Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of E
valua
tio
n
an
d
Rese
arch
in
Educati
on (I
JE
RE)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
3
,
Septem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
4
84
~
4
94
IS
S
N: 22
52
-
8822
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ije
re
.
v8
i
3
.
19609
484
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJE
R
E
L
earning styl
es an
d teach
er effic
acy
am
on
g
pr
osp
ective
tea
chers
based on
divers
e vari
ables
Taz
egül D
emi
r
A
ta
l
ay
Depa
rtment
o
f
S
oci
a
l
Sci
ences and T
urkish
Educat
ion
,
Kafk
as
Univer
sit
y
,
Tu
rke
y
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
1
9
, 201
9
Re
vised
Jun
2
7
, 201
9
Accepte
d
Aug
1
9
, 201
9
The
m
ai
n
ai
m
of
thi
s
stud
y
w
as
to
exp
lore
l
ea
rning
st
y
le
s
a
nd
teac
her
eff
icac
y
of
pros
pec
t
ive
t
eache
rs,
eva
lu
at
e
the
m
b
ase
d
on
departm
ent
,
g
ende
r
,
high
school
t
y
pe
and
educ
a
ti
ona
l
le
vel
of
p
are
nts,
and
ide
nt
if
y
wh
et
her
th
er
e
is
an
y
relat
ionship
bet
we
en
t
eache
r
e
fficacy
an
d
le
arn
ing
st
y
l
e
s.
Thi
s
is
a
desc
riptive
stud
y
th
at
was
cond
uct
ed
using
surv
e
y
m
ode
l.
Th
e
stud
y
grou
p
consiste
d
of
17
0
prospec
ti
v
e
teac
her
s
in
th
e
Fa
cul
t
y
of
Edu
ca
t
i
on,
Kafka
s
Univer
sit
y
dur
i
ng
the
2018
-
2
019
acade
m
ic
y
e
ar.
Rese
arc
h
data
wer
e
gat
her
ed
throug
h
“
Te
ac
h
ers’
Sense
of
Eff
i
cac
y
Sca
le”
and
t
he
“
Kolb
Le
arn
ing
St
y
l
e
I
nvent
or
y
”
.
The
s
tud
y
c
ame
to
the
conclusi
on
th
at prospec
ti
v
e
te
a
che
rs
m
ostl
y
had
dive
rging
and
conve
rgi
ng
le
arn
ing
st
y
l
es
while
assim
il
at
ing
and
ac
comm
odat
ing
le
arn
ing
st
y
l
es
were
l
ea
st
pr
eferred,
the
i
r
te
a
che
r
eff
i
ca
c
y
was
"s
uffic
ie
n
t",
and
teac
h
er
eff
i
ca
c
y
s
cor
e
s
diffe
re
d
signifi
c
ant
l
y
in
r
el
a
t
ion
to
l
ea
rni
ng
st
y
le
s.
The
st
ud
y
al
so
found
a
signifi
c
an
t
rel
a
ti
onship
be
t
wee
n
som
e
var
i
abl
es,
i.e.
dep
ar
tment,
gend
er,
high
school
t
y
p
e
and
educat
i
onal
l
eve
l
o
f
par
ent
s,
and
the
pr
ospec
ti
v
e
teac
h
e
rs'
l
ea
rnin
g
st
y
l
e
and
o
cc
up
a
ti
onal
self
-
e
ffica
c
y
le
v
el.
T
h
e
stu
d
y
dis
cussed
thes
e
findi
ngs
from
var
ious a
sp
ec
ts
and
propose
d
rec
om
m
enda
t
i
ons
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ko
l
b
le
ar
ning
sty
le
m
od
el
Learn
i
ng sty
le
s
Moti
vation
Self
-
e
ff
ic
acy
Teacher
ef
fica
cy
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Tazeg
ül D
em
ir A
ta
la
y
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f Social
Scie
nce
s and T
urkis
h Ed
ucati
on
,
Kafkas
U
niv
e
r
sit
y
,
36100,
Kar
s
, T
urkey.
Em
a
il
:
ta
zegu
ldem
ir@g
m
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Self
-
e
ff
ic
acy
is
a
cogniti
ve
const
ru
ct
that
corres
ponds
to
per
s
onal
j
ud
gm
ents
fo
r
i
nd
i
viduals
to
disp
la
y
their
belie
fs
an
d
capab
il
it
ie
s
to
a
certai
n
extent
,
and
af
fects
their
ch
oice
of
act
ivit
y,
eff
or
t
an
d
perform
ance.
I
nd
i
viduals
wit
h
s
uffici
ent
sel
f
-
e
ff
i
cacy
are
will
ing
to
pa
rtic
ipate
in
a
ta
s
k,
t
o
stri
ve
f
or
a
lo
ng
tim
e
and
work
hard;
they
are
al
so
m
or
e
disp
ose
d
to
fu
l
fil
a
ta
sk
w
hen
fa
ci
ng
c
halle
ng
e
s
com
par
ed
to
tho
s
e
who
doubt
the
ir
own
capa
bili
ti
es
[1]
.
T
hu
s
,
m
otivati
ng
ind
i
viduals
fi
rs
t
to
do
thei
r
job
hel
ps
them
ha
ve
per
cei
ved
sel
f
-
eff
ic
acy
in
w
ork
en
vir
onm
ent.
Ba
ndura
m
ai
ntains
that
pe
op
le
’s
m
otivati
on
,
how
t
hey
are
aff
ect
ed
by
ev
ents,
an
d
their
act
s
dep
en
d
m
or
e
on
w
hat
they
belie
ve
rather
tha
n
w
hat
is
real,
and
ide
ntifyi
ng
the
le
vel
of
s
el
f
-
ef
ficacy
in
ind
ivi
du
al
s
c
an
hel
p
to
fi
nd
out
w
hat
th
ey
can
do
with
the
ca
pab
il
it
ie
s
an
d
knowle
dge
the
y
hav
e.
Sel
f
-
e
f
ficacy
belie
f
de
te
rm
ines
how
ind
ivi
du
al
s
fe
el
,
think,
m
oti
vate
them
sel
ves
and
beh
a
ve
[
2]
.
Th
eref
or
e
,
it
is
o
ne
of
the
key
aspects
of
m
ot
ivati
on
.
Sel
f
-
e
f
ficacy
is
al
so
i
m
po
rtant
in
te
rm
s
of
identify
in
g
pe
op
le
’s
c
ho
ic
es
to
f
ulfil
a
ta
sk,
the
ef
fort
they
exer
t
w
hen
pe
rfor
m
ing
this
t
ask,
a
nd
the
a
m
ou
nt
of
perform
ance
they
disp
la
y
[1]
.
Accord
i
ng
to
Ba
ndura,
s
el
f
-
ef
ficacy
is
cru
ci
al
f
or
in
di
viduals
to
bri
ng
out
their
ca
pab
il
it
ie
s
an
d
disp
la
y
ne
w
be
ha
viour
.
Pe
op
le
pre
fer
ce
rtai
n
be
hav
i
our
t
o
pe
r
form
a
ta
sk
and
act
pur
po
se
f
ully
,
wh
ic
h
relat
e
to
pe
ople
’s
pe
rc
ei
ved
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
.
He
re,
ther
e
are
tw
o
dim
e
ns
io
ns
of
be
ha
viour:
exp
ect
at
io
n
for
the
outc
om
e
an
d
ex
pectat
ion
of
sel
f
-
e
ffi
cacy
.
Self
-
e
ffi
cacy
beli
ef
that
play
s
a
hi
gh
ly
sign
ific
a
nt
r
ol
e
in
the
in
divi
du
al
’s
be
ha
vio
ur
devel
ops
base
d
on
f
our
sources
.
T
he
se
are
a
)
first
-
ha
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Th
e ex
amin
ation of le
arnin
g st
yl
es a
nd te
ac
her
ef
fi
cacy i
n prospecti
ve te
a
chers...
(
T
az
e
gül De
mir
At
alay
)
485
exp
e
rience
of
a
si
m
i
la
r
beh
a
viour
(c
om
plete
and
pr
op
e
r
e
xp
e
riences
),
b)
to
ob
se
rv
e
si
m
il
ar
beh
avio
ur
s
by
so
m
eon
e
el
se
(so
ci
al
m
od
e
ls),
c)
t
o
be
c
on
vin
ce
d
by
a
n
a
uthority
(v
e
r
ba
l
per
s
uasio
n)
a
nd
d)
pe
rcep
ti
on
of
on
e
’s o
wn phy
siolo
gical
and
e
m
otion
al
stat
es (ph
ysi
ol
ogic
al
an
d em
otion
a
l st
at
es)
[
2]
.
The
m
os
t
eff
ec
ti
ve
of
t
hem
is
per
s
onal
ex
pe
riences.
Self
-
ef
ficacy
belie
f
af
fects
the
go
al
s
people
se
t
for
them
sel
ves,
how
m
uch
e
ffor
t
they
will
pu
t
in
t
o
ac
hieve
these
goal
s,
how
m
uch
they
can
e
ndur
e
the
chall
enges
th
e
y
face
t
o
reach
their
goal
s,
an
d
t
heir
res
ponse
to
fail
ur
e
[
3]
.
Self
-
ef
ficacy
can
be
desc
rib
ed
as
the
pe
rs
on’s
fe
el
ing
ca
pa
ble
a
t
do
i
ng
s
om
eth
in
g
a
nd
the
be
li
ef
that
they
can
do
it
.
Havi
ng
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
ac
y
f
or
on
e
’s
oc
cu
pation
in
par
ti
c
ular
co
ntribute
s
to
ha
ving
hi
gh
occupati
onal
achievem
ent.
I
t
m
ay
be
no
te
d
that
occupati
onal
s
el
f
-
ef
ficacy
is
highly
i
m
po
rta
nt
f
or
a
n
occupati
on
li
ke
te
achin
g
that
is
ba
sed
on
est
a
blishin
g
relat
ion
s
with
people.
Occup
at
ion
al
sel
f
-
e
ffi
cacy
is
al
so
about
kn
ow
i
ng
t
he
pa
rtic
ulars
of
on
e
’s
own
l
earn
i
ng.
The
awa
re
ness
of
te
ache
rs
or
pros
pecti
ve
te
achers
a
bout
t
heir
ow
n
le
ar
ni
ng
al
so
helps
them
to
pr
e
dict
and
to
le
rate
stu
de
nt
s’
di
ff
e
ren
ce
s
in
this
re
gard.
In
this
reg
a
r
d,
the
sig
nifica
nc
e
of
ide
ntifyi
ng
the
le
ar
ning
sty
le
s
com
es into
pla
y.
Learn
i
ng
sty
le
is
pr
efe
rr
e
d
in
di
vid
ual
m
et
ho
ds
to
gr
as
p
a
nd
p
r
ocess
knowle
dg
e
[4,
5]
.
Le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
can
be
de
fine
d
as
perso
nal
c
har
act
erist
ic
s
a
nd
prefe
ren
ce
s
that
show
le
a
rn
i
ng
pe
op
le
’s
way
of
pe
rce
iving
edu
cat
io
n
a
nd
te
achin
g
e
nv
i
ronm
ent,
how
they
interact
with
this
e
nviro
nm
ent
and
how
t
hey
res
pond
t
o
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
R
esearch
on
le
a
rn
i
ng
s
ty
le
s
sta
rted
in
the
1940s
a
nd
creat
ed
a
n
exte
ns
iv
e
area
of
us
e
in
the
1970s.
Since
t
he
19
40s,
m
any
m
od
el
s
ha
ve
been
pro
posed
by
the
re
searc
he
rs
to
e
xplore
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s.
They
include
G
rego
rc
le
ar
ning
sty
le
m
od
el
,
D
un
n
le
ar
ning
sty
le
m
od
el
,
Mc
Ca
rthy’s
4M
A
T
and
K
olb
le
a
rn
i
ng
sty
le
m
od
el
.
Ko
l
b’
s
ex
per
ie
nce
based
le
ar
ning
m
od
el
is
bu
il
t
on
th
e
le
arn
i
ng
cy
cl
e
m
od
el
pr
op
os
e
d
by
Jun
g
i
n
1923.
I
nf
l
uen
c
ed
by
Jun
g’
s
m
od
el
,
Ko
lb
st
ud
ie
d
ex
per
ie
nc
e
based
le
ar
ni
ng
si
nce
the
1960s,
a
nd
de
ve
lop
e
d
the
exp
e
rience
based
le
ar
ning
m
od
el
that
fo
cu
sed
on
people’s
le
ar
ning
sty
le
s
in
the
19
70s.
He
desc
rib
e
d
le
arn
in
g
as
a
proces
s
com
pr
is
ing
f
our
sta
ges
,
an
d
in
dicat
ed
that
ind
ivi
du
a
ls
hav
e
s
om
e
c
on
c
rete
ex
per
i
ences
as
a
natur
al
res
ult
of
the
en
vir
on
m
ent
they
li
ve
in
,
a
nd
they
obs
er
ve
a
nd
r
eflect
these
e
xperie
nces
in
di
ff
e
ren
t
ways.
I
n
add
it
ion
,
he
stresse
d
that
ref
le
ct
ive
obser
vatio
n
is
influ
entia
l
in
abstract
co
ncep
t
ualisa
ti
ons
and
dev
el
op
i
ng
pr
i
nciples
a
nd
ge
ner
al
isa
ti
ons.
Ultim
at
ely,
ind
ivid
uals
us
e
su
c
h
gen
e
rali
sat
ion
s
i
n
thei
r
f
utu
re
act
ivit
ie
s
and
la
te
r
le
arn
in
g
a
s
a
gu
ide
[4,
6]
.
Thu
s
,
le
arn
i
ng
ac
hieve
d
in
four
ste
ps
co
nt
inu
es
f
or
li
fe,
a
new
exp
e
rience
is
gaine
d
eve
ry
ti
m
e
and
these
exp
e
riences
form
the
basis
f
or
nex
t
le
ar
ning.
K
ol
b
s
ugge
sts
that
le
arn
in
g
occ
ur
s
by
transfo
rm
ing
in
form
at
io
n
to
ex
per
ie
nc
e,
and
m
entions
about
fou
r
m
ai
n
cat
egories
in
his
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
m
od
el
:
con
c
rete
ex
per
ie
nce,
abstract
c
once
ptu
al
isa
ti
on,
a
ct
ive
ex
pe
rim
e
ntati
on
an
d
re
f
le
ct
ive
ob
s
er
vation.
A
ccordin
g
t
o
th
e
ex
per
ie
nce
ba
sed
le
ar
ni
ng
theo
ry,
le
ar
ni
ng
is
a
cy
cl
e.
F
or
in
div
i
du
al
s,
on
e
of
these
f
our
m
ain
cat
eg
or
ie
s
ta
kes
pri
m
acy
a
t
tim
es
and
it
i
s
inevita
ble
to
pass
th
rou
gh
this
cy
cl
e
nu
m
erou
s
tim
es
in
a
le
arn
in
g
ex
per
ie
nc
e
[7]
.
Acc
ordi
ng
to
Ko
l
b,
the
re
are
tw
o
dim
ensio
ns
in
the
le
arn
in
g
pr
oce
ss.
The
first
is
f
r
om
abstract
co
ncep
t
ua
li
sat
ion
to
c
oncrete
e
xperie
nce
a
nd
the
se
cond
is
from
act
ive
ex
per
im
e
ntati
on
to
ref
le
ct
ive
observ
at
io
n.
The
first
dim
ension
descr
i
bes
ho
w
ind
ivi
du
al
s
ta
ke
in
in
f
or
m
at
i
on
w
hile
the
se
cond
dim
ension
ex
pl
ai
ns
how
they
process
it
.
Ac
cordin
g
to
the
Ko
lb
le
ar
ni
ng
sty
le
m
od
el
,
i
nd
i
v
id
uals
pe
r
cei
ve
inf
or
m
at
ion
by
exp
e
rienci
ng
or
thi
nkin
g,
a
nd
process
it
by
obser
ving
or
act
in
g.
T
he
way
of
le
a
rn
i
ng
t
hat
represe
nts
each
le
ar
ning
sty
le
is
un
iq
ue
.
For
exam
ple,
le
arn
in
g
occ
urs
by
‘sen
si
ng’
f
or
con
c
rete
ex
pe
r
ie
nce,
by
‘observin
g
and
li
ste
nin
g’
for
ref
le
ct
ive
ob
s
er
vation,
by
‘thin
ki
ng’
for
abstract
co
nc
eptuali
sat
ion
a
nd
by
‘acti
ng’
for
act
ive
ex
pe
rim
ent
at
ion
.
The
le
ar
ning
sty
le
of
e
ver
y
in
di
vidual
is
a
com
bin
at
ion
of
the
f
our
m
ai
n
le
arn
in
g
m
od
e
s.
The
se
are
‘
div
e
rg
i
ng’
le
ar
ning
sty
le
wh
i
ch
c
om
b
ines
con
c
rete
ex
pe
rience
a
nd
ref
le
ct
ive
ob
s
er
vation,
‘
assim
il
a
ti
ng
’
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
as
the
com
bin
at
io
n
of
r
eflect
ive
obse
rv
at
io
n
an
d
a
bs
tract
con
ce
ptu
al
iz
at
ion,
‘con
vergi
ng’
le
a
rn
i
ng
sty
le
as
a
mixtur
e
of
abst
ract
con
ce
ptua
li
zat
ion
and
act
ive
exp
e
rim
entat
io
n,
a
nd
‘acc
omm
od
at
ing
’
le
arn
in
g
st
yl
e
blend
in
g
con
c
rete
exp
e
rience
a
nd
act
ive
exp
e
rim
entat
io
n
[4,
6
-
8]
.
Lea
rn
i
ng
sty
le
and
occupati
on
al
s
el
f
-
ef
ficacy
m
a
y
be
con
side
re
d
as
two
co
ns
t
ru
ct
s
aff
ect
ed
by
eac
h
ot
her
.
This
a
ssu
m
ption
is
al
so
the
s
ource
of
the
prese
nt
stud
y.
Acc
ordin
gly,
the
m
ai
n
a
i
m
of
this
stud
y
was
to
exam
ine
l
earn
i
ng
sty
le
s
and
te
ache
r
ef
ficac
y
of
pros
pecti
ve
te
ache
rs,
eval
uate
the
m
in
relat
ion
t
o
de
par
tm
ent,
ge
nder
,
hi
gh
sch
ool
ty
pe
an
d
e
du
cat
io
nal
le
ve
l
of
par
e
nts,
and
ide
ntify
wh
et
he
r
te
acher
sel
f
-
e
ffi
cacy
is relat
ed
to
le
ar
ning sty
le
s.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1.
Rese
arch pa
tter
n and s
tudy
group
This
is
a
descr
i
ptive
stu
dy
that
was
cond
ucted
by
us
i
ng
s
urvey
m
od
el
.
Th
e
stud
y
gro
up
consi
ste
d
of
170
pros
pecti
ve
te
ache
rs
in
4
th
gr
a
de
in
Ma
them
a
ti
cs,
Scie
nce,
S
ocia
l
Scie
nces
an
d
Tu
r
kish
E
ducat
io
n
dep
a
rtm
ents in
the Fac
ulty
o
f
Ed
ucati
on at K
afk
as
Unive
r
sit
y durin
g
the
20
18
-
2019 aca
de
m
ic
yea
r.
Th
e
stud
y
e
m
plo
ye
d
seni
or
stu
de
nts
in
the
stud
y
gr
oup,
because
m
os
t
of
the
courses
on
prof
essi
onal
te
achin
g
knowle
dge
tha
t
hav
e
an
im
pa
ct
on
stud
e
nts’
te
acher
eff
ic
a
cy
hav
e
usual
ly
been
ta
ken
unti
l
final
ye
ar.
As
f
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
3
,
Sept
e
m
ber
2019
:
4
8
4
-
4
94
486
the
reas
on
f
or
sel
ect
ing
stu
de
nts
from
the
sai
d
de
par
tm
ents,
the
po
ssi
bili
ty
that
var
ia
bl
es
su
c
h
as
pr
ofesso
r
prof
il
e
in
these
de
par
tm
ents,
the
c
ourses
offe
red,
le
ar
ner
s
’
s
ources
of
inf
or
m
at
ion
,
et
c.
m
ay
cause
diff
e
r
ences
in
stud
e
nts’
le
a
rn
i
ng
sty
le
s
[9]
.
In
the
st
ud
y,
94
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
wer
e
fem
al
e
(
55%);
50
(
29.4%)
we
re
in
Scie
nce
Ed
ucati
on,
38
(22.3%
)
Ma
the
m
at
ic
s
Edu
cat
ion,
33
(
19.
4%)
in
So
ci
al
Scie
nces
E
du
cat
i
on,
an
d
49
(
28.
8%
)
in
Turkis
h
Ed
uca
ti
on
de
par
tm
e
nts.
80
pa
rtic
ipants
(
47%)
grad
uated
f
r
om
An
at
olian
Hi
gh
Sc
hool
w
hi
le
the
m
oth
ers
of
80 (47%) a
nd
fathe
rs of
59
(35%
) were
prim
ary s
chool
gr
a
duat
e.
2.2.
Data c
ollec
tio
n too
ls
The
data
on
th
e
pros
pecti
ve
t
eachers
’
per
s
onal
inf
or
m
at
ion
we
re
gathe
re
d
by
us
in
g
the
“P
ers
on
al
Inform
at
ion
F
or
m
”
pr
e
par
e
d
by
the
resea
rc
her
s
w
hile
dat
a
on
occupati
onal
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
and
le
ar
ning
sty
le
s
wer
e
colle
ct
ed
by
us
in
g
“Tea
cher
s
’
Sense
of
E
ff
ic
acy
Scal
e”
de
velo
pe
d
by
[
10]
an
d
ad
j
ust
ed
t
o
T
urki
sh
by
[11]
,
an
d
the
“
Ko
l
b
Lear
ning
Sty
le
In
ve
ntor
y”
dev
el
ope
d
by
[5]
an
d
ad
jus
te
d
to
Tu
r
kish
by
[12]
,
re
sp
ec
ti
vely
.
The
Teac
her
s
’
Sens
e
of
E
ff
i
cacy
Scal
e
was
desig
ned
as
a
9
-
po
i
nt
Likert
ty
pe
m
easur
em
ent
instru
m
e
nt,
an
d
su
bject
e
d
to
both
co
nfi
rm
at
or
y
factor
a
naly
sis
and
reli
abil
it
y
te
st.
The
resu
lt
of
co
nfi
rm
at
or
y
facto
r
an
al
ysi
s
dem
on
strat
ed
t
hat
the
scal
e
c
on
sist
e
d
of
3
f
act
or
s
–
c
om
pat
ible
with
the
f
act
or
str
uctu
re
of
t
he
ori
gi
nal
scal
e
-
and
each
subs
cal
e
com
pr
ise
d
8
it
em
s.
To
te
st
the
reli
abili
ty
of
t
he
scal
e,
al
ph
a
c
oe
ff
ic
i
ents
we
re
ca
lc
ulate
d
and
it
was
f
ound
that
the
Cr
onbac
h’s
al
pha r
el
ia
bili
ty
coef
f
ic
ie
nt
was
.93 for
t
he
whole
sc
al
e,
an
d
.
82, .
86
a
nd
.84
for
th
e
s
ubscal
es
[
11
]
.
Th
e
K
olb
Lear
ning
Sty
le
I
nvent
or
y
c
onsist
s
of
12
c
om
pleti
on
ty
pe
it
em
s,
and
f
ou
r
cho
ic
es
i
n
e
ve
ry
it
e
m
are
scor
e
d
betwee
n
1
a
nd
4.
The
m
ini
m
u
m
scor
e
on
the
sc
al
e
is
12
w
hile
m
axim
u
m
scor
e
is
48.
Af
te
r
this sc
or
i
ng, co
m
bin
ed
s
cor
e is cal
culat
ed,
and e
xpres
sed
as Abstract
Con
ce
ptu
al
iz
at
ion
(AC)
-
Con
c
rete
E
xp
e
rience
(CE)
,
a
nd
Acti
ve
E
xper
i
m
entat
ion
(
A
E)
-
Re
flect
ive
O
bs
er
vatio
n
(
RO).
T
he
sc
ores
va
ry
betwee
n
–
36
a
nd
+3
6.
Com
bin
ed
sco
res
a
re
inserte
d
on
th
e
co
ordinate
s
yst
e
m
dev
el
op
ed
by
K
olb,
a
nd
th
us,
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
of
th
e
in
div
i
du
al
is
deter
m
ined.
T
he
s
cal
e
adjusted
to
Tu
rk
is
h
ha
s
four
le
a
rn
i
ng
sty
le
s
(D
i
vergin
g
-
As
si
m
il
a
ti
ng
-
Co
nver
ging
-
Acc
om
m
od
at
ing
)
an
d
the
al
pha
reli
abili
ty
coef
fici
ents
of
t
he
co
m
bin
ed
scor
e
s
(A
C
-
CE
and
AE
-
RO
)
var
y
betw
een
.
58
a
nd
.
77.
Th
e
pr
ese
nt
stud
y
recalc
ulate
d
the
Cron
bach’
s
al
ph
a
reli
abili
ty
coeffic
ie
nts
of
bo
t
h
in
ve
nto
ries
,
and
f
ound
that
the
al
pha
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
for
the
Teache
rs’
Se
ns
e
of
Eff
ic
acy
Scale
ov
e
rall
w
as
.94 w
hile t
he
al
ph
a coeffici
ent
for
le
ar
ning sty
le
s and c
om
bin
ed
sc
or
es
of the
Ko
l
b
Learn
i
ng Sty
le
Inv
e
ntory
v
a
ri
ed betwee
n
.
67
and .8
6.
2.3.
Data anal
ys
is
The
st
ud
y
us
e
d
SP
SS
15
software
to
a
naly
ze
the
data
c
ollec
te
d.
T
he
scor
e
s
of
the
par
ti
ci
pati
ng
pros
pecti
ve
te
achers
on
the
Ko
l
b
Lea
rn
i
ng
Sty
le
In
ve
nt
ory
wer
e
co
ns
i
der
e
d
as
cat
e
gorical
data,
an
d
the
scor
e
s
on
the
Te
acher
s’
Se
nse
of
E
ff
ic
acy
S
cal
e
as
c
on
ti
nu
ou
s
data.
F
re
quency
an
d
pe
rc
entage
analy
se
s
we
re
perform
ed
to
exam
ine
le
arn
ing
sty
le
s
of
t
he
pa
rtic
ipants
wh
il
e
m
ean
a
nd
sta
nd
a
r
d
de
viati
on
value
s
wer
e
ta
ken
to
deter
m
ine
te
acher
eff
ic
acy
.
Th
e
stud
y
pe
rfo
rm
ed
the
c
hi
-
squ
are
te
st
to
identify
the
dif
fe
ren
c
e
betwee
n
the
pa
rtic
ipants'
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
s
based
on
de
par
tm
ent,
ge
nder,
hig
h
sc
hool
ty
pe
and
e
du
cat
io
na
l
le
vel
of
p
are
nts,
a
nd
the
Ma
nn
-
Wh
i
tney
U
an
d
Kruskal
W
al
li
s
te
sts
to
determ
ine
the
sig
nifican
t
diff
e
ren
ce bet
w
een
these
in
dep
e
ndent
var
ia
bles
an
d
te
ache
r
eff
ic
acy
.
Krus
kal
W
al
li
s
te
s
t
was
al
so
use
d
to
fin
d
out
the
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
t
he
le
ve
l
of
te
ache
r
e
f
ficacy
and
le
a
rn
i
ng
sty
le
s
of
the
pa
rtic
ipan
ts.
The
desc
riptive
analy
sis
on
the
Teachers
’
Sense
of
Ef
ficacy
Scal
e
inv
est
iga
te
d
wh
et
her
th
e
m
ean
scor
es
wer
e
cl
os
e
to
9,
a
nd
the sc
or
in
g
i
n Table
1 was ta
ken into
acc
ount in
t
he
asse
ss
m
ent
[13]
.
Table
1.
Scori
ng
on the
te
ac
he
rs’
sense
of e
ffi
cacy
scale
Ch
o
ice
Sco
ring
Ins
u
ff
icien
t
(1)
1
.00
-
1
.89
(2)
1
.90
-
2
.78
(3)
2
.79
-
3
.67
Mod
erate
l
y
su
f
f
icien
t
(4)
3
.68
-
4
.56
(5)
4
.57
-
5
.45
(6)
5
.46
-
6
.34
Su
f
f
icien
t
(7)
6
.35
-
7
.23
(8)
7
.24
-
8
.12
(9)
8
.13
-
9
.00
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
In
this
pa
rt
of
the
stu
dy,
the
da
ta
gather
e
d
in
li
ne
with
the
su
b
-
prob
le
m
s
of
the
stu
dy
were
analy
sed
and
prese
nted
in
ta
bles.
Acc
ordin
g
t
o
Ta
bl
e
2,
the
dom
inant
le
ar
ning
st
yl
e
of
t
he
pros
pecti
ve
te
ac
hers
was
"dive
rg
i
ng
"
(f=62
;
%
3
6.5)
.
I
t
was
f
ound
th
at
25
.
3%
(f
=
43)
of
t
he
stu
de
nts
ha
d
"c
onve
rg
i
ng
"
le
ar
ni
ng
sty
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Th
e ex
amin
ation of le
arnin
g st
yl
es a
nd te
ac
her
ef
fi
cacy i
n prospecti
ve te
a
chers...
(
T
az
e
gül De
mir
At
alay
)
487
that
le
arn
s
th
r
ough
thin
king
-
act
ing
,
20.6
%
(f
=
35)
ha
d
“ac
com
m
od
at
ing
”
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
that
le
arn
s
thr
ough
act
ing
an
d
fee
li
ng
,
a
nd
17.6’%
(f
=
30)
had
"assim
i
la
ti
ng
"
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
that
le
arn
s
th
rou
gh
thi
nk
i
ng
an
d
ob
s
er
ving.
Thi
s
fin
ding
sug
ge
sts
that
the
pa
rtic
ipants
m
os
tl
y
had
div
e
r
ging
a
nd
co
nv
erg
i
ng
le
ar
ning
sty
le
s
wh
il
e acc
omm
od
at
in
g
a
nd as
si
m
il
a
ti
ng
lear
ning sty
le
s w
e
r
e lea
st pr
e
fe
rr
e
d.
Table
2
.
Distri
bu
ti
on
of lea
r
ni
ng
sty
le
s a
m
on
g t
he p
ro
s
pect
ive tea
che
rs
Lear
n
in
g
sty
les
Acco
m
m
o
d
atin
g
Div
ergin
g
Co
n
v
ergin
g
Ass
i
m
ilatin
g
f
35
62
43
30
%
2
0
.6
3
6
.5
2
5
.3
1
7
.6
The
a
naly
sis
of
Table
3
in
dicat
es
that
ther
e
was
a
sig
nif
ic
ant
diff
e
re
nc
e
betwee
n
the
pros
pecti
ve
te
achers'
le
arni
ng
sty
le
s
bas
ed
on
de
pa
rtm
ent
(X
2
=1
9.03,
p<
.05).
T
he
dom
inant
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
of
th
e
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
in
Turkis
h
E
du
c
a
ti
on
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt
(
34.
7%)
wa
s
“di
vergin
g”
(
n=17
)
wh
il
e
th
e
dom
inant
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
of
those
in
S
ocial
Scie
nc
es
De
par
tm
ent
was
“co
nver
gi
ng
”
(n
=
12,
36.4
%
)
an
d
“acc
omm
od
at
ing
”
(
n=11
,
33.3%).
Most
of
the
stu
de
nts
in
Scie
nc
e
an
d
Ma
the
m
at
ic
s
Edu
cat
ion
de
par
tm
ents
pr
e
dom
inantly
had
“dive
rg
i
ng
”
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
(n
s
cience
=19
,
38%;
n
m
ath
=18
,
47.4%).
Cr
am
er
'
s
V
use
d
t
o
m
ea
su
re
t
he
e
ff
ect
siz
e
of
the
de
pa
rtm
ent
va
riable
on
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
w
as
f
ound
to
be
.19.
T
his
re
sul
t
ind
ic
at
es
tha
t
dep
a
rtm
ent
had
a
m
od
erate effec
t on the
pa
rtic
ipants
’
le
ar
ning
sty
le
s
[14]
.
Table
3
s
hows
that
there
wa
s
no
sig
nifica
nt
dif
fer
e
nce
between
the
par
ti
ci
pan
ts’
le
ar
nin
g
sty
le
s
in
relat
ion
to
ge
nder
(X
2
=
2.31,
p=.51).
It
was
fou
nd
th
e
dom
inant
le
ar
ning
sty
le
a
m
on
g
th
e
m
ajo
rity
of
f
e
m
ale
and m
al
e p
arti
ci
pan
ts
(n
f
em
ale
=34,
36.2%;
n
m
al
e
=28
, 3
6.8%
)
w
as “
div
e
rg
i
ng
”
.
Table
3
.
Distri
bu
ti
on
of lea
r
ni
ng
sty
le
s b
ase
d on in
dep
e
nde
nt v
a
riables
VARIAB
LE
S
STYL
E
Acco
m
m
o
d
atin
g
Div
ergin
g
Co
n
v
ergin
g
Ass
i
m
ilatin
g
Total
Dep
art
m
en
t
Turk
ish
Lang
u
ag
e
Edu
catio
n
Dep.
f
8
17
10
14
49
%
1
6
.3
3
4
.7
2
0
.4
2
8
.6
100
So
cial Sciences
Edu
catio
n
Dep.
f
11
8
12
2
33
%
3
3
.3
2
4
.2
3
6
.4
6
.1
100
Scien
ce E
d
u
catio
n
Dep
.
f
12
19
14
5
50
%
2
4
.0
3
8
.0
2
8
.0
1
0
.0
100
Mathe
m
a
tics
Edu
catio
n
Dep.
f
4
18
7
9
38
%
1
0
.5
4
7
.4
1
8
.4
2
3
.7
100
X
2
=1
9
.03
,
d
f
=9
,
p
=.02
<.05
,
Cra
m
er
’
s V=.19
Gen
d
er
Fe
m
ale
f
23
34
21
16
94
%
2
4
.5
3
6
.2
2
2
.3
1
7
.0
100
Male
f
12
28
22
14
76
%
1
5
.8
3
6
.8
2
8
.9
1
8
.4
100
X
2
=2
.31
,
d
f
=3
,
p
=.51
>.05
Hig
h
sch
o
o
l ty
p
e
Co
m
m
o
n
High
Sch
o
o
l
f
12
23
9
7
51
%
2
3
.5
4
5
.1
1
7
.6
1
3
.7
100
An
ato
lian
High
Sch
o
o
l
f
16
24
25
15
80
%
20
30
3
1
.3
1
8
.8
100
An
ato
lian
Relig
io
u
s
Hig
h
Scho
o
l
f
7
15
9
8
39
%
1
7
.9
3
8
.5
2
3
.1
2
0
.5
100
X
2
=5
.41
,
d
f
=6
,
p
=.49
>.05
Edu
catio
n
al level
o
f
m
o
th
er
Illiter
at
e
f
5
16
2
4
27
%
1
8
.5
5
9
.3
7
.4
1
4
.8
100
Pri
m
a
r
y
Scho
o
l
f
15
27
25
13
80
%
1
8
.8
3
3
.8
3
1
.3
1
6
.3
100
Seco
n
d
ary
Scho
o
l
f
11
12
4
4
31
%
3
5
.5
3
8
.7
1
2
.9
1
2
.9
100
Hig
h
Scho
o
l
f
4
7
12
9
32
%
1
2
.5
2
1
.9
3
7
.5
2
8
.1
100
X
2
=2
1
.36
,
d
f
=9
,
p
=.01
<.05
,
Cra
m
er
’
s V=.20
Edu
catio
n
al level
o
f
f
ath
er
Pri
m
a
r
y
Scho
o
l
f
8
26
14
11
59
%
1
3
.6
4
4
.1
2
3
.7
1
8
.6
100
Seco
n
d
ary
Scho
o
l
f
8
14
16
6
44
%
1
8
.2
3
1
.8
3
6
.4
1
3
.6
100
Hig
h
Scho
o
l
f
8
11
8
10
37
%
2
1
.6
2
9
.7
2
1
.6
27
100
Un
iv
ersity
f
11
11
5
3
30
%
3
6
.7
3
6
.7
1
6
.7
1
0
.0
100
X
2
=1
3
.52
,
d
f
=9
,
p
=.14
>.05
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
3
,
Sept
e
m
ber
2019
:
4
8
4
-
4
94
488
Table
3
sho
w
s
that
23
fem
al
e
par
ti
ci
pan
t
s
had
“acc
omm
od
at
ing
”
an
d
21
“co
nver
gi
ng
”
a
nd
16
“assim
il
ating
”
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
,
w
her
ea
s
22
m
al
e
par
ti
ci
pan
ts
ha
d
“c
onve
rg
i
ng
”
,
14
“a
ssi
m
il
a
ti
ng
”
a
nd
12
“acc
omm
od
at
i
ng
”
le
a
rn
i
ng
s
ty
le
.
It
was
found
that
the
pros
pecti
ve
te
ac
her
s'
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
did
not
diffe
r
sign
ific
a
ntly
ba
sed
on
the
ty
pe
of
hi
gh
sch
oo
l
t
hey
gra
duat
ed
f
ro
m
(X
2
=5.41,
p=.49).
Abo
ut
45%
(
n=
23)
of
Com
m
on
High
Scho
ol
gr
a
duat
es
an
d
38.
5%
(
n=15
)
of
An
at
olian
Re
li
gio
us
High
School
gra
du
a
te
s
ha
d
“dive
rg
i
ng
”
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
w
hile
31%
(
n=
25)
a
nd
30%
(n=24)
of
t
he
A
natolia
n
High
School
gr
a
duat
es
ha
d
“conve
rg
i
ng
”
a
nd “d
i
vergin
g”
learni
ng sty
le
s,
res
pecti
vely
.
The
Table
3
po
ints
out
a
sig
ni
ficant
diffe
re
nc
e
bet
ween
the
pa
rtic
ipants'
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
in
relat
ion
to
edu
cat
io
nal lev
el
o
f
m
oth
er
(
X
2
=2
1.3
6,
p=.01).
The d
om
i
nan
t l
ear
ning s
ty
le
o
f
59%
(n=16)
of
t
he
pa
r
ti
ci
pan
ts
with
il
li
te
rate
m
oth
ers,
34%
(n
=
27)
of
the
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
w
ho
s
e
m
oth
ers
gr
a
duat
ed
fro
m
pr
i
m
ary
scho
ol,
an
d
39%
(
n=12)
of
th
os
e
with
m
oth
ers
gr
a
du
at
ing
f
ro
m
seconda
ry
sch
ool
was
“di
verging
”
,
w
he
reas
37.5%
(n
=
12)
of
the
par
ti
ci
pan
ts
whose
m
oth
er
s
gr
a
du
at
e
d
from
hig
h
school
had
“c
onve
rg
i
ng
”
le
ar
ning
sty
le
.
Cram
er
'
s
V
wa
s
us
e
d
to
m
easur
e
t
he
im
pact
of
e
ducat
iona
l
le
vel
of
m
oth
er
on
t
he
pa
rtic
ipants'
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
,
and
t
he
ef
fect
siz
e
was
f
ound
to
be
m
od
erat
e.
O
n
the
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
the
a
na
ly
sis
of
Table
3
in
dicat
es
th
at
the
pros
pecti
ve
te
achers'
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
did
not
dif
fer
si
gn
i
ficantl
y
in
rel
at
ion
to
e
du
ca
ti
on
al
le
vel
of
father
(X
2
=
13.52,
p=
.14).
44%
(
n=
26)
of
the
pa
r
ti
ci
pan
ts
w
hos
e
fathe
rs
wer
e
pr
im
ary
sch
ool
gra
du
at
e
a
nd
30
%
(n
=
11)
of
th
ose
with
fathe
rs
gr
a
duat
ing
fro
m
hig
h
sch
ool
pr
e
dom
inantly
had
“
div
e
rg
i
ng”
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
,
an
d
m
os
t
of
the
p
a
rtic
ipants
who
se
fathe
rs
gr
a
duat
ed
from
seconda
ry
sch
oo
l
(36.4%,
n=
16)
ha
d
“c
onve
rg
i
ng
”
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
.
Accor
ding
to
the
ta
ble,
the
dom
inant
le
arn
ing
sty
le
fo
r
the
m
ajo
rity
of
pa
rtic
ipants
with f
at
hers
gr
a
duat
ing f
rom
u
niv
ersit
y w
as “accom
m
od
at
ing
”
(37%,
n=
11)
a
nd “
div
e
rg
i
ng
”
(37%,
n=
11).
The
Table
4
dem
on
strat
es
m
ean
a
nd
sta
ndard
de
viati
on
values
f
or
the
par
ti
ci
pa
nts'
scor
es
on
the
Teacher
s’
Se
nse
of
Ef
ficacy
Scal
e.
Accord
i
ng
to
these
val
ue
s,
it
was
fo
un
d
that
the
occupati
on
al
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
le
vel
of
the
p
a
r
ti
ci
pan
ts
was
"
su
f
fici
ent"
f
or
al
l
the
scal
e
factor
s.
Acc
ordi
ng
t
o
the
ta
ble,
the
facto
r
f
or
wh
ic
h
the p
a
rtic
ipants
h
a
d hig
hest se
lf
-
ef
ficacy
w
as
“eff
ic
acy
i
n
in
structio
nal stra
te
gies”.
Table
4
.
Re
s
ults o
f
descr
i
ptive
an
al
ysi
s on
t
he
teac
her
s
’
se
nse
of
e
ff
ic
acy
s
cal
e scor
e
s
Scale facto
rs
n
X
S.S.
Ef
f
icacy
in stu
d
en
t eng
ag
e
m
en
t
170
6
.51
1
0
.24
Ef
f
icacy
in in
stru
ct
io
n
al strategies
170
6
.66
9
.64
Ef
f
icacy
in class
ro
o
m
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
170
6
.63
9
.84
Total
170
6
.60
2
7
.23
The
a
naly
sis
of
Table
5
s
how
s
that
the
pa
rtic
ipants'
scor
es
on
t
he
Teac
hers’
Se
ns
e
of
E
ffi
cacy
Scal
e
diff
e
re
d
sig
ni
ficantl
y
in
relat
ion
to
the
de
par
t
m
ent
var
ia
bl
e
(X2=8.9
5,
p=.03).
T
he
stud
y
perform
ed
the
Ma
nn
-
Wh
it
ney
U
te
st
to
fin
d
out
w
hich
e
ducat
ion
al
le
vels
su
c
h
diff
e
re
nc
e
der
i
ve
d
f
rom
.
At
this
sta
ge,
Bo
nf
e
rro
ni
co
rr
e
ct
ion
was
us
e
d
to
re
duce
Ty
pe
1
e
rror
s
,
an
d
t
he
si
gnific
ance
le
ve
l
wa
s
set
at .01
(.05
/
4=.012
5).
Table
5
.
T
each
er
ef
ficacy
lev
el
o
f
p
a
rtic
ipan
ts base
d on in
de
pende
nt v
a
ria
bles
Variables
n
Mean ra
n
k
Sd
X
2
p
Sig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
erence
Ef
f
ect size
Dep
art
m
en
t
Turk
ish
L
an
g
u
ag
e E
d
u
catio
n
Dep
art
m
en
t
49
9
4
.58
3
8
.95
.
03
Turk
ish
>scien
ce
.
25
So
cial Sciences
Edu
catio
n
Dep
art
m
en
t
33
9
2
.98
Scien
ce E
d
u
catio
n
Dep
art
m
en
t
50
6
8
.18
Mathe
m
a
tics Edu
c
atio
n
Dep
art
m
en
t
38
9
0
.08
2
1
.56
.
45
Hig
h
sch
o
o
l ty
p
e
Co
m
m
o
n
High
Sc
h
o
o
l
51
7
9
.20
An
ato
lian
High
Scho
o
l
80
8
6
.29
An
ato
lian
Relig
io
u
s Hig
h
Scho
o
l
39
9
2
.13
Edu
catio
n
al level
o
f
m
o
th
er
Illiter
at
e
27
7
6
.56
3
1
.52
.
67
Pri
m
a
r
y
Scho
o
l
80
8
5
.25
Seco
n
d
ary
Scho
o
l
31
8
6
.95
Hig
h
Scho
o
l
32
9
2
.27
Edu
catio
n
al level
o
f
f
ath
er
Pri
m
a
r
y
Scho
o
l
59
7
9
.96
3
3
.64
0
.
30
Seco
n
d
ary
Scho
o
l
44
8
3
.39
Hig
h
Scho
o
l
37
8
4
.66
Un
iv
ersity
30
1
0
0
.53
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Th
e ex
amin
ation of le
arnin
g st
yl
es a
nd te
ac
her
ef
fi
cacy i
n prospecti
ve te
a
chers...
(
T
az
e
gül De
mir
At
alay
)
489
The
resu
lt
s
of
t
he
a
naly
ses
in
dicat
ed
that
prospect
ive
te
ac
her
s
in
T
urkis
h
Ed
ucati
on
De
par
tm
ent
had
higher
te
ac
her
eff
ic
acy
com
par
ed
t
o
their
pe
ers
in
Scie
nce
Ed
ucati
on
De
pa
rtm
ent
(U
=8
60;
p=.0
11).
A
na
ly
sis
of
the
ef
fect
siz
e
colum
n
in
the
ta
ble
disp
la
ys
th
at
the
dep
artm
ent
var
ia
ble
had
a
sm
al
l
eff
ect
on
te
acher
eff
ic
acy
scor
e
s
of
the
stu
de
nts
[14]
.
Acc
ordi
ng
to
Ta
ble
5,
ther
e
was
no
sig
nifica
nt
diff
e
re
nce
bet
ween
te
acher
e
ff
ic
ac
y scor
e
s
of
t
he parti
ci
pa
nts
ba
sed o
n hig
h
sc
hool ty
pe
a
nd e
du
cat
io
nal le
ve
l of pa
ren
ts
(p
>.05)
.
The
Ma
nn
-
Whi
tney
U
te
st
was
pe
rfo
rm
e
d
to
in
vestigat
e
wh
et
her
te
a
cher
e
ff
ic
acy
scor
e
s
of
the
pros
pecti
ve
te
a
cher
s
di
ff
e
red
sign
ific
a
ntly
in
relat
ion
to
ge
nder
.
T
he
fin
dings
a
re
giv
e
n
i
n
Table
6.
Accord
i
ng
to
Table
6,
the
re
was
no
sig
ni
ficant
dif
fer
e
nc
e
in
te
acher
e
ff
ic
acy
sco
res
of
th
e
pa
rtic
ipants
base
d
on
gende
r
(p
>
.05).
T
his
fin
ding
ca
n
be
inter
pr
et
e
d
as
t
hat
oc
cu
pational
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
le
vels
of
t
he
fem
al
e
and
m
a
le
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
we
re s
im
i
la
r.
Table
6
.
Re
s
ults
of the
m
ann
-
wh
it
ney
u
te
st
base
d on ge
nd
er
Gen
d
er
n
Mean ra
n
k
Ran
k
su
m
U
p
Fe
m
ale
94
8
0
.61
7
5
7
7
.5
0
3
1
1
2
.5
0
.15
Male
76
9
1
.55
6
9
5
7
.5
0
The
an
al
ysi
s
of
Table
7
re
vea
ls
that
the
par
ti
ci
pan
ts'
scor
es
on
t
he
Teach
er
s'
Sens
e
of
E
ff
i
cacy
Scal
e
diff
e
re
d
sig
nifi
cantl
y
in
relat
ion
to
le
ar
ning
sty
le
s
(X
2
=1
0.28,
p<.05).
Ac
cordin
g
t
o
the
resu
lt
of
t
he
Ma
nn
-
Wh
it
ney
U
te
s
t,
pros
pecti
ve
t
eachers
with
“
div
e
rg
i
ng
”
le
ar
ning
sty
le
ha
d
higher
te
ac
her
eff
ic
acy
sc
or
es
than
pros
pecti
ve
te
achers
with
“
conve
rg
i
ng
”
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
(
U=43
4.50
;
p=.018
).
I
n
a
dd
it
ion
,
te
ac
her
e
f
ficacy
scor
e
s
of
the
pa
rtic
ipants
with
“assi
m
i
la
ti
ng
”
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
wer
e
highe
r
than
the
sc
ore
s
of
t
he
pa
rtic
ipants
with “c
onve
rg
i
ng
”
lear
ning st
yl
e.
Table
7
.
Re
la
ti
on
s
hi
p betwee
n
occupati
onal
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
a
nd lear
ning sty
le
Teac
h
ers
’
Sen
se o
f
Ef
f
icacy
Scal
e
Lear
n
in
g
sty
le
n
Mean ra
n
k
Sd
X
2
p
Sig
n
if
ican
t diff
erence
Total
Acco
m
m
o
d
atin
g
35
8
1
.23
3
1
0
.28
.01
Div
ergin
g
> Co
n
v
e
rgin
g
Ass
i
m
ilatin
g
>
Co
n
v
ergin
g
Div
ergin
g
62
9
6
.91
Co
n
v
ergin
g
43
6
7
.17
Ass
i
m
ilatin
g
30
9
3
.17
Aim
ed
at
exa
m
ining
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
and
te
acher
ef
ficacy
in
prosp
ect
i
ve
te
achers,
the
stud
y
fou
nd
that
the
m
ajo
rity
of
the
pa
rtic
ipants
pre
dom
inantly
had
“dive
rg
i
ng
”
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
w
hile
few
of
th
e
m
had
“assim
il
ating
”
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
as
pr
e
ferre
d
way
of
le
ar
ni
ng.
T
his
res
ult
dem
on
strat
es
that
the
pro
s
pecti
ve
te
achers
i
n
t
he
stu
dy
gro
up
m
os
tly
adopt
Con
c
rete
E
xp
e
rience
a
nd
Re
f
le
ct
ive
Obser
va
ti
on
,
a
nd
hence,
they
le
arn
bette
r
t
hro
ugh
se
ns
in
g
and
ob
s
er
ving.
T
her
e
a
re
s
tud
ie
s
in
the
r
el
evan
t
li
te
ratur
e
repor
ti
ng
si
m
il
a
r
resu
lt
s
with
thi
s
subscal
e.
F
or
instance,
[
15
]
fou
nd
t
he
dom
inant
le
ar
ni
ng
sty
le
of
50
pr
ospect
ive
te
ache
rs
in
Ph
ysi
cs
De
par
t
m
ent
was
“div
erg
i
ng
”
,
an
d
it
was
f
ollow
e
d
by
accom
m
od
at
ing
,
c
onvergi
ng
a
nd
assim
ilati
ng
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
s,
res
pecti
vely
.
In
he
r
st
ud
y,
[
16
]
repo
rted
t
hat
“
div
er
ging
”
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
was
the
do
m
inant
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
pr
e
ferred
by
pros
pecti
ve
te
ac
her
s
i
n
dif
fe
re
nt
de
par
tm
ents
in
te
chn
ic
al
e
du
cat
io
n
facu
lt
y
of
a
un
i
ver
sit
y.
[
17]
Also
fou
nd
t
hat
606
pros
pe
ct
ive
te
achers
in
the
de
par
tm
ents
of
Scie
nc
e,
Ma
them
a
ti
c
s
and
Pr
im
ary
Scho
ol
Teaching
ha
d
“dive
rg
i
ng”
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
as
do
m
inant
l
earn
i
ng
strat
e
gy
.
In
an
oth
e
r
stud
y
,
Singh
an
d
Sin
gh
(
2014
)
repor
te
d
that
the
do
m
inant
le
a
rn
i
ng
sty
le
of
190
pros
pecti
ve
te
achers
st
ud
yi
ng
sci
ence,
hum
a
niti
es
an
d
s
oci
al
sci
ences
wa
s
“di
vergin
g”.
The
a
naly
sis
of
the
relat
io
nship
bet
ween
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
and
occ
upat
ion
i
nd
ic
at
e
s
that
do
m
inan
t
le
arn
ing
sty
le
of
the
m
ajo
rit
y
of
te
acher
s
is
“assim
il
a
ti
ng
”
[12]
.
This
fin
ding
is
al
so
s
uppo
rted
with
releva
nt
researc
h
[
18
-
21]
.
Th
e
rea
son
for
fin
ding
“
div
e
rg
i
ng
”
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
as
do
m
inant
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
of
m
os
t
part
ic
ipants
in
the
pr
ese
nt
stu
dy
m
ay
be
the
im
pact
of
ce
ntral
exam
s
they
will
ta
ke
at
the
en
d
of
t
heir
trai
ning
pe
rio
d,
a
nd
t
he
l
earn
i
ng
e
nvir
onm
ent
they
exp
erie
nce.
T
he
f
a
ct
that
pros
pecti
ve
te
achers
pre
par
i
ng
f
or
P
ub
li
c
Pers
onnel
Sele
ct
ion
E
xam
inati
on
(K
P
SS
)
m
os
tly
stud
y
on
their
own,
the
rec
ogniti
on
of
the
need
f
or
bei
ng
m
or
e
patie
nt
and
caref
ul
in
le
arn
i
ng
pr
oc
ess,
ex
per
ie
nc
ing
a
diff
ic
ult
stu
dying
pe
rio
d
du
e
to
kn
ow
i
ng
that
they
ca
n
be
com
e
a
te
acher
only
after
pa
ssing
a
th
ree
-
sta
ge
exam
,
and
the
possibil
it
y
that
this
process
m
ay
cause
pro
sp
ect
ive
te
ac
he
rs
ad
opt
a
m
or
e
se
nsory
a
ppr
oac
h
m
ay
hav
e
an
im
pact
on
the
l
earn
i
ng
sty
le
s
of
the
par
ti
ci
pa
nts.
I
nd
e
ed
,
it
is
well
-
known
that
ind
ivid
ua
ls
with
“dive
rg
i
ng
”
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
ar
e
incli
ned
to
be
com
e
e
m
ot
ion
al
,
prefe
r
in
di
vidual
stu
dyin
g
w
he
n
le
arn
i
ng,
a
nd
beco
m
e p
at
ie
nt
and ca
reful in
le
arn
in
g proces
s
[
22, 23]
.
The
st
ud
y
fou
nd
that
the
pr
os
pe
ct
ive
te
ac
her
s'
le
ar
ning
sty
le
s
diff
e
red
sign
i
ficantl
y
base
d
on
t
he
dep
a
rtm
ent
var
ia
ble.
It
was
fou
nd
that
do
m
inant
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
a
m
on
g
the
m
ajo
rity
of
stu
de
nts
in
Turkis
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
3
,
Sept
e
m
ber
2019
:
4
8
4
-
4
94
490
Ed
ucati
on
Departm
ent
was
“
div
e
rg
i
ng
”
.
It
was
f
ollow
e
d
by
assim
il
ating
,
co
nver
ging
and
acc
omm
o
datin
g
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
s,
res
pecti
vely
.
I
n
ot
her
w
ords,
pros
pect
ive
te
acher
s
in
T
urkish
Ed
uca
ti
on
De
partm
ent
pr
e
dom
inantly
had
div
er
ging
an
d
assim
i
l
at
ing
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
,
wh
erea
s
convergi
ng
and
acc
omm
o
dati
ng
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
s
wer
e
le
ast
prefe
rr
e
d.
As
f
or
oth
e
r
dep
a
rtm
ents;
stud
ents
in
S
ocial
Scie
nces
E
duc
at
ion
Dep
a
rtm
ent
had
co
nver
ging
and
acc
omm
od
at
in
g
le
ar
ni
ng
sty
le
s
m
os
t,
and
as
sim
ilati
ng
an
d
dive
rg
i
ng
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
s
le
ast
;
stud
ents
in
Scie
nce
Ed
ucati
on
De
par
t
m
ent
pr
efe
rr
e
d
div
er
ging
an
d
convergin
g
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
m
os
t,
a
nd
acc
omm
od
at
ing
an
d
assim
il
a
ti
ng
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
le
ast
;
and
pa
rtic
ipants
in
Ma
them
at
ic
s
Ed
ucati
on
De
pa
rtm
ent
pr
ed
om
inantly
had
div
e
rg
i
ng
a
nd
assim
il
a
ti
ng
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
wh
il
e
they
pr
e
ferred
conve
rg
i
ng
an
d
acc
omm
od
at
ing
le
a
rn
i
ng
st
yl
es
le
ast
.
The
se
res
ults
s
ugge
st
that
distri
buti
on
of
le
a
rn
i
ng
sty
le
s
a
m
on
g
the
pa
rtic
ipants
in
Tu
r
k
ish
an
d
Ma
th
e
m
at
ic
s
Edu
cat
ion
de
par
tm
ents,
an
d
t
hose
in
Scie
nce
a
nd
S
ocial
Scie
nces
Ed
uc
at
ion
de
par
tm
e
nts
bear
sim
il
a
riti
es.
Co
ns
ide
r
ing
t
hat
le
ar
ning
sty
le
is
a
n
in
dicat
or
of
i
nd
i
vidual
diff
e
re
nces,
ca
n
cha
nge
over
tim
e,
and
dif
fe
rs
in
relat
io
n
to
dem
og
r
a
phic
char
act
erist
ic
s
of
le
ar
ners
suc
h
as
age,
ge
nder
,
cultural
cha
ract
erist
ic
s,
acade
m
ic
achieve
m
ent
and
pr
e
fere
nces
in
the
proces
s
of
knowle
dge
acqu
isi
ti
on
[24]
,
the
fin
ding
of
t
he
stu
dy
c
on
ce
r
ning
the
diff
e
re
nce
in
l
earn
i
ng
sty
le
s
base
d
on
dep
a
rtm
ent
m
ay
be
acce
pt
ed
norm
al
.
In
de
ed,
[25]
in
dic
at
ed
that
le
ar
ni
ng
sty
le
differ
ed
e
ven
bet
we
en
stu
de
nts
at
te
nd
i
ng
dayt
i
m
e
and
even
i
ng
cl
asses
in
the
sa
m
e
dep
a
rtm
ent.
A
stud
y
by
[18]
inv
est
igati
ng
pros
pecti
ve
te
achers'
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
s
based
on
di
ve
rse
var
ia
bles
fou
nd
that
stu
den
ts'
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
s
diff
ere
d
in
relat
ion
to
their
dep
a
rtm
ent.
[26]
Also
reac
he
d
the
c
oncl
usi
on
t
hat
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
diff
e
red
am
ong
prospect
ive
te
ac
her
s
i
n
relat
ion
t
o
thei
r
re
sp
ect
ive
d
is
ci
plines.
Anothe
r
f
in
ding
of
t
he
prese
nt
stud
y
was
tha
t
the
pros
pecti
ve
te
ache
rs'
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
di
d
not
di
ff
e
r
sign
ific
a
ntly
ba
sed
on
ge
nd
e
r.
T
his
fi
nd
i
ng
is
al
so
sup
por
te
d
by
se
ver
al
stud
ie
s
repo
rting
t
hat
the
dom
inant
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
of
stu
den
ts
di
d
no
t
dif
fer
ba
sed
on
ge
nde
r
[27
-
31]
.
Howev
e
r,
the
re
a
re
al
so
oth
er
stud
ie
s
ind
ic
at
in
g
that
dom
inant
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
of
stud
e
nts
var
y
base
d
on
t
he
gende
r
va
riabl
e
[9,
32
-
35]
.
I
n
this
reg
a
rd,
the
di
fference
bet
wee
n
the
stu
dy
res
ults
m
ay
be
cause
d
by
dive
rsi
ty
of
t
he
stu
dy
sam
ples
or
the
us
e
of
diff
e
re
nt m
eas
ur
i
ng to
ols to
i
den
ti
fy lea
rn
i
ng sty
le
s.
The
st
ud
y
res
ul
ts
al
so
dem
onstrat
ed
th
at
the
m
ajo
rity
of
pr
os
pe
ct
ive
te
ac
her
s
w
ho
gr
a
duat
ed
from
Com
m
on
High
Scho
ol
or
A
na
toli
an
Re
li
giou
s
High
Sc
hool
m
os
tly
had
“
di
vergin
g”
le
a
rn
i
ng
sty
le
w
hile
tho
se
who
gr
a
duat
ed
f
r
om
An
at
olian
Hi
gh
Sc
hool
pr
e
ferre
d
“co
nv
e
r
ging”
(
n=
25)
a
nd
“di
vergin
g”
(
n=
24)
l
earn
i
ng
sty
le
s.
Ho
we
ve
r,
the
res
ults
of
sta
ti
sti
cal
analy
ses
rev
ea
le
d
that
the
pa
rtic
ipants'
le
a
rn
i
ng
sty
le
did
not
sign
ific
a
ntly
diff
e
r
in
te
rm
s
of
the
ty
pe
of
high
sch
oo
l
the
y
grad
uated
f
r
om
.
Si
m
i
la
r
resu
lt
s
wer
e
al
so
re
porte
d
by
[
19, 2
1,
27]
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
t
he
stu
dy
f
ound
that
le
ar
ning
sty
le
s
of
th
e
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
did
not
di
ff
e
r
ba
sed
on
edu
cat
io
nal
le
ve
l
of
fathe
r,
w
her
eas
the
re
w
as
a
sig
nificant
dif
fer
e
nce
in
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
base
d
on
e
duc
at
ion
al
le
vel
of
m
oth
er.
T
he
dom
ina
nt
le
ar
ning
sty
le
f
or
m
os
t
of
t
he
st
ud
e
nts
whose
m
oth
ers
w
ere
il
li
te
rate,
pri
m
ary
sch
oo
l
gr
a
duat
e
or
sec
onda
ry
sch
ool
grad
ua
te
was
“
div
e
rgi
ng
”,
an
d
m
os
t
of
the
pa
rtic
ipants
w
ho
had
hi
gh
sch
oo
l
gra
du
a
te
m
oth
ers
ha
d
“co
nver
ging
”
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
.
The
analy
sis
of
ef
fect
siz
e
ind
ic
at
e
d
that
edu
cat
io
nal
le
vel
of
m
oth
er
had
a
m
od
er
at
e
eff
ect
on
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
s.
In
li
ne
with
the
fin
ding
on
this
su
bdim
ension
of
the
stu
dy,
[
32
]
m
ai
ntained
that
there
was
a
sign
ific
ant
di
ff
ere
nce
bet
w
een
ed
ucati
ona
l
le
ve
l
of
m
oth
er
an
d
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
of
stu
de
nts.
[
36]
Re
ported
th
at
le
arn
ing
sty
l
e
of
he
arin
g
im
paire
d
stu
den
ts
var
ie
d
in
relat
ion
to
e
du
cat
io
nal
le
v
e
l
of
m
oth
er.
M
or
e
over,
[
37]
fo
un
d
a
sta
ti
sti
c
al
ly
sign
ific
ant
diff
er
ence
be
tween
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
of
pa
rtic
ipati
ng
st
ud
e
nts
a
nd
ed
ucati
onal
le
vel
of
m
oth
er
,
w
her
eas
no
st
at
ist
ic
ally
signi
ficant
diff
e
re
nce
w
as
obser
ve
d
wit
h
re
ga
rd
t
o
e
ducat
ion
al
le
vel
of
fathe
r.
I
n
t
he
li
te
ratur
e
,
t
her
e
a
re
al
s
o
s
tud
ie
s
ind
ic
at
in
g
that
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
diff
e
red
bas
e
d
on
ed
ucati
onal
le
vel
of
fa
ther
[
36,
38]
).
The
reas
on
f
or
s
uc
h
i
m
pact
of
ed
uc
at
ion
al
le
vel
of
m
oth
er
and
/
or
fat
her
on
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
m
ay
be
pa
ren
ta
l
infl
uence
on
occupati
onal
c
ho
ic
es
of
stu
de
nts
.
[39]
asse
rted
that
prefe
ren
ces
of
the
fam
i
ly
is
a
determ
ining
factor
f
or
stu
de
nts'
un
ive
rsity
cho
ic
e.
[
40
]
Stat
ed
that
the
will
of
the
fa
m
il
y
was
a
sign
ific
ant
f
act
or
f
o
r
se
nior
high
sch
oo
l st
ud
e
nts
in
thei
r
c
ho
ic
e
of
dep
a
rtm
ent.
The
stu
dy
al
so
cam
e
to
the
con
cl
us
io
n
th
at
the
pros
pec
ti
ve
te
achers
ha
d
a
hi
gh
le
ve
l
of
te
ache
r
eff
ic
acy
.
Actu
al
ly
,
this
find
i
ng
is
ver
y
pro
m
isi
ng
.
T
he
fa
ct
that
pros
pec
ti
ve
te
achers
who
wer
e
i
n
the
hom
e
stret
ch
of
their
pr
e
-
ser
vice
edu
cat
io
n
had
high
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
belie
fs
tha
t
they
can
engage
stu
den
ts
i
n
cl
ass
act
ively
or
co
ver
tl
y,
us
e
i
ns
tructi
onal
m
et
h
od
s
a
nd
te
ch
niq
ue
s
com
patible
with
the
ai
m
and
co
ntent
of
t
he
course,
orga
nise
le
arn
in
g
en
vir
on
m
ent
accor
ding
to
the
needs
an
d
inte
rests
of
st
ud
e
nt
s,
deter
m
ine
su
ccess
le
vel
of
stu
dent
s,
accom
plish
cl
ass
m
anag
em
ent,
m
ini
m
ise
unwa
nted
be
ha
viours
i
n
the
cl
assroom
,
et
c.
wh
e
n
perform
ing
th
e
te
achin
g
prof
essi
on
m
ay
al
so
be
c
on
sidere
d
as
an
ind
ic
at
io
n
of
highe
r
prof
e
ssion
a
l
m
ot
ivati
on
.
As
is
sta
te
d
by
[
2]
,
per
cei
ve
d
s
el
f
-
ef
ficacy
is
an
im
po
rtant
f
act
or
t
hat
m
oti
vates
in
div
i
dual
s.
I
f
people
do
not
belie
ve
they
can
achieve
th
e
desired
ou
tc
om
e,
they
will
no
t
be
m
otivate
d
en
ough
des
pite
the
existe
nce
of
oth
er
dr
i
ver
s
a
round
them
.
Th
us,
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
is
li
nk
ed
to
m
otivati
on.
T
he
ro
le
of
te
ache
r
s
and
le
vel
of
their
prof
e
ssio
nal
m
otivati
on
ca
nn
ot
be
de
nied
i
n
achievi
ng
ef
fecti
ve
le
arn
i
ng.
Teac
her
s
with
high
occupati
onal
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
,
and
hen
ce
high
pro
fessio
nal
m
otivati
on
be
li
eve
that
st
ud
e
nts
with
l
earn
i
ng
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
E
val & R
es Educ
.
IS
S
N:
22
52
-
8822
Th
e ex
amin
ation of le
arnin
g st
yl
es a
nd te
ac
her
ef
fi
cacy i
n prospecti
ve te
a
chers...
(
T
az
e
gül De
mir
At
alay
)
491
diff
ic
ulti
es
can
le
arn
with
s
uf
fici
ent
en
dea
vour,
t
hese
te
ac
her
s
can
co
pe
with
neg
at
ive
eff
ect
s
of
en
vir
on
m
ent
on
i
ns
tr
uctio
n
process
al
s
o
w
it
h
suppo
rt
of
the
fam
il
y,
are
op
e
n
t
o
ne
w
i
de
as,
will
ing
to
app
ly
in
novati
on
s
in
the
cl
assroom
env
i
ronm
ent,
hav
e
lowe
r
occ
up
at
io
nal
bur
nout
an
d
are
m
or
e
s
upportive
of
stu
den
t
a
uto
nom
y
[41
-
43]
.
H
ow
e
ver,
te
achers
w
it
h
low
occ
upa
ti
on
al
sel
f
-
e
ff
i
cacy
think
ther
e
is
no
thin
g
to d
o
wh
e
n
stu
de
nts
are
no
t
m
otivate
d
enou
gh
to
le
a
r
n,
a
nd
they
ca
nnot
pr
e
ve
nt
th
e
ne
gative
im
pact
of
en
vir
onm
ent
and
fam
ily
[42]
.
In
li
ne wit
h
the
f
in
ding of th
e
pr
ese
nt stu
dy, t
her
e a
re r
esea
r
ch
fi
nd
i
ng
s i
n
the r
el
e
van
t l
it
eratur
e
re
portin
g
that
pros
pecti
ve
te
a
cher
s
h
a
ve hig
h
te
ache
r
e
ff
ic
acy
[44
-
47]
.
The
stu
dy
ind
i
cat
ed
that
te
acher
ef
ficacy
le
vels
of
t
he
pa
r
ti
ci
pan
ts
diff
e
r
ed
sig
nificantl
y
based
on
dep
a
rtm
ent.
Con
si
der
i
ng
m
ean
ra
nks
on
th
e
Teache
rs'
Sens
e
of
E
ff
ic
ac
y
Scal
e
scor
es
of
t
he
pa
rtic
ipants
,
it
was
c
on
cl
ud
e
d
that
pros
pecti
ve
te
ache
rs
stu
dying
so
ci
al
sc
ie
nces
usual
ly
saw
them
sel
ves
m
or
e
su
f
fici
ent
i
n
their
prof
es
sio
n
c
om
par
ed
t
o
the
par
ti
ci
pa
nt
s
stud
yi
ng
sc
i
ence.
Acc
ordi
ng
to
t
he
re
su
l
ts
of
analy
ses,
it
was
fou
nd
that
the
dep
a
rtm
ent
var
ia
ble
had
a
sm
al
l
eff
ect
on
oc
cup
at
io
nal
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
,
the
sign
ific
a
nt
diff
e
ren
ce
betwee
n
the
de
par
tm
ents
resul
te
d
fr
om
the
diff
ere
nce
bet
w
een
par
ti
ci
pa
nt
s
in
Turkish
E
du
cat
i
on
an
d
S
ci
ence
Ed
ucati
on
de
pa
rtm
ents,
and
par
ti
ci
pa
nts
in
Turkish
E
duc
at
ion
De
par
tm
ent
ha
d
highe
r
occ
up
at
i
on
al
sel
f
-
eff
ic
acy
than
t
ho
s
e
in
Scie
nc
e
Edu
cat
io
n
D
epar
tm
ent.
In
their
stu
dy,
[
48]
ob
ser
ve
d
tha
t
occu
pati
on
al
sel
f
-
eff
ic
acy
le
vels
of
pro
sp
ect
iv
e
te
achers
dif
f
ered
based
on
dep
a
rtm
ent,
a
nd
pros
pecti
ve
te
achers
in
T
urkish,
So
ci
al
Scie
nce
s,
Music
a
nd
Ar
t
Teac
hing
pro
gr
am
s
had
higher
perce
iv
ed
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
than
th
os
e
i
n
ot
he
r
pro
gr
am
s.
[49]
Re
ported
that
there w
e
re s
ig
ni
ficant dif
fer
e
nc
es b
et
wee
n
th
e scor
es
of
pro
sp
ect
ive tea
che
rs
f
or
two
scal
e
factor
s
-
e
ff
ic
acy
in
stud
e
nt
en
ga
gem
ent
and
ef
ficacy
in
cl
assroom
m
anag
e
m
ent
-
on
the
Teacher
s’
Sens
e
of
Ef
ficacy
Scal
e
based
on
de
par
t
m
e
nt,
an
d
stud
e
nt
s
in
Turkish
E
du
cat
io
n
De
pa
rtm
ent
saw
the
m
se
lves
m
or
e
su
ff
ic
ie
nt
reg
ar
di
ng
t
he
se
facto
rs
c
ompare
d
to
st
ude
nts
in
oth
e
r
de
par
tm
ents.
Fur
therm
or
e,
[
50]
fou
nd
that pros
pecti
ve
teac
her
s in M
at
hem
a
ti
cs D
ep
artm
ent h
ad l
ow
e
r
pe
rceive
d
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
with r
e
gard to
stud
e
nt
eng
a
gem
ent
and
cl
assroom
manag
em
ent
on
the
Teacher
s’
Sens
e
of
Ef
ficacy
Scal
e
than
pr
ospect
ive
te
achers
in o
t
her de
par
t
m
ents.
Lo
wer
te
ache
r
eff
ic
acy
in
prospect
ive
te
achers
in
Ma
the
m
at
ic
s
and
Scie
nce
de
par
tm
ents
m
a
y
be
resu
lt
in
g
from
the
neg
at
ive
a
tt
it
ud
e
us
ually
dev
el
ope
d
by
stud
ents
to
wa
rd
these
disci
pl
ines
beg
i
nn
i
ng
fro
m
pr
im
ary
schoo
l.
[
51
]
Asser
te
d
that
t
his
negat
ive
at
ti
tud
e
i
s
not
s
pecific
to
T
urkey,
a
nd
there
is
a
c
om
m
on
belie
f
arou
nd
the
world
that
stud
ents
ha
ve
diff
ere
nt
co
nc
ern
s
a
nd
fea
r
s
reg
ar
ding
m
at
hem
atics
cl
a
ss
in
par
ti
cula
r.
Re
l
evan
t
st
ud
ie
s
i
nd
ic
at
ed
that
s
tud
e
nts'
dev
el
opin
g
co
nce
rns
r
ega
rd
i
ng
thes
e
courses
a
nd
their
increase
ov
e
r
ti
m
e
m
a
y be af
fected b
y auth
ori
ta
rian
at
ti
tud
e
s o
f
te
ache
rs,
s
tud
e
nts'
f
ai
lure
in establi
sh
in
g l
ink
s
betwee
n
co
nte
nt o
f
t
he
co
urs
e and
li
fe
due to freque
nt u
se
of
tra
diti
on
al
i
ns
tr
uctional m
et
hods
a
nd
tec
hn
i
qu
e
s,
la
ck
of
ro
le
m
od
el
s
,
the
i
m
pact
of
ge
nd
e
r
a
nd
racial
j
udgm
ents,
and
in
fl
uen
ce
of
sci
e
ntist
s
in
po
pula
r
m
edia
[51
-
54]
.
Ba
sed
on
t
hese
fi
nding
s
,
pros
pecti
ve
te
ache
rs'
lower
occ
up
at
io
nal
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
a
cy
m
ay
resu
lt
from
bein
g
awa
re
of
the
chall
en
ge
s
they
will
face
du
e
to
knowin
g
that
stu
de
nts
usual
ly
hav
e
ne
gative
a
tt
it
ud
es
towa
rd m
at
he
m
at
ic
s an
d
sci
e
nce.
The
res
ults
of
t
he
st
ud
y
i
nd
ic
a
te
d
that
te
ac
he
r
ef
ficacy
le
vel
s
of
the
pa
rtic
ipants
di
d
no
t
di
ff
er
base
d
on
the
ty
pe
of
high
sc
hool
t
hey
grad
uate
d
from
and
e
du
c
at
ion
al
le
vel
of
pa
re
nts.
T
hat
it
had
bee
n
a
wh
il
e
since
they
gra
du
at
e
d
f
ro
m
hig
h
sc
ho
ol,
an
d
prof
e
ssio
nal
te
achin
g
kn
ow
l
edg
e
is
pr
e
do
m
inantly
introdu
ce
d
in
unde
rgraduate
le
vel
m
ay
hav
e
cause
d
stu
dent
s
to
dev
el
op
pe
rceive
d
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
acco
rd
i
ng
t
o
th
e
know
le
dge
and
s
kill
s
they
le
arn
e
d
in
the
se
cl
asses.
Sim
il
ar
to
the
res
ul
t
of
the
prese
nt
stud
y,
[55]
repor
te
d
that
te
acher
eff
ic
acy
in
pro
sp
ect
ive
te
ac
he
rs
did
not
show
a
sta
ti
sti
cal
ly
sign
ific
ant
diff
e
re
nce
in
r
el
at
ion
to
t
he
t
ype
of
high
sch
oo
l
t
he
y
gr
ad
uated
f
ro
m
.
On
the
ot
her
ha
nd,
[
56
]
fou
nd
no
sig
nificant
dif
fer
e
nc
e
in
te
acher
eff
ic
acy
a
m
on
g
pros
pe
ct
ive
te
achers
base
d
on
ed
uc
at
ion
al
le
vel
of
par
e
nts.
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
the
present
st
ud
y
in
dicat
ed
that
te
acher
e
f
ficacy
did
no
t
diff
e
r
si
gn
ific
antly
a
m
on
g
pros
pecti
ve
te
ac
her
s
base
d
on
gende
r.
T
his
resu
lt
dem
on
strat
es
that
the
le
vel
of
occ
up
at
io
nal
eff
ic
acy
in
fem
al
e
and
m
al
e
prosp
ect
iv
e
te
achers
was
sim
il
ar.
Fact
or
s
su
c
h
t
hat
te
achin
g
i
s
an
easi
ly
at
ta
inable
prof
es
sion
unde
r
c
urren
t
ci
rc
um
stan
ces
in
Tu
r
ke
y,
the
per
ce
ptio
n
t
oward
r
oles
a
nd
r
esp
on
si
bili
ti
es
of
w
om
en
an
d
m
en
in
s
ociet
y
has
sta
rted
to
be
s
ha
pe
d
in
li
ne
with
the
pri
nci
ple
of
"e
qu
al
it
y"
,
and
no
di
fference
in
le
ar
ni
ng
en
vir
onm
e
n
ts
base
d
on
ge
nd
e
r,
et
c.
m
a
y
be
the
cause
of
sim
il
a
r
occ
upat
ion
al
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
be
li
efs
in
fem
ale
an
d
m
al
e
par
ti
ci
pan
ts.
I
n
a
si
m
il
ar
vein,
[
55,
57
-
60]
m
ai
ntai
ned that ge
nder
f
a
ct
or
did n
ot
ha
ve
a
sig
nificant
i
m
pact o
n t
eac
her ef
ficacy
in t
heir
stu
dies.
Finall
y,
the
stud
y
f
ound
tha
t
te
acher
eff
ic
acy
of
the
pa
r
ti
ci
pan
ts
diff
e
r
ed
in
relat
ion
to
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
s,
an
d
stu
den
ts
w
ho
had
“di
vergin
g”
a
nd
“assi
m
il
a
tin
g”
le
ar
ning
st
yl
e
as
dom
inant
le
ar
ning
sty
le
ha
d
higher
occupat
ion
al
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
than
tho
se
with
“co
nv
e
r
ging”
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
.
As
te
ac
hing
is
a
professi
on
base
d
on
tria
l
and
pract
ic
e,
pros
pecti
ve
te
ac
her
s
with
c
on
vergin
g
a
nd
a
ccom
m
od
at
ing
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
,
w
ho
le
arn
th
rou
gh
act
ing
,
m
ay
be
exp
ect
e
d
to
ha
ve
hi
gh
e
r
te
a
cher
e
ff
ic
acy
.
[61]
Re
ported
that
per
cei
ved
sel
f
-
eff
ic
acy
le
vel
of
pro
sp
ect
ive
sci
ence
te
ac
he
rs
was
si
gn
i
ficantl
y
dif
fer
e
nt
in
relat
io
n
to
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s,
a
nd
pros
pecti
ve
te
a
cher
s
with
acc
omm
od
at
ing
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
ha
d
higher
pe
rce
ived
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
a
cy
than
th
os
e
who
had
co
nver
ging
a
nd
assim
il
a
t
ing
le
a
rn
i
ng
st
yl
es.
H
ow
e
ver,
as
sta
te
d
ab
ov
e,
pr
os
pe
ct
ive
t
eachers'
be
in
g
in
the
la
st
ph
a
se
of
pre
-
se
rv
ic
e
trai
ni
ng
,
an
d
bei
ng
in
a
di
ff
ic
ult
le
arn
in
g
proce
ss
to
prepa
re
f
or
P
ub
li
c
Pe
rs
onne
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2252
-
8822
In
t.
J
.
Eval
.
&
Re
s
.
E
du
c
.
Vo
l
.
8
, No
.
3
,
Sept
e
m
ber
2019
:
4
8
4
-
4
94
492
Sele
ct
ion
E
xa
m
inati
on
m
a
y
hav
e im
pact o
n t
heir
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
, an
d
he
nc
e o
ccu
pa
ti
onal
self
-
ef
ficacy
which is
relat
ed
to
le
ar
ning
sty
le
.
T
he
fin
dings
on
this
sub
dim
ension
of
the
st
udy
are
al
s
o
s
uppo
rted
by
[
62]
w
ho
m
ai
ntained
th
at
there
was
a
relat
ion
s
hip
betwee
n
sel
f
-
ef
ficacy
belie
fs
of
pr
os
pect
ive
sci
ence
te
acher
s
reg
a
rd
i
ng
sci
e
nce
te
achi
ng
base
d
on
le
ar
ning
sty
le
s,
a
nd
stu
de
nts
w
it
h
“dive
r
ging
”
an
d
“assi
m
i
la
ti
ng
”
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
s
had h
i
gh
e
r per
cei
ved
sel
f
-
e
ff
i
cacy
than
stu
de
nts
with “c
onvergin
g”
le
a
rn
i
ng sty
le
.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
As
a
res
ult
of
t
he
stu
dy,
it
wa
s
determ
ined
that
the
dom
inant
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
of
the
par
ti
c
i
pan
t
te
ache
r
cand
i
dates'
was
"dive
rg
i
ng
"
and
t
hat
the
l
earn
i
ng
sty
le
s
diff
e
re
d
acco
r
ding
to
t
he
de
par
tm
ents
they
were
stud
yi
ng.
It
wa
s
determ
ined
that
the
dom
ina
nt
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
of
the
can
di
da
te
s
stud
yi
ng
in
Tu
rk
is
h
E
ducat
ion
was
"
div
e
rg
i
ng"
an
d
in
S
ocia
l
Stu
dies
E
du
ca
ti
on
was
"c
onve
rg
i
ng
"
.
T
he
c
and
i
dates
stu
dy
ing
in
Scie
nc
e
a
nd
Ma
them
a
ti
cs
E
du
cat
io
n
as
a
m
ajo
rity
,
"di
ve
rg
i
ng
"
ha
ve
be
en
ide
ntifie
d
a
s
hav
i
ng
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s.
As
a
resu
lt
of
the
a
naly
zes
per
f
orm
ed,
it
was
re
vealed
t
hat
the
de
par
t
m
ent
var
ia
bl
e
has
a
m
od
erate
eff
ect
on
the
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
s
of
the
l
earn
e
rs.
Wh
il
e
the
gender
of
the
te
acher
cand
i
dates,
the
ty
pe
of
seco
ndary
ed
ucati
on
they
gr
a
duat
ed,
an
d
their
father
'
s
edu
cat
io
n
sta
tus
did
not
dif
f
er
sig
nifica
ntly
accor
ding
to
their
le
ar
ning
sty
le
s,
their
m
oth
er
edu
cat
io
n
sta
tuses
we
re
si
gnific
antly
di
fferent
acc
ordi
ng
to
thei
r
le
a
rn
i
ng
sty
le
s.
Mother
edu
cat
io
n
sta
t
us
va
riable
whic
h
has
a
m
oderate
eff
ect
on
the
le
arn
i
ng
s
ty
le
s
of
the
pa
rtic
ipants
s
howed
a
sign
ific
a
nt
dif
f
eren
ce
at
the
le
vel
of
hi
gh
s
c
hool.
It
has
see
n
that
the
dom
in
ant
le
arn
i
ng
st
yl
e
of
the
ca
ndidate
s
whose
m
oth
er
edu
cat
io
n st
at
us was
"h
i
gh sc
hool"
was
"c
onvergin
g".
In
the
st
ud
y,
it
was
determ
ined
that
the
Teac
her
Self
-
E
ff
ic
a
cy
Scal
e
scor
e
s
of
the
te
ache
r
can
did
at
es
on
the
basis
of
t
he
sub
-
facto
rs
an
d
su
m
of
the
scal
e
were
"suffici
ent"
le
vel.
This
re
s
ult
ind
ic
at
es
that
the
te
acher
ca
nd
i
da
te
s
who
c
onsti
tute
the
stu
dy
gro
up
ha
ve
hi
gh
le
vels
of
pro
fessio
nal
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
.
As
a
r
esult
of
the
a
naly
zes,
it
was
dete
r
m
ined
that
t
he
can
did
at
es
di
d
no
t
dif
fer
sign
i
ficantl
y
accor
ding
t
o
thei
r
ge
nd
e
r,
the
ty
pe
of
s
e
conda
ry
ed
uca
ti
on
they
gr
a
duat
ed
from
,
their
pa
ren
ts'
ed
ucati
on
al
sta
tu
s,
but
the
can
did
at
es
diff
e
re
d
sig
nif
ic
antly
fr
om
the
dep
a
rtm
ent
s
they
stu
died
.
It
wa
s
dete
r
m
ined
that
the
te
acher
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
acy
le
vels
of
t
he
t
eacher
can
di
da
te
s
w
ho
w
er
e
stu
dying
in
Turkis
h
E
duca
ti
on
wer
e
higher
tha
n
t
he
t
eacher
cand
i
dates
stu
dying
i
n
the
S
ci
ence
Ed
ucati
on.
It
is
al
s
o
a
m
on
g
t
he
r
es
earch
fin
dings
that
the
de
pa
rtm
en
t
var
ia
ble
has
a
low
ef
fect
on
the
Te
ache
r
Self
-
E
ff
ic
acy
Scal
e
scor
es
of
the
le
ar
ner
s
.
In
the
st
ud
y,
it
was
determ
ined
tha
t
the
pro
fessio
nal
sel
f
-
e
ff
ic
ac
y
le
vels
of
t
he
te
acher
ca
nd
i
da
te
s
diff
e
re
d
sign
i
ficantl
y
accor
ding
to their lea
rn
i
ng sty
le
s.
it
w
as
f
ou
nd that the
te
achers'
self
-
e
ff
ic
acy
sco
res wh
o ha
d
pre
dom
inantly
"dive
rg
i
ng"
le
arn
in
g
sty
le
wer
e
sig
nifica
ntly
hig
he
r
th
an
the
can
did
a
te
s
who
ha
d
"conve
rg
i
ng
"
a
nd
the
te
ac
hers'
sel
f
-
eff
ic
acy
sco
re
s
who
had
"a
ssi
m
il
a
ti
ng
"
le
arn
i
ng
sty
le
w
ere
sig
nificant
ly
hig
her
t
han
the
can
did
at
e
s
who
had "
co
nver
ging".
Fu
rt
her
stu
dies
sh
ould
be
co
nducte
d
to
ex
plo
re
te
ache
r
effi
cacy
in
pr
os
pe
ct
ive
te
achers
.
The
res
ults
of
these
st
ud
i
es
sh
ould
be
evaluate
d
as
a
need
s
a
naly
sis
fo
r
pr
e
-
ser
vi
ce
te
acher
trai
ning,
an
d
nec
essary
m
easur
es
(
giv
i
ng
m
or
e
f
oc
us
to
co
ur
se
s
on
prof
e
ssio
nal
te
achin
g
kn
ow
le
dg
e
i
n
the
c
urr
ic
ula,
increa
sin
g
the
cred
it
s
of
ap
plied
aspects
of
the
courses,
t
he
distrib
utio
n
of
co
urses
on
sch
ool
exp
e
rience
an
d
te
achin
g
pr
act
ic
e
to
dif
f
eren
t
e
ducat
io
nal
le
vels,
a
nd
sel
f
-
assessm
en
t
and
pee
r
re
vi
ew
of
pros
pect
ive
te
ache
rs
by
us
in
g
instru
ct
io
nal
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
li
ke
m
ic
ro
te
achin
g),
if
any.
Fur
ther
stu
dies
al
so
sho
uld
be
cond
ucted
to
exp
l
or
e
var
ia
bles
that
can
pr
e
dict
te
acher
e
ff
ic
acy
of
pros
pecti
ve
te
achers
,
an
d
the
validit
y
of
the
res
ults
of
thes
e
stud
ie
s
sho
uld
be
inc
rease
d
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
S.
Hidi and
P.
B
oscolo,
"M
oti
v
ation
and
writi
ng
,
"
Handbook
of
wr
it
ing
r
ese
arch
,
v
ol.
144(
157
)
,
pp
.
304
-
310,
2006.
[2]
A.
Bandur
a.,
Se
l
f
-
ef
f
ic
a
cy
in
vs
ram
achaudran
(
ed.
)
enc
y
cl
oped
ia
of
human
b
eha
vi
or
,
Ed
:
New
York:
Aca
de
m
i
c
Press
,
1994.
[3]
F.
H.
Bıkm
az
.
,
"The
val
id
ity
an
d
rel
ia
b
il
i
t
y
stud
y
of
the
cl
assro
om
te
ac
her
s
'
sel
f
-
eff
icac
y
be
lief
sca
le
in
sci
ence
te
a
chi
ng,
"
Nati
o
nal
Edu
cat
ion
J
ournal
,
vol
.
161
,
2004.
[4]
İ.
E.
Gen
cel
.
,
"
L
ea
rning
st
y
l
es,
i
nstruct
ion
bas
ed
on
kolb’s
expe
r
ent
i
al
l
ea
rning
t
heor
y
,
a
tt
i
tude
a
nd
socia
l
studi
es
ac
hi
eve
m
ent
PhD
,
"
DEÜ Insti
tu
t
e
of
Edu
cat
iona
l
Scienc
es
,
2006
.
[5]
D.
A.
Kolb
.
,
E
xp
erie
nc
e
as
the sour
ce
of
l
earning and de
v
el
opmen
t
,
Upper
Sadle Ri
ver
:
Pren
ti
c
e
Ha
l
l,
1984
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[6]
M.
Peker
.
,
"K
olb
learni
ng
st
y
le
m
odel
,
"
Nati
ona
l
Edu
cat
ion
Jour
nal
,
vo
l. 157, pp. 185
-
192,
2003.
[7]
Ö.
Hasırc
ı
Kaf
.
,
"Le
arn
ıng
st
y
l
e
s
of
prospec
tı
ve
prımar
y
schoo
l
te
a
che
rs:
Çukur
ova
unıve
rsı
t
y
c
ase
,
"
Journal
o
f
Theory
and
Pra
c
ti
c
e
in
Edu
cat
io
n
,
vol
.
2(
1
)
,
pp
.
15
-
25,
2006
.
[8]
M.
Mutlu
and
M.
A
y
doğdu
,
"Long
le
arn
ıng
appr
o
ac
h
of
kolb
in
sc
ie
nc
e
educat
ion
,
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In
t J
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Th
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arnin
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ac
her
ef
fi
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n prospecti
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az
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mir
At
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A
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eb
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y
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Scie
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c
her
ca
ndid
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es
in
te
rm
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of
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r
and
edu
cati
on
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ve
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(MA
KÜ
Sam
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siolog
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