id
ed
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
asp
ec
ts
th
at
ar
e
ass
es
s
ed
in
clu
d
i
n
g
6
SGS
in
d
icato
r
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
,
S
y
m
b
o
lic
L
an
g
u
ag
e,
Mo
d
elin
g
,
L
o
g
ic
I
n
f
er
e
n
tial,
C
a
u
s
e
a
n
d
E
f
f
ec
t
R
ela
tio
n
,
P
r
in
cip
le
Ob
ed
ien
t
o
f
L
o
g
i
ca
l
Fra
m
e
w
o
r
k
.
W
h
ile
C
h
e
m
is
tr
y
L
iter
ac
y
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
in
clu
d
i
n
g
co
n
ten
t
an
d
s
cien
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
i
th
cl
u
e
s
ar
e
s
tated
o
n
T
ab
le
1
.
Scien
ce
g
en
er
ic
s
k
il
ls
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
m
ater
ial
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
ac
tiv
itie
s
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
[
1
0
]
,
as
w
ell
as
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
ch
e
m
ic
al
liter
ac
y
.
On
t
h
i
s
p
h
ase
it is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
as th
e
r
e
s
u
lt o
f
as
s
es
s
m
en
t i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t c
o
n
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
lu
es o
f
s
cie
n
ce
g
en
e
r
ic
s
k
ill a
n
d
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
liter
ac
y
ass
es
s
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
ca
r
b
o
h
y
d
r
ate
m
ater
ial
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
N
u
mb
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
P
r
o
c
e
ss
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
C
o
n
t
e
x
t
s
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
G
e
n
e
r
i
c
S
k
i
l
l
s
1
2
3
4
5
O
b
se
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
L
o
g
i
c
a
l
F
r
a
me
C
a
u
se
a
n
d
Ef
f
e
c
t
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
S
y
mb
o
l
i
c
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
L
o
g
i
c
I
n
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
A
C
a
r
b
o
h
y
d
r
a
t
e
L
o
c
a
l
√
√
√
B
.
1
√
P
h
o
t
o
sy
n
t
e
si
s
L
o
c
a
l
√
P
o
l
y
m
e
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
√
√
2
√
A
m
y
l
L
o
c
a
l
√
√
C
y
a
n
i
d
e
A
c
i
d
L
o
c
a
l
√
√
Ev
a
p
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
L
o
c
a
l
√
3
√
√
O
smo
si
s Pr
e
ssu
r
e
L
o
c
a
l
√
4
√
F
e
r
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
L
o
c
a
l
√
5
√
En
z
y
m
L
o
c
a
l
√
6
M
i
c
r
o
O
r
g
a
n
i
sm
L
o
c
a
l
√
7
√
√
F
i
b
e
r
/
se
l
u
l
o
se
L
o
c
a
l
√
8
9
√
C
a
r
b
o
h
y
d
r
a
t
e
T
e
st
L
o
c
a
l
√
√
√
√
√
No
te:
I
n
d
icato
r
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
ci
en
ce
P
r
o
ce
s
s
:
1.
R
ec
o
g
n
izi
n
g
s
c
ien
t
if
icall
y
i
n
v
esti
g
ab
le
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
2.
I
n
d
en
ti
f
y
in
g
ev
id
en
ce
n
ee
d
ed
in
a
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
atio
n
3.
Dr
a
w
i
n
g
o
r
ev
alu
ati
n
g
co
n
cl
u
t
io
n
s
4.
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tin
g
v
alid
co
n
clu
ti
o
n
s
5.
De
m
o
n
s
tr
ati
n
g
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
co
n
ce
p
ts
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ar
e
r
e
-
r
esear
ch
ed
w
h
et
h
er
o
r
n
o
t
th
e
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
eo
r
ies
o
f
ass
es
s
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
i
s
f
u
l
f
i
l
led
an
d
w
ell
-
ap
p
lied
o
n
ev
er
y
asp
ec
ts
t
h
at
ar
e
as
s
es
s
ed
s
o
it
w
il
l
b
e
r
ea
d
y
to
b
e
test
ed
th
e
v
alid
it
y
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
f
o
r
m
t
h
eo
r
etica
l r
atio
n
al
a
n
g
le
an
d
th
e
co
n
s
is
te
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
3
.
4
.
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Rev
is
io
n P
h
a
s
e
On
th
is
s
ta
g
e,
it
w
er
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
2
m
ain
ac
ti
v
it
ies,
w
h
ich
a
r
e
(
1
)
v
alid
it
y
ac
ti
v
it
y
a
n
d
(
2
)
tr
y
o
u
t
f
ield
o
f
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
w
h
ic
h
is
s
tated
as
v
al
id
b
y
e
x
p
er
ts
to
test
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
test
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
tate
m
e
n
t
W
ein
er
an
d
B
r
o
w
n
(
in
[
5
0
]
th
at:
a
g
o
o
d
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
s
s
h
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
v
alid
it
y
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
to
test
i
te
m
v
al
id
it
y
i
s
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
ex
p
er
ts
‟
ass
es
s
m
en
t
[
45]
.
I
n
th
i
s
r
esea
r
ch
,
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
y
d
escr
ip
tiv
el
y
w
a
s
d
o
n
e
b
y
e
v
alu
at
io
n
e
x
p
er
ts
,
m
ater
ial
ex
p
er
ts
,
an
d
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
ex
p
er
ts
.
I
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
s
t
u
d
y
d
escr
ip
t
iv
el
y
w
as
d
o
n
e
b
y
o
b
s
er
v
i
n
g
m
a
ter
ial
asp
ec
t,
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
an
d
la
n
g
u
a
g
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt o
f
v
alid
it
y
f
o
r
th
r
ee
e
x
p
er
ts
is
s
tat
ed
in
T
ab
le
3
.
On
T
ab
le
3
,
it
is
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at
d
ev
elo
p
ed
ass
es
s
m
en
t
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
ar
e
s
tated
v
er
y
s
u
itab
le
b
y
v
alid
ato
r
s
,
th
u
s
af
ter
b
ein
g
r
ev
is
ed
s
u
g
g
es
ted
b
y
v
alid
ato
r
s
,
s
o
th
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
ca
n
b
e
tr
y
o
u
t
test
ed
.
B
ef
o
r
e
tr
y
o
u
t
test
,
c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
lear
n
in
g
th
at
is
i
n
t
eg
r
ated
eth
n
o
-
s
cie
n
ce
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
o
n
ca
r
b
o
h
y
d
r
ate
m
ater
ial
a
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
o
f
f
o
o
d
in
g
r
ed
ien
ts
.
I
n
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
g
i
v
e
e
x
p
lan
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
q
u
e
s
tio
n
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
th
at
i
n
cl
u
d
es
a
s
p
ec
ts
t
h
at
w
ill
b
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
ed
an
d
s
co
r
ed
.
Giv
e
n
q
u
esti
o
n
s
n
ee
d
f
i
n
is
h
i
n
g
s
tep
s
,
ar
g
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
s
an
d
an
al
y
s
is
s
o
it
w
il
l
b
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
r
es
ea
r
ch
er
s
to
s
ee
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
id
b
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
i
n
f
in
d
in
g
t
h
e
a
n
s
w
er
.
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
ab
o
u
t
test
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
i
s
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
to
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
s
o
th
e
y
ca
n
p
r
ep
ar
e
th
e
m
s
el
v
e
s
f
o
r
th
e
tes
t.
T
h
e
Qu
esti
o
n
s
th
at
ar
e
p
r
ep
ar
ed
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as m
o
d
er
ate,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
R
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8822
P
r
elimin
a
r
y
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f A
s
s
e
s
s
men
t I
n
s
tr
u
men
t D
esig
n
to
R
ev
ea
l S
cien
ce
Gen
eric S
kill .
.
.
.
(
W
o
r
o
S
u
ma
r
n
i)
337
b
ec
au
s
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
[
5
1
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
t
h
at
ar
e
to
o
ea
s
y
n
o
t
s
ti
m
u
la
te
s
t
u
d
en
ts
to
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
t
o
s
o
lv
e
it,
o
t
h
er
w
is
e
a
q
u
esti
o
n
th
at
i
s
to
o
h
ar
d
w
ill
ca
u
s
e
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
to
b
e
d
esp
er
ate
an
d
d
o
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
s
p
ir
it
to
tr
y
a
g
ai
n
b
ec
au
s
e
o
u
t
o
f
r
ea
ch
"
.
T
w
o
k
i
n
d
o
f
test
ar
e
also
b
ein
g
test
ed
i
n
t
h
e
lea
r
n
in
g
to
s
i
m
u
late
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ti
m
e.
T
h
e
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
is
d
if
f
er
en
t,
b
u
t
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
to
tal
ite
m
s
ar
e
1
0
0
.
First
tr
y
o
u
t
t
est
w
as
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
w
it
h
th
e
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
f
f
o
o
d
in
g
r
ed
ien
ts
ch
e
m
i
s
tr
y
co
u
r
s
e
s
o
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
L
P
T
K.
An
al
y
ze
q
u
est
io
n
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
u
s
in
g
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2
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ased
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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I
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4
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Dec
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:
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–
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0
338
s
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to
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t,
p
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s
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d
co
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a
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m
a
co
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h
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a,
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k
n
o
w
led
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tact
[
5
3
]
in
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
co
n
te
x
t
[
54]
.
L
i
k
e
w
i
s
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
c
h
er
s
[
55]
,
[
5
6
]
s
h
o
w
ed
th
a
t
t
h
e
q
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e
s
tio
n
"
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h
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lt,
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ter
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tu
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t,
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at
as
s
es
s
m
e
n
t
d
r
af
t
th
a
t
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
h
av
e
f
u
l
f
illed
th
e
cr
i
ter
ia
o
f
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
p
r
ac
ticalit
y
w
h
ich
ar
e
ea
s
y
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
ea
s
y
to
d
o
b
ec
au
s
e
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
n
ee
d
p
ar
ticu
lar
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
a
n
d
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
f
r
ee
to
d
o
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
ea
s
iest
p
ar
t
f
ir
s
t,
ea
s
y
to
c
h
ec
k
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
h
as
b
ee
n
eq
u
ip
p
ed
w
it
h
an
s
w
er
k
e
y
s
an
d
s
co
r
in
g
g
u
id
an
ce
,
an
d
also
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
eq
u
ip
p
ed
w
ith
clea
r
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
i
s
te
n
t
w
it
h
t
h
o
s
e
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
b
y
[
5
7
]
an
d
[
5
4
]
,
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
ev
al
u
atio
n
t
h
at
ta
k
es
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
an
d
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
m
a
y
s
er
v
e
as a
m
o
d
el
t
h
at
co
u
ld
ea
s
il
y
b
e
u
s
ed
in
all
d
is
cip
li
n
es
o
f
s
cien
ce
,
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
m
at
h
e
m
atics.
E
v
en
s
o
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
‟
an
s
w
er
,
it
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
t
h
er
e
w
er
e
s
till
q
u
est
io
n
s
t
h
at
w
er
e
h
ar
d
to
d
o
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
ex
p
lai
n
ed
s
o
m
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
w
h
y
t
h
e
y
c
o
u
ld
n
o
t
f
i
n
is
h
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
w
ell,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e:
1
)
Stu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
u
s
e
d
to
f
in
is
h
a
n
al
y
tical
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
t
h
at
m
ad
e
th
e
m
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
t
h
eir
o
w
n
an
s
w
er
t
h
e
y
n
ee
d
in
th
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
,
2
)
Stu
d
en
t
s
d
id
n
o
t
b
r
av
e
an
d
co
n
f
id
e
n
t
en
o
u
g
h
in
ex
p
lain
i
n
g
id
ea
/o
p
in
io
n
b
y
t
h
eir
o
w
n
w
a
y
,
3
)
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
e
x
p
lai
n
w
r
itte
n
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
f
i
n
is
h
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
lem
also
to
w
r
ite
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
t
h
e
y
d
id
in
s
o
lv
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
So
m
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
o
cc
u
r
i
n
d
at
a
an
al
y
s
is
,
r
elate
d
to
SGS
in
d
i
ca
to
r
s
an
d
ch
e
m
i
s
tr
y
liter
ac
y
.
W
h
en
d
r
af
t
p
lan
n
i
n
g
o
f
ea
r
ly
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
s
o
m
e
q
u
esti
o
n
ite
m
s
w
er
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
ab
le
to
ass
ess
SG
S
in
d
icato
r
s
an
d
also
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
lite
r
ac
y
i
n
d
icato
r
s
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
t
h
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
o
n
th
e
attac
h
m
en
t
o
f
s
cie
n
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
asp
ec
t
i
n
d
icato
r
s
th
at
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
cien
ce
co
n
ce
p
ts
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
w
it
h
SGS
in
d
icato
r
s
r
elatio
n
o
f
ca
u
s
e
an
d
ef
f
ec
t.
B
u
t
ac
tu
a
ll
y
,
wh
en
d
ata
an
al
y
s
i
s
it
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
b
ias
in
d
ec
id
in
g
wh
ich
in
d
icato
r
s
t
h
at
co
u
ld
b
e
ass
es
s
f
r
o
m
a
s
t
u
d
en
t,
wh
eth
er
t
h
e
s
k
i
ll
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
is
s
cien
ce
co
n
ce
p
ts
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
,
o
r
th
e
g
e
n
er
ic
s
k
ill
s
o
f
h
is
ca
u
s
e
an
d
e
f
f
ec
t r
elatio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
in
d
r
af
t
p
lan
n
i
n
g
o
f
tr
y
o
u
t
te
s
t
2
w
i
ll
b
e
co
m
p
letel
y
s
ep
ar
ate
b
etw
ee
n
q
u
es
tio
n
s
to
r
ev
ea
l
SGS
in
d
icato
r
s
an
d
q
u
es
tio
n
s
to
r
ev
ea
l
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
p
lan
n
ed
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
d
r
af
ts
f
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
tr
y
o
u
t
te
s
t
w
er
e
d
esig
n
ed
as
th
e
s
a
m
e
a
s
f
ir
s
t
tr
y
o
u
t
test
w
h
ich
i
n
w
r
itt
en
f
o
r
m
th
at
d
e
m
a
n
d
ed
s
t
u
d
en
ts
to
m
e
m
o
r
ize,
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
d
,
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
ize
t
h
e
ir
id
ea
o
r
s
o
m
et
h
i
n
g
t
h
e
y
lear
n
t
b
y
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
o
r
ex
p
r
es
s
i
n
g
t
h
o
s
e
id
ea
s
i
n
f
o
r
m
o
f
w
r
itte
n
e
s
s
a
y
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
ir
o
w
n
w
o
r
d
s
.
I
f
t
h
at
s
o
,
o
n
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
d
r
af
t
s
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
tr
y
o
u
t
test
,
t
h
er
e
w
o
u
ld
b
e
t
w
o
q
u
esti
o
n
p
ac
k
ag
e,
o
n
e
f
o
r
r
ev
ea
lin
g
SGS
an
d
t
h
e
o
th
er
o
n
e
f
o
r
r
ev
ea
li
n
g
c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
liter
ac
y
t
h
at
co
n
tain
s
o
f
s
ti
m
u
lu
s
/p
ass
a
g
es,
m
ai
n
q
u
es
tio
n
s
a
n
d
an
s
w
er
s
.
I
n
th
is
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
g
ain
f
i
n
al
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
w
h
ic
h
is
v
alid
,
p
r
ac
tical,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t,
th
er
e
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
c
y
cle
(
r
ep
ea
ted
ac
tiv
it
y
)
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e:
r
ep
ea
ted
r
ev
alid
ate
a
n
d
r
ev
is
io
n
to
w
ar
d
s
1
s
t
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
an
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
t
h
at
h
a
v
e
f
u
l
f
illed
v
alid
it
y
w
h
ic
h
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
test
ed
f
o
r
m
an
y
ti
m
es
i
n
th
e
f
ield
u
n
til
it
f
u
l
f
ill
s
th
e
cr
iter
ia
o
f
p
r
ac
tical/
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
es
s
.
A
n
al
y
s
is
co
n
d
u
cted
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
q
u
a
litativ
e
a
n
d
q
u
an
tita
tiv
e
[
5
8
]
[
5
9
]
,
th
en
ass
e
m
b
le
s
in
ter
p
r
eted
to
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lt
a
n
d
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
a
t
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
w
a
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
r
elate
d
to
lo
ca
l
w
is
d
o
m
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
k
ill
le
v
el
o
f
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
an
d
SG
S
s
tu
d
en
t
s
o
f
teac
h
er
ca
n
d
id
ate.
Ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
t
h
at
w
a
s
d
esi
g
n
ed
to
f
u
l
f
il
l
s
t
u
d
en
ts
‟
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
lo
ca
l
cu
lt
u
r
e
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
tated
v
al
id
b
y
e
x
p
er
t
f
r
o
m
m
ater
ial,
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
la
n
g
u
ag
e
s
id
e.
T
h
is
r
es
u
lt
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
ass
es
s
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
b
y
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
k
ill
o
f
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
‟
SGS
h
a
v
e
h
ig
h
in
ter
n
a
l
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
I
n
d
icato
r
s
o
f
u
s
ed
SGS
s
k
il
l
an
d
c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
liter
ac
y
h
a
v
e
f
u
l
f
il
l
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
a
s
g
o
o
d
in
d
icato
r
s
to
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
m
o
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
o
f
ite
m
test
s
t
o
ass
ess
SGS
s
k
ill
a
n
d
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
l
iter
ac
y
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
I
t
w
a
s
n
ee
d
ed
a
s
ep
ar
atio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
q
u
est
io
n
s
to
r
ev
ea
l
SGS
a
n
d
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
l
it
er
ac
y
to
m
a
k
e
s
u
r
e
th
at
it
ca
n
r
ev
ea
l
ea
ch
i
n
d
i
ca
to
r
s
w
ell
(
t
h
er
e
w
ill
b
e
n
o
am
b
i
g
u
o
u
s
i
n
an
a
l
y
s
is
r
es
u
lt)
.
Her
e
b
y
th
i
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
o
f
v
alid
,
r
eliab
l
e,
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
as
s
es
s
m
e
n
t
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
d
r
af
t,
s
o
m
et
h
i
n
g
t
h
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
p
aid
atten
tio
n
to
i
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
t
h
i
s
as
s
es
s
m
e
n
t
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ar
e
i
t
w
a
s
s
till
n
ee
d
ed
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
an
d
s
o
cializa
tio
n
ac
tiv
it
y
w
it
h
ex
p
er
tis
e
i
n
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
ev
al
u
ati
o
n
an
d
also
t
h
e
u
s
er
s
to
m
ak
e
a
g
o
o
d
q
u
alit
y
o
f
lo
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
al
b
ased
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
an
d
b
e
ab
le
to
ass
ess
SGS
a
n
d
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
l
iter
ac
y
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
b
ef
o
r
e
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
th
i
s
as
s
ess
m
e
n
t
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
b
eg
u
n
b
y
et
h
n
o
-
s
cien
ce
b
ased
l
ea
r
n
in
g
a
n
d
m
a
k
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
h
a
v
e
s
cie
n
ce
g
en
er
ic
s
k
il
l a
n
d
ch
e
m
i
s
tr
y
liter
ac
y
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
Gr
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t
ap
p
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ec
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to
P
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.
Dr
.
An
i
R
u
s
ilo
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M.
P
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f
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o
k
;
Dr
.
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n
d
an
g
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339
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
P
.
F
e
n
sh
a
m
,
“
Co
m
p
e
ten
c
ies
fro
m
w
it
h
in
a
n
d
w
it
h
o
u
t:
n
e
w
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
p
o
ss
ib
il
it
ies
f
o
r
sc
ien
ti
f
ic
li
tera
c
y
,”
P
ro
mo
ti
n
g
sc
ien
t
if
ic
li
te
ra
c
y
:
sc
ien
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
,
S
w
e
d
e
n
,
L
in
n
a
e
u
s,
p
p
.
1
1
3
–
1
1
9
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
]
Y.
S
h
w
a
rtz,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ch
e
m
ica
l
li
tera
c
y
:
w
h
a
t
it
m
e
a
n
s
to
s
c
ien
ti
sts
a
n
d
sc
h
o
o
l
tea
c
h
e
rs?
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
h
e
mic
a
l
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
83
,
p
p
.
1
5
5
7
-
1
5
6
1
,
2
0
0
6
.
[3
]
OECD,
“
P
IS
A
2
0
0
9
A
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
F
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
–
Ke
y
C
o
m
p
e
ten
c
ies
In
Re
a
d
in
g
,
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
A
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
,
”
Or
g
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
f
o
r E
c
o
n
o
mic
Co
o
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e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
(
OECD)
,
P
a
ris,
2
0
0
9
.
[4
]
J.
Os
b
o
r
n
e
,
“
S
c
ien
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
tw
e
n
ty
-
f
irst
c
e
n
tu
ry
,
”
E
u
ra
sia
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s,
S
c
ien
c
e
&
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
3
(
3
)
,
p
p
.
1
7
3
–
1
8
4
,
2
0
0
7
.
[5
]
R.
W
.
By
b
e
e
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
I
S
A
2
0
0
6
:
A
n
A
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
S
c
ien
ti
f
ic
L
it
e
ra
c
y
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Res
e
a
rc
h
i
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
4
6
(8
)
,
p
p
.
8
6
5
–
8
8
3
,
2
0
0
9
.
[6
]
C.
G
o
r
m
a
ll
y
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
in
g
a
Tes
t
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
t
if
ic
L
it
e
ra
c
y
S
k
il
ls
(TOS
L
S
):
M
e
a
su
rin
g
Un
d
e
rg
ra
d
u
a
tes
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
S
c
ien
ti
f
ic
In
f
o
rm
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
A
rg
u
m
e
n
ts,
”
CBE
L
if
e
S
c
i
Ed
u
c
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
1
1
(4
)
,p
p
.
3
6
4
–
3
7
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
7
/c
b
e
.
1
2
-
03
-
0
0
2
6
.
[7
]
D.
Co
il
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
th
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
:
f
a
c
u
lt
y
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
a
n
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
”
CBE
L
if
e
S
c
i
Ed
u
c
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
p
p
.
5
2
4
-
5
3
5
,
2
0
1
0
.
[8
]
A
.
F
a
d
ll
a
n
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
c
ien
c
e
g
e
n
e
ric
sk
il
ls
p
h
y
sic
s
tea
c
h
e
r
c
a
n
d
id
a
tes
th
ro
u
g
h
lea
rn
in
g
m
o
d
e
l
g
ro
u
p
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
n
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
c
o
u
rse
,
”
J
u
rn
a
l
Ph
e
n
o
me
n
o
n
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
1
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
3
1
-
4
4
,
2
0
1
1
.
[9
]
Ha
k
sa
n
i
,
“
D
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
g
e
n
e
ric
sk
il
ls
-
b
a
se
d
a
ss
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
to
o
l
in
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
c
h
e
m
istr
y
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
,
”
J
u
rn
a
l
Ch
e
mic
a
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
14
(
1
),
p
p
.
2
7
-
3
7
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
0
]
I.
P
u
jan
i
,
“
T
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
c
ien
c
e
g
e
n
e
ric
sk
il
ls
-
b
a
se
d
lea
rn
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
ls
o
f
th
e
e
a
rth
a
n
d
sp
a
c
e
to
im
p
ro
v
e
th
e
lab
o
ra
to
ry
sk
il
ls
o
f
p
h
y
sic
s te
a
c
h
e
r
c
a
n
d
id
a
tes
,
”
J
u
rn
a
l
Pen
d
i
d
ika
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
3
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
4
7
1
-
4
8
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
1
]
S
u
d
a
rm
in
,
“
En
h
a
n
c
in
g
o
f
th
in
k
i
n
g
a
b
il
it
y
th
ro
u
g
h
lea
rn
in
g
i
n
teg
ra
ted
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
g
e
n
e
ric
sk
il
ls
,
”
A
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ted
in
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
S
e
min
a
r
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
t
io
n
s M
a
th
e
ma
ti
c
s a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
2
]
M
.
S
.
G
ro
n
lu
n
d
a
n
d
J.
L
in
n
,
“
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
A
s
se
s
m
e
n
t
i
n
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
,
”
Ne
w
Je
rs
e
y
,
P
re
n
ti
c
e
-
Ha
ll
,
P
e
a
rso
n
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
Up
p
e
r
S
a
d
d
le Ri
v
e
r,
1
9
9
5
.
[1
3
]
C.
R.
Re
y
n
o
ld
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
A
ss
e
s
m
e
n
t
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
2
n
d
E
d.
Up
p
e
r
S
a
d
d
le
Riv
e
r,
NJ
,
P
e
a
rso
n
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
4
]
K.
G
.
Do
x
a
s
a
n
d
M
.
Kl
y
m
k
o
w
s
k
y
,
“
Un
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
ra
n
d
o
m
n
e
ss
a
n
d
it
s
im
p
a
c
t
o
n
stu
d
e
n
t
lea
rn
in
g
:
les
so
n
s
lea
rn
e
d
f
ro
m
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
th
e
Bi
o
l
o
g
y
Co
n
c
e
p
t
In
v
e
n
t
o
ry
(BCI),
”
CBE
L
if
e
S
c
i
Ed
u
c
.
,
v
o
l.
7
,
p
p
.
2
2
7
–
2
3
3
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
5
]
M
.
S
m
it
h
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
G
e
n
e
ti
c
s C
o
n
c
e
p
t
A
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t:
a
n
e
w
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
in
v
e
n
to
ry
f
o
r
g
a
u
g
in
g
stu
d
e
n
t
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
g
e
n
e
ti
c
s
,
”
CBE
L
if
e
S
c
i
E
d
u
c
.
,
v
o
l.
7
,
p
p
.
4
2
2
–
4
3
0
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
6
]
J.
L
.
S
h
i
h
,
et
a
l.
,
“
A
n
in
q
u
iry
-
b
a
s
e
d
m
o
b
il
e
lea
rn
in
g
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
s
o
c
ial
sc
ien
c
e
lea
rn
in
g
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
&
S
o
c
iet
y
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
1
3
(4
)
,
p
p
.
5
0
-
6
2
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
7
]
C.
Y.
T
su
i
a
n
d
D.
T
re
a
g
u
st,
“
E
v
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
stu
d
e
n
ts‟
sc
ien
ti
f
ic
re
a
so
n
in
g
in
g
e
n
e
ti
c
s
u
sin
g
a
t
w
o
-
ti
e
r
d
iag
n
o
stic i
n
stru
m
e
n
t
,
”
In
t
J
S
c
i
E
d
u
c
.
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
3
–
1
0
9
8
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
8
]
NRC,
“
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
S
tan
d
a
rd
,
”
W
a
sh
in
g
to
n
DC
,
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
A
c
a
d
e
m
y
P
re
ss
,
1
9
9
6
.
[1
9
]
M
.
Ba
u
e
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
W
h
a
t
c
a
n
we
l
e
a
rn
f
ro
m
2
5
y
e
a
rs
o
f
P
US
su
rv
e
y
re
se
a
rc
h
?
,
”
Pu
b
li
c
Un
d
e
rs
t
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
p
p
.
7
9
–
9
5
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
0
]
S
.
S
.
J
u
sn
iar
a
n
d
M
.
A
n
w
a
r,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
G
e
n
e
ric
S
k
il
ls
-
Ba
se
d
A
s
se
ss
m
e
n
t
T
o
o
l
In
P
h
y
sic
a
l
Ch
e
m
istr
y
2
Ex
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
,
”
J
.
Pen
.
Pen
d
.
K
im
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
1
(
1
),
p
p
.
3
5
-
4
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
1
]
D.
W
it
te
a
n
d
K.
Be
e
rs,
“
T
e
stin
g
o
f
c
h
e
m
ica
l
li
tera
c
y
,
”
Ch
e
mic
a
l
Ed
u
c
a
t
io
n
In
ter
n
a
sio
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
4
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
5
,
2
0
0
3
.
[2
2
]
I.
S
u
w
a
rn
a
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
in
g
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3
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R.
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u
d
iatm
ik
a
,
“
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v
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li
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[2
4
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.
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im
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rn
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5
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.
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.
[2
6
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Re
g
m
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n
d
M
.
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lem
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“
In
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7
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.
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n
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[2
8
]
C.
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to
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n
d
M
.
Z.
B
o
o
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h
,
“
C
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lt
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p
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e
:
Its
in
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e
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th
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ts,
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[2
9
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O.
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.
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la,
“
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R.
B.
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D.
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rian
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,
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Id
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ig
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re
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ti
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m
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Bio
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Ed
u
c
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ti
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n
,
F
KI
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,
S
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ra
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2
0
1
0
.
[3
1
]
D.
Ba
k
e
r
a
n
d
P
.
C
.
T
a
y
lo
r,
“
T
h
e
Eff
e
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f
Cu
lt
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re
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e
L
e
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rn
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o
f
S
c
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e
in
No
n
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rn
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tri
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s:
T
h
e
Re
su
lt
o
f
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n
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teg
ra
t
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d
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rc
h
Re
v
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w
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
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l
J
o
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rn
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o
f
S
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,
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p
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6
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340
[3
2
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G
.
A
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a
d
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O
.
Je
g
e
d
e
,
“
Cro
ss
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o
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Res
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6
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p
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2
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[3
3
]
W
.
Co
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n
d
G
.
A
ik
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n
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e
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d
,
“
Cu
lt
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l
A
sp
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9
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6
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[
On
l
in
e
].
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v
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tt
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s 2
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[3
4
]
W
.
W
.
Co
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rn
,
“
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ra
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it
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o
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a
l
C
u
lt
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n
d
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d
u
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Af
rica
:
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L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
Ga
m
e
s?
,”
A
P
a
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e
r
P
re
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e
M
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r
Trad
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l
Cu
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re
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it
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p
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n
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1
9
9
6
.
[3
5
]
O.
S
h
u
m
b
a
,
“
Re
latio
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sh
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
sc
ien
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h
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e
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g
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e
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stru
c
ti
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n
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l
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f
id
e
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o
g
y
,
”
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o
u
rn
a
l
Of
Res
e
a
rc
h
i
n
S
c
ien
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e
T
e
a
c
h
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n
g
,
v
o
l
/
issu
e
:
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(
3
)
,
p
p
.
3
3
3
-
3
3
5
,
1
9
9
9
.
[3
6
]
B.
W
a
ld
rip
a
n
d
P
.
T
a
y
lo
r,
“
P
e
rm
e
a
b
il
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t
y
o
f
stu
d
e
n
ts
w
o
rld
v
ie
w
s
t
o
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e
ir
sc
h
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v
iew
s
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n
o
n
-
w
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ste
rn
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e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
c
o
u
n
try
,
”
J
o
u
n
a
l
o
f
Res
e
a
rc
h
i
n
S
c
ien
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e
T
h
e
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c
h
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n
g
,
v
o
l
.
36
,
p
p
.
2
8
9
-
3
0
3
,
1
9
9
9
.
[3
7
]
M
.
Og
u
n
n
iy
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Na
tu
re
o
f
w
o
rld
v
ie
w
p
re
su
p
p
o
sit
io
n
s
a
m
o
n
g
sc
ien
c
e
tea
c
h
e
rs
in
Bo
tsw
a
n
a
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
jap
a
n
,
Nig
e
ria,
a
n
d
th
e
P
h
il
i
p
p
in
e
s,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Res
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rc
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S
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T
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,
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l
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:
32
(
8
)
,
p
p
.
8
1
7
-
8
3
1
,
1
9
9
5
.
[3
8
]
P
.
E.
Ne
w
to
n
,
“
Clarify
in
g
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
se
s
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
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l
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ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
,
”
Asse
ss
me
n
t
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l/
is
su
e
:
1
4
(2
),
p
p
.
149
–
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7
0
,
2
0
0
7
.
[3
9
]
S
.
M
a
v
in
,
e
t
a
l.
,“
T
h
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
lea
rn
in
g
a
n
d
d
e
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lo
p
m
e
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t
in
t
h
e
w
o
rk
p
l
a
c
e
:
A
re
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
li
tera
tu
re
,
”
2
0
1
4
.
[
On
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:/
/www
.
n
o
rth
u
m
b
ria.ac
.
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k
/static/5
0
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rp
d
f
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e
f
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/h
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fc
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_
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trev
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w
.
p
d
f
.
.
[
A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
1
3
A
u
g
u
st 2
0
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4
]
.
[4
0
]
T
.
P
l
o
m
p
a
n
d
N.
Nie
v
e
e
n
,
“
A
n
In
tro
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u
c
ti
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n
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o
E
d
u
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o
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a
l
De
sig
n
Re
se
a
rc
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,
”
S
h
a
n
g
h
a
i,
Ch
i
n
a
,
2
0
0
7
.
[4
1
]
A
.
Ru
silo
w
a
ti
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
A
s
se
s
m
e
n
t
In
stru
m
e
n
t
,
”
S
e
m
a
ra
n
g
,
Un
n
e
s
P
re
ss
,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
2
]
R.
G
re
g
o
r
y
,
“
P
s
y
c
o
lo
g
ica
l
T
e
stin
g
:
Histo
ry
,
P
rin
c
i
p
les
a
n
d
A
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
”
B
o
sto
n
,
A
ll
y
n
a
n
d
Ba
c
o
n
,
2
0
0
0
.
[4
3
]
H.
C.
Hill
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Un
p
a
c
k
in
g
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ica
l
c
o
n
ten
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
:
Co
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
li
z
in
g
a
n
d
m
e
a
su
rin
g
tea
c
h
e
rs„
to
p
ic
-
sp
e
c
if
ic
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
stu
d
e
n
ts
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
f
o
r
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
3
9
(
4
)
,
p
p
.
3
7
2
–
4
0
0
,
2
0
0
8
.
[4
4
]
S
.
S
c
h
m
e
lzin
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
v
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li
d
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ti
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n
o
f
a
p
a
p
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r
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n
d
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e
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il
tes
t
f
o
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m
e
a
su
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g
tw
o
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
b
io
lo
g
y
tea
c
h
e
rs„
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ica
l
c
o
n
ten
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
in
g
th
e
―c
a
rd
io
v
a
sc
u
lar
s
y
ste
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
M
a
t
h
e
ma
ti
c
s
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
6
9
–
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3
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0
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0
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3
.
d
o
i.
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rg
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/s1
0
7
6
3
-
0
1
2
-
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3
8
4
-
6
.
[4
5
]
S
.
Kra
u
ss
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
ry
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
tea
c
h
e
rs„
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
ten
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
ten
t
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
:
V
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
COA
CT
IV
c
o
n
stru
c
ts,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
a
th
e
ma
ti
c
s
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l/
is
su
e
:
4
0
(
5
),
p
p
.
873
-
8
9
2
,
2
0
0
8
.
[4
6
]
M
.
Jü
tt
n
e
r
a
n
d
B.
J.
Ne
u
h
a
u
s,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
it
e
m
s
f
o
r
a
p
e
d
a
g
o
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ica
l
c
o
n
ten
t
k
n
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led
g
e
-
tes
t
b
a
se
d
o
n
e
m
p
ir
ica
l
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
p
u
p
il
s„
e
rro
rs
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
3
4
(7
)
,
p
p
.
1
1
2
5
–
1
1
4
3
,
2
0
1
2
.
h
tt
p
:
//
d
x
.
d
o
i.
o
rg
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0
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1
0
8
0
/
0
9
5
0
0
6
9
3
.
2
0
1
1
.
6
0
6
5
1
1
.
[4
7
]
M
.
Jü
t
tn
e
r
a
n
d
B
.
Ne
u
h
a
u
s,
“
Va
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
P
a
p
e
r
-
a
n
d
-
P
e
n
c
il
T
e
st
In
stru
m
e
n
t
M
e
a
su
rin
g
Bio
l
o
g
y
T
e
a
c
h
e
rs„
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
ica
l
Co
n
ten
t
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
b
y
Us
in
g
T
h
in
k
-
A
lo
u
d
I
n
t
e
rv
ie
w
s,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
T
ra
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n
in
g
S
tu
d
ies
,v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
1
(
2
),
p
p
.
1
1
3
-
1
2
5
,
20
13
.
h
tt
p
:
//
d
x
.
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o
i.
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rg
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0
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1
0
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9
5
0
0
6
9
3
.
2
0
1
1
.
6
0
6
5
1
1
.
[4
8
]
A
.
L
.
Ga
rd
n
e
r
a
n
d
J.
G
.
N
e
w
so
m
e
,
“
A
ru
b
ric
to
m
e
a
su
re
tea
c
h
e
rs‟
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
in
q
u
iry
-
b
a
se
d
in
stru
c
ti
o
n
u
si
n
g
th
re
e
d
a
ta
so
u
rc
e
s
,”
Pa
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
t
e
d
a
t
th
e
N
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Asso
c
ia
ti
o
n
f
o
r
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
S
c
ien
c
e
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
A
n
n
u
a
l
M
e
e
ti
n
g
,
Orla
n
d
o
,
F
L
.
,
2
0
1
1
.
[4
9
]
D.
M
c
A
ll
ister
a
n
d
R.
M
.
G
u
id
ice
,
“
T
h
is
is
o
n
ly
a
tes
t:
A
m
a
c
h
in
e
-
g
ra
d
e
d
im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
to
th
e
m
u
lt
ip
le
-
c
h
o
ice
a
n
d
tru
e
-
f
a
lse
e
x
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
,
”
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
in
Hig
h
e
r E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
1
7
(2
),
p
p
.
1
9
3
-
2
0
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
0
]
S
.
Ku
sa
e
ri,
“
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
A
s
se
s
m
e
n
t
in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta
,
G
ra
h
a
Il
m
u
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
1
]
S
.
A
rik
u
n
to
,
“
A
n
In
tr
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
,
”
Ja
k
a
rta
,
Bu
m
i
Ak
sa
r
a
,
2
0
1
0
.
[5
2
]
N.
Nie
v
e
e
n
,
“
P
ro
t
o
ty
p
in
g
to
Re
a
c
h
P
ro
d
u
c
t
Qu
a
li
ty
,
”
i
n
J.
v
a
m
d
e
n
A
k
k
e
r,
R
Bra
n
c
h
,
K
G
u
sta
f
so
n
,
N
Nie
v
e
e
n
a
n
d
T
j.
P
l
o
m
p
(Ed
s)
,“
De
sig
n
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s an
d
T
o
o
ls
in
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
T
ra
in
in
g
,”
Do
d
re
c
h
t
,
Klu
w
e
r
A
c
a
d
e
m
ic P
u
b
li
sh
e
r
,
p
p
.
1
2
5
-
136
,
1
9
9
9
.
[5
3
]
J.
I.
M
i
n
tze
s,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
S
c
ien
c
e
F
o
r
Un
d
e
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
,
”
Ca
li
f
o
rn
ia
,
El
se
v
ier A
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
P
re
ss
,
2
0
0
5
.
[5
4
]
T
.
V
a
c
h
li
o
ti
s,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
e
a
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
Un
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
s
T
h
in
k
in
g
i
n
Org
a
n
ic
Ch
e
m
istry
:
V
a
li
d
a
ti
n
g
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Ex
p
l
o
ri
n
g
Re
lat
io
n
s
h
ip
s,
”
Res
S
c
i
Ed
u
c
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
p
p
.
2
3
9
-
2
6
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[5
5
]
K.
S
a
lt
a
a
n
d
C.
T
z
o
u
g
ra
k
i,
“
Atti
tu
d
e
s
T
o
wa
rd
Ch
e
m
istr
y
Am
o
n
g
1
1
th
G
ra
d
e
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
Hi
g
h
S
c
h
o
o
ls
i
n
G
re
e
c
e
,
”
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l/
is
su
e
:
8
8
(
4
),
p
p
.
5
3
5
-
5
4
7
,
2
0
0
4
.
D
OI 1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/sc
e
.
1
0
1
3
4
.
[5
6
]
O.
L
.
L
iu
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
ss
e
ss
in
g
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
in
sc
ien
c
e
:
Co
n
stru
c
t
,
m
e
a
su
re
s,
a
n
d
e
v
id
e
n
c
e
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Asse
ss
me
n
t
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
13
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
3
3
–
5
5
,
2
0
0
8
.
[5
7
]
A
.
Kh
o
u
k
h
i,
“
A
S
tru
c
tu
re
d
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
t
o
H
o
n
o
u
rs
U
n
d
e
rg
ra
d
u
a
te
Re
se
a
rc
h
Co
u
rse
,
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
Ru
b
ri
c
s
a
n
d
A
s
se
ss
m
e
n
t,
”
S
c
i
Ed
u
c
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
p
p
.
6
3
0
-
6
5
0
,
2
0
1
3
.
DO
I
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s
1
0
9
5
6
-
0
1
2
-
9
4
1
9
-
3
.
[5
8
]
J.
W
.
Cre
ss
w
e
ll
,
“
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Re
se
a
rc
h
:
P
lan
n
in
g
,
C
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
,
A
n
d
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
Qu
a
n
t
it
a
ti
v
e
A
n
d
Qu
a
li
tativ
e
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
4
th
e
d
.
,
”
S
a
n
F
ra
n
c
isc
o
,
P
e
a
rso
n
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
In
c
.
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
9
]
R.
S
o
o
b
a
rd
a
n
d
M
.
Ra
n
n
ik
m
ä
e
,
“
A
ss
e
s
sin
g
stu
d
e
n
t‟s
lev
e
l
o
f
sc
ien
ti
f
ic
li
tera
c
y
u
si
n
g
in
terd
isc
ip
l
in
a
ry
sc
e
n
a
rio
s,
”
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
22
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
1
3
3
-
1
4
4
,
2
0
1
1
.
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