In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f E
v
al
u
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
R
e
se
arc
h
in
Ed
u
c
ation
(
IJERE
)
V
o
l.7,
N
o.3,
S
eptem
b
er
2
01
8
,
pp. 188~
1
9
3
IS
S
N
: 2252-
88
22
D
O
I
: 10.
1
1
591
/i
jere
.v7.i
3
.
134
26
188
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
ERE
/
Do Mobile Techno
logy
i
n the Classroom R
eally Im
p
rove
Learning Outc
o
mes?
S
h
azia Z
ah
e
e
r
1
, Saad
M
B
ut
t
2
,
Gn
evash
e
va V
e
r
a
A
n
a
tolyevn
a
3
,
Hosn
a
S
a
lm
an
i
4
1
Naj
r
an
Un
i
v
e
rsity K
i
n
gd
o
m
o
f S
a
ud
i
a
Arab
i
a
2
Atlan
t
i
c
I
ntern
a
ti
on
a
l
U
n
i
v
e
rsi
t
y, Unit
e
d St
ates o
f
A
m
erica
3
MG
IMO University, Rus
s
i
a
4
S
c
hoo
l of Heal
th
M
anag
emen
t a
n
d
Inf
o
rm
ation
S
c
ien
ces,
Ira
n
Univ
ersity
o
f M
e
dical
S
c
i
ences
, T
e
h
ran,
Iran.
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
M
ay
2
5
, 2
018
Re
vise
d Ju
n 2
0
,
2018
A
c
c
e
pte
d
J
u
l
26,
201
8
Thi
s
a
rticl
e
a
ims
to
o
u
t
l
i
ne
d
i
f
f
e
ren
t
p
ed
agog
ical
s
trateg
ies
w
it
h
a
p
pli
cat
ions
(app
s)
i
n
th
e
clas
sroo
m.
E
very
y
ear
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
mob
ile
d
ev
ices
l
i
k
e
tabl
ets
and
sm
art
pho
nes
i
n
creases
.
A
t
t
he
s
a
m
e
t
i
m
e
,
applicat
io
n
s
a
re
b
ei
ng
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
t
o
m
eet
t
h
i
s
dem
a
n
d
.
It
i
s
t
h
eref
ore
ess
e
nti
a
l
th
at
e
du
c
a
t
o
rs
i
nv
e
s
t
i
g
at
e
t
h
eir
us
e
as
a
m
oti
v
at
ional
t
echn
o
lo
g
i
cal
m
ed
ium
that
c
an
p
os
si
b
l
y
b
e
u
s
e
d
in
t
he
clas
sro
o
m.
A
pp
s
can
b
e
us
ed
b
ot
h
as
a
s
ou
rce
of
inf
o
r
m
a
tio
n as
well
a
s a
too
l
f
o
r
creati
n
g
material
.
Th
u
s
,
th
is
a
rt
icl
e
w
ill
p
r
es
ent
the
res
u
lts
o
f
a
study
app
l
y
i
ng
t
e
ach
in
g
s
t
rat
e
gies
i
n
d
i
ff
erent
cont
ext
s
.
It
t
heref
o
r
e
h
i
ghl
ights
th
e
im
p
o
rt
a
n
ce
of
m
obile
l
earn
i
n
g
a
s
a
vi
able
a
lternat
iv
e
i
n
t
h
e
c
l
ass
r
oo
m
.
I
n
ord
e
r
to
d
o
s
o
,
there
was
a
m
u
lti
p
le
case
stu
dy
in
t
h
e
underg
ra
du
at
e
ped
a
go
gy
p
r
ogra
m
a
nd
a
d
ig
ital
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
c
ou
rse
f
o
r
sen
i
o
r
s,
b
o
th
o
ff
ered
i
n
th
e
fi
rst
s
e
mes
t
e
r
o
f
20
17
at
t
h
e
F
ed
eral
U
ni
vers
it
y
o
f
R
i
o
G
ra
n
d
e
do
S
u
l
(UF
R
GS
).
E
d
u
cati
o
n
a
l
ap
pl
ication
s
a
n
d
e
xam
p
l
e
s
of
t
each
in
g
s
t
ra
te
gi
e
s
us
in
g
ap
ps
w
ere
creat
ed
i
n
t
h
es
e
class
e
s.
E
d
u
cation
a
l
ap
plicati
o
n
s
o
f
f
e
r
t
h
e
poss
ibi
lity
t
o
br
i
n
g
innovati
ons
t
o
teachi
n
g
pract
ices
,
as
w
el
l
a
s
new
f
o
rms
of
com
m
unicat
io
n
,
i
nt
eracti
on
and
aut
hors
h
i
p
,
thus
c
ont
rib
u
ting
t
o
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
of
t
eachi
n
g
and
learn
i
ng
.
K
eyw
ord
:
Ed
uca
t
i
ona
l A
p
p
l
ica
t
i
o
ns
Mo
bi
le
l
ear
nin
g
Te
ac
hi
ng
St
r
ate
g
i
e
s.
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
018 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
Scien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Sha
z
ia
Z
ahee
r,
Fa
cult
y
o
f
S
cie
n
ce
and A
r
ts
S
ha
rura
h, N
ajran
Unive
r
si
t
y
K
in
g
d
o
m
o
f
Sa
ud
i
a
A
r
a
b
i
a
Em
ail:
Shaz
iaz
a
h
eer
_
1
7
@
y
a
h
oo.com
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Th
e
nu
mb
e
r
o
f
mo
bi
l
e
d
ev
ices
b
ei
ng
p
ro
duc
ed
a
nd
o
ffe
red
to
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
n
i
ncreas
es
e
very
y
ear.
I
n
“
T
he
A
ustral
ia
n
Me
dia
S
t
ud
y"
[
1]
t
he
c
e
l
l
u
lar
ph
one
w
a
s
r
anke
d
a
s
t
he
s
e
c
on
d
me
an
s
o
f
a
cc
es
sing
t
he
Interne
t
(
6
6
%)
,
fol
l
ow
e
d
by
t
h
e
ta
ble
t
(
7
%
).
T
his
sh
ow
s
tha
t
A
u
stra
l
i
a
n
u
se
p
h
one
s
fo
r
diffe
r
en
t
p
u
r
pose
s
,
inc
l
ud
ing
to
a
cce
ss
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
I
nter
net
to
o
l
s.
T
here
a
re
d
iffe
rent
r
ea
sons
f
or
t
h
i
s,
i
nc
lud
i
ng
the
qu
ic
k
l
ear
ning
curve
to
u
se
t
he
se
d
ev
ice
s
(
ma
inly
d
ue
t
o
the
i
n
tera
ct
ive
to
uc
h
s
cre
e
n
),
m
obi
li
ty,
usa
b
il
it
y
[2-4]
,
f
ast
c
o
mmu
n
i
cati
o
n
and
fre
q
u
e
nt
u
pd
at
es
.
Wi
th
t
hi
s
con
t
ext
in
m
i
n
d
,
it
is
i
m
por
tan
t
t
ha
t
t
h
e
deve
l
opm
e
n
t
of
t
his
new
mode
of
c
o
m
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on and rea
s
on
ing is als
o
i
n
c
o
rpor
ated in
t
he
c
las
s
room t
o
ke
e
p
up w
ith the
c
h
a
nge
s
in
s
oc
i
e
ty.
Th
u
s
,
one
c
a
n
p
re
pa
re
a
s
ub
jec
t
t
o
use
m
o
b
ile
t
e
c
hn
ol
ogy
n
ot
o
nl
y
fo
r
en
t
e
rta
i
n
m
e
n
t
,
but
a
lso
f
o
r
educ
a
t
i
o
na
l
g
o
a
ls an
d
t
o
m
eet
the
i
r
daily lif
e
n
eeds
mor
e
prod
u
ctive
l
y
[5].
O
n
e
o
f
t
he
m
os
t
c
o
mm
on
ly
u
se
d
t
o
ol
s
o
n
m
ob
i
l
e
de
v
i
c
e
s
a
r
e
app
l
i
ca
t
i
on
s,
o
r
dig
i
t
a
l
res
o
u
r
c
e
s
d
e
si
gn
ed
t
o
carry
o
ut
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
a
s
k
s
s
u
c
h
as
c
o
m
mu
ni
c
a
t
i
ng
,
pl
a
y
i
ng,
c
re
ati
n
g
tex
t
,
e
t
c
.
C
urrent
l
y
t
he
re
a
r
e
a
b
out
1
.4
3
mi
ll
io
n
a
p
pl
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
(
app
s
)
a
v
a
ila
b
l
e
on
G
o
ogle
Pl
a
y
(
h
ttp
s:
//
pla
y
.g
oo
g
l
e.
co
m
/
st
ore
?
h
l
=p
t-B
R
)
,
and
1.
2
1
T
h
i
s
p
a
p
er
i
s
s
t
ruc
t
ur
e
d
i
n
s
i
x
sect
i
ons.
T
h
e
first
add
re
sse
s
th
e
co
n
c
ept
of
m
ob
il
e
l
e
arni
ng
(
se
cti
o
n
2
)
.
Th
e
n
s
e
c
t
i
on
3
d
esc
r
i
b
es
t
h
e
m
eth
odo
logy
u
se
d
in
t
h
i
s
stu
d
y
.
N
e
xt
e
xa
mple
s
of
t
he
u
se
a
nd
c
o
n
struc
t
ion
of
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
a
pp
lica
tio
ns
s
u
p
p
o
rte
d
b
y
e
d
uc
at
iona
l
st
r
a
t
e
gie
s
a
re
p
rese
nt
e
d
i
n
sec
tio
n
4.
L
a
s
t
l
y,
s
ec
t
i
o
n
5
prese
n
t
s
t
he
c
onc
lus
i
ons.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJERE
I
S
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
Do
Mo
bil
e
T
e
c
h
nol
og
y
i
n
t
h
e Cl
a
s
sroo
m Real
l
y
Im
p
r
o
v
e
L
e
a
r
ning
Ou
t
c
o
m
es?
(S
ha
zi
a
Zah
e
e
r
)
18
9
2.
MOB
I
LE
L
EARNING
C
u
rre
ntly,
m
o
bile
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
s
the
i
n
cr
easi
n
g
l
y
u
s
ed
i
n
di
ffer
e
n
t
sect
o
r
s
of
s
oc
iet
y
.
Ed
ucat
i
on,
i
n
tur
n
,
nee
d
s
t
o
b
e
co
ns
tan
t
l
y
u
pda
te
d
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
sup
por
t
its
s
t
u
d
en
ts.
Th
is
b
r
i
ngs
n
e
w
c
ha
ll
e
n
g
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
educ
a
t
i
o
na
l
sector,
such
a
s the
Mob
ile
Lea
rni
ng ap
pr
oac
h
(
M-Lea
rning).
M
-
Lea
r
n
i
ng
,
i
n
co
rp
o
r
a
t
e
s
t
he
u
s
e
o
f
mob
i
l
e
t
e
c
h
nol
ogi
e
s
,
sep
a
ra
te
ly
o
r
t
oge
t
h
e
r
w
it
h
ot
her
Infor
m
a
tio
n
a
nd
Com
m
un
ic
a
t
i
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
log
i
es
(
ICT
)
[
6-8]
.
Thus,
t
hi
s
ty
p
e
o
f
t
ech
nol
ogy
c
a
n
p
rov
i
de
stude
n
t
s
w
i
th
possi
b
ili
ti
es
t
o
con
s
t
r
uc
t
a
n
d
impr
o
v
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
a
t
a
n
y
t
i
m
e
or
p
lac
e
.
A
ccor
d
i
n
g
to
L
e
ite
[
9]
,
M-Lea
r
ni
n
g
c
an
o
cc
ur
i
n
si
t
u
ati
o
ns
w
her
e
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
c
an
o
ffe
r
t
he
s
t
ude
nt
m
e
a
ns
t
o
b
u
i
l
d
t
he
i
r
k
n
o
w
l
edge
.
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
a
s
im
p
l
e
r
a
n
dom
u
se
o
f
a
m
o
bil
e
d
e
v
ic
e
t
o
p
e
r
form
a
n
i
s
o
la
ted
ac
t
i
v
i
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
c
l
assr
oom
i
s
no
t
mobi
le
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g.
I
n
order
to
b
e
e
ffe
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
un
derst
o
o
d
a
s
such,
t
he
t
ea
cher
n
ee
ds
t
o
in
te
gra
t
e
t
h
e
use
of
tech
n
o
l
o
gy
w
it
h
peda
gog
ic
a
l
p
la
nni
n
g
t
ha
t
inv
o
l
ve
s
the
stu
d
y
o
f
c
on
te
n
t
,
te
ach
i
n
g
ma
terial
s,
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
io
n
st
r
a
te
gie
s
a
nd
a
c
tiv
i
ties.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
on
t
o
sup
p
o
rt
in
g
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
a
c
tiv
i
t
ie
s,
t
h
i
s
t
y
p
e
o
f
l
e
a
rn
i
n
g
can
a
ls
o
aid
t
h
e
int
e
rac
t
io
n
and
com
m
unic
a
t
io
n
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
o
s
e
i
n
v
o
l
ve
d
i
n
t
he
e
duca
tio
na
l
pr
o
c
ess.
A
c
c
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
B
a
tista
[
10],
M
-
Le
ar
ning
p
r
ov
id
e
s
o
pport
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
to
u
ni
t
e
p
eo
pl
e
i
n
r
ea
l
and
vi
rtua
l
wo
rl
ds,
c
r
ea
tin
g
lear
nin
g
com
m
uni
t
i
e
s
a
mong
teac
hers
a
n
d
s
t
u
de
n
t
s.
T
his
o
ccur
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
a
i
m
t
o
i
nte
g
ra
te
t
h
e
pr
ocess
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
ing
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
w
it
h
t
h
e
us
e
of
m
o
b
ile
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
og
ie
s.
T
here
fore
,
t
h
ere
is
t
he
n
e
e
d
t
o
cre
a
te
one
o
r
mor
e
t
ea
c
h
i
ng
s
t
ra
t
e
g
i
e
s
t
o
s
u
pp
o
r
t
t
h
i
s
educ
a
t
i
o
na
l
proc
ess,
o
r
a
pos
si
bl
e
se
t
o
f
e
d
u
cati
o
na
l
act
i
v
it
ie
s
tha
t
c
a
n
b
e
a
p
p
lied
a
ccor
d
in
g
t
o
t
he
i
nd
i
v
i
d
ua
l
and
/
or
c
o
l
lect
i
v
e
nee
d
s
o
f
s
tu
de
n
t
s
[11-1
3
].
O
ne
p
ossi
bi
lit
y
i
s
t
he
u
se
o
f
a
p
p
lic
at
io
ns
i
n
t
h
e
c
l
assro
o
m
,
w
hic
h
w
ill
be di
s
cus
s
e
d
bel
o
w
.
2
.
1
.
The
u
se o
f
educa
t
io
na
l app
l
i
c
a
t
io
ns in
th
e
mo
bile
l
earn
i
n
g
p
roce
ss
A
p
p
lica
tio
ns (
a
pps), as descr
i
bed a
b
ov
e,
a
re pro
gram
s de
sig
n
e
d
e
s
pe
c
i
a
lly
f
or m
obi
le
p
l
a
t
f
orm
s
suc
h
a
s
s
mart
ph
on
es
a
nd
t
a
b
l
e
t
s
[
14
].
W
h
e
n
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
c
l
assroom,
t
h
ey
c
a
n
b
e
c
om
e
an
e
d
u
c
a
tio
na
l
re
sour
ce
[15]
,
c
a
p
a
bl
e
of
p
rov
i
di
ng
a
n
i
nnov
a
tiv
e
,
d
yn
a
m
ic
,
i
n
t
e
ra
c
t
iv
e
,
c
o
l
l
a
bora
t
i
v
e
a
nd
e
v
e
n
p
la
y
f
u
l
k
now
led
g
e
b
u
i
l
d
in
g
proce
s
s.
Ther
e
are
t
o
o
l
s
tha
t
a
l
l
ow
t
eac
hers
a
nd
s
tu
de
nts
to
bui
ld
t
he
ir
o
w
n
e
duca
t
i
ona
l
a
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
ns.
S
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
ese
a
r
e
av
ail
a
bl
e
i
n
f
re
e
v
e
rs
ion
s
.
Fo
r
ex
amp
l
e,
t
h
e
F
á
b
ri
ca
d
e
A
pli
cat
i
v
os
(ht
t
p:
//
fa
br
i
c
ad
ea
plic
a
t
i
v
os.
c
o
m
.br/)
ena
b
le
s
the
cre
a
t
i
on
of a
p
p
li
c
a
t
i
on
s
fo
r
mo
bi
l
e
d
evi
c
e
s
i
n
dif
f
e
re
nt
a
re
as,
offe
ri
ng a
re
asona
b
l
e
am
o
u
nt
o
f feat
ure
s
.
Th
is
p
e
r
spec
ti
ve
c
on
te
nd
s
t
h
at
t
he
c
o
n
s
t
ruc
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
use
o
f
a
p
p
s
c
a
n
b
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
o
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
o
b
j
e
ct
iv
e
s
,
c
h
al
l
e
ng
ing
edu
cat
o
r
s
and
stud
en
ts
a
n
d
al
so
p
ro
mp
t
i
ng
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
s
i
n
t
ea
c
h
in
g
an
d
l
e
arn
i
ng.
I
n
add
i
tio
n,
a
p
p
-bu
i
ldi
ng
is
a
w
ay
t
o
m
e
d
i
a
t
e
le
a
r
ni
ng
w
ith
t
he
u
s
e
o
f
m
obile
d
e
v
ic
es
i
n
the
c
l
as
sroom
.
There
f
ore
,
i
nst
e
ad
o
f
pro
h
ib
it
in
g
t
h
e
use
of
t
hese
d
e
v
ice
s
,
ped
ag
o
g
ica
l
s
trateg
ies
m
u
st
b
e
cr
eate
d
t
o
bri
ng
t
h
e
educ
a
t
i
o
na
l
en
vir
onm
en
t cl
os
er
to the
curr
en
t soc
i
al
r
ea
lit
y.
H
e
nce
,
it is ar
g
ued
t
h
a
t
tea
che
r
s and st
ude
n
t
s
m
a
y grad
ua
l
l
y
fi
nd n
e
w
w
a
ys
t
o use
a
p
plica
tio
ns. T
hey
w
ill
no
l
onge
r
be
s
ol
el
y
for
enter
t
a
i
nme
n
t,
but
i
ncre
asi
n
gly
us
e
d
t
o
s
o
lve
e
v
ery
d
a
y
p
r
o
bl
e
m
s.
A
uton
om
y,
col
l
a
bora
t
i
o
n
a
nd
inter
a
c
t
i
o
n
ar
e
also
m
o
tiv
a
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
i
s
s
tr
a
t
e
g
y
,
si
nce
s
t
ude
nts
c
a
n
ta
k
e
a
n
a
u
thoria
l
sta
n
c
e
from
t
he
s
e
a
rc
h
for
usef
u
l
a
p
p
l
i
ca
tio
ns
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
c
r
ea
tio
n
a
n
d
s
ha
ri
ng
o
f
th
i
s
r
e
s
ource
w
it
h
t
h
e
c
l
a
s
s.
I
t
is
a
l
s
o
a
w
a
y
t
o
u
nite
t
h
e
ory
an
d pr
act
i
c
e
, e
nabl
in
g t
h
e c
onstr
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
me
an
i
n
g
f
o
r t
h
e co
v
e
red
c
o
n
t
ent
.
H
o
w
e
ver,
s
impl
y
usin
g
a
p
pli
c
a
t
i
o
ns
i
s
no
t
s
u
ffic
i
e
nt
t
o
su
pp
ort
e
du
ca
ti
o
n
al
g
oal
s
.
I
t
i
s
nec
e
ssar
y
t
o
form
ula
t
e
pe
da
go
g
i
c
a
l
s
t
r
a
te
g
i
es
t
ha
t
inte
grate
t
h
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
ts
i
n
vo
l
v
ed
i
n
th
e
pr
ocess
o
f
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
a
n
d
l
ea
r
n
in
g
to
p
r
o
mote
q
u
a
li
t
y
e
du
ca
ti
on
.
Thus,
the
f
o
l
l
ow
i
n
g
sec
t
i
o
ns
w
i
l
l
p
rese
nt
s
om
e
pe
da
go
gi
c
a
l
s
tra
t
e
g
i
e
s
use
d
f
or
th
i
s
s
t
u
dy t
o
a
d
d
ress
t
h
e
cr
ea
ti
on a
n
d use
o
f
a
pp
lica
t
io
ns in
t
he
cla
ssr
oom
.
3.
METHODOLOG
Y
Thi
s
p
ap
e
r
e
x
p
lo
res
p
e
d
a
gog
i
c
al
s
t
r
at
e
g
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
c
an
b
e
a
d
opt
ed
to
c
re
a
t
e
ed
uc
at
iona
l
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns.
Th
e
re
se
arc
h
i
s
d
e
sc
ri
ptiv
e
th
eo
ret
i
c
al
-p
ra
ct
i
c
a
l
,
b
e
cau
se
i
t
i
s
de
d
i
ca
ted
to
t
he
(
r
e
)c
onstruc
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
d
ea
s
and
impro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
r
i
nc
i
p
al
s
r
e
l
a
ted
to
s
t
udie
s
of
mo
b
i
le
l
e
a
rn
in
g
a
n
d
a
uth
o
r
s
h
i
p.
I
n order
t
o
m
e
e
t
t
h
e pro
pos
ed
ob
jec
t
i
v
es,
t
h
e
st
ud
y
w
a
s
c
o
n
duc
te
d
in
t
hr
ee
re
cursive
ste
p
s.
1
)
Co
ns
truc
t
i
on
of
t
he
t
he
o
r
etica
l
f
ra
me
w
o
rk
o
f
the
the
m
e
s
:
mobi
le
l
e
a
rni
ng,
m
obile
d
evice
s
,
e
duca
t
io
na
l
a
p
plic
a
t
ions,
au
t
hors
h
i
p
.
2)
P
lann
ing
an
d
implem
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
l
ass
and
w
o
rks
h
o
p
:
t
he
i
n
t
e
n
tio
n
w
a
s
to
p
l
a
n
a
n
d
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
inc
l
ude
t
he
a
u
t
h
o
r
'
s
de
ve
l
o
p
m
ent
of
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
a
pp
lica
tio
ns.
A
n
un
de
rgr
a
dua
te
c
our
se
a
n
d
a
c
on
t
i
n
u
i
ng
educ
a
t
i
o
n
w
o
rksh
o
p
w
ere
u
s
ed.
3)
D
e
v
e
l
opme
n
t
of
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
ona
l
s
t
r
at
e
g
ie
s
for
t
h
e
educ
at
iona
l
use
of
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns:
T
h
i
s
s
te
p
w
a
s
b
a
sed
o
n
t
he
t
he
or
et
i
c
al
f
ra
me
w
o
rk
an
d
t
h
e
re
su
lts
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d
in
t
he
u
n
d
ergr
a
dua
te
course
an
d
c
on
ti
nue
d e
d
u
c
a
t
io
n w
o
rksh
o
p
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
2
5
2
-
88
22
I
J
ERE
Vol.
7, No.
3
, Se
pt
e
m
b
e
r
2018
: 188
– 193
19
0
Ther
e
were
t
wo
d
a
t
a
c
o
lle
ctio
n
i
n
st
r
u
me
nts
used
:
a)
P
a
r
tic
ipa
n
t
o
b
s
e
r
v
a
ti
on;
b
)
Dat
a
c
ol
l
ect
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
A
V
A
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
pr
ese
n
t
s
t
he
t
r
a
j
e
ct
or
y
a
n
d
r
e
sults
of thi
s
research.
4.
TRAJECT
O
RY AND
R
E
S
ULT
S
Th
e
con
s
t
r
u
c
tio
n
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
on
a
l
a
pp
s
i
n
t
he
c
l
a
ssr
o
o
m
i
nv
olv
e
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
(
t
h
e
y
h
a
d
t
o
r
e
sea
r
ch
a
bo
u
t
t
he
a
p
p
lic
a
tio
n
s
a
nd
t
h
e
m
es
f
or
t
he
m)
.
Mor
e
ove
r
,
t
he
y
had
to
r
e
a
d,
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
te
xts
a
nd
w
r
ite
fo
r
th
ei
r
a
p
plic
a
t
ion
s
.
He
n
c
e
,
t
h
i
s
mul
t
i
pl
e
c
a
s
e
s
t
udy
i
nv
ol
v
e
d
t
w
o
gr
ou
ps
o
f
stu
d
e
n
ts,
a
n
u
n
d
e
r
gr
a
dua
te
p
e
d
a
go
gy
c
ou
rse
and
an
e
xt
en
si
on
c
ou
rse
fo
r
se
nio
r
s.
T
hi
s
e
n
a
b
l
e
d
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
of
h
ow
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
ona
l
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
tio
ns
c
a
n
e
nha
nce
t
h
e
teac
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
in
g
of
s
tude
n
t
s
thr
o
ug
h
M-
Lea
rn
ing
.
4.
1.
T
h
e
c
on
st
r
u
c
t
io
n
of
a
p
p
li
c
a
t
i
on
s
i
n
a
p
ed
ago
g
i
ca
l
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
du
ate
cour
se
Bui
l
d
i
ng
a
n
a
p
p
l
i
ca
tio
n
i
n
t
h
e
u
nder
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
co
ur
se
b
ega
n
by
p
l
anni
ng
a
g
roup
t
a
s
k
,
w
h
i
ch
w
a
s
t
o
de
sig
n
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
a
n
e
d
uc
atio
na
l
a
pp.
T
he
t
hem
e
s
w
e
r
e
t
o
be
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
t
o
p
i
c
s
studi
e
d
i
n
cl
ass
o
r
a
bo
ut
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
te
chn
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
e
d
ucat
i
on,
a
n
is
s
u
e
cl
ose
l
y
l
i
nk
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
o
f
t
h
e
c
l
a
s
s
.
I
t
a
s
k
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
a
p
p
s
t
o
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
h
e
m
e
(
i
n
t
h
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
d
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
)
,
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
n
e
du
c
a
t
i
o
nal
a
pp,
a
p
p
lic
a
tio
n
t
i
ps,
e
x
am
pl
e
s
f
r
o
m
vi
de
os,
p
h
o
t
o
a
l
b
u
m
,
a
udi
o,
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
an
d
cr
e
d
it
s
(
a
ut
hor
s)
[
16]
.
The
ac
t
i
v
i
t
y
b
e
g
an
i
n
t
h
e
wee
k
t
ha
t
d
i
sc
usse
d
t
h
e
to
p
i
c
"
M
ob
i
l
e
L
ea
r
n
i
ng,
”
las
t
i
ng
f
o
r
1
4
m
o
r
e
d
ays
(
i
n
c
l
udi
ng
d
ist
a
n
c
e
le
a
r
n
i
ng
)
.
A
t
th
e
en
d
of
t
hi
s
t
i
m
e
,
s
t
u
d
e
nt
s
p
o
st
ed
t
h
e
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on
l
i
nk
i
n
th
e
virt
u
a
l
lea
r
n
i
n
g
e
nv
i
r
onm
en
t
R
OOD
A.
T
his
is
a
v
irtua
l
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
p
l
a
t
f
or
m
f
o
r
dis
t
a
n
ce
l
ear
nin
g
(
h
ttps
:
/
/
e
a
d
.
u
fr
gs.
b
r
/
r
o
o
d
a/)
,
w
hic
h
w
as
u
se
d
to
p
la
n
a
n
d
or
ga
n
i
z
e
th
e
"M
edi
a
,
Di
git
a
l
Tech
nol
og
ies
a
nd
Ed
uc
at
ion”
c
la
ss
o
f
f
e
r
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
h
al
f
of
t
he
d
ay
t
i
m
e
p
e
d
a
g
o
gy
co
ur
se
o
f
f
er
ed
i
n
t
h
e
first
sem
e
ster
o
f
2
0
1
7
a
t
U
F
R
G
S
/
Br
az
i
l
.
Th
is
a
p
p
l
i
cati
o
n
ha
s
pr
o
v
i
de
d
su
p
por
t
f
o
r
thi
s r
e
search.
Exam
p
l
es
o
f
a
pps
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
u
nde
r
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
c
o
ur
se
a
r
e
p
r
e
s
en
ted
be
low
(
F
ig
ur
es
1
a
nd
2)
.
The
s
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
ons
c
a
n
b
e
acc
essed
a
t
t
he
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
ddr
e
s
s
pr
ov
i
d
e
d
a
n
d
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
e
d
o
n
a
m
o
b
i
l
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
.
T
h
e
y
a
r
e
st
ill
ava
ila
b
l
e
o
n
the
I
n
t
erne
t
and n
o
t
thr
ou
g
h
a
ny s
p
e
c
i
f
ic
m
o
b
i
le de
v
i
c
e
ap
p st
ore
.
F
i
gur
e
1.
E
xam
p
le
o
f
a
n
a
p
p
lica
t
i
on
m
a
de
by
a
st
ude
n
t
i
n
the
ed
uc
a
t
i
o
n
class.
A
vaila
b
l
e
at:
ht
tp:
/
/
g
a
leria
.
fa
brica
d
e
a
p
l
icat
i
vos.c
om
.br
/
r
e
pos
itori
o_
d
i
g
ita
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ERE
I
S
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
D
o
Mob
i
le T
echn
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
th
e Class
r
o
o
m
Re
ally I
m
prove
L
e
arn
i
n
g
O
u
tc
om
es? (
S
h
a
z
i
a Z
a
he
er)
19
1
F
i
gur
e
2.
E
xam
p
le
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
m
a
de
by
a
stu
d
e
n
t
i
n
t
he
e
duca
tio
n
clas
s. Avai
l
ab
le
a
t
:
ht
t
p
:
/
/
g
a
ler
i
a
.
fa
br
ica
d
e
a
p
l
icat
i
vos.
c
om
.
b
r
/
in
f
o
p
l
a
n
-
t
ur
ma
b-
midi
as#g
sc
.t
a
b
=
0
4.
2.
C
on
st
ru
c
t
ion
of
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
s
in
a
n
eld
e
rly
d
i
gi
t
a
l
in
clu
s
i
on
c
ou
rse
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
a
bo
ut
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
ap
pli
c
a
tion
s
by
t
h
e
eld
e
r
l
y
i
s
s
ti
ll
qu
i
t
e
re
cent
a
n
d
t
h
ere
a
r
e
few
app
s
ge
ar
e
d
t
o
w
ar
d
th
is
p
op
ula
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
o
se
a
va
ila
ble
ar
e
pr
ima
r
i
l
y
r
e
late
d
to
t
h
e
h
ea
lt
h
of
t
he
e
lde
r
ly
(
m
e
d
i
ca
t
i
o
n
w
a
r
n
in
gs,
d
i
a
b
etes
c
o
n
t
r
o
l,
e
tc.
)
.
I
t
i
s
w
o
r
t
h
i
n
quir
i
ng
w
h
en
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
on
w
il
l
pr
o
d
u
ce
a
pp
lic
at
ion
s
a
nd
/
o
r
in
ves
t
iga
t
e
tea
c
hi
n
g
s
tra
t
e
g
ie
s
t
h
a
t
m
e
e
t
t
h
e
el
der
l
y’
s
o
t
her
n
e
e
d
s
(
soci
al
,
cul
t
u
r
a
l
,
t
e
c
hno
log
i
ca
l
,
e
t
c
.).
The
r
ef
ore,
t
he
r
e
i
s
a
de
ma
n
d
e
x
ists
t
o
cr
ea
te
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
cal
s
t
r
at
e
g
ie
s
th
at
c
an
a
ssis
t
i
n
t
he
e
lde
r
ly’s
c
rit
i
ca
l
de
ve
l
opme
n
t
thr
o
ug
h,
f
or
e
xam
p
l
e
,
auth
or
sh
ip.
The
D
i
gita
l
I
n
clu
s
io
n
U
n
it
(
U
N
I
D
I
)
of
t
he
F
e
d
er
a
l
U
ni
v
e
r
s
it
y
of
R
io
G
r
a
nde
d
o
S
u
l
(
U
F
R
G
S
)
of
fer
e
d
a
d
i
s
t
a
n
ce
lear
n
i
ng
/c
l
a
ssr
oom
w
or
k
s
hop
f
o
r
sen
i
o
r
s
in
[
5
]
,
c
a
l
le
d
“B
e
t
we
en
c
u
ltu
res
in
s
ou
t
h
ern
Br
a
z
i
l
:
T
h
e
el
der
l
y’
s
view
o
f
t
h
e
c
ity
P
or
to
A
legr
e
.
"
Th
e
w
o
r
k
s
h
op
la
ste
d
f
or
f
ive
m
onths,
w
i
t
h
t
w
o
h
o
u
r
w
e
e
k
l
y
m
e
e
t
i
n
g
s
.
T
h
e
g
o
a
l
w
a
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
l
d
e
r
l
y
t
o
c
r
e
a
t
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
t
h
e
c
i
t
y
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
y
l
i
v
e
a
n
d
the
mos
t
i
n
t
er
e
s
tin
g
p
l
a
ces
t
o
go
a
n
d
t
our
ist
site
s
for
for
oth
er sen
i
o
rs t
o
vis
i
t
.
Fi
gu
re
3
.
Ex
ample
o
f
a
n
appli
c
a
t
io
n
devel
o
p
e
d
b
y
a
s
tu
den
t
i
n
t
he
c
lass
f
or
t
h
e
e
ld
e
r
ly. Avai
l
able
a
t
:
ht
tp
://
ga
l
e
ria.f
a
b
r
icadeap
li
cativ
os.com
.b
r/o
n
i
b
u
s
t
u
rism
op
a
4.
3.
O
u
t
lin
e
of
p
e
dag
o
g
ic
a
l
s
t
r
at
egie
s
The
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
of
t
hese
s
tr
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
ar
e
se
en
p
oi
n
t
t
o
the
va
li
d
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
of
t
he
c
r
e
a
tio
n
of
a
n
e
duca
t
io
na
l
a
p
plica
tio
n
t
o
b
uil
d
i
n
g
a
nd
sh
ar
in
g
of
i
n
f
or
m
a
tio
n,
kno
wl
ed
g
e
a
nd
c
o
n
c
e
p
ts
c
ol
l
a
bo
ra
ti
v
e
ly
.
Th
us,
it w
a
s
taken
int
o
c
on
si
de
r
a
ti
on t
h
e
fa
c
t
tha
t
t
h
e
a
c
tiv
i
t
y
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
p
u
b
lish
e
d
on
t
h
e
ROODA
W
eb
f
o
lio
in
a
f
o
r
m
at
v
i
s
ibl
e
t
o
al
l
,
e
n
a
bl
ing
on
e
to
go
t
o
t
h
e
a
dd
ress
(UR
L
)
of
t
he
a
pp
de
ve
lo
p
e
d
in
t
he
c
l
a
s
s
a
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2252-
8822
IJERE
V
ol
.
7,
N
o.
3,
S
eptem
b
er
20
18 :
1
8
8
– 193
19
2
exte
ns
i
on
c
our
se
f
or
s
en
i
o
rs.
M
o
r
e
o
v
er
it
a
l
l
o
w
e
d
a
l
l
st
ude
n
t
s
t
o
v
i
e
w
the
i
r
pee
r
s’
w
or
k
on
the
i
r
mobi
le
d
e
vi
c
e
s
.
T
h
e
y
co
ul
d
do
wnl
o
ad
t
h
e
a
ppli
c
a
t
ion
s
t
h
a
t
th
e
y
w
e
r
e
i
n
te
r
e
sted
i
n,
a
bo
ut
t
he
t
hem
e
a
nd
/
o
r
in
t
e
rac
t
i
v
e
con
t
en
t,
p
rov
i
din
g
a
l
e
s
s
line
a
r
re
a
d
in
g,
c
ont
a
i
n
i
n
g v
i
deo,
a
u
d
i
o
,
ima
g
es,
li
n
k
s
a
nd o
t
hers.
I
t
i
s
pos
si
b
l
e
t
o
o
u
t
l
i
ne
s
ome
pe
da
go
g
i
ca
l
s
t
rate
g
i
e
s
t
ha
t
c
a
n
ass
i
st
i
n
the
pro
duc
t
i
on
o
f
a
pp
lic
a
tio
ns
in t
he
c
lassr
oo
m
based
on t
h
i
s
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h a
n
d
expe
r
i
ence
:
-
P
l
a
n
ni
ng
:
In add
iti
o
n
to o
u
t
lini
n
g the
o
b
j
e
c
t
ive
s
of t
h
e e
d
u
cati
o
na
l pr
op
os
a
l
,
it is im
p
orta
nt t
o de
c
i
d
e
the
sub
j
ec
t of
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
ons
w
ith
t
he
s
tu
de
nts s
o
tha
t
the
y
ar
e
in
v
o
l
v
e
d
a
nd
m
o
t
i
va
te
d to d
eve
l
op
the
app
s
;
-
Mat
eria
l
s:
It
i
s
imp
o
rtan
t
t
o
p
la
n
a
t
i
me
t
o
co
l
l
ec
t
m
a
te
ria
l
s
for
the
a
p
p
l
i
ca
ti
o
n
.
A
cla
s
s
on
h
o
w
t
o
col
l
ec
t
m
a
ter
i
a
l
s (p
h
o
to,
im
ag
es o
n t
h
e In
terne
t; vi
de
os,
e
t
c
.
) is
a
l
s
o
nece
ssa
ry, as w
el
l
a
s
o
ne on how
t
o
sepa
rate
i
n
f
or
m
a
tio
n
i
n
t
o
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
fo
lders
o
n
t
he
c
om
p
u
te
r
to
f
ind
it
eas
ie
r
w
h
en
i
t
is
t
i
m
e
to
c
re
ate
t
h
e
app
;
-
Featu
res to c
r
e
a
te A
pp
s:
I
t
is di
fficu
l
t t
o
fi
nd fe
a
t
ures for bu
ild
i
ng a
p
p
l
ic
a
t
i
o
ns t
ha
t
are
e
asy
to
u
se and
a
r
e
al
so
i
n
Po
rt
u
g
u
e
s
e
.
Th
e
r
e
are
f
e
w
t
o
ol
s
fo
r
l
a
y
m
e
n
.
Th
e
st
r
ateg
y u
s
ed i
n the
tw
o e
x
a
m
ples
p
r
e
se
nte
d
i
n
t
his
ar
tic
l
e
i
s
fo
u
nd
in
t
he
F
á
brica
de
A
plica
t
ivo
s
(
h
ttp
:/
/
f
abric
a
d
ea
p
l
ica
tiv
os.c
om.
b
r/).
A
lt
ho
u
gh
i
t
i
s
relat
i
ve
l
y
e
asy to u
se
on t
h
e
com
p
u
t
er,
this
f
ea
ture
lim
its
t
h
e
too
l
s
t
ha
t ca
n
be
i
ncl
u
ded
in
the
app.
-
Copyrigh
t:
It
i
s
ve
ry
i
m
p
ort
a
nt
t
o
ta
ke
p
r
e
ca
uti
o
n
s
r
ega
r
di
n
g
c
op
yrig
ht
s
o
n
ma
t
e
r
i
als
pr
o
duc
ed
a
n
d
a
p
pli
cat
io
n
s
.
O
n
e
mu
st
b
e
ex
tra
ca
ref
u
l
,
b
e
c
a
u
se
t
h
e
se
a
pps
c
a
n
b
e
acc
ess
e
d
an
d
dow
nlo
a
d
e
d
on
m
obi
l
e
dev
i
ces
b
y an
y
one
i
n t
h
e
w
o
rl
d.
-
E
d
uc
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
go
al
:
W
ith
ou
t
a
n
e
d
u
cat
i
o
n
a
l g
o
al,
a
p
plica
tio
ns
p
r
o
v
i
de
li
t
t
l
e
st
u
de
n
t
inv
o
l
v
em
ent a
nd ca
n
even
b
e
d
i
sc
ou
r
a
gi
ng.
T
he
c
l
a
rit
y
o
f
e
duc
a
t
i
o
na
l
o
b
jec
t
ive
s
i
n
b
u
ild
i
ng
t
h
e
ap
p,
f
or
t
he
t
e
ache
r
a
s
w
e
l
l
as
Th
ese
we
re
s
ome
p
o
ssibl
e
p
e
d
a
gog
i
cal
s
t
r
ate
g
i
e
s
t
h
at
c
an
b
e
ado
pt
ed
b
y
t
e
a
c
h
e
rs
a
t
dif
f
ere
n
t
l
e
v
e
l
s
and t
y
pe
s
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
on.
T
he
re
i
s
st
i
l
l
a
grea
t
dea
l
o
f
re
se
arc
h
t
o
be
d
one
a
nd
m
u
c
h
t
o
be
p
ro
pose
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
f
ie
ld
[1
7].
H
o
w
e
ver,
it
ha
s
bee
n
s
how
n
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
d
eve
l
o
p
m
e
nt
o
f
e
d
ucat
io
n
a
l
app
l
i
cat
io
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
cl
ass
r
oo
m
i
s
e
x
t
r
emel
y
c
o
m
p
e
lli
ng
a
nd
c
ha
l
l
e
ng
ing
fo
r
st
ud
en
ts.
It
m
o
t
i
v
at
e
s
t
h
e
m
t
o
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
ot
her
app
l
i
c
at
i
o
ns
o
f i
n
tere
s
t
a
nd
can
h
e
l
p t
h
em
to a
c
qu
ire kn
o
w
l
e
d
ge[
18]
[1
9].
5.
FINAL CONS
I
DERATIO
N
S
Th
is
w
ork
ha
s
show
n
tha
t
t
he
u
se
a
n
d
c
on
str
u
ct
i
o
n
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
a
s
a
p
e
d
a
g
ogi
c
a
l
a
nd
aut
h
oria
l
stra
te
gy
i
s
r
ele
v
a
n
t.
I
n
fac
t
,
i
t
h
as
t
he
p
o
t
en
t
i
al
t
o
ge
ner
a
te
i
nn
ov
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
s
ch
oo
ls,
offer
ne
w
and
di
ffe
re
nt
p
oss
i
bi
lit
ies
in
t
he
t
ea
ch
i
n
g
an
d
le
arni
ng
proce
s
s,
a
nd
hel
p
s
tude
n
t
s
to
b
e
t
t
e
r
un
dersta
nd
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
and
in
forma
tio
n.
Th
us,
m
obile
l
ear
nin
g
p
re
se
nts
inn
o
v
a
t
i
ons
a
nd
cha
l
l
e
nge
s
for
i
ts
i
mplem
e
n
t
a
t
i
on
s
u
c
h
a
s
con
n
ec
tiv
i
t
y,
p
orta
bi
l
i
t
y
,
fle
x
ibi
l
ity,
au
ton
o
m
y
of
s
tude
n
t
s
an
d
n
e
w
fo
rms
o
f
c
o
m
mu
ni
c
a
t
i
on
a
nd
i
nt
e
r
ac
t
i
on
.
In
c
onc
lus
i
o
n
,
m
obi
l
e
l
e
a
rni
ng
is
now
b
e
i
ng
de
vel
o
ped.
I
t
is
t
h
ere
f
ore
sti
ll
ne
ce
ssa
r
y
t
o
re
sear
ch
a
nd
un
dersta
n
d
t
h
i
s
too
l
a
n
d
i
t
s
pos
si
bil
i
t
i
e
s
in
e
duca
t
io
n.
H
ence
,
t
h
i
s
art
i
c
le
h
ope
s
t
o
p
rov
oke
r
eflec
t
i
on
o
n
mobi
le lear
nin
g
in sch
o
o
l
s, ai
m
ing to co
l
la
b
o
rate
b
y stre
n
g
t
he
n
i
n
g t
h
e
r
e
l
a
ted c
once
p
t
s
and a
i
d
i
n
the
u
se and
deve
l
opm
en
t o
f
e
duc
a
t
i
o
na
l
app
l
icat
i
o
ns in t
h
e
classro
o
m
.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
Brasi
l
. P
re
s
i
d
ê
nci
a
da Rep
ú
b
l
ica.
S
ecretaria d
e Com
u
ni
caç
ão
S
oc
ia
l
.
Pesq
u
i
sa br
a
s
il
eira d
e
mí
d
i
a 201
5: h
ábito
s d
e
c
o
nsumo d
e
mídi
a p
e
la
po
pu
laç
ã
o b
r
a
s
i
l
e
i
ra
.
–
B
rasí
li
a:
S
eco
m,
2
0
1
4
.
1
53
p
.
:
il.
I
SBN
:
9
78
-85
-
85142
-60
-
5
[2]
Bu
t
t
, S.
M
.
,
Ma
ji
d, M
. A.
, Mar
j
u
d
i
, S
.,
But
t
,
S
.
M.,
Onn
, A
., &
B
u
t
t,
M
.
M
.
,
“
Cas
i
M
et
ho
d f
o
r
Im
pro
v
in
g
The
Usability o
f Ids”
.
Science Int
e
rna
t
iona
l
,
2
7(1),
2015
.
[3]
B
u
t
t
,
S
.
M.
,
Ahmad
,
W
.
F.
W
.,
&
F
at
i
m
ah
, W
.
, “
An
o
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
of
s
o
f
t
w
a
re
m
odels
w
it
h
reg
a
rd
t
o
the
users
involve
m
e
n
t”.
In
t
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
Co
m
put
er Scien
ce Iss
u
es
(
I
JCS
I
)
,
9
(
3),
1
,
201
2.
[4]
B
u
t
t
,
S
.
M.
,
&
Ah
mad
,
W
.
F.
W
.,
“O
ver
v
i
e
w
o
f
Sy
s
t
e
ms
D
esi
g
n
an
d
D
evel
op
ment
w
it
h
Reg
a
rds
to th
e
Inv
o
l
v
em
ent of Us
e
r,
HCI an
d
So
f
tw
are En
g
i
n
eers”.
Inter
n
a
t
i
onal Jour
nal
of Comp
ut
er
A
p
p
l
ica
t
i
o
n
s
,
5
8
(
7)
,
Pp.1
-
4
,
2
01
2.
[5]
Bu
t
t
, S.
M
.
,
On
n
, A.,
Bu
tt,
M
.
M., In
a
m, N.
T
.
,
&
Bu
t
t
,
S. M
.,
“Inc
orporati
on o
f us
abilit
y
evaluat
i
on met
h
od
s in
agi
l
e s
o
ft
ware mo
d
el”.
In
M
u
lti
-Top
ic Con
f
er
ence
(
I
NM
IC
), I
E
EE
17th
Internation
a
l
,
P
p
.
1
93
-1
99,
2
01
4.
[6]
UNE
S
CO.,
“
Po
li
c
y
Guide
l
i
n
e
s fo
r Mob
i
le
L
e
a
r
ni
ng
”
.
Publi
c
ad
o pela
Or
ganiz
a
çã
o
d
a
s
Naçõ
es
U
n
idas
pa
ra a
Ed
uca
ç
ão
,
a
Ciê
n
ci
a e
a Cult
ura
(
U
NE
SCO)
, 7
,
p
l
ace de F
o
n
t
e
noy, 7
53
52
P
aris 0
7
S
P
, F
r
ance.
A t
radu
ção p
ara
o
po
rtu
g
u
ê
s d
e
s
t
a
pu
bli
cação f
oi p
rod
u
zi
da p
ela Repres
ent
açã
o
d
a
UNESCO
no
Br
a
sil, 2
01
3
.
[7]
Ahmad
,
W.
F.
W
.
,
Bu
t
t
, S
. M
.,
&
R
a
h
im, L.
,
“
U
s
ab
ili
t
y
evaluat
io
n
of t
he
a
g
i
l
e
s
o
f
tw
a
r
e
proces
s”,
I
n
Interna
t
ional
Visu
a
l Inf
o
r
m
atics
Con
f
er
ence, Spr
in
ger
,
C
ham.
pp.
6
4
0
-65
1
,
2013
.
[8]
B
u
t
t
,
S
.
M.
,
Ahmad
,
W
.
F.
W
.,
&
R
ah
i
m
,
L
.,
“
Han
d
l
i
ng
t
r
a
d
e
of
f
s
between agi
l
e
and usa
bility me
t
hods”. In
Com
p
u
t
er
an
d
In
fo
rmati
on
Sci
e
nces (
I
CCO
I
NS
),
Inter
n
a
t
i
onal
C
o
nf
eren
ce on
,
IEE
E
, Pp
.
1-6
, 2
01
4, 2
01
4.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJERE
I
S
S
N
:
2252-
88
22
Do
Mo
bil
e
T
e
c
h
nol
og
y
i
n
t
h
e Cl
a
s
sroo
m Real
l
y
Im
p
r
o
v
e
L
e
a
r
ning
Ou
t
c
o
m
es?
(S
ha
zi
a
Zah
e
e
r
)
19
3
[9]
Leite
B
S.
“
M
-
Learni
ng
:
o
us
o
d
e
d
isp
o
sit
i
v
o
s
m
óve
i
s
c
o
m
o
ferram
enta didáti-ca no E
nsino
de Quími
ca”
.
Revi
st
a
Br
asil
eir
a
d
e
In
for
m
ática
na Ed
u
c
a
ç
ão
,
2
2
(
3),
2014.
[10]
Bati
s
t
a S
C
F
,
Be
h
ar
P
A
,
P
as
seri
n
o
LM
, ed
i
t
o
r
s
.,
M-learnMat:”Ap
l
i
cação
d
e u
m
Mod
e
l
o
Ped
a
gó
gi
c
o
p
ara
Ativ
id
ades
d
e M-l
earn
i
n
g
em M
a
t
e
m
á
tica,
”
Br
azili
a
n
Sym
p
o
s
i
u
m on
Com
p
u
t
ers
in Ed
uca
t
i
on
(
S
i
m
pó
si
o
Bra
s
i
l
eiro
de Informá
tica
n
a
Ed
ucaçã
o
-S
BIE)
, 2
01
1.
[11]
Behar P
A
., “M
odel
o
s
pedag
ó
g
i
co
s em ed
u
caç
ão
a
d
i
s
tân
c
ia:
Artm
ed
E
d
ito
ra,”
2
00
9
.
[12]
Doming
o,
M
. G.
, & Garg
a
nté,
A.
B.
,
“Exp
l
o
r
i
ng
t
h
e
u
se
o
f edu
cat
ion
a
l t
echn
o
lo
gy i
n
p
rim
a
ry ed
u
cat
io
n
:
T
eachers
'
percep
ti
on
of mo
b
i
l
e t
echno
lo
gy
learn
i
ng
imp
acts
and
app
l
i
cati
o
n
s
'
u
s
e
in
the classroo
m”.
Computer
s i
n
Hu
m
a
n
Behavi
or
,
56
,
P
p
.
2
1-
28
,
2
0
1
6
.
[13]
S
a
nt
os F
, F
r
e
i
tas
S
.
“Av
ali
ação d
a us
abli
dad
e
de ícon
es d
e apl
i
cat
iv
o m
ó
v
e
l
u
tili
zado
com
o
apo
io e
du
cacion
al p
ara
crian
ças n
a id
ade p
r
é-escol
a
r”.
Aç
ã
o
Ergo
nô
mic
a
.
Re
v
i
sta
Bras
i
l
e
i
ra
de
E
r
g
o
n
ô
m
i
a
,
1
0(2
)
,
2
015
.
[14]
TE
CMUN
D
O
., Play Store passa A
p
p
S
tore e
m n
ú
m
e
r
o
tota
l de ap
lica
tivos
e
de
se
n
v
o
l
ve
d
o
res
,
2015.
[15]
Bent
o M
C
M
,
C
av
alcan
te Rd
S
., “T
e
c
n
o
l
o
g
i
as
M
ó
v
ei
s em
E
du
cação:
o
u
s
o do
celular n
a s
a
l
a
de
aula
”.
Edu
c
aç
ão
,
Cul
t
ura e Co
m
u
nicaç
ã
o
,
4(7
)
,
2
0
13
.
[16]
B
u
t
t
,
S
.
M.
,
Nav
a
r
r
o
,
K
.
F.
,
S
horab
,
M
.,
B
u
t
t
,
S
.
M
.
,
&
O
nn,
A
.
,
“Usi
ng
M
ob
ile
T
echnol
o
gy t
o I
m
prove
N
ut
r
itiona
l
Inf
o
r
m
ation
o
f
D
iabet
i
c
Patient’
s
”, In
New
Advances
in
In
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n S
y
st
ems an
d
T
ech
no
log
i
es
,
S
p
r
i
n
g
er,
Pp
. 3
-11
,
20
16
.
[17]
Rey
c
hav
,
I
.
,
D
u
n
away
,
M
., &
K
o
b
ay
ashi, M.
,
“
Un
d
e
rstand
i
n
g
mo
b
i
l
e
techn
o
l
ogy
-fit
beh
a
vi
ors
outsi
de
t
he
clas
sro
o
m
”
.
Comp
uter
s &
Ed
ucat
io
n
,
P
p.
8
7,
142-15
0,
2
0
15.
[18]
Li
ndsay
, L., “Tran
s
f
o
rmat
io
n
of
teach
er pract
ice u
s
i
n
g
m
o
b
ile
t
echn
o
l
ogy
with
o
n
e t
o
o
ne c
l
a
ss
es: M
learn
i
ng
ped
a
go
gi
cal ap
p
roach
es”.
B
r
iti
s
h Jou
r
n
a
l
of Ed
uc
at
io
nal T
ech
nol
o
g
y,
4
7(5),
P
p
.
8
8
3
-89
2
,
2
01
6.
[19]
Hefl
in,
H
.
,
S
hewm
aker,
J
.
,
&
N
guyen
,
J
.,
“
Im
p
act
o
f m
o
b
i
le
t
ech
n
o
l
o
g
y
o
n
stu
d
en
t at
titud
e
s, eng
agem
ent
, and
learn
i
n
g
”.
Co
mput
ers &
Ed
uca
t
io
n
,
Pp
.10
7
,
9
1
-9
9, 20
1
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.